614:, one of Philadelphia's main thoroughfares, was dedicated in 1968 before a crowd of 10,000 well-wishers. In some sense, the shopping center was the culmination of the Progress Movement's multiple goals. Because it was a major construction project, it created a large number of construction jobs for participants in the OIC program. Through an agreement negotiated with Progress Plaza's chain store tenants, the shopping center also made numerous management job opportunities available to African Americans. To fulfill another one of the Progress Movement's primary goals - to encourage the development of black-owned businesses - ZNPCT created an Entrepreneurial Training Center at Progress Plaza. With major funding from the
558:(CDC) that would support education, scholarships for youth, health services and other programs aimed at social uplift. For the remaining 20 months of the subscription period, investors would make payments to a for-profit corporation, Progress Investment Associates (PIA), which would undertake income-generating projects. At the end of 36 months, subscribers would receive one share of common voting stock and would be entitled to participate in yearly shareholders meetings. As William Downes, the treasurer of the 10-36 Plan and the executive director of ZNPCT explains, the idea of the voting system was to encourage community involvement in the plan."
379:, in the early 1940s. He believed that jobs were the key to improving African American lives. In 1958, he asked Philadelphia's largest companies to interview young blacks, and only two companies responded positively. Then, in collaboration with other ministers, Sullivan organized a boycott of various businesses which he referred to as "Selective Patronage." The slogan was "Don't buy where you don't work" and the boycott was extremely effective since blacks constituted about 20% of Philadelphia's population. Sullivan estimated the boycott produced thousands of jobs for African Americans in a period of four years.
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Foundation for
Education and Self-Help (IFESH) in order to establish and maintain programs and activities in the areas of agriculture, business and economic development, democracy and governance, education and health. These programs would in turn help governments in sub-Saharan Africa reduce poverty and unemployment and build civil societies. To further expand human rights and economic development to all communities, Sullivan created the Global Sullivan Principles of Social Responsibility in 1997. In 1999, the Global Sullivan Principles were issued at the
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Julie Helen
Sullivan), including the Global Sullivan Principles initiative. Other IFESH programs include the African American Summit (now renamed the Leon H. Sullivan Summit), the Peoples Investment Fund for Africa, the Self-Help Investment Program, Teachers for Africa, and Schools for Africa. IFESH has placed teachers in Africa, trained African bankers, built schools, developed small businesses, disseminated books and school supplies, created literacy programs, distributed medicines to prevent river-blindness, and helped to combat the spread of HIV/AIDS.
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back later in two, three or four years, and let's see what we can do." Rev. Sullivan was already prepared for that challenge, however. "Give me the sack", he told Zion's treasurer, William Downes. "I opened it up and $ 400,000 worth of equities came out", he describes. "The man's eye glasses fell off his eyes. He came around the table and took my hand and said, Reverend, we can work together." Rev. Sullivan's theory about the power of money to deal with persistent racial inequalities was proving to be correct. As he concludes:
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world's political and business leaders, delegates representing national and international civil and multinational organizations, and members of academic institutions in order to focus attention and resources on Africa's economic and social development. Their mission was inspired by Rev. Leon H. Sullivan's belief that the development of Africa is a matter of global partnerships. It was particularly important to Rev. Sullivan that Africa's
Diaspora and Friends of Africa are active participants in Africa's development.
435:. The program took individuals with little hope and few prospects, offered them job training and instruction in life skills, and then helped place them into jobs. The movement quickly spread around the nation. With sixty affiliated programs in thirty states and the District of Columbia, OIC has grown into a movement, which has served over two million disadvantaged and under-skilled people. This approach also led to the formation of the Opportunities Industrialization Centers International (OICI) in 1969.
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immediate results from their investment. Their most immediate monetary benefit would be a tax deduction for their contributions to the nonprofit. In being a part of the Plan, stockholders and investors would need to trust the idea of making their money work for those that would come after them within their community. Rev. Sullivan's vision was to use the tools of the free enterprise system to foster something that is vital to community progress - a sense of ownership and a stake in the common good.
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address a long-standing problem facing blacks - racial discrimination in housing. The leaders of the
Progress Movement believed that money often has the power to speak louder than words in the struggle to improve race relations. One year after its first investment in housing, PIA built Zion Gardens, a middle-income garden apartment complex in North Philadelphia. The $ 1 million project was financed by using 10-36 funds to leverage a loan from the
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a few loaves and a few fish", he recalls. "Everybody put in their little bit and you had enough to feed everybody, and a whole lot left over. So I said, that is what I am going to do with the church and the community. I said, I am going to ask 50 people to put $ 10 down for 36 months of loaves and fishes and see if we could accumulate resources enough to build something that we would own ourselves."
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In
Sullivan's philosophy, to cultivate the idea of "giving before receiving", the community would need to help the non-profit side of the program. To see the 10-36 Plan as an investment, members of the community would need to understand basic economic concepts. Stockholders were warned not to expect
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Sullivan used the church to organize the black community, and to create a local economic base that would self-perpetuate. In 1962, during a sermon, he proposed his vision of self-help to the community through investment. "One day I preached a sermon at Zion about Jesus feeding the five thousand with
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In 1988, Sullivan retired from Zion
Baptist Church. Sullivan was determined to provide a model of self-help and empowerment to the people of Africa. He began using his talent for bringing world leaders together to find solutions to international issues through the establishment of the International
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to donate land for the project, Rev. Sullivan set out to raise the capital needed to build the shopping center. "So I went to the chairman of the bank and I said, I want a construction loan", he recounts. "He said, well
Reverend, you need some equity for something like this. Think about it and come
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in 1991 as a result of a number of requests and conversations he had with
African leaders seeking an honest dialog among and between leaders of African countries and government officials and leaders from developed countries. Since then, the biennial Leon H. Sullivan Summit has brought together the
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While pursuing these development projects, Zion continued to build an equity base through the 10-36 Plan. In 1965, the plan was opened to new subscribers from Zion's congregation, and another 450 joined. Over the years, the
Progress Movement has had great success with its strategy of using equity
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Around the same time, Sullivan established the Zion
Investment Association (ZIA), a company which invested in and started new businesses. Sullivan also helped to establish more than 20 programs under the International Foundation for Education and Self-Help (IFESH) (now headed by his daughter Dr.
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Funds accumulated rapidly under the 10-36 Plan, and were soon used to invest in numerous housing and economic development initiatives. In 1964, PIA made its first investment in an 8-unit apartment building in an all-white community. The rationale for buying this property was that it would help
419:," which provided people with the tools to overcome barriers of poverty and oppression on their own. African-Americans had been excluded from training for better paying jobs. Sullivan realized that simply making jobs available was not enough and said,
277:, he was raised in a small house on a dirt alley called Washington Court--one of Charleston's poorest communities. His parents divorced when he was three years old and he grew up an only child. At the age of twelve, he tried to purchase a
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The Leon H Sullivan Summit is now organized by the Leon H Sullivan Foundation, an organization dedicated to expanding Leon Sullivan's vision of empowering the underprivileged, which is headed by Leon Sullivan's daughter Hope Masters.
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In the 1980s, Progress Plaza was taken over by Wendell Whitlock of Progress Investment Associates, who is now the chairman emeritus. In 2018, Progress Plaza celebrated its 50-year anniversary with commemorations from local politician
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The 10-36 Plan was designed to create two legal entities between a split stretch of donation periods; "For the first 16 months of the subscription period, investors would contribute to the Zion Non-Profit Charitable Trust (ZNPCT), a
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It shows how much one individual can do to change lives and societies for the better ... He was known and respected throughout the world for the bold and innovative role he played in the global campaign to dismantle the system of
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As a teenager, Sullivan — who as an adult stood 6 ft 5 in tall — attended Garnet High School, a school for African Americans in Charleston, West Virginia. He received both a basketball and a football scholarship to
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in a drugstore on Capitol Street. The proprietor refused to sell him the drink saying: "Stand on your feet, boy. You can't sit here." This incident inspired Sullivan's lifetime pursuit of fighting racial prejudice.
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After establishing the OIC in the mid-1960s, Zion's next major undertaking was the fulfillment of Rev. Sullivan's dream of building the nation's first black-owned and developed shopping center, to be named
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679:. As part of the board of directors at General Motors, Sullivan lobbied GM and other large corporations to voluntarily withdrawal from doing business in South Africa while the
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fraternity. A foot injury that ended his athletic career and scholarships forced Sullivan to pay for the remainder of his college by working in a steel mill.
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brought the program to greater public attention on a national scale. By 1962, the effectiveness of Sullivan's boycotts came to the attention of Dr.
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During his lifetime he was also awarded honorary doctorate degrees from over 50 colleges and universities and served as a board member of
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accumulated under the 10-36 Plan to leverage funds from public and private sources, including commercial banks and insurance companies.
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In August 2000, Charleston, West Virginia city leaders changed the name of Broad Street, near his boyhood home, to Leon Sullivan Way.
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and Leon took on the role of pastor at the Zion Baptist Church. There, he became famously known as "the Lion of Zion".
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who persuaded Sullivan to share information with them on his success. The exchange led to SCLC's economic arm,
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office, an unemployment compensation office, a police training academy, and a health service center run by
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Leon Sullivan recounting the incident that inspired his lifelong pursuit of fighting racial prejudice
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https://s7.goeshow.com/cbcf/annual/2020/documents/CBCF_ALC_-_Phoenix_Awards_Dinner_Past_Winners.pdf
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The Award for Greatest Public Service Benefiting the Disadvantaged, an award given out annually by
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An Overview of the January 2001 PBS Documentary entitled " A Principled Man: Rev. Leon Sullivan."
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where Sullivan became pastor at the First Baptist Church. Five years later, the two moved to
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1373:"City unveils Rev. Dr. Leon H. Sullivan International Arrivals Hall at Philadelphia Airport"
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Wilson, Kendall (April 27, 2001). "Leon Sullivan's Living Legacy". The Philadelphia Tribune.
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1573:, Rev. Leon H. Sullivan at Third African-African American Summit, Dakar (Senegal), May 1995
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Another one of the Progress Movement's major goals was to address the social needs of
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The Black 100: A Ranking of the Most Influential African-Americans, Past and Present
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cited Sullivan as one of the 100 outstanding young adults in the United States, 1963
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who was influenced by Leon Sullivan's thinking in his book "Build, Brother, Build."
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THE LATE REVEREND DR. LEON H. SULLIVAN, AUTHOR, ORGANIZER, BUILDER, PASTOR, TEACHER
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344:(Master's in Religion 1947). He also served as Powell's assistant minister at the
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I found that we needed training. Integration without preparation is frustration.
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The Reverend Dr. Leon H. Sullivan International Arrivals Hall in Terminal A of
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Kweisi Mfume talking about the Sullivan Principles in relation to South Africa
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1340:"Remarks on Presenting the Presidential Medal of Freedom Awards 1991-11-18"
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Sullivan also attributed much of his early influence to his grandmother:
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by generating a substantial number of jobs. After convincing the city's
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I found that $ 400,000 makes a difference in race relations in America!
477: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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PlanPhilly | Nation's first black-owned shopping center celebrates 50
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1581:, Dakar (Senegal), May 1995 (an AFRICAN CONNECTIONS documentary).
1299:"National Winners | public service awards | Jefferson Awards.org"
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Moving Mountains: The Principles and Purposes of Leon Sullivan
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Moving Mountains: The Principles and Purposes of Leon Sullivan
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Bishop John T. Walker Distinguished Humanitarian Service Award
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1159:"Zion Non-Profit Charitable Trust (ZNPCT), Philadelphia, PA"
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on the board of a major corporation. He went on to serve on
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focusing on the creation of job training opportunities for
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Leon Sullivan talking about the Global Sullivan Principles
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Julian Bond talking about the selective patronage movement
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Stuart A. Rose Manuscript, Archives, and Rare Book Library
1185:"Nation's first black-owned shopping center celebrates 50"
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United States Department of Housing and Urban Development
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featured the program with a front-page story, and later,
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where, in 1940, he was initiated into the Tau chapter of
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Arsenio hall to get black caucus award. (1993, Sep 16).
1161:. Pratt Center for Community Development. Archived from
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Highlights of the Third African-African American Summit
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President George H. W. Bush talking about Leon Sullivan
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20th-century Baptist ministers from the United States
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Opportunities Industrialization Centers International
1083:. West Virginia Archives and History. Archived from
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Sullivan was the recipient of the following awards:
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49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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Presidential Medal of Freedom recipient (1922–2001)
1459:Opportunities Industrialization Centers of America
315:Union Theological Seminary in the City of New York
2535:Religious leaders from Charleston, West Virginia
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431:(OIC) of America in an abandoned jail house in
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415:Sullivan's work was built on the principle of "
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645:Sullivan Principles as a response to apartheid
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1326:"Past Phoenix Award Honorees (1996 – 2018)".
1275:. Leon H. Sullivan Foundation. Archived from
1249:. Leon H. Sullivan Foundation. Archived from
8:
821:Common Wealth Award of Distinguished Service
2540:Activists for African-American civil rights
371:Sullivan took his first active role in the
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233:(October 16, 1922 – April 24, 2001) was a
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752:The Afro-American Achievement Award, 1956
537:Learn how and when to remove this message
355:In 1945 Leon and Grace Sullivan moved to
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
2555:Presidential Medal of Freedom recipients
955:"Biography of Reverend Leon H. Sullivan"
868:Eleanor Roosevelt Award for Human Rights
659:Board of Directors and became the first
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720:Sullivan organized the first Summit in
429:Opportunities Industrialization Centers
1486:Leon Howard Sullivan papers, 1939-2001
1442:Rev. Leon H. Sullivan Official Website
273:Born to Charles and Helen Sullivan in
2580:West Virginia State University alumni
2550:Political activists from Pennsylvania
1478:, nursing home in Seattle, Washington
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610:Progress Plaza, which is located on
475:adding citations to reliable sources
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1052:Zion Baptist Church of Philadelphia
2570:African-American Baptist ministers
910:America is theirs: And other poems
882:Philadelphia International Airport
755:The Freedom Foundation Award, 1960
375:by helping to organize a march on
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556:Community Development Corporation
1469:Leon Sullivan Health Care Center
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816:28th Laurel Wreath Awardee, 1979
767:The Philadelphia Bok Award, 1966
693:United Nations Secretary-General
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2560:Deaths from leukemia in Arizona
2545:American anti-poverty advocates
1454:The Leon H. Sullivan Foundation
884:was named in his honor in 2022.
747:Ten Outstanding Young Americans
462:needs additional citations for
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627:Social Security Administration
568:Federal Housing Administration
352:'s support and encouragement.
336:where the latter attended the
191:West Virginia State University
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1247:"The Leon H. Sullivan Summit"
839:Presidential Medal of Freedom
655:In 1971, Sullivan joined the
770:The William Penn Award, 1967
367:Selective Patronage Movement
1655:William Stanley Braithwaite
328:at the age of 18. In 1943,
296:West Virginia State College
265:hospital at the age of 78.
257:activist. Sullivan died of
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2575:Columbia University alumni
2565:African-American activists
1022:Sullivan, Leon H. (1969).
975:Sullivan, Leon H. (1998).
848:Harold Washington Award, (
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427:In 1964, Sullivan founded
338:Union Theological Seminary
253:Board Member, and an anti-
195:Union Theological Seminary
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904:Books by Leon H. Sullivan
809:William L. Dawson Award (
346:Abyssinian Baptist Church
275:Charleston, West Virginia
160:Charleston, West Virginia
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2295:A. Leon Higginbotham Jr.
1911:Charles Hamilton Houston
1695:George Washington Carver
1492:Video and audio material
1106:Columbus Salley (1998).
1026:. Macrae Smith Company.
764:The Russwurm Award, 1963
639:Congressman Dwight Evans
357:South Orange, New Jersey
350:Mayor Fiorello LaGuardia
1212:. IFESH. Archived from
922:Alternatives to Despair
716:Leon H. Sullivan Summit
597:Redevelopment Authority
223:Anti-Apartheid Movement
2351:Constance Baker Motley
2231:Frederick D. Patterson
1967:Martin Luther King Jr.
1895:Channing Heggie Tobias
1783:William T. B. Williams
1759:Richard Berry Harrison
1743:Mordecai Wyatt Johnson
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393:Martin Luther King Jr.
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2311:Myrlie Evers-Williams
2067:Clarence Mitchell Jr.
1919:Mabel Keaton Staupers
1679:Charles Sidney Gilpin
1361:Los Angeles Sentinel.
1132:"Founder and History"
1003:. Sunday Gazette-Mail
928:Philosophy of a Giant
898:Boy Scouts of America
797:Boy Scouts of America
683:was still in effect.
570:and a grant from the
403:, in 1967, headed by
401:Operation Breadbasket
373:civil rights movement
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219:Civil Rights Movement
2415:Frankie Muse Freeman
2179:Benjamin Elijah Mays
1807:Walter Francis White
1711:James Weldon Johnson
1687:Mary Burnett Talbert
1484:, Emory University:
1420:United States portal
1305:on November 24, 2010
793:Silver Buffalo Award
471:improve this article
340:(1943–45) and later
231:Leon Howard Sullivan
146:Leon Howard Sullivan
43:improve this article
1943:Theodore K. Lawless
1791:Mary McLeod Bethune
1735:Charles W. Chesnutt
1631:Ernest Everett Just
1279:on January 17, 2007
1216:on February 7, 2007
1134:. OIC International
1087:on February 8, 2007
1024:Build Brother Build
916:Build Brother Build
832:Roosevelt Institute
828:Four Freedoms Award
681:system of apartheid
673:Sullivan Principles
651:Sullivan Principles
342:Columbia University
330:Adam Clayton Powell
263:Scottsdale, Arizona
204:Columbia University
179:Scottsdale, Arizona
2455:Nathaniel R. Jones
2319:Earl G. Graves Sr.
2287:John Hope Franklin
1887:Percy Lavon Julian
1847:A. Philip Randolph
1767:Robert Russa Moton
1571:Once in a While...
1563:2007-06-21 at the
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1539:2007-06-21 at the
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1515:2007-06-21 at the
1503:2007-06-21 at the
1474:2006-07-01 at the
1447:2006-06-27 at the
1375:. October 18, 2022
623:North Philadelphia
593:North Philadelphia
433:North Philadelphia
411:Self-Help Movement
382:The New York Times
320:Sullivan became a
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2495:Cato T. Laurencin
1879:Thurgood Marshall
1855:William H. Hastie
1719:Carter G. Woodson
1117:978-0-8065-2048-3
1110:. Citadel Press.
1081:"Leon H Sullivan"
1033:978-0-8255-8460-2
986:978-0-8170-1289-2
962:Senator Bob Casey
843:George H. W. Bush
777:Peace Award, 1968
775:Edwin T. Dahlberg
737:Awards and honors
631:Temple University
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1301:. Archived from
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1253:on April 3, 2007
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1058:on May 24, 2013
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486:"Leon Sullivan"
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850:Phoenix Award
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726:Côte d'Ivoire
723:
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677:disinvestment
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498:
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491:
488: –
487:
483:
482:Find sources:
476:
472:
466:
465:
460:This section
458:
454:
449:
448:
442:
440:
436:
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430:
424:
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405:Jesse Jackson
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334:New York City
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127:Leon Sullivan
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91:
88:
84:
81:
77:
74:
70:
67:
63:
60: –
59:
55:
54:Find sources:
48:
44:
38:
37:
32:This article
30:
26:
21:
20:
2486:
2471:Willie Brown
2462:
2439:Quincy Jones
2407:Cicely Tyson
2383:John Conyers
2279:Maya Angelou
2255:Colin Powell
2223:Percy Sutton
2194:
2151:Andrew Young
2142:
2114:
2099:Wilson Riles
2091:Gordon Parks
2082:
2019:Medgar Evers
1903:Ralph Bunche
1871:Paul Robeson
1814:
1703:Roland Hayes
1578:
1570:
1379:December 20,
1377:. Retrieved
1367:
1360:
1355:
1343:. Retrieved
1334:
1307:. Retrieved
1303:the original
1293:
1281:. Retrieved
1277:the original
1267:
1255:. Retrieved
1251:the original
1241:
1230:
1218:. Retrieved
1214:the original
1204:
1194:November 12,
1192:. Retrieved
1188:
1179:
1167:. Retrieved
1163:the original
1136:. Retrieved
1126:
1107:
1101:
1089:. Retrieved
1085:the original
1075:
1067:
1060:. Retrieved
1056:the original
1051:
1042:
1023:
1017:
1007:February 11,
1005:. Retrieved
995:
976:
970:
961:
949:
933:
927:
921:
915:
909:
887:
872:Bill Clinton
740:
731:
719:
709:South Africa
701:
685:
669:South Africa
654:
635:
620:
612:Broad Street
609:
605:
601:
585:
576:
564:
560:
552:
548:
533:
524:
514:
507:
500:
493:
481:
469:Please help
464:verification
461:
437:
426:
422:
414:
386:
380:
370:
361:Philadelphia
354:
324:minister in
319:
292:
288:
284:
272:
239:civil rights
237:minister, a
230:
229:
173:(2001-04-24)
120:
105:
96:
86:
79:
72:
65:
53:
41:Please help
36:verification
33:
2530:2001 deaths
2525:1922 births
2503:Jim Clyburn
2399:Julian Bond
2367:Oliver Hill
2203:Tom Bradley
2131:Alvin Ailey
2107:Damon Keith
2027:Roy Wilkins
1975:Daisy Bates
1283:January 20,
1273:"Biography"
1169:January 21,
1138:January 26,
1091:January 20,
894:Mellon Bank
749:Award, 1955
671:called the
241:leader and
2519:Categories
2375:Ben Carson
2343:John Lewis
2303:Carl Rowan
2207:Bill Cosby
2187:Lena Horne
2155:Rosa Parks
2135:Alex Haley
2123:Hank Aaron
1775:Max Yergan
1062:August 28,
1048:"About Us"
941:References
696:Kofi Annan
527:March 2020
497:newspapers
443:10-36 Plan
269:Early life
152:1922-10-16
69:newspapers
1799:John Hope
1309:August 5,
705:apartheid
417:self-help
279:Coca-Cola
255:Apartheid
187:Education
2487:no award
2463:no award
2391:Ruby Dee
2195:no award
2143:no award
2115:no award
1977:and the
1815:no award
1561:Archived
1549:Archived
1537:Archived
1525:Archived
1513:Archived
1501:Archived
1472:Archived
1445:Archived
1345:March 6,
896:and the
861:Africare
395:and the
259:leukemia
215:Movement
99:May 2024
1619:winners
1257:May 15,
1220:May 15,
1210:"IFESH"
852:), 1993
830:by the
813:), 1977
806:, 1975.
795:by the
784:by the
722:Abidjan
574:(HUD).
511:scholar
322:Baptist
235:Baptist
83:scholar
2501:2022:
2493:2021:
2485:2020:
2477:2019:
2469:2018:
2461:2017:
2453:2016:
2445:2015:
2437:2014:
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2421:2012:
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2333:2001:
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2309:1998:
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2293:1996:
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2277:1994:
2269:1993:
2261:1992:
2253:1991:
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