692:. As the American and French forces began to concentrate around them, Ewald and his jägers continued to be on the edges, making forage raids and skirmishing with the enemy; however, sickness took its toll on his unit. He reported on 18 September that his unit had shrunk to 29 men, half of whom were sick. As the siege neared its end, Cornwallis released all of the former slaves that had accompanied his army, intending to force them to become a burden on the Americans. However, Ewald recounts making a patrol into the no mans land between the two forces, and having to force groups of those unfortunates to move further toward the American lines. Following the British surrender, Ewald returned to New York on parole. His depression over the circumstances was lifted by a letter from Frederick II, specifically citing Ewald for "fine conduct" and rewarded him with "my extraordinary satisfaction and the assurance of my entirely special favore and grace."
568:'s disastrous attempt to take the fort by assault was repulsed, killing Donop and a number of his officers, including some that Ewald considered friends. Ewald analyzed the debacle in his journal, pointing out that the garrison should not have been summoned to surrender (removing the element of surprise), and that the main thrust of the attack was misplaced. Ewald's unit was involved in many of the minor engagements during the occupation of Philadelphia, and was almost constantly engaging the Americans during the British march across New Jersey. Ewald noted of that march, "One can truly state that this march cost two thousand men."
636:, destroying military and economic targets along the way. Ewald's company reached Portsmouth on 19 January, and began the task of fortifying the town. The arrival of a small French fleet in the area was accompanied by a flurry of defensive activity, but the French left without taking any action. Rumors of French and American forces (both land and naval) to attack the position led Arnold to order additional work to fortify the Portsmouth area against possible attacks. When French ships were again sighted (probably consequent to the 16 March
640:), tensions rose again in the town, and Ewald was wounded in the knee during a patrol on 19 March. At the time, a small detachment of Ewald's jägers was apparently the only force providing defense against a large detachment of American militia on the far side of a creek. Arnold's failure to mention the jägers' valor in holding off this force rankled Ewald, and he complained of it to the commander. Arnold ensured that recognition of their work was given that evening. The French flag sighted turned out to have been a
446:, decreed that only nobles could serve in the guards. On 20 February 1770, after an evening of drinking, Ewald got into an argument with a friend. In the ensuing duel, Ewald was struck in the left eye, and very nearly died. According to Ewald, the landgrave refused to punish him for this (even though it took more than a year to recover from the injury), saying "When a horse has run out of the stable, one closes the door". Ewald from then on wore a glass eye that caused him some discomfort.
791:, jumped a horse over a ditch and convinced a French officer to bring him to Murat. Murat refused to believe Ewald's assertion that Prussians had not crossed the border, and threatened to kill him. Murat also refused to give Ewald an escort back to his own lines; Ewald had some difficult returning due to the unsettled conditions in the area. The incident resulted in the removal of French forces from Danish territory.
475:
98:
87:
400:, on 30 March 1744. His father Georg Heinrich Ewald was a bookkeeper, and his mother, Katharina Elisabeth, was the daughter of a Kassel merchant. Both parents died while he was relatively young, and he was raised after their deaths by his grandmother. In an effort to dissuade the 14-year-old Ewald from a military career, he was taken to see the battlefield after the 23 July 1758
31:
866:
searching for the missing third volume. Although he believes it to have been destroyed, he did acquire a copy of the third volume's text, made from a copy of the original in the possession of the heirs of the
Schleswig-Holstein nobility. Tustin describes the diary as "the most important and comprehensive diary kept by a Hessian mercenary."
865:
In addition to numerous treatises on military tactics, Ewald kept a journal during his service in North
America. The diary was a four volume bound edition prepared by Ewald for his heirs in 1798. Joseph Tustin acquired three of the four volumes in the aftermath of World War II, and spent many years
680:
was somewhat confused, and both sides broke off the battle, fearing the supporting force of the other was near. Ewald, as soon as the alarm was raised, coolly organized his jägers in a position to attack the
American flank. The British eventually withdrew, only to meet Cornwallis and his advance
764:, then a Danish territory. He was given command of a light infantry battalion in 1790, and also raised to the Danish nobility. In 1795 he was promoted to colonel, with a promotion to major general following in 1802. In 1801 he commanded the Danish occupying forces in
736:
jäger force. In 1787 Ewald, still a captain, was passed over for promotion. The officers promoted ahead of him were nobles, and the indignity led him to request a release from service so that he might pursue opportunities for advancement elsewhere. William's brother
605:, Ewald's company returned to New York with General Clinton, leaving Cornwallis the task of taking control of South Carolina. He spent the remainder of 1780 on guard duty around New York, until he learned in December that his company had been chosen to be part of
695:
Ewald spent 1782 and 1783 with the rest of the jäger corps on Long Island. Sickness acquired in the south recurred, and he was eventually released from his parole as part of a prisoner exchange. However, the war was effectively at an end, with
420:
before besieging Kassel in 1761, then held by the French. Ewald was wounded during this siege in March 1761, and was promoted to ensign for his bravery. Returning to action in June, his regiment saw further action in 1761 and 1762, notably at
787:, Prussian forces attempted to cross the border to escape the French. The French, believing they had done so, demanded the right to cross the border in pursuit. Ewald, in a bold bid to speak directly with the French commander,
668:. During the later stages of these movements, Ewald's unit was often detached along with Simcoe's on foraging and raiding expeditions. On the morning of 26 June, Simcoe's force was resting before rejoining Cornwallis in
588:
that captured more than half the
British garrison. Most of 1779 was spent on guard duty, until December, when his unit, specifically requested by Generals Clinton and Cornwallis, was selected for the expedition to take
1182:
841:
Ewald continued to serve in command of Danish forces stationed in
Schleswig-Holstein, but saw no further action. In 1812 King Frederick awarded him the Order of Dannebrog. Ewald retired in May 1813, suffering from
663:
arrived in
Portsmouth to take command of the establishment. Feeling recovered from his injury, Ewald requested and received permission to rejoin his unit with Cornwallis's army. He was with that force through
441:
ended, Ewald remained with the regiment, now reduced. He was transferred to the guards, where he was promoted to second lieutenant in 1766. In 1769 he was transferred to the Leib
Regiment after the Landgrave,
601:, had a supposed acquaintance of his serving in it. During the conversation he carefully noted the surrounding features, before returning to his unit. This action drew praise from General Clinton. After
814:
during the winter of 1808-1809 were not realized due to bad weather; Ewald was to have been in the vanguard. Frederick, who ascended to the throne in 1809, awarded Ewald with the Grand Cross of the
517:. His position in the advance became quite normal for his company, which was consequently often engaged in skirmishes and the leading edges of battles. Ewald served with some distinction in the
1187:
745:, where he had been raised. In August 1788, Ewald departed for Denmark with his new bride, Susanne. Ewald was hopeful for action, as there were rumors that Denmark would be drawn into
1202:
1207:
850:
on 25 June, surrounded by his wife, son, and five daughters. He was buried four days later. The cemetery in Kiel where he was interred was destroyed by Allied bombing during
652:, Phillips led the combined forces on further raids into Virginia. His forces were eventually taken over by General Cornwallis, who joined his southern army with then at
593:. His company was again in the vanguard on the march from the landing place to the city. At one point he used a ruse to reconnoiter an enemy position on the
830:, was killed by a Danish soldier. Ewald's performance in the battle was lauded: Frederick promoted him to lieutenant general, and he was awarded the Dutch
1197:
538:
453:, where he studied military theory and economics. As a result of these studies, Ewald published his first treatise in 1774, dedicated to Frederick II:
779:
began to threaten
Denmark, which had remained neutral. Ewald was again in the vanguard of the military forces, responsible for the defense of the
1212:
660:
645:
443:
384:. He also kept a journal during most of his time in North America that has since become a valuable resource for historians of the war.
404:. Ewald's response to the scene was "Oh, how happy are they who died for their country in such a way!" In 1760 Ewald enlisted in the
746:
1148:
738:
708:
graciously allowed them access, and had his adjutant show them around. On 21 November, the jäger corps was among the last units to
518:
720:
On his return, Ewald was reassigned to the
Regiment von Dittfurth. Over the next year, he worked on another military treatise,
677:
644:; the ships had in fact been British, and were followed on 31 March by the arrival of more than 2,000 men under the command of
510:
263:
597:. After waving his handkerchief, he approached an enemy outpost, and inquired whether the unit, which he ascertained to be
208:
1157:
450:
397:
325:
122:
91:
57:
799:
729:
486:
409:
228:
823:
590:
494:
345:
285:
193:
772:, where he was so well liked by the citizenry that they invited him to become their civil governor; he declined.
760:
Ewald was commissioned a lieutenant colonel in the Danish army, and authorized to raise a corps of jägers in the
709:
526:
275:
203:
688:
that attended the
British army's crossing of the James River on 6 July, he was with the army when it arrived at
1192:
401:
807:
546:
783:, which represented Denmark's southern frontier. In 1806, after the Prussian loss to French forces in the
697:
685:
669:
514:
506:
461:). Ewald was also promoted to captain in 1774, the last promotion he would receive in the Kassel service.
455:
Gedanken eines hessischen Officiers über das, was man bey Führung eines Detaschements im Felde zu thun hat
349:
313:
301:
198:
305:
672:, when it was surprised by an advance company of Americans. These were from a larger detachment of the
581:
577:
550:
522:
479:
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253:
248:
223:
218:
676:'s army led by General Wayne that was chasing after Simcoe, hoping to bring him to an engagement. The
1177:
1172:
827:
673:
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637:
633:
534:
530:
238:
233:
405:
784:
602:
598:
438:
333:
329:
171:
831:
815:
761:
689:
629:
625:
561:
337:
309:
258:
243:
621:
576:
In 1779 Ewald's company was involved in British operations to capture key American defenses at
1144:
819:
780:
665:
649:
498:
417:
413:
381:
353:
268:
181:
176:
158:
554:
542:
459:
Thoughts of a Hessian officer about what he has to do when leading a detachment in the field
870:
862:
Ewald's son Carl also served in the Danish military, rising to the rank of major general.
835:
776:
606:
426:
373:
365:
280:
186:
360:, where he rose to the rank of lieutenant general; he also served as governor general of
818:. In May 1809 Ewald and a Danish corps were sent to assist in putting down a revolt in
700:
in September 1783. In October of that year, Ewald left New York with a friend to visit
565:
341:
127:
102:
890:
704:, due to its reputation as the most important American stronghold of the war. General
474:
1166:
788:
585:
502:
501:. The troops supplied by Frederick included the Leib Regiment, and Ewald arrived in
490:
851:
733:
617:
594:
357:
904:"Johann Ewald's Memoirs: A Hessian captain's notes on the Revolutionary War".
803:
705:
701:
641:
213:
30:
769:
560:
During the Philadelphia campaign, Ewald's jägers were also involved in the
798:
Danish neutrality did not last much longer. In 1807 the British launched
792:
610:
361:
408:, and was immediately involved in combat. Serving first in the army of
822:. Combined with Dutch forces, the revolt was put down in the decisive
765:
742:
152:
97:
61:
843:
811:
754:
750:
616:
Landing in Virginia on 31 December 1780, the expedition moved up the
509:, his jäger company was given a lead position in the army of General
393:
53:
473:
324:(20 March 1744 – 25 June 1813) was a German military officer from
86:
847:
728:), that was published in 1785. Upon the death of Frederick II,
564:. They covered the retreat after the Hessian Brigadier General
1143:. Translated by Tustin. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
525:
campaigns, where he was involved in (among others) battles at
1067:
1065:
352:
in October 1776. He saw regular action until his capture at
1183:
Hessian military personnel of the American Revolutionary War
16:
General in Hesse-Cassel army who later served in Danish Army
553:, the Continentals were surprised, and their commander,
485:
In late 1775 Frederick II signed an agreement with King
810:
into alliance with the French. Danish plans to attack
368:. Following his American war experiences, he wrote an
795:also insured that Danish neutrality was respected.
632:on 5 January 1781. The force then made its way to
348:. He arrived with his troops, first serving in the
296:
164:
142:
134:
118:
108:
80:
68:
40:
21:
1188:Danish military commanders of the Napoleonic Wars
580:. It was not involved in the American response,
470:1776-1778: New York, New Jersey, and Philadelphia
1139:Ewald, Johann (1979). Tustin, Joseph P. (ed.).
712:. On 22 April 1784, Ewald returned to Kassel.
648:. While Ewald recuperated from his injury at
149:Schleswig-Holstein Battalion of Light Infantry
35:Print of Ewald in his Danish general's uniform
869:His great-great-grandson was Danish designer
572:1779-1781: New York, Charleston, and Virginia
541:, Ewald developed a plan of attack against a
8:
1203:People from the Landgraviate of Hesse-Kassel
1141:Diary of the American War: A Hessian Journal
1208:Grand Crosses of the Order of the Dannebrog
513:, and was first engaged in the 28 October
29:
18:
956:
954:
952:
942:
940:
938:
882:
684:Although Ewald was not involved in the
928:
926:
924:
489:to supply him with troops for use in
7:
340:Leib Infantry Regiment attached to
1198:Recipients of the Legion of Honour
505:in October 1776. Sent forward to
14:
741:recommended Ewald for service in
722:Abhandlung über den kleinen Krieg
681:units a few miles down the road.
378:Abhandlung über den kleinen Krieg
356:in 1781. In 1788, he joined the
96:
85:
1032:Ewald & Tustin, pp. 308-312
1213:Military personnel from Kassel
332:, he was the commander of the
328:. After first serving in the
1:
1089:Ewald & Tustin, p. xxviii
978:Ewald & Tustin, pp. 55-56
412:, the regiment saw action at
380:), a widely read treatise on
209:Battle of the Assunpink Creek
960:Ewald & Tustin, p. xxvii
732:ordered Ewald to reform the
557:, narrowly avoided capture.
398:Landgraviate of Hesse-Kassel
264:Battle of Spencer's Ordinary
1125:Ewald & Tustin, p. xiii
1098:Ewald & Tustin, p. xxix
996:Ewald & Tustin, pp. 139
946:Ewald & Tustin, p. xxvi
918:Ewald & Tustin, p. xxiv
497:that had broken out in the
487:George III of Great Britain
410:Duke Ferdinand of Brunswick
1229:
1116:Ewald & Tustin, p. xiv
1107:Ewald & Tustin, p. xxx
1080:Ewald & Tustin, p. 361
1071:Ewald & Tustin, p. 351
1059:Ewald & Tustin, p. 345
1050:Ewald & Tustin, p. 336
1041:Ewald & Tustin, p. 328
1023:Ewald & Tustin, p. 291
1014:Ewald & Tustin, p. 290
1005:Ewald & Tustin, p. 199
987:Ewald & Tustin, p. 102
932:Ewald & Tustin, p. xxv
620:, Ewald's company and the
591:Charleston, South Carolina
539:General Charles Cornwallis
478:Ewald's map depicting the
396:, the capital city of the
346:American Revolutionary War
194:American Revolutionary War
1158:German biography of Ewald
969:Ewald & Tustin, p. 39
726:Essay on partisan warfare
666:its movements in Virginia
392:Johann Ewald was born in
370:Essay on Partisan Warfare
276:French Revolutionary Wars
204:Battle of Iron Works Hill
128:Kingdom of Denmark-Norway
103:Kingdom of Denmark-Norway
28:
893:. National Park Service.
628:in the lead, and raided
310:Dutch Order of the Union
229:Battle of Cooch's Bridge
157:Military command of the
547:Bound Brook, New Jersey
537:. On the direction of
402:Battle of Sandershausen
891:"Captain Johann Ewald"
808:Crown Prince Frederick
686:Battle of Green Spring
515:Battle of White Plains
482:
449:Ewald enrolled in the
377:
350:Battle of White Plains
314:Order of the Dannebrog
306:French Legion of Honor
302:Order of the Dannebrog
199:Battle of White Plains
584:by Brigadier General
578:Stony Point, New York
480:Battle of Bound Brook
477:
254:Battle of Barren Hill
249:Battle of White Marsh
224:Battle of Short Hills
219:Battle of Bound Brook
146:Schleswig Jäger Corps
119:Years of service
828:Ferdinand von Schill
826:; the rebel leader,
716:Service with Denmark
674:Marquis de Lafayette
638:Battle of Cape Henry
603:the successful siege
239:Battle of Germantown
234:Battle of Brandywine
151:Military command of
824:Battle of Stralsund
800:a preemptive strike
749:just begun between
659:On 29 May, General
549:in March 1777. In
493:in suppressing the
451:Collegium Carolinum
300:Grand Cross of the
286:Battle of Stralsund
906:The New York Times
832:Order of the Union
816:Order of Dannebrog
762:Duchy of Schleswig
626:John Graves Simcoe
562:Battle of Red Bank
483:
387:
259:Battle of Monmouth
244:Battle of Red Bank
138:Lieutenant General
820:Swedish Pomerania
781:Duchy of Holstein
609:'s expedition to
499:Thirteen Colonies
382:guerrilla warfare
319:
318:
269:Siege of Yorktown
182:Battle of Warburg
177:Battle of Corbach
159:Duchy of Holstein
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908:. 14 March 1881.
901:
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785:Battle of Lübeck
678:resulting battle
661:Alexander Leslie
646:William Phillips
599:Pulaski's Legion
555:Benjamin Lincoln
551:the April battle
543:Continental Army
439:Seven Years' War
388:Seven Years' War
330:Seven Years' War
322:Johann von Ewald
172:Seven Years' War
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23:Johann von Ewald
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871:Poul Henningsen
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836:Legion of Honor
834:and the French
777:Napoleonic Wars
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698:peace concluded
622:Queen's Rangers
607:Benedict Arnold
574:
472:
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427:Siege of Cassel
425:and the second
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366:Napoleonic Wars
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846:. He died in
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710:leave New York
573:
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566:Carl von Donop
471:
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465:War in America
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406:Regiment Gilsa
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76:(aged 69)
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789:Joachim Murat
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60:(present-day
59:
55:
51:20 March 1744
43:
39:
32:
27:
20:
1140:
1121:
1112:
1103:
1094:
1085:
1076:
1055:
1046:
1037:
1028:
1019:
1010:
1001:
992:
983:
974:
965:
914:
905:
899:
885:
868:
864:
861:
852:World War II
840:
797:
774:
759:
725:
721:
719:
694:
683:
670:Williamsburg
658:
615:
575:
559:
545:position at
523:Philadelphia
511:William Howe
507:New Rochelle
484:
458:
454:
448:
444:Frederick II
436:
391:
369:
326:Hesse-Kassel
321:
320:
165:Battles/wars
148:
123:Hesse-Kassel
92:Hesse-Kassel
74:(1813-06-25)
72:25 June 1813
58:Hesse-Kassel
1178:1813 deaths
1173:1744 births
734:Hesse-Hanau
618:James River
595:Stono River
527:Mount Holly
423:Wilhelmstal
364:during the
358:Danish Army
130:: 1788–1813
125:: 1762–1788
1167:Categories
1133:References
806:, driving
804:Copenhagen
730:William IX
706:Henry Knox
702:West Point
654:Petersburg
642:false flag
634:Portsmouth
535:Germantown
531:Brandywine
519:New Jersey
437:After the
214:Forage War
81:Allegiance
47:1744-03-20
495:rebellion
429:in 1762.
802:against
793:Napoleon
690:Yorktown
656:in May.
630:Richmond
611:Virginia
362:Holstein
354:Yorktown
143:Commands
109:Service/
766:Hamburg
747:the war
743:Denmark
739:Charles
650:Norfolk
418:Warburg
414:Corbach
342:British
338:Hessian
153:Hamburg
62:Germany
1147:
858:Legacy
844:dropsy
812:Sweden
770:Lübeck
755:Sweden
751:Russia
582:a raid
533:, and
394:Kassel
374:German
297:Awards
111:branch
54:Kassel
877:Notes
433:Peace
334:Jäger
1145:ISBN
848:Kiel
768:and
753:and
521:and
416:and
135:Rank
114:Army
69:Died
41:Born
624:of
1169::
1064:^
951:^
937:^
923:^
873:.
854:.
838:.
757:.
613:.
529:,
376::
56:,
1153:.
724:(
457:(
372:(
64:)
49:)
45:(
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