543:. Instead, this style was fantastical in appearance featuring columns and pediments, peaked, high-pitched roofs, and profuse decorative elements such as dormer windows, gables, bays, porches, balconies, and turrets. In addition, this style almost always includes a wrap-around porch and either a round or polygonal corner tower coming out of the spire-like roof. Such houses were constructed using materials such as stone, slate, brick, wood, shingles, and half-timbering. Summit Avenue’s lost 1882 Barnum House once exhibited a transition from the aforementioned Italianate style to that of the newer Queen Anne. It featured characteristics of both styles such as typically Italianate porch detailing, windows and bracketing while also having a roof, balconies, and turrets that adhere more to the new style. Summit Avenue contains many houses built in the purely Queen Anne style such as the castle-like red brick Driscoll House with its conical turret and high-pitched roof spotted with many dormers and chimneys. The beautifully painted wooden “fairytale” residence at 513 Summit was also constructed in this style and features a large porch and a fanciful turret. One of the best-preserved Queen Anne Style houses on the Avenue is the Shipman-Greve House at 445 Summit. This unique limestone house exhibits half-timbering and decorative Japanese-inspired
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razed in 1886 surviving photographs show that the bracketed limestone house was built according to this style. Another early house, the 1863 Emerson House at 378 Summit, was also built in this style and its facade was quite similar to that of the Neill House, with limestone walls and fashionably ornate window hoods. A house originally constructed in 1875, the Cutler House at 360 Summit, was originally constructed in the
Italian Villa style and historic photographs show that it featured brick-veneered walls, a three-story tower, and a mansard roof. However, ten years later this style was no longer considered fashionable and the house was then updated to adhere more to the then-popular Queen Anne style. Six feet were added to three sides of the houses and the roofline was completely changed so that the remodeled house looked completely unrecognizable from its original Italian Villa design. However, perhaps the most characteristic example of Italianate architecture on Summit Avenue is the 1863
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movement and adhered more to historic
European styles than American utilitarianism. However, the Lightner House at 318 Summit is more similar to the Hill House and exhibits features such as large blocks of rough stone and a strong entrance arch that reflect the distinctive buildings of Richardson. The 1887 Rugg House is also Romanesque but not quite so simple with its horizontal dark-colored brickwork, peaked tile roof, and entrance arch decorated with carved sculptures.
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487:” style was a popular style in the 1860s and 1870s and was part of the picturesque movement, which rebelled against the wide usage of classical forms in architecture. Italianate buildings in particular were largely inspired by medieval farmhouses in the Italian countryside. Residences in this style are usually characterized by low-pitched roofs often topped with cupolas,
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style often feature elements such as overhanging eaves and casement windows but have little applied ornamentation and are relatively unpretentious when compared to other styles. The
Dittenhofer house at 705 Summit exhibits a move towards the Rectilinear style in its symmetry and blockish shape but cannot escape historicism in its medieval-inspired elements such as
471:, noted as "the greatest American architect of all time" by AIA, claimed that Summit Avenue is "the worst collection of architecture in the world." This was in part due to the imposing scale of the buildings, but mainly because Summit Avenue architecture copied design styles from Europe, rather than attempting to find an original American aesthetic.
684:, gables, prominent chimneys, patterned brickwork, and medieval-inspired steeply pitched roofs. One of the first houses to be built in the Tudor Villa style on Summit Avenue was the 1909 Lindeke House at 345 Summit. It is notable for having a brick first story while the contrasting upper two stories are instead of
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stained glass windows, showing an interesting contrast. The Wilder
Mansion that once stood at 226 Summit could similarly be classified as Romanesque Revival in style but it did not resemble the Hill House. Compared to the eclectic and rough Hill House it was much more in keeping with the picturesque
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decorated by brackets, and round-headed windows with decorative moldings. Most
Italianate buildings also feature a square tower and are irregular and asymmetrical in shape. The earliest residence constructed on the bluff overlooking St. Paul was the house of Edward Duffield Neill and although it was
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While other houses continued to draw inspiration from history a comparatively more modern style also took root on Summit Avenue, the
Rectilinear Style. In this style, the architectural form moves away from previous irregular and fantastical forms and towards a more rectangular shape. Houses of this
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in comparison is much simpler and thoroughly unpretentious in its appearance, looking almost insignificant compared to the other grand houses on the avenue. The Beebe House features no ornamentation but includes extended eaves and windows arranged in banked groups, elements also distinctive of the
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period (800-1150). Such medieval-inspired elements often include corner towers, steeply pitched roofs, and heavy arches around doorways and windows, making these buildings often resemble a medieval fortress. Buildings in this style were always built in brick or stone, usually roughly finished, and
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based on an appreciation of the tradition of
European architecture. On Summit Avenue the most popular form was the Italian Renaissance palazzo style, like the 1894 Scott residence at 340 Summit, which resembles a Renaissance palace. Another example of the Beaux-Arts style on Summit Avenue is the
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The district began to decline in the 1930s as many old mansions either turned into rooming-houses or went vacant for many years. The housing stock was not decimated by commercial development pressure, as the bluffs separating the Summit Avenue area from downtown St. Paul made it difficult for
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downtown to expand into the area. The area began to turn around in the 1960s and 1970s, as young couples discovered that the
Victorian homes could be purchased affordably and could be restored over time. Neighborhood associations also formed and helped with preservation efforts.
367:. Summit Avenue is notable for having preserved its historic character and mix of buildings, as compared to these other examples. Historian Ernest R. Sandeen described Summit Avenue as "the best preserved example of the Victorian monumental residential boulevard."
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613:. Notably, instead of merely copying a 16th-century building the European tradition has been adapted in this case to suit a modern construction. However, perhaps the most prominent example of the Beaux-Arts style on Summit Avenue is not a house at all, but the
335:, United States, known for being the longest avenue of Victorian homes in the country, having a number of historic houses, churches, synagogues, and schools. The street starts just west of downtown St. Paul and continues four and a half miles west to the
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The history of Summit Avenue dates back to the early 1850s, when Saint Paul was in its infancy. Mansions were starting to appear on top of the hill in the earliest days of the city. An 1859 photograph by Joel
Whitney shows six houses on the hill.
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688:-and-beam construction. At 807 Summit stands another Tudor-style residence, this one too with unusual brick and half-timbered stories and a distinctively unbalanced facade, in stark contrast to the symmetry of the Georgian Revival.
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are featured in the Hill House such as rough red sandstone masonry, heavy round arches, and a slate roof, all built on a massive scale. However, the Hill House exhibits more delicate elements as well such as its skylights and
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and the construction of
Interstate 94. The remaining section of Summit Avenue in that area between Cedar Street and North Robert Street was renamed Thirteenth Street and was itself later renamed Columbus Street in 1953.
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660:, a steeply pitched slate roof, and an entrance pavilion with a segmental arch. Another residence that reflects this style is the former house of James J Hill’s son, Louis Hill. It is distinguished by a classical style
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in 1891, this was the grandest house in Minnesota and was exemplary of the Second Empire style with its opulent details such as scrollwork and stained glass windows, and distinctive mansard-roofed tower.
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551:” can be seen in Summit’s 1884 Noyes House. This Shingle Style was similar to the Queen Anne but was constructed with wood shingling on every surface, giving these buildings an irregular texture.
515:(1852-1870). This style, based on Parisian buildings, was very similar in style to the Italianate but featured a distinctly different roof style. This most defining characteristic was the pyramidal
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in 1887 provided improved access to downtown. In 1890, the city's first streetcars began operating on Grand Avenue, just south of Summit, and the Hill District became a fashionable place to live.
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and follows the traditional Greek Cross floor plan with many baroque-inspired flourishes. The Cathedral’s most distinctive characteristic is its 306 and a half-foot dome, inspired by those of
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In addition to houses inspired by classical and medieval buildings Summit Avenue also featured residences that drew on historically English styles such as the Georgian and Tudor. Summit’s
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whose style, though historically inspired, was very versatile and stressed utilitarianism, coherence, and greater simplicity. Many common features of this uniquely American
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The earliest residences constructed on Summit Avenue were primarily constructed in a style commonly referred to as the “Italian Villa”. The “Italian Villa” or “
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Summit Avenue is part of two National Historic Districts and two City of Saint Paul Heritage Preservation Districts. The National Historic Districts are the
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Summit Avenue originally began at North Robert Street but much of Summit Avenue in the Capitol Heights area was removed with the expansion of the
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and were characterized by red brick two-story symmetrical facades, with equal numbers of windows on each side and flat roofs decorated with
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and afterward, but the district began to grow in the 1880s. City water service was provided in 1884, and a cable car line built on
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523:. Summit Avenue once possessed a very fine Second Empire style home, the Kittson Mansion, which occupied the spot of the current
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Those who built homes on Summit Avenue at the turn of the century wanted to exude a certain sense of culture, and employed the
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Irregular pattern from Pleasant and Grand Aves. to Holly and Marshall Aves., from Lexington Pkwy. to 4th and Pleasant in
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disliked Summit Avenue as well, stating that Summit Avenue is “a mausoleum of American architectural monstrosities.”
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Summit Avenue was named one of 10 "great streets" nationally by the American Planning Association in 2008.
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The Bishop mansion at 513 Summit is a fine example of the Queen Anne architectural style on Summit Avenue
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Sandeen, Ernest Robert, et al. St. Paul's Historic Summit Avenue. University of Minnesota Press, 1978.
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Sandeen, Ernest Robert, et al. St. Paul's Historic Summit Avenue. University of Minnesota Press, 1978.
430:. Continuing westward, the photo shows the houses of William and Angelina Noble, Henry F. Masterson,
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Pearson, Marjorie (2016). "Approaching the Capitol-The Story of the Minnesota State Capitol Mall".
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AIA Guide to the Twin Cities: The Essential Source on the Architecture of Minneapolis and St. Paul
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410:. Most of the houses in this district are large, distinctive houses built between 1890 and 1920.
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1038:"Minnesota's 'front porch,' the State Capitol Mall, is a graveyard of Victorian architecture"
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617:. The Cathedral stands at one end of the Avenue, near the Hill House, and was designed by
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944:"National Register of Historic Places Registration: West Summit Avenue Historic District"
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After the Italianate style, the next style to become widespread on Summit Avenue was the
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were not simply replicas of historical buildings but instead modern buildings featuring
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Ramsey County Historical Society's Summit Hill Neighborhood profile, archived from 2015
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539:. Its name is misleading as although named “Queen Anne” it bore no real resemblance to
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massive in construction. The largest and most well-known house on Summit Avenue, the
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University and college buildings listed on the National Register of Historic Places
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Through No Fault of My Own: A Girl's Diary of Life on Summit Avenue in the Jazz Age
914:"National Register of Historic Places Inventory/Nomination: Historic Hill District"
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Summit Avenue between Lexington Parkway and Mississippi River Boulevard in
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owned the first house on Summit Avenue, in a location now occupied by the
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1296:
Roth, Leland M. American Architecture: A History. Westview Press, 2001.
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Roth, Leland M. American Architecture: A History. Westview Press, 2001.
704:-like arched windows that were once fitted with stained glass. The 1912
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on the porch. A variant of the Queen Anne style commonly known as the “
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List of jails and prisons on the National Register of Historic Places
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1110:
1,000 Places to See in the United States and Canada Before You Die
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831:, various buildings between Snelling Avenue and Cambridge Street
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Another popular style of architecture on Summit Avenue was the “
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Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Minnesota
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1311:"Writings of F. Scott Fitzgerald", broadcast from Summit Avenue
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Roads on the National Register of Historic Places in Minnesota
837:, various buildings between Cleveland Avenue and Cretin Avenue
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Davidson House at 344 Summit which features a design based on
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National Register of Historic Places in Saint Paul, Minnesota
382:, a narrow area running from Oxford Street South west to the
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A number of buildings on Summit Avenue are listed on the
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elements. These Tudor elements often included decorative
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Another popular style in the early years was the opulent
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These buildings are listed in numerical address order.
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which was soon to become a variant of the Rectilinear.
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Norene A. Roberts; Jeanne M. Zimniewicz (March 1992).
753:, 633 Fairmount Avenue, is just south of Summit Avenue
519:, inspired by those of 17th-century French architect
496:, with its distinctive arched bay windows, bracketed
978:. Summit Avenue Residential Preservation Association
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History of the National Register of Historic Places
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Late 19th and 20th Century Revivals, Late Victorian
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402:, the area bounded by Summit Avenue, Dale Street,
1449:List of U.S. National Historic Landmarks by state
672:. On Summit Avenue the houses constructed in the
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625:. Its design was heavily modeled on the baroque
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1841:National Register of Historic Places portal
668:columns and decorative carvings reminiscent of
912:Charles W. Nelson; Susan Zeik (June 7, 1976).
343:. Other cities have similar streets, such as
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729:Three buildings on or near Summit Avenue are
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386:along Summit Avenue. The city districts are
511:, which derives its name from the reign of
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79:overshadows mansions on east Summit Avenue
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1389:U.S. National Register of Historic Places
217:U.S. National Register of Historic Places
49:U.S. National Register of Historic Places
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541:early 18th-century British architecture
880:"National Register Information System"
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1069:. Minnesota Historical Society: 130.
1011:"Summit Avenue: St. Paul, Minnesota"
931:accompanying 203 photos from 1976-89
885:National Register of Historic Places
764:National Register of Historic Places
758:National Register of Historic Places
406:, and a line running north from the
380:West Summit Avenue Historic District
209:West Summit Avenue Historic District
1872:Geography of Saint Paul, Minnesota
1804:National Historic Preservation Act
1255:Minnesota Historical Society Press
27:Street in Minnesota, United States
25:
1280:: University of Minnesota Press.
1274:St. Paul's Historic Summit Avenue
650:18th-century English architecture
527:. Before the construction of the
1902:1860 establishments in Minnesota
1892:Streets in Saint Paul, Minnesota
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1107:Schultz, Patricia (2011-01-01).
648:houses drew on inspiration from
611:Elizabethan English manor houses
437:Development was slow during the
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1897:Houses in Saint Paul, Minnesota
777:Burbank–Livingston–Griggs House
494:Burbank–Livingston–Griggs House
376:Woodland Park Historic District
1757:Federated States of Micronesia
1403:Architectural style categories
823:Mitchell Hamline School of Law
789:Pierce and Walter Butler House
783:Minnesota Governor's Residence
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177:
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1015:American Planning Association
131:Show map of the United States
198:United States historic place
30:United States historic place
1272:Sandeen, Ernest R. (1978).
1080:Irvine, Coco (2011-01-01).
817:Germanic-American Institute
811:University Club of St. Paul
731:National Historic Landmarks
725:National Historic Landmarks
243:Homes on West Summit Avenue
1918:
1809:Historic Preservation Fund
1788:American Legation, Morocco
621:, a former student at the
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1750:Lists by associated state
806:Other buildings include:
791:, 1345-1347 Summit Avenue
744:F. Scott Fitzgerald House
664:on its front facade with
306:NRHP reference
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176:NRHP reference
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1731:Northern Mariana Islands
1086:. U of Minnesota Press.
835:University of St. Thomas
695:Dr Ward Beebe House 2013
600:James J. Hill House 2013
585:Richardsonian Romanesque
276:Architectural style
168:Architectural style
1344:44.941361°N 93.146556°W
976:"resources & links"
802:Other notable buildings
771:Cathedral of Saint Paul
615:Cathedral of Saint Paul
581:Henry Hobson Richardson
525:Cathedral of Saint Paul
339:where Saint Paul meets
1726:Minor Outlying Islands
1709:Lists by insular areas
1423:Keeper of the Register
1278:Minneapolis, Minnesota
1113:. Workman Publishing.
961:accompanying 91 photos
751:Frank B. Kellogg House
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513:Napoleon III of France
396:Interstate Highway 35E
372:Historic Hill District
226:U.S. Historic district
58:U.S. Historic district
41:Historic Hill District
18:Historic Hill District
1428:National Park Service
1408:Contributing property
1349:44.941361; -93.146556
948:National Park Service
918:National Park Service
890:National Park Service
694:
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500:, and glass-enclosed
424:Edward Duffield Neill
408:Cathedral of St. Paul
404:Interstate Highway 94
106:Show map of Minnesota
77:Cathedral of St. Paul
1783:District of Columbia
856:, 1300 Summit Avenue
843:, 2260 Summit Avenue
797:, 2022 Summit Avenue
795:Dr. Ward Beebe House
785:, 1006 Summit Avenue
627:St. Peter’s Basilica
623:Ecole des Beaux-Arts
398:) on the south, and
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892:. January 23, 2007.
841:Saint Paul Seminary
825:, 875 Summit Avenue
819:, 301 Summit Avenue
813:, 420 Summit Avenue
779:, 432 Summit Avenue
773:, 201 Summit Avenue
746:, 599 Summit Avenue
740:, 240 Summit Avenue
738:James J. Hill House
509:Second Empire Style
473:F. Scott Fitzgerald
428:James J. Hill House
333:St. Paul, Minnesota
254:St. Paul, Minnesota
146:St. Paul, Minnesota
829:Macalester College
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619:Emmanuel Masqueray
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573:James J Hill House
564:Romanesque Revival
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529:James J Hill House
469:Frank Lloyd Wright
454:State Capitol Mall
439:American Civil War
294:Romanesque Revival
288:Bungalow/Craftsman
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1413:Historic district
1264:978-0-87351-540-5
1063:Minnesota History
854:Mount Zion Temple
850:, 27 Crocus Place
717:Notable buildings
384:Mississippi River
337:Mississippi River
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284:Classical Revival
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1743:
1741:Virgin Islands
1738:
1733:
1728:
1723:
1718:
1716:American Samoa
1712:
1710:
1706:
1705:
1703:
1702:
1697:
1692:
1687:
1682:
1677:
1672:
1667:
1662:
1657:
1652:
1650:South Carolina
1647:
1642:
1637:
1632:
1627:
1622:
1617:
1615:North Carolina
1612:
1607:
1602:
1597:
1592:
1587:
1582:
1577:
1572:
1567:
1562:
1557:
1552:
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1445:
1443:
1442:Lists by state
1439:
1438:
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1433:Property types
1430:
1425:
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1415:
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1405:
1399:
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1308:
1301:
1300:External links
1298:
1293:
1292:
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1269:
1263:
1247:Millett, Larry
1242:
1240:
1237:
1234:
1233:
1211:
1202:
1126:
1119:
1099:
1092:
1072:
1053:
1029:
1027:Sandeen pp.2-5
1020:
1002:
1000:Millett p. 436
988:
964:
934:
904:
895:
865:
864:
862:
859:
858:
857:
851:
844:
838:
832:
826:
820:
814:
803:
800:
799:
798:
792:
786:
780:
774:
759:
756:
755:
754:
747:
741:
726:
723:
718:
715:
682:half-timbering
504:on the roof.
480:
477:
465:
462:
418:
415:
345:Prairie Avenue
324:
323:
320:
316:
315:
310:
303:
302:
277:
273:
272:
269:
265:
264:
261:
257:
256:
250:
246:
245:
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234:
233:
230:
229:
224:
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212:
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208:
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197:
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165:
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161:
157:
156:
153:
149:
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138:
137:
121:
120:
114:
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111:
96:
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89:
88:
87:
86:
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82:
81:
74:
66:
65:
62:
61:
56:
53:
52:
47:
44:
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40:
37:
36:
29:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1914:
1903:
1900:
1898:
1895:
1893:
1890:
1888:
1885:
1883:
1880:
1878:
1875:
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1722:
1719:
1717:
1714:
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1707:
1701:
1698:
1696:
1693:
1691:
1690:West Virginia
1688:
1686:
1683:
1681:
1678:
1676:
1673:
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1668:
1666:
1663:
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1658:
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1621:
1618:
1616:
1613:
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1608:
1606:
1603:
1601:
1598:
1596:
1595:New Hampshire
1593:
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1588:
1586:
1583:
1581:
1578:
1576:
1573:
1571:
1568:
1566:
1563:
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1555:Massachusetts
1553:
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1289:
1287:0-8166-4409-8
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1120:9780761163367
1116:
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1111:
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1100:
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1093:9781452931340
1089:
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1021:
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989:
977:
971:
969:
965:
962:
949:
945:
938:
935:
932:
919:
915:
908:
905:
899:
896:
891:
887:
886:
881:
875:
873:
871:
867:
860:
855:
852:
849:
845:
842:
839:
836:
833:
830:
827:
824:
821:
818:
815:
812:
809:
808:
807:
801:
796:
793:
790:
787:
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781:
778:
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772:
769:
768:
767:
765:
757:
752:
748:
745:
742:
739:
736:
735:
734:
732:
724:
722:
716:
714:
712:
711:Prairie Style
707:
703:
693:
689:
687:
683:
679:
675:
671:
670:neoclassicism
667:
663:
659:
655:
651:
647:
642:
640:
639:Michaelangelo
636:
632:
628:
624:
620:
616:
612:
607:
598:
594:
591:
586:
582:
578:
574:
569:
565:
556:
552:
550:
549:Shingle Style
546:
542:
538:
533:
530:
526:
522:
518:
514:
510:
505:
503:
499:
495:
490:
486:
478:
476:
474:
470:
463:
461:
458:
455:
450:
446:
444:
440:
435:
433:
429:
425:
416:
414:
411:
409:
405:
401:
397:
393:
389:
385:
381:
377:
373:
368:
366:
365:New York City
362:
358:
354:
353:Euclid Avenue
350:
346:
342:
338:
334:
330:
329:Summit Avenue
321:
319:Added to NRHP
317:
314:
311:
304:
301:
300:Tudor Revival
298:
295:
292:
289:
285:
281:
278:
274:
270:
266:
262:
258:
255:
251:
247:
240:
235:
231:
227:
222:
218:
213:
206:
202:
191:
189:Added to NRHP
187:
184:
181:
174:
170:
166:
162:
158:
154:
150:
147:
143:
139:
118:
93:
83:
78:
72:
67:
63:
59:
54:
50:
45:
38:
34:
19:
1655:South Dakota
1645:Rhode Island
1640:Pennsylvania
1620:North Dakota
1332:44°56′28.9″N
1325:
1318:
1295:
1273:
1250:
1205:
1109:
1102:
1082:
1075:
1066:
1062:
1056:
1045:. Retrieved
1042:Star Tribune
1041:
1032:
1023:
1014:
1005:
980:. Retrieved
951:. Retrieved
937:
921:. Retrieved
907:
902:Sandeen p. 1
898:
883:
805:
761:
728:
720:
698:
643:
631:Vatican City
603:
577:James J Hill
561:
534:
517:mansard roof
506:
482:
479:Architecture
467:
459:
451:
447:
443:Selby Avenue
436:
420:
412:
399:
391:
387:
379:
371:
369:
361:Fifth Avenue
328:
327:
1776:Other areas
1736:Puerto Rico
1570:Mississippi
1485:Connecticut
1347: /
1335:93°8′47.6″W
706:Beebe House
678:Tudor style
674:Tudor style
654:balustrades
545:latticework
400:Ramsey Hill
392:Crocus Hill
388:Summit Hill
378:), and the
341:Minneapolis
322:May 4, 1993
1866:Categories
1685:Washington
1605:New Mexico
1600:New Jersey
1475:California
1239:References
1047:2021-03-29
982:2008-04-10
568:Romanesque
485:Italianate
464:Criticisms
297:Beaux-Arts
291:Queen Anne
1695:Wisconsin
1660:Tennessee
1565:Minnesota
1540:Louisiana
953:August 3,
923:August 3,
357:Cleveland
268:Architect
160:Architect
1851:Category
1680:Virginia
1630:Oklahoma
1610:New York
1585:Nebraska
1575:Missouri
1560:Michigan
1550:Maryland
1535:Kentucky
1515:Illinois
1490:Delaware
1480:Colorado
1470:Arkansas
1249:(2007).
766:(NRHP).
733:(NHLs).
658:cornices
635:Bramante
313:93000332
271:Multiple
249:Location
183:76001067
163:Multiple
141:Location
1797:Related
1700:Wyoming
1675:Vermont
1580:Montana
1520:Indiana
1500:Georgia
1495:Florida
1465:Arizona
1455:Alabama
709:famous
662:portico
590:Tiffany
498:cornice
417:History
349:Chicago
1635:Oregon
1590:Nevada
1530:Kansas
1505:Hawaii
1460:Alaska
1396:Topics
1315:C-SPAN
1284:
1261:
1117:
1090:
702:Gothic
686:stucco
502:cupola
359:, and
1767:Palau
1665:Texas
1545:Maine
1510:Idaho
1313:from
959:With
929:With
861:Notes
666:ionic
489:eaves
260:Built
152:Built
1721:Guam
1670:Utah
1625:Ohio
1525:Iowa
1282:ISBN
1259:ISBN
1115:ISBN
1088:ISBN
955:2019
925:2019
846:The
749:The
637:and
263:1887
155:1860
75:The
1317:'s
629:in
363:in
355:in
347:in
308:No.
178:No.
1868::
1276:.
1257:.
1253:.
1214:^
1129:^
1067:65
1065:.
1040:.
1013:.
991:^
967:^
946:.
916:.
888:.
882:.
869:^
641:.
351:,
286:,
282:,
1451::
1381:e
1374:t
1367:v
1290:.
1267:.
1123:.
1096:.
1050:.
1017:.
985:.
957:.
927:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
