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625:, which made it practical to use glass instead of paper as the support for making the camera negative. The lack of detail often criticised in prints made from calotype negatives was overcome, and sharp images, comparable in detail to daguerreotypes, could finally be provided by convenient paper prints. The collodion process soon replaced the calotype in commercial use, and by the end of the decade, the daguerreotype was virtually extinct as well.
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666:, and that using the collodion process did not infringe the calotype patent in any case, because of significant differences between the two processes. In the verdict, the jury upheld the calotype patent but agreed that Laroche was not infringing upon it by using the collodion process. Disappointed by the outcome, Talbot chose not to extend his patent.
418:, it was a "printing out" process, meaning that the exposure had to continue until the desired degree of darkening had been produced. In the case of camera images, that could require an exposure of an hour or two if something more than a silhouette of objects against a bright sky was wanted. Earlier experimenters such as
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hindrance to scientific freedom and further progress, Talbot's behaviour was widely criticised. On the other hand, many scientists supported his patent and they gave expert evidence in later trials. In addition, the calotype method was free for scientific uses, an area that Talbot himself pioneered, such as
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Talbot's later photographic work was concentrated on photomechanical reproduction methods. In addition to making the mass reproduction of photographic images more practical and much less expensive, rendering a photograph into ink on paper, known to be permanent on a scale of hundreds if not thousands
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for scientific applications, and he himself published the first known photomicrograph of a mineral crystal. Another photomicrograph shows insect wings as seen in the "solar microscope" he and others developed for projecting images onto a large screen of tiny objects using sunlight as a light source.
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Daguerre's work on his process had commenced at about the same time as Talbot's earliest work on his salted paper process. In 1839, Daguerre's agent applied for
English and Scottish patents only a matter of days before France, having granted Daguerre a pension for it, declared his invention "free to
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had captured shadows and camera images with silver salts years before, but they could find no way to prevent their photographs from fatally darkening all over when exposed to daylight. Talbot devised several ways of chemically stabilizing his results, making them sufficiently insensitive to further
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on 25 January 1839, Talbot exhibited several paper photographs he had made in 1835. Within a fortnight, he communicated the general nature of his process to the Royal
Society, followed by more complete details a few weeks later. Daguerre did not publicly reveal any useful details until mid-August,
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was an opaque direct positive that could be reproduced only by being copied with a camera. On the other hand, the calotype, despite waxing of the negative to make the image clearer, still was not pin-sharp like the metallic daguerreotype, because the paper fibres blurred the printed image. The
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for £20 each; later, he lowered the fee for amateur use to £4. Professional photographers, however, had to pay up to £300 annually. In a business climate where many patent holders were attacked for enforcing their rights, and an academic world that viewed the patenting of new discoveries as a
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The distinctive curls identify Talbot's half sister
Henrietta Horatia Fielding standing to his left. Eliza Frayland, the nursemaid at the far left, had come into the family's employ with the birth of Charles Henry Talbot in 1842. Arranged in the front are Matilda Caroline (later
614:, for mass-producing salted paper prints from his calotype negatives. The Reading Establishment, as it was known, also offered services to the public, making prints from others' negatives, copying artwork and documents, and taking portraits at its studio. The enterprise was not a success.
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of years, was clearly one sure way to avoid the problems with fading that had soon become apparent in early types of silver image paper prints. Talbot created the photoglyphic (or "photoglyptic") engraving process, later perfected by others as the photogravure process.
649:, who called on Talbot to relieve the patent pressure that was perceived as stifling the development of photography. Talbot agreed to waive licensing fees for amateurs, but he continued to pursue professional portrait photographers, having filed several lawsuits.
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Talbot was very keen on applying the calotype method to recording natural phenomena, such as plants for example, as well as buildings and landscapes. The calotype technique was offered free by Talbot for scientific and amateur use. He was aware that the
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states that his
January 1839 Royal Institution exhibit included "...various pictures, representing the architecture of my house in the country ... made with the Camera Obscura in the summer of 1835." A basis for naming this famous image as
231:. He was the holder of a controversial patent that affected the early development of commercial photography in Britain. He was also a noted photographer who contributed to the development of photography as an artistic medium. He published
1072:& State Library of Victoria (1989). The new art : photographs by William Henry Fox Talbot (1800–1877), La Trobe Collection, State Library of Victoria : Fox Talbot and the invention of photography. State Library of Victoria,
595:. One reason Talbot later gave for vigorously enforcing his rights was that he had spent, according to his own reckoning, about £5,000 on his various photographic endeavours over the years and wanted to at least recoup his expenses.
579:, therefore became the only places where a licence was legally required to make and sell daguerreotypes. This exception is now usually regarded as both an expression of old national animosities, still smouldering just 24 years after
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in 1821. From 1822 to 1872, he communicated papers to the Royal
Society, many of them on mathematical subjects. At an early period, he began optical research, which later bore fruit in connection with photography. To the
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processes, precursors to photographic processes of the later 19th and 20th centuries. His work in the 1840s on photomechanical reproduction led to the creation of the photoglyphic engraving process, the precursor to
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583:, and a reaction to Talbot's patent. Talbot never attempted to patent any part of his printed-out silver chloride "photogenic drawing" process and his calotype patent was not registered in Scotland.
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was announced in early
January 1839, without details, Talbot asserted priority of invention based on experiments he had begun in early 1834. At a Friday Evening Discourse at the
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Moore took an early interest in Talbot's photogenic drawings. Talbot, in turn, took images of Moore's hand-written poetry possibly for inclusion in facsimile in an edition of
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The "calotype", or "talbotype", was a "developing out" process, Talbot's improvement of his earlier photogenic drawing process by the use of a different silver salt (
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Talbot invented a process for creating reasonably light-fast and permanent photographs that was the first made available to the public; however, his was neither
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Asserting a very broad interpretation of his patent rights, Talbot declared that anyone using the collodion process would still need to get a calotype licence.
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733:. Such analysis was to become important in examining the light from distant stars, and hence inferring their atomic composition. He also investigated the
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exposure that direct sunlight could be used to print the negative image produced in the camera onto another sheet of salted paper, creating a positive.
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Gilchrist-Clark, age 5); Ela
Theresa (age 9); Rosamond Constance Talbot (age 7). The woman at the right is possibly Moore's wife Bessy.
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Joanna Martin, 'Porter, (Ann) Agnes (c.1752–1814)', Oxford
Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004; online edn, May 2009
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on the exposed paper. This reduced the required exposure time in the camera to only a minute or two for subjects in bright sunlight. The
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796:, and that powerful and invisible light beyond the violet was capable of inducing chemical effects, a type of radiation we now call
218:; 11 February 1800 – 17 September 1877) was an English scientist, inventor, and photography pioneer who invented the
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Talbot's early "salted paper" or "photogenic drawing" process used writing paper bathed in a weak solution of ordinary table salt (
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While engaged in his scientific researches, Talbot devoted much time to archaeology. He had a 20-year involvement in the field of
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case proved to be pivotal. Laroche's side argued that the patent was invalid, as a similar process had been invented earlier by
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In
February 1841, Talbot obtained an English patent for his developed-out calotype process. At first, he sold individual patent
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In 1854, Talbot applied for an extension of the 14-year patent. At that time, one of his lawsuits, against photographer
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508:, the miniature painter, as the first professional calotypist. The most celebrated practitioners of the process were
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Talbot materials in the
Digital Collections of the Sterling and Francine Clark Art Institute, Williamstown, Mass.
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686:. Dated April 1844, Talbot made a calotype of Moore as a visitor standing with members of his own household.
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by placing objects on it and setting it out in the sunlight, or to capture the dim images formed by a
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in 1839, is made less soluble by exposure to light. This later provided the basis for the important
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The large projections could then be photographed by exposure to sensitized paper. He studied the
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Greenwood, Douglas (1999). "5: Scientists, Doctors, Businessmen, Engineers and Industrialists".
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although by the spring it had become clear that his process and Talbot's were very different.
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simpler salted paper process was normally used when making prints from calotype negatives.
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calotype negative made it possible to produce as many positive prints as desired by simple
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by William Henry Fox Talbot British & (likely) Sebastiano Tassinari (metmuseum.org)
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237:(1844–1846), which was illustrated with original salted paper prints from his calotype
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In 1844, Talbot helped set up an establishment in Russell Terrace (now Baker Street),
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2003:
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Talbot was active in politics, being a moderate Reformer who generally supported the
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process and related technologies. Dichromated gelatine is still used for some laser
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between 1832 and 1835 when he retired from parliament. He also held the office of
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Talbot was a friend and neighbour in Wiltshire of the famed Irish poet and writer
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Singular Images, Failed Copies: William Henry Fox Talbot and the Early Photograph
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was unique and that it was possible to identify the chemical elements from their
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that darkened where it was exposed to light. Whether used to create shadow image
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1222:"Talbot Correspondence Project: MOORE Thomas (poet) to TALBOT William Henry Fox"
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Moore stands centre in a photograph by William Henry Fox Talbot dated April 1844
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in 1826 he contributed a paper on "Some Experiments on Coloured Flame"; to the
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oldest among the surviving camera negatives of similar date is not apparent.
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papers on chemical subjects, including one on "Chemical Changes of Colour".
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Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for English constituencies
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1248:"William Henry Fox Talbot and the Foundations of Spectrochemical Analysis"
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Talbot announced his calotype process in 1841, and in August he licensed
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304:, Wiltshire, and his wife Lady Elisabeth Fox Strangways, daughter of the
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1467:. Vol. 26 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 368.
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he shares the honour of having been one of the first decipherers of the
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1135:
BBC – History – Historic Figures: William Henry Fox Talbot (1800–1877)
1099:"Talbot's Processes - Photographic Processes Series - Chapter 3 of 12"
1690:
The Calotype Patent Lawsuit of Talbot v. Laroche, 1854, by R. D. Wood
813:
606:, c. 1845, a modern positive from Talbot's original calotype negative
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94:
72:
1576:
Schaaf, Larry J. (2004). "Talbot, William Henry Fox (1800–1877)".
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This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
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Horatia Feilding, half-sister of Talbot, playing the harp, c. 1842
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in Dorset and was the only child of William Davenport Talbot, of
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1189:, Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York. Retrieved 5 June 2015.
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Talbot was one of the earliest researchers into the field of
398:), dried, then brushed on one side with a strong solution of
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Online label for a diptych view of the Reading Establishment
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Album of Photogenic Drawings (1839-1840) (in Italian :
402:, which created a tenacious coating of very light-sensitive
207:
1705:"William Henry Fox Talbot's Open Door: Picture of the day"
1674:
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who had also educated his mother. Talbot was educated at
1373:(Third ed.). London: Constable. pp. 197–199.
839:, the study of the history, archaeology and culture of
523:
of the Royal Society for his photographic discoveries.
1607:
Who's Who of Members of Parliament: Volume I 1832–1885
1036:
1034:
926:(c. 1845) Salt print from calotype negative | 8x9 in.
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1844 calotype of Thomas Moore and the Talbot household
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Talbot regarded the two names as interchangeable—see
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Illustrations of the Antiquity of the Book of Genesis
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and silver nitrate) to bring out an invisibly slight
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in 1827 a paper on "Monochromatic Light"; and to the
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instead of silver chloride) and a developing agent (
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972:'s bird's-eye view of the City of York in the 1850s
792:comprised a very small part of what we now know as
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146:
132:
122:
114:
106:
83:
50:
23:
1604:
1519:; Dean, Katrina; Ramalingam, Chitra, eds. (2013).
780:and discovered a new phenomenon, now known as the
749:crystals, and pioneered the design and use of the
1670:contributions in Parliament by William Fox Talbot
1395:"The talented Mr Fox Talbot Part 4 – Assyriology"
946:International Photography Hall of Fame and Museum
824:Ministers. He served as member of parliament for
1768:: online exhibit created by the Bodleian Library
1559:The Photographic Art of William Henry Fox Talbot
1151:"The Reading establishment's 'hidden mysteries'"
1766:The William Henry Fox Talbot Catalogue Raisonné
1509:William Henry Fox Talbot: father of photography
900:Hermes, or Classical and Antiquarian Researches
865:Hermes, or Classical and Antiquarian Researches
1680:The correspondence of William Henry Fox Talbot
328:in Classics in 1820, and graduated as twelfth
1849:
1175:"Early photography processes – daguerreotype"
725:. He showed that the spectrum of each of the
8:
1582:(online ed.). Oxford University Press.
1521:William Henry Fox Talbot: beyond photography
1483:. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1885–1900.
1856:
1842:
1834:
1771:
1523:. New Haven: Yale Center for British Art.
1298:"Facts relating to optical science. No. 1"
1177:. Edinphoto.org.uk. Retrieved 1 June 2015.
641:, the president of the Royal Society, and
31:
20:
1561:. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
1201:"Thomas Moore & the Ladies of Lacock"
984:"Melbury Sampford Parish Records, Dorset"
272:, electricity and other subjects such as
1626:Watson, Roger; Rappaport, Helen (2013).
1490:Fox Talbot and the Reading Establishment
1348:. Harvard University Press. p. 22.
1040:
703:Spectroscopic and optical investigations
1728:MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive
1579:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
1021:"Talbot, William Henry Fox (TLBT817WH)"
957:
617:In 1851, the year of Daguerre's death,
16:English photography pioneer (1800–1877)
1417:International Photography Hall of Fame
1199:Schaaf, Larry J. (16 September 2016).
869:Illustrations of the Antiquity of the
375:nor the first one publicly announced.
1275:"Some experiments on coloured flames"
1254:from the original on 20 November 2014
944:In 1966 Talbot was inducted into the
7:
2210:Members of Parliament for Chippenham
2190:Alumni of Trinity College, Cambridge
1149:Schaaf, Larry J. (9 December 2016).
2205:19th-century English photographers
1864:19th-century English photographers
1748:Works by or about Henry Fox Talbot
874:(1839). He was also the author of
714:of insect wings by Talbot using a
14:
2029:William Eastman Palmer & Sons
1474:"Talbot, William Henry Fox"
512:. Another notable calotypist was
2195:Fox family (English aristocracy)
2185:People educated at Harrow School
1776:Parliament of the United Kingdom
1651:
1542:. Minneapolis: Minnesota Press.
1480:Dictionary of National Biography
1441:
1279:The Edinburgh Journal of Science
526:In 1852, Talbot discovered that
188:
2140:Archaeologists of the Near East
1345:Hydrogen: The Essential Element
1053:A contemporary letter by Talbot
767:Talbot allowed free use of the
514:Levett Landon Boscawen Ibbetson
373:the first such process invented
336:Edinburgh Philosophical Journal
1603:Stenton, Michael, ed. (1976).
1:
1695:Talbot and Photogenic Drawing
1611:. Hassocks: Harvester Press.
1371:Who's buried where in England
1246:Volker Thomsen (1 May 2013).
1155:The Talbot Catalogue Raisonné
562:The photographic workshop in
534:, a sensitiser introduced by
519:In 1842, Talbot received the
42:
2215:Photographers from Wiltshire
2170:Fellows of the Royal Society
1596:UK public library membership
885:Talbot, William Henry Fox –
637:published an open letter by
342:Quarterly Journal of Science
260:in 1831 for his work on the
256:, Talbot was elected to the
1879:William Makepeace Thackeray
1874:William de Wiveleslie Abney
1084:Album di disegni fotogenici
1025:A Cambridge Alumni Database
324:, where he was awarded the
2241:
2165:High sheriffs of Wiltshire
1413:"William Henry Fox Talbot"
1027:. University of Cambridge.
656:, was heard in court. The
434:
322:Trinity College, Cambridge
1869:
1817:
1796:Member of Parliament for
1794:
1781:
1774:
1757:Works by Henry Fox Talbot
1739:Works by Henry Fox Talbot
1685:`Talbot' vs. `Fox Talbot'
1557:Schaaf, Larry J. (2000).
1507:Booth, Arthur H. (1965).
1459:Talbot, William Henry Fox
830:High Sheriff of Wiltshire
794:electromagnetic radiation
472:image of plants (c. 1860)
150:William Davenport Talbot
30:
2069:Francis Meadow Sutcliffe
1909:Robert Jefferson Bingham
1733:University of St Andrews
1511:. London: Arthur Barker.
1488:Andrews, Martin (2014).
1321:"On the nature of light"
928:Birmingham Museum of Art
918:Sun pictures in Scotland
241:and made some important
175:William Henry Fox Talbot
152:Elisabeth Fox Strangways
55:William Henry Fox Talbot
2120:Pioneers of photography
1492:. Reading: Two Rivers.
1464:Encyclopædia Britannica
1342:John S. Rigden (2003).
812:Talbot family grave in
645:, the president of the
355:Photographic inventions
2180:People from Chippenham
2145:English Assyriologists
2135:Independent scientists
2009:William Edward Kilburn
1944:Philip Henry Delamotte
1934:Julia Margaret Cameron
1588:10.1093/ref:odnb/26946
1538:Maimon, Vered (2015).
1325:Philosophical Magazine
1302:Philosophical Magazine
940:Posthumous recognition
890:
817:
798:ultra-violet radiation
764:
718:
679:
619:Frederick Scott Archer
607:
567:
473:
462:
453:Salted paper print of
446:
368:
348:Philosophical Magazine
276:, the decipherment of
118:Pioneering photography
110:Scientist and inventor
1989:Alfred Horsley Hinton
1884:Sarah Angelina Acland
1630:. London: Macmillan.
1319:Talbot, H.F. (1835).
1296:Talbot, H.F. (1834).
1273:Talbot, H.F. (1826).
884:
811:
763:seeds (1858 or later)
759:
751:polarizing microscope
735:polarization of light
710:
677:
643:Charles Lock Eastlake
623:wet collodion process
601:
561:
554:Patenting controversy
468:
452:
444:
362:
306:2nd Earl of Ilchester
2074:Constance Fox Talbot
2064:Jane Martha St. John
2044:Henry Peach Robinson
2024:Farnham Maxwell-Lyte
2019:Richard Cockle Lucas
1826:Henry George Boldero
1790:Henry George Boldero
1719:Robertson, Edmund F.
1660:at Wikimedia Commons
1009:accessed 11 Aug 2017
912:The Pencil of Nature
696:The Pencil of Nature
532:potassium dichromate
470:Photoglyptic gravure
382:'s invention of the
308:. His governess was
264:, and researched in
234:The Pencil of Nature
138:Rosamond (1837–1906)
2175:Royal Medal winners
2089:Henry Van der Weyde
2054:Alice Seeley Harris
1717:O'Connor, John J.;
1628:Capturing the Light
1226:foxtalbot.dmu.ac.uk
933:English Etymologies
876:English Etymologies
457:from a calotype by
455:David Octavius Hill
363:Latticed window at
292:Talbot was born in
142:Charles (1842–1916)
140:Matilda (1839–1927)
1723:"Henry Fox Talbot"
1713:, 10 December 2012
1070:Boddington, Jennie
970:Nathaniel Whittock
891:
818:
765:
719:
680:
608:
568:
510:Hill & Adamson
474:
463:
447:
369:
245:of Oxford, Paris,
2115:English inventors
2102:
2101:
1994:Frederick Hollyer
1969:Peter Wickens Fry
1949:Elliott & Fry
1924:Sarah Anne Bright
1899:Alexander Bassano
1894:William Bambridge
1832:
1831:
1818:Succeeded by
1743:Project Gutenberg
1675:Fox Talbot Museum
1656:Media related to
1637:978-1-4472-1258-4
1594:(Subscription or
1549:978-0-8166-9471-6
1530:978-0-300-17934-7
1499:978-1-901677-98-0
1355:978-0-674-01252-3
889:(Zeno Fotografie)
727:chemical elements
723:spectral analysis
659:Talbot v. Laroche
575:, along with the
388:Royal Institution
262:integral calculus
243:early photographs
172:
171:
87:17 September 1877
37:Daguerreotype by
2232:
2155:UK MPs 1832–1835
2079:Henry Fox Talbot
2059:Charles Shepherd
2034:William Pumphrey
1979:Norman Heathcote
1858:
1851:
1844:
1835:
1782:Preceded by
1772:
1752:Internet Archive
1735:
1658:Henry Fox Talbot
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1250:. Spectroscopy.
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974:
962:
887:Die drei Grazien
863:. He published
859:inscriptions of
816:village cemetery
804:Other activities
790:visible spectrum
769:calotype process
716:solar microscope
631:In August 1852,
593:photomicrography
571:the world." The
494:contact printing
424:Nicéphore Niépce
217:
216:
213:
212:
209:
206:
203:
200:
197:
194:
127:Constance Talbot
90:
69:Melbury Sampford
65:11 February 1800
64:
62:
44:
35:
25:Henry Fox Talbot
21:
2240:
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2150:Spectroscopists
2105:
2104:
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2098:
2039:James Robertson
1954:William England
1865:
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1828:
1824:
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1517:Brusius, Mirjam
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1457:, ed. (1911). "
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1103:www.youtube.com
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981:
977:
963:
959:
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942:
896:
871:Book of Genesis
867:(1838–39), and
849:Henry Rawlinson
806:
776:of light using
712:Photomicrograph
705:
672:
621:publicised the
602:London Street,
556:
540:carbon printing
439:
433:
420:Thomas Wedgwood
404:silver chloride
396:sodium chloride
357:
290:
282:ancient history
191:
187:
164:
151:
141:
139:
137:
136:Ela (1835–1893)
102:
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46:
39:Antoine Claudet
26:
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2016:
2014:Martin Laroche
2011:
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1996:
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1981:
1976:
1971:
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1914:Graystone Bird
1911:
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1646:External links
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1455:Chisholm, Hugh
1436:
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1327:. 3rd series.
1311:
1308:(20): 112–114.
1304:. 3rd series.
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892:
805:
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671:
668:
654:Martin Laroche
577:British Empire
573:United Kingdom
555:
552:
496:, whereas the
486:"latent" image
459:Robert Adamson
435:Main article:
432:
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400:silver nitrate
380:Louis Daguerre
378:Shortly after
356:
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1041:Chisholm 1911
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989:
988:opcdorset.org
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853:Edward Hincks
850:
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843:(present-day
842:
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833:
831:
827:
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801:
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795:
791:
785:
783:
782:Talbot effect
779:
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762:
758:
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748:
744:
741:crystals and
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724:
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647:Royal Academy
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545:
541:
537:
533:
530:treated with
529:
524:
522:
521:Rumford Medal
517:
515:
511:
507:
502:
499:
498:daguerreotype
495:
491:
487:
483:
479:
478:silver iodide
471:
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438:
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384:daguerreotype
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343:
338:
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331:
327:
323:
319:
318:Harrow School
315:
311:
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303:
299:
295:
294:Melbury House
287:
285:
283:
279:
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271:
267:
263:
259:
258:Royal Society
255:
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248:
244:
240:
236:
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225:
221:
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185:
182:
179:
176:
167:
166:Rumford Medal
162:
159:
155:
149:
145:
135:
131:
128:
125:
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117:
113:
109:
107:Occupation(s)
105:
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96:
86:
82:
78:
74:
70:
53:
49:
40:
34:
29:
22:
19:
2078:
1999:Alice Hughes
1959:Roger Fenton
1821:Joseph Neeld
1813:Joseph Neeld
1811:
1795:
1785:Joseph Neeld
1761:Open Library
1726:
1710:The Guardian
1708:
1663:
1627:
1606:
1577:
1558:
1539:
1520:
1508:
1489:
1478:
1462:
1435:Bibliography
1420:. Retrieved
1416:
1407:
1398:
1389:
1370:
1364:
1344:
1337:
1328:
1324:
1314:
1305:
1301:
1291:
1282:
1278:
1268:
1256:. Retrieved
1241:
1229:. Retrieved
1225:
1216:
1204:. Retrieved
1194:
1182:
1170:
1158:. Retrieved
1154:
1144:
1130:
1118:
1106:. Retrieved
1102:
1093:
1082:
1077:
1065:
1057:
1048:
1024:
1015:
1003:
991:. Retrieved
987:
978:
968:
960:
943:
932:
924:Loch Katrine
923:
917:
911:
905:
899:
886:
875:
868:
864:
834:
819:
786:
766:
743:iceland spar
720:
694:
692:
688:
684:Thomas Moore
681:
664:Joseph Reade
657:
651:
632:
630:
627:
616:
609:
585:
569:
548:
536:Mungo Ponton
525:
518:
506:Henry Collen
503:
475:
469:
431:The Calotype
393:
377:
370:
365:Lacock Abbey
346:
340:
334:
326:Porson Prize
310:Agnes Porter
298:Lacock Abbey
291:
251:
249:, and York.
232:
229:photogravure
220:salted paper
174:
173:
89:(1877-09-17)
18:
2130:1877 deaths
2125:1800 births
2094:Carl Vandyk
1889:Anna Atkins
1668:1803–2005:
1399:blogs.bl.uk
1258:20 November
1160:24 December
965:Hugh Murray
841:Mesopotamia
837:Assyriology
774:diffraction
490:translucent
482:gallic acid
314:Rottingdean
161:Royal Medal
2109:Categories
1798:Chippenham
1598:required.)
1380:0094793107
1331:: 113–118.
993:10 January
826:Chippenham
739:tourmaline
639:Lord Rosse
544:holography
408:photograms
302:Chippenham
288:Early life
61:1800-02-11
914:(1844–46)
902:(1838–39)
857:cuneiform
832:in 1840.
761:Dandelion
634:The Times
461:, c. 1845
278:cuneiform
274:etymology
270:chemistry
239:negatives
147:Parent(s)
101:, England
99:Wiltshire
1285:: 77–81.
1252:Archived
1231:23 March
1206:23 March
1108:23 April
878:(1846).
847:). With
778:gratings
588:licences
581:Waterloo
528:gelatine
437:Calotype
330:wrangler
254:polymath
224:calotype
133:Children
2225:Nineveh
1750:at the
1665:Hansard
1452::
1422:22 July
861:Nineveh
747:calcite
731:spectra
612:Reading
604:Reading
564:Reading
320:and at
300:, near
247:Reading
77:England
1810:With:
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935:(1846)
920:(1845)
908:(1839)
814:Lacock
737:using
566:, 1846
416:camera
280:, and
266:optics
168:(1842)
163:(1838)
157:Awards
123:Spouse
95:Lacock
73:Dorset
952:Notes
414:in a
1807:1835
1803:1832
1632:ISBN
1613:ISBN
1563:ISBN
1544:ISBN
1525:ISBN
1494:ISBN
1424:2022
1375:ISBN
1350:ISBN
1260:2014
1233:2021
1208:2021
1162:2017
1110:2024
995:2023
851:and
845:Iraq
822:Whig
422:and
412:lens
222:and
184:FRAS
181:FRSE
84:Died
51:Born
45:1844
1823:and
1787:and
1759:at
1741:at
1584:doi
1461:".
1138:BBC
1058:the
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178:FRS
2111::
1731:,
1725:,
1721:,
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1033:^
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268:,
252:A
199:ɔː
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214:/
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208:ə
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193:ˈ
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186:(
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