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territory, and sovereignty, and the fundamental idea of the French Third
Republic that patriotism was the supreme value. The reasoning that made nature the driving force for societies was only tenable in regard to rural and seemingly static societies. Vidal avoided looking at industrialization, colonialism, and urbanization. He called those concepts "historical winds", like gusts on the surface of a pond. As he himself wrote at the end of his Tableau de la géographie de la France, "Close study of what is fixed and permanent in the geographical conditions of France ought to be or to become more than ever our guide."
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left at Vidal's death. Arguably, his disciples were bound to a particular aspect of the master's thought and did not know how to deal with complexity and growth, and as a consequence the field of the discipline shrank. An immutable triad imposed itself on research and university studies: physical geography (Martonne, Baulig), regional geography (Blanchard, Cholley), and human geography (Brunhes, Demangeon, Sorre); in descending order of frequency and importance geomorphology, then rural geography, regional geography, and finally tropical geography.
20:
329:), and "density". Many of the master's students, particularly in their dissertations, produced regional geographies that were both physical and human (even economic). The context chosen for these descriptions was a region, whose contours were not always very firmly fixed scientifically. Undoubtedly because this approach was more structured, many of Vidal's successors, and still more those of Martonne, specialized in a geomorphology that became gradually stronger, but that also, by its narrowness, weakened French geography.
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314:, to create some regional groupings with representative organs. Vidal proposed to cut France into regions organized around a metropolis. The economic realities of the modern world, with worldwide competition and the shrinking of the planet due to accelerated communications, made him think that less centralized, less static modes of organization ought to be promoted.
487:; Nicolas Ginsburger, « La Belle Ăpoque dâun gĂ©ographe colonial : Marcel Dubois, universitaire et figure publique, entre Affaire Dreyfus et Entente cordiale (1894â1905) », Cybergeo : European Journal of Geography , EpistĂ©mologie, Histoire de la GĂ©ographie, Didactique, document 855, mis en ligne le 16 mai 2018, consultĂ© le 22 mai 2018. URL :
482:
Nicolas
Ginsburger, « Des Ăźles grecques Ă la gĂ©ographie coloniale : Marcel Dubois Ă la conquĂȘte de la Sorbonne (1876â1895) », Cybergeo : European Journal of Geography , EpistĂ©mologie, Histoire de la GĂ©ographie, Didactique, document 822, mis en ligne le 15 juin 2017, consultĂ© le 22
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was a summary of Vidal's methods, a manifesto whose production required a dozen years of work. It surveyed the entire country, taking note of everything he had observed in his innumerable notebooks. He took an interest in human and political aspects, geology (an infant discipline at the time, little
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Why was
Vidalian geography so triumphant in France up to 1950? A notable explanation is that French thought during the Third Republic was dominated by nationalism, which was, arguably, a means of controlling the populations. History saw itself as being given the role of showing the emergence of the
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Between the two world wars, "classical geography" stayed in the mold established by the
Vidalian tradition. It was defended by an establishment that marginalized all attempts at epistemological renewal, to such an extent that after World War II the discipline was at the same stage where it had been
120:
Upon returning to France, in 1870 he married Laure Marie
Elizabeth Mondont, with whom he had five children. He held several teaching positions, notably at the LycĂ©e d'Angers and at the Ăcole PrĂ©paratoire de l'Enseignment SupĂ©rieur des Lettres et des Sciences. La Blache received his doctorate at the
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Some adherents to modern geography as the science of the social dimension of space have criticized Vidal's geography as the natural science of lifeways. According to this view, Vidal's ideas made nature the external force that drove societies. They served to validate the equation of nation,
283:
connected with geography), transportation, and history. He was the first to tie together all those domains in a somewhat quantitative approach, using numbers sparingly, essentially narrative, even descriptiveânot far removed, in some ways from a guidebook or a manual for landscape painting.
95:(certification) in history and geography in 1866. He was appointed to the Ăcole française dâAthens, taking advantage of the opportunity to travel in Italy, Palestine, and Egypt (in the latter, being present at the inauguration of the Suez Canal). There he studied
336:
This classical geographyânaturalistic, monographic, morphological, literary, and didacticâwould experience a rapid renewal and a radical transformation into a social science with the revolution of the 1960s and 1970s and the rise of urban and industrial studies.
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of the sort that was defended by some nineteenth century geographers. The concept of possibilism has been used by historians to evoke the epistemological fuzziness that, according to them, characterized the approach of Vidal's school. Described as
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Vidal de la Blache produced a large number of publications; including 17 books, 107 articles, and 240 reports and reviews. Only some of these have been translated into
English. His most influential works included an elementary textbook
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for the geographical science of the epoch, controlling the universities, the research centers, and the granting of degrees. Urban thinkers had no place in France until 1950, which explains why geographers such as
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was deeply influenced by his emphasis on the importance of historical influences in the study of geography, and went on to become France's leading French academic in the field of human geography. During
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became an influential academic journal that promoted the concept of human geography as the study of man and his relationship to his environment. Vidal de la Blache's pupil
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163:(1914â18) in January 1915 the Geographical Commission was established in close liaison with the 2nd Bureau of the Army Staff with six geographers, Albert Demangeon,
129:. Vidal de la Blache returned to the Ăcole Normale SupĂ©rieure in 1877 as a full Professor of Geography and taught there for the next 21 years. He transferred to the
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67:, which is the belief that the lifestyle of a particular region reflects the economic, social, ideological and psychological identities imprinted on the landscape.
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nation, and geography's role was not to refer to politics. A nearly static society could be explained by a static nature. Vidal's ideas formed the main
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La plaine picarde : Picardie. Artois. CambrĂ©sis. Beauvaisis. Ătude de gĂ©ographie sur les plaines de craie de la France du Nord de la France
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317:"Vidalian" geography is based on varied forms of cartography, on monographs, and on several notable concepts, including "landscapes" (
540:" La guerre, la plus terrible des Ă©rosions " Cultures de guerre et gĂ©ographes universitaires Allemagne-France-Etats-Unis (1914â1921)
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Vidal published a visionary article on the regions of France in 1910. He had been requested by the Prime
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Each of these eminent professors would present a dissertation on regional geography. Thus
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Les préalpes de Savoie (Genevois/Bauges) et leur avant-pays : étude de géographie régionale
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459:"Paul Vidal de la Blache â A biographical sketch by Jason Hilkovitch & Max Fulkerson"
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La
Flandre. Ătude gĂ©ographique de la plaine flamande en France. Belgique. Hollande
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Sorbonne in 1872 with a dissertation in ancient history, afterwards published as
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Paul Vidal de la Blache was the son of a professor who subsequently became an
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546:(thesis) (in French), Université Paris Ouest Nanterre-La Défense, p. 293
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Vidal de la Blache founded the French school of geography and, together with
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Le plateau central et sa bordure méditerranéenne : étude morphologique
133:, where he continued teaching until he retired in 1909, at the age of 64.
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whom he had met in
Germany, Vidal has been linked to the term "
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Members of the Académie des sciences morales et politiques
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contributed intermittently to the work of the Commission.
79:. He was sent to school at the Institution Favard at the
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left France to make their careers in the United States.
150:(1893), of which he was the editor until his death. The
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The Sorbonne. Professor Vidal de La Blache â Geography
55:. He is considered to be the founder of modern French
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La Valachie : essai de monographie géographique
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All Possible Worlds: A History of Geographical Ideas
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Collection de Cartes Murales Accompagnées de Notices
629:Academic staff of the Ăcole Normale SupĂ©rieure
489:http://journals.openedition.org/cybergeo/29138
485:http://journals.openedition.org/cybergeo/28368
171:, Louis Raveneau and Paul Vidal de la Blache.
59:and also the founder of the French School of
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286:Influenced by German thought, especially by
441:Preston E. James & Geoffrey J. Martin.
379:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
246:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
644:Academic staff of the University of Paris
399:Learn how and when to remove this message
266:Learn how and when to remove this message
123:HĂ©rode Atticus: Ă©tude critique sur sa vie
537:Ginsburger, Nicolas (30 November 2010),
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639:Members of the French School at Athens
499:Paul L. Knox & Sallie A. Marston.
280:Tableau de la Geographie de la France
198:Tableau de la GĂ©ographie de la France
196:. Two of his best-known writings are
190:Histoire et GĂ©ographie: Atlas General
47:, 22 January 1845 â Tamaris-sur-Mer,
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377:adding citations to reliable sources
244:adding citations to reliable sources
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649:Burials at Montparnasse Cemetery
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624:Ăcole Normale SupĂ©rieure alumni
341:Criticism of Vidalian geography
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202:Principles of Human Geography
87:. Afterward, he attended the
51:, 5 April 1918) was a French
513:Wolff, Denis (5 July 2014),
114:BibliothĂšque de La Sorbonne
63:. He conceived the idea of
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49:Provence-Alpes-CĂŽte d'Azur
36:[pÉlvidaldÉlablaÊ]
503:, Third Edition, p. 181.
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167:, Emmanuel de Martonne,
89:Ăcole Normale SupĂ©rieure
28:Paul Vidal de La Blache
23:Paul Vidal de La Blache
208:The "Vidalian" program
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77:academic administrator
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483:mai 2018. URL :
152:Annales de GĂ©ographie
147:Annales de GĂ©ographie
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32:French pronunciation:
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373:improve this section
240:improve this section
169:Emmanuel de Margerie
609:People from PĂ©zenas
566:(1905); Blanchard,
131:Université de Paris
619:French geographers
578:(1928); Martonne,
515:"Albert Demangeon"
194:La France de l'Est
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65:genre de vie
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604:1918 deaths
599:1845 births
301:idiographic
296:determinism
292:possibilism
200:(1903) and
188:along with
161:World War I
61:Geopolitics
593:Categories
550:2017-07-26
524:2017-06-30
469:2006-09-23
429:References
305:nomothetic
100:archeology
93:agrégation
53:geographer
360:does not
227:does not
57:geography
519:Hypergeo
418:paradigm
319:paysages
204:(1918).
116:, NuBIS)
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381:removed
366:sources
323:milieux
248:removed
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45:HĂ©rault
41:PĂ©zenas
144:, the
544:(PDF)
179:Works
97:Greek
85:Paris
364:any
362:cite
278:The
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