563:, which had an average of two hundred parents attend each meeting; Aberhart had a generally good relationship with parents. His standing with his staff was more mixed: he had a habit of "talking down" to them, dominated the school to the point that teachers were left with little initiative, and, as Elliott and Miller put it, "never entered the staff room except to issue an order". Many of his teachers, while respecting his abilities as an administrator, thought very little of him as a man, and some believed that his domineering approach stemmed from a fear of people smarter than him. In 1919, eight Crescent Heights teachers wrote the school board requesting an investigation into Aberhart's work; the resulting inspection led to the transfer of three male teachers—with whom Aberhart had a particularly poor rapport—to other schools, and stated that persisting problems would lead to a request for Aberhart's resignation. A follow-up investigation two years later found a substantial improvement in conditions and reported favourably on Aberhart's abilities. Despite this uneven relationship, Aberhart was not all together closed-minded, and would entertain—and sometimes even be convinced by—arguments from his staff.
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661:, Alberta. His initial Bible Study Teaching in Calgary commenced at the Grace Presbyterian Church at the Young Men's Bible Class. Within a few weeks attendance was over 100 and he attracted the attendance of the senior minister Dr. Esler, but his views on prophecy did not jibe with senior minister's reformed beliefs and his teaching privileges were cancelled. He then moved on to teach successively at the Wesley and Trinity Methodist Churches.
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421:. Historian Harold Schultz describes the Aberharts as "prosperous", while biographers David Elliott and Iris Miller says they "lived better than the average family". The fourth of eight children, William Aberhart Jr. delivered milk to his father's customers before school each day. At school, he was a hard-working but average student. Mathematics was one of his strengths, though his approach involved more
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wooden house and Khona finished her academic year in
Brantford. 1910 Calgary was a frontier town that smelled of horse manure and in which public drunkenness was common; though Aberhart's sensibilities were less shocked by this than his wife's were, he also had to make some adjustments: in Brantford he had always attended church in a silk
815:. Aberhart did threaten the power of private banks with his government's extension of the UFA government's foreclosure moratorium and mandatory debt adjustment. But a law to tax banks was overturned on constitutional grounds. Later, the government started its own banks, which carry on as the Alberta Treasury Branch (
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Alberta's Social Credit government brought in legislation under which an MLA could be recalled by a portion of their constituents. Aberhart's own constituents, including out-of-power UFA farmers and many oilworkers working for U.S. oil companies threatened by
Aberhart's Natural Resources Conservation
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Aberhart had aspired to take ministerial training at the
Presbyterian Knox College Divinity School, but the church in Brantford was reluctant to take on the support of both him and his family in the four-year training period. He became fascinated with prophetical teaching in the Bible and studied a
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he was exposed to more liberal versions of
Christianity that taught the existence of internal inconsistencies in the Bible; for several years he adopted the approach of a Bible teacher who counselled him to "treat Bible as ... a nice plate of fish" and "eat the meat and leave the bones for the
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It is doubtful that
Aberhart fully understood the theories himself. The basis of Douglas's A+B theorem is that prices rise faster than incomes when regarded as a flow, and individuals' purchasing power should be supplemented through issuance of new credits that have not derived from the productive
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Elliott (1978) argues that the
Aberhart's Social Credit ideology was clearly antithetical to his previous theology, which was highly sectarian, separatist, apolitical, other-worldly, and eschatologically oriented. Elliott challenges the arguments of Mann (1955) and Irving (1959) that there was a
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with man, and during each of which man broke the covenant. That the terms of the covenant were different in each dispensation resolved
Aberhart's earlier concerns about the Bible's internal inconsistencies. His views were heavily influenced by a correspondence course he took offered by American
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In the assessment of John Barr, a Social Credit staffer years after
Aberhart's death who later wrote one of the first histories of the party's years in power, "Aberhart generally had the respect and admiration of a broad following of parents, teachers, and students." Schultz states that the only
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Besides his administrative duties, Aberhart taught
English and math. True to form, in doing so he emphasized rote memorization at the expense of independent reasoning, to the point that one of his teachers once likened him to a dog trainer. He cared for his students and provided extensive extra
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Elliott and Miller write that
Aberhart took a less rigid approach to discipline at Crescent Heights than he had in Ontario, though Schultz says that as principal he was "authoritarian in manner and a strict disciplinarian". His love of organization persisted, and his penchant for it enhanced his
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Aberhart's government did not implement much of the Social Credit policies promised in the party's election platform, because of the province's very poor financial position in the depths of the Depression. The federal government's opposition to Social Credit was a significant block to Aberhart's
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had expected to win the election. Indeed, its expectations were so low that it had not named a formal leader during the campaign. The party was now tasked with selecting a leader who would become the province's new premier. Aberhart was the obvious choice, as he had been the party's founder and
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offered him a principalship at $ 1,400 per year. In response to a petition from his staff and students that this offer be matched by Brantford, Aberhart was offered a raise to $ 1,300; he declined it, and moved to Calgary that spring. His family followed later, after he purchased a two-storey
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During his premiership, Aberhart campaigned for and instituted several anti-poverty and debt relief programs, and other governmental reforms, such as consolidation of Alberta's numerous small school districts into centralized school divisions, and natural resources conservation. His attempts at
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definite connection between Aberhart's theology and political program. Elliott reports that Aberhart's political support did not come from the sectarian groups as Mann and Irving suggest, but rather it came from the members of established churches and those with marginal religious commitment.
548:, but it was not yet complete at the time of his arrival, so he became the principal of Alexandra Public School immediately on his arrival. Mount Royal was still not completed by the fall, so he took over the principalship of Victoria School, which he held until becoming principal of the new
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Schultz reports this date as 1927, saying that Aberhart was principal of "Balmoral Heights" from 1915 until then. This confusion may be because when Crescent Heights opened in 1915, it occupied part of Balmoral School, an elementary school. Crescent Heights received its own building in
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was caused by ordinary people not having enough to spend. Therefore, Aberhart argued that the government should give each Albertan $ 25 per month to spend to stimulate the economy, by providing needed purchasing power to allow needy customers to buy from waiting businesses.
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banking reform met with less success, facing strong opposition from the federal government, the courts, privately owned newspapers and a coalition of the Liberal and Conservative parties. Aberhart's government did successfully establish the Alberta Treasury Branches (now
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reputation as "an able administrator". Crescent Height's students scored very well on departmental examinations, though some members of the school board believed that he achieved this at least partly by culling weaker students with a preliminary qualifying examination.
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was in effect, but pharmacists were permitted to provide alcohol for "medicinal purposes". Charles kept a bottle of whiskey for William Sr. to drink whenever he was in the store. One day a clerk rearranged the bottles, and the illiterate William Sr. took a swallow of
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legislation, gathered signatures for Aberhart's own recall. He thus became the first Canadian politician to be threatened with recall from office. Aberhart's government retroactively repealed the recall legislation rather than have Aberhart forced to give up his seat.
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In 1915, he became an unpaid pastor of Westbourne Baptist Church in Calgary. In 1918, he founded a Bible study group in the church, which grew in attendance over the years. In 1920 he was baptized by immersion. In 1925, he broadcast his Sunday sermons on the
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not provided for in the school's budget, Aberhart organized a company into which students could buy for ten cents per share; the company put on movies for which it charged admission, and at the end of its first year of operation it declared a
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than reasoning. Elliott and Miller suggest that this tendency stayed with him his entire life, and that he "never really acquired an appreciation for inductive intellectual analysis". Aberhart was not a social child. Though he excelled at
441:, from which he withdrew after four months of successful study. In 1897–98, Aberhart attended Seaforth Collegiate Institute, where he was nicknamed "Whitey" (for his blond hair) and broadened his athletic prowess to include the
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His school's principal died in 1905, and Aberhart was selected to replace him; his salary increased to $ 1,000 per year. This figure had reached $ 1,200 by 1910 when, in response to glowing reviews from his colleagues, the
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CFCN, which allowed him to broadcast his prophetic preaching to listeners throughout the Canadian prairies and part of the northern United States. In 1927 he made the decision to terminate the church's affiliation with the
524:'s military organization. While his tactics divided his students—some loved him, while others recounted that "he did everything he could to break the spirit of a child"—his supervisors gave him uniformly positive reviews.
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On July 29, 1902, Aberhart married Jessie Flatt, whom he had met in 1901 at a football game. A daughter, Khona Louise Aberhart, was born in the winter of 1903, and a second, Ola Janet Aberhart, followed in August 1905.
417:) to William (c. 1844 – 1910) and Louisa (c. 1850–1944) (nĂ©e Pepper) Aberhart. William Aberhart Sr. had immigrated to Canada from Germany with his family at the age of seven, while Louisa Pepper was born in
481:; he died within minutes. William Jr., by now in Calgary, did not make the trip east to his father's funeral. Louisa Aberhart died February 20, 1944, outliving her son, William Aberhart Jr., by less than a year.
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Aberhart instituted a variety of relief programs to help people out of poverty, as well as public works programs and a debt relief program that froze some debt collections and mortgage foreclosures. This, like
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tutoring, especially for students in whom he saw a genuine interest in learning the material. Outside of the classroom, he applied his talents to organizing picnics and games, and in 1922 organized an elected
827:' similar program in Saskatchewan, was later overturned in the mid-1940s by the Supreme Court, although it aided people for a number of years during and (for a short time) after the Great Depression.
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of 25 cents per share. He urged his students to adopt four axioms he followed in his own life: "be enthusiastic, be ambitious, develop a distinctive personality, have a hobby and ride it hard."
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correspondence course by Cyrus Scofield. He had been introduced to this system while attending a men's Bible Class at Zion Presbyterian, taught by William Nichol, an elderly physician.
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By late 1937, relations with the lieutenant governor became so strained that Bowen even threatened to dismiss Aberhart's government, which would have been an extraordinary use of his
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1431:* The first count vote totals were altered through STV vote transfers, to produce the five successful candidates, one of which was not in a leading position in the first count.
516:, for which he was paid $ 60 per month. He fast won a reputation as a strict disciplinarian: he addressed his students by number rather than name and was liberal in his use of
650:; Elliott and Miller speculate that such a course would have appealed to Aberhart by reducing "difficult theological problems to a matter of memorizing questions and answers".
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in a new building. The institute building also housed the Westbourne Baptist Church. In 1929, a section of church members who disagreed with his beliefs about the need for a
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became increasingly central to his theology. British Israelism had been an element of his theology from an early stage, but assumed further importance following the
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Aberhart won the November 4 by-election, held prior to the first sitting of the new legislature after the general election. Aberhart was elected by acclamation.
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He was sworn in as premier on September 3 (11 days after his August 22 victory). However, he was not yet a member of the legislature. The Social Credit MLA for
842:, where the sale of alcohol remained completely banned until 1948. Well into the 1960s, commercial airlines could not serve alcohol while flying over Alberta.
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to Major Douglas's ideas. Most notably, he enacted very tight restrictions on the sale of alcohol. Indeed, the only stricter law in Canada at the time was in
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in 1938. Its operations included special credit given for those who bought made-in-Alberta goods. ATB has become Aberhart's legacy, operating as an orthodox
770:, resigned to give Aberhart a chance to get a seat, per standard practice in the Westminster system when a leader or cabinet minister does not have a seat.
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to three government bills in 1937. Two of the bills would have put the province's banks under the control of the provincial government, while a third, the
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separate from conversion, decided to return to the old building, prompting Aberhart to found Bible Institute Baptist Church. Towards the end of his life
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Although Aberhart was unable to gain control of Alberta's banks, his government gained a foothold in the province's financial industry by creating the
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as his widow intended to move to Vancouver to be close to her children. He was succeeded as the Premier of Alberta by his lifelong disciple,
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area in which all 61 people he interviewed in researching Aberhart's career agreed was that he was an excellent high school teacher.
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by the Government of Canada. A plaque commemorating this sits inside Crescent Heights High School at 1019 1st NW, Calgary, Alberta.
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system. After Aberhart's lobbying of the United Farmers to adopt Social Credit principles was unsuccessful, he helped found the
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church. Under circumstances that are not clear to history, in high school he became a devout Christian. He initially adopted
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1021:. A 1977 book edited by Lewis Herbert Thomas, traced Aberhart's role in the development of Alberta's Social Credit movement.
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based on the events of 1935 when Aberhart swept into power. The novel was adapted as a stage play in 1999 by Conni Massing.
978:—one of the longest-serving provincial governments in Canadian history, and one of the longest-serving in the Commonwealth.
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On July 20, 1910, William Aberhart Sr. died in an accident at a pharmacy owned by his son (William Jr.'s brother) Charles.
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Flanagan, Thomas; Lee, Martha F. (Fall 1991). "From Social Credit to Social Conservatism: The Evolution of an Ideology".
396:), a government-owned financial institution to provide an alternative to existing banks, which continues to operate as a
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First interim report on the possibilities of the application of social credit principles to the Province of Alberta
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437:. Although this training qualified him to work as a schoolteacher, he instead enrolled in business college in
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641:. Dispensationalism held that history was divided into seven dispensations, during each of which God made a
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706:, a time which was especially harsh on Albertan and Saskatchewan farmers. Particularly, he was drawn to the
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years before the concept became widespread in Calgary. When some students wanted the school to purchase a
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Elliott, David R. (1978). "Antithetical Elements In William Aberhart's Theology and Political Ideology".
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by a landslide with over 54% of the popular vote and all but seven of the 63 seats in the legislature.
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One way Aberhart applied his organizational prowess was in creating one of Calgary's first and largest
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due to theological differences with the teachings given at the union college. In 1927, he founded the
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guiding force. He initially said he did not want the job, but was finally prevailed to accept it.
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Historian Harold J. Schultz's 1964 "Portrait of a Premier: William Aberhart" was published in the
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policy goals. The federal government has jurisdiction over Canadian currency and banks, under the
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2498:. Regina, Saskatchewan: Canadian Plains Research Center, University of Regina. pp. 126–145.
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2349:. Regina, Saskatchewan: Canadian Plains Research Center, University of Regina. pp. 148–178.
2233:. Regina, Saskatchewan: Canadian Plains Research Center, University of Regina. pp. 126–145.
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714:, a British engineer. From 1932 to 1935, Aberhart lobbied for the governing political party, the
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While in Brantford, Aberhart studied at Zion Presbyterian church, where he became interested in
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2006:. Regina, Saskatchewan: Canadian Plains Research Center, University of Regina. p. 144.
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520:. By his own account in a 1903 essay, he viewed the classroom as a battlefield, and admired
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Politics of Discontent: Essays by H. J. Schultz, M. A. Ormsby, J. R. H. Wilbur, B. J. Young
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Elliott, David R. (2004). "William Aberhart, 1935-1943". In Rennie, Bradford J. (ed.).
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Elliott, David R. (2004). "William Aberhart, 1935-1943". In Rennie, Bradford J. (ed.).
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Aberhart died unexpectedly on May 23, 1943, during a visit to his adult daughters in
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In the fall of 1901 Aberhart was hired as a teacher at the Central Public School in
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Canadian Evangelicalism in the Twentieth Century: An Introduction to Its Character
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Canadian Evangelicalism in the Twentieth Century: An Introduction to Its Character
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Canadian Evangelicalism in the Twentieth Century: An Introduction to Its Character
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and the province's weekly newspapers were recognized with engraved certificates.
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deemed "inaccurate". All three bills were later declared unconstitutional by the
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Bell, Edward (2004). "Ernest Manning, 1943-1968". In Rennie, Bradford J. (ed.).
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with a somewhat reduced mandate, with Aberhart being elected to a Calgary seat.
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Flanagan, Thomas (1972). "Social Credit in Alberta: A Canadian 'Cargo Cult'?".
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William Aberhart was born December 30, 1878, in Kippen, Ontario (now part of
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The Mantle of Leadership: Premiers of the Northwest Territories and Alberta
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from 1935 to his death in 1943. He was the founder and first leader of the
2544:(34). Paris, France: École des hautes études en sciences sociales: 39–48.
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In 1910, Aberhart accepted a position as principal of Alexandra School in
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William Aberhart's papers digitized at the University of Calgary Archives
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Clark, S. D. (November 1945). "The Religious Sect in Canadian Politics".
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Calgary was a multi-member constituency that elected five MLAs using the
1030:, David R. Elliot examined Aberhart's theological and political beliefs.
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Schultz, Harold J. (1964). "Portrait of a Premier: William Aberhart".
909:. For its leadership in the fight against the latter act, in 1938 the
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In keeping with his evangelical views, Aberhart added a heavy dose of
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Though his parents were not churchgoers, as a child Aberhart attended
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2573:(2). Regina, Saskatchewan: Canadian Plains Research Center: 205–223.
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2683:(reprint ed.). Toronto, Ontario: University of Toronto Press.
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630:, and became confident that, through his faith, he would be saved.
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942:. An analogous situation occurred in 1932 in Australia between
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2662:(3rd ed.). Toronto, Ontario: University of Toronto Press.
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2287:. Edmonton, A;berta: Documentary Heritage Society of Alberta.
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November 4, 1935, provincial by-election Okotoks—High River
1975:
Encyclopedia of Evangelicalism: Revised and expanded edition
981:
The Aberhart Centre, a long-term medical care centre at the
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Like father, like son: Ernest Manning & Preston Manning
433:
In 1896, Aberhart attended three months of model school in
2813:
Political Realignment: A Challenge to Thoughtful Canadians
1783:
The Dynasty: The Rise and Fall of Social Credit in Alberta
3255:
Social Credit Party of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
2659:
Democracy in Alberta: Social Credit and the Party System
1866:"Balmoral School, 16th Avenue N.W., taken in snowstorm"
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dogs". Though at first he subscribed to the notion of
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Early religious views and adoption of Dispensationalism
2067:(illustrated, revised ed.). Chambers. p. 4.
1562:. Edmonton, Alberta: Legislative Assembly of Alberta.
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Community Heritage and Family History Digital Library
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1785:. Toronto, Ontario: McClelland and Stewart Limited.
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Bruce Allen Powe in 1983 published a novel entitled
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2786:Aberhart, William (1991). Elliott, David R. (ed.).
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966:, and was interred in Forest Lawn Memorial Park in
367:(December 30, 1878 – May 23, 1943), also known as "
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1829:. Alberta Family Histories Society. Archived from
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702:Aberhart became interested in politics during the
2854:CBC 1943 archival video clip on Aberhart's legacy
2747:. Toronto, Ontario: University of Toronto Press.
2709:(reprint ed.). Kemptville, Ontario: Haymax.
2521:. Toronto, Ontario: University of Toronto Press.
2259:Alberta Views - The Magazine for Engaged Citizens
1502:electoral method. These candidates were elected.
917:Pulitzer Prize special citation and bronze plaque
2794:. Historical Society of Alberta. pp. 1–41.
1990:, Regent College Publishing, Canada, 1998, p. 41
1964:, Regent College Publishing, Canada, 1998, p. 41
1938:, Regent College Publishing, Canada, 1998, p. 37
618:, and worried about whether he was destined for
2771:"Aberhart On Social Credit: A Radio Broadcast"
2592:. Lloydminster, Alberta: Foster Learning Inc.
2405:Calderola, Carlo (1979). Calderola, C. (ed.).
1855:, McClelland & Stewart, Canada, 1999, p. 2
784:. Aberhart's government was re-elected in the
3587:
3469:
3052:
2879:
2726:William Aberhart and Social Credit in Alberta
2705:The Politics of Chaos: Canada in the Thirties
2680:Social Credit and the Federal Power in Canada
2366:The Good Steward: The Ernest C. Manning Story
2318:Social Classes & Social Credit in Alberta
2204:William Aberhart and Social Credit in Alberta
1922:
950:, the premier and governor, respectively, of
718:, to adopt these theories, but it never did.
8:
2298:
2061:Thorne, J.O.; Collocott, T.C., eds. (1984).
1554:Perry, Sandra E.; Craig, Jessica J. (2006).
375:, was a Canadian politician and the seventh
2817:. Toronto, Ontario: McClelland and Stewart.
2452:(3). University of Chicago Press: 207–216.
1951:, Rowman & Littlefield, USA, 2021, p. 9
1912:. Institute of Applied Art. pp. 26–27.
1683:Bible Bill: A Biography of William Aberhart
1035:Bible Bill: A Biography of William Aberhart
3594:
3580:
3572:
3476:
3462:
3454:
3080:
3059:
3045:
3037:
2886:
2872:
2864:
2781:(4). Historical Society of Alberta: 24–30.
2390:. Calgary, Alberta: Detselig Enterprises.
2148:Directory of Federal Heritage Designations
2144:Aberhart, William National Historic Person
2090:"Our Referendums are not Direct Democracy"
1977:, Baylor University Press, USA, 2004, p. 1
1583:
776:Aberhart served as premier and as his own
206:November 4, 1935 – March 21, 1940
36:
20:
3421:Social Credit Party of Canada split, 1963
3113:Committee on Monetary and Economic Reform
2494:Alberta Premiers of the Twentieth Century
2345:Alberta Premiers of the Twentieth Century
2230:Alberta Premiers of the Twentieth Century
2175:(1). University of Toronto Press: 38–58.
2003:Alberta Premiers of the Twentieth Century
1039:Alberta Premiers of the Twentieth Century
142:September 3, 1935 – May 23, 1943
66:September 3, 1935 – May 23, 1943
2777:(transcript of a 1935 radio broadcast).
1681:Elliott, David R.; Miller, Iris (1987).
1130:
1127:
1102:
1074:
1071:
1013:Publications and articles about Aberhart
998:Person of National Historic Significance
3798:20th-century Canadian Baptist ministers
3411:1937 Social Credit backbenchers' revolt
2517:The Social Credit Phenomenon in Alberta
2407:The Social Credit in Alberta, 1935-1971
1908:Johnson, L. P. V.; McNutt, Ola (1970).
1514:
1472:
1446:1937 Social Credit backbenchers' revolt
907:Judicial Committee of the Privy Council
2849:William Aberhart Historical Foundation
2432:
2422:
1522:Elliot, David R. (February 14, 2008).
1494:
1492:
1490:
1488:
1486:
185:March 21, 1940 – May 23, 1943
3783:Queen's University at Kingston alumni
3209:Democratic Labour Party (New Zealand)
2611:The Social Credit Movement in Alberta
2368:. Calgary, Alberta: Fifth House Ltd.
1949:Historical Dictionary of the Baptists
1685:. Edmonton, Alberta: Reidmore Books.
1024:In his 1978 article published in the
7:
3173:Social Credit Party of New Brunswick
3098:British Columbia Social Credit Party
2743:Wardhaugh, Robert Alexander (2000).
2538:Archives de Sociologie des Religions
1895:
1813:
544:Aberhart was to become principal of
3723:Alberta Social Credit Party leaders
3229:Solomon Islands Social Credit Party
3183:Social Credit Party of Saskatchewan
2745:MacKenzie King and the Prairie West
2724:Thomas, Lewis Herbert, ed. (1977).
2202:Thomas, Lewis Herbert, ed. (1977).
869:Aberhart (speaking) welcoming King
295:Forest Lawn Memorial Park (Burnaby)
2769:Aberhart, William (October 2005).
2285:Alberta Election Results 1882–1992
371:" for his radio sermons about the
14:
3773:People from Huron County, Ontario
3753:Canadian people of German descent
3250:Irish Monetary Reform Association
3219:Social Credit Party (New Zealand)
2790:Aberhart: Outpourings and Replies
2446:The American Journal of Sociology
2036:Possible Social Credit in Alberta
1827:"William Aberhart Family History"
1041:, devoted a chapter to Aberhart.
1033:Elliot and Iris Miller published
894:Accurate News and Information Act
861:Conflict with Lieutenant Governor
676:Calgary Prophetic Bible Institute
3728:Alberta Social Credit Party MLAs
3691:
3019:
3009:
3008:
2728:. Toronto, Ontario: Copp Clark.
2206:. Toronto, Ontario: Copp Clark.
2064:Chambers Biographical Dictionary
1044:A June 2020 in-depth article in
989:, is named in his honour, as is
747:The Social Credit Party won the
738:Aberhart and his cabinet in 1935
409:Childhood, education, and family
350:
3153:Ralliement créditiste du Québec
2638:. Toronto, Ontario: ECW Press.
2615:. University of Toronto Press.
2388:Alberta's Revolutionary Leaders
2324:McGill-Queen's University Press
1461:Briercrest College and Seminary
808:British North America Act, 1867
800:Portrait of Aberhart as premier
672:Baptist Union of Western Canada
173:Legislative Assembly of Alberta
3260:Social Credit Party of Ireland
3178:Social Credit Party of Ontario
2829:Encyclopedia of Alberta Online
2485:. University of Toronto Press.
2034:Douglas, C.H. (June 1, 1935).
983:University of Alberta Hospital
730:Premier of Alberta (1935–1943)
724:Social Credit Party of Alberta
16:Premier of Alberta (1935–1943)
1:
3168:Social Credit Party of Canada
2589:John E. Brownlee: A Biography
2308:Further reading/other sources
2117:"Aberhart Rites on Wednesday"
2098:Canadian Parliamentary Review
1133:1940 Alberta general election
1037:in 1987. A 2004 edited book —
131:Alberta Minister of Education
3123:Manitoba Social Credit Party
3093:Abolitionist Party of Canada
3014:Category:Premiers of Alberta
2839:Alberta legislative assembly
2586:Foster, Franklin L. (1981).
2000:Rennie, Bradford J. (2004).
1456:Sinclair Alexander Whittaker
1052:Alberta Premier Jason Kenney
991:William Aberhart High School
550:Crescent Heights High School
3486:Alberta Social Credit Party
3204:Country Party (New Zealand)
3199:Australian League of Rights
3163:Alberta Social Credit Party
2809:Manning, Ernest C. (1967).
2409:. Methuen. pp. 33–48.
1743:University of Toronto Press
1424:
1421:
1405:
1402:
1386:
1383:
1367:
1364:
1330:
1327:
1271:
1268:
1250:
1247:
1229:
1226:
1208:
1205:
1167:
1164:
964:Vancouver, British Columbia
698:Early political involvement
637:, which in turn led him to
561:parent–teacher associations
400:of the Alberta government.
381:Alberta Social Credit Party
284:Vancouver, British Columbia
3814:
3743:Canadian Baptist ministers
2481:Cook, Ramsay, ed. (1967).
2169:Canadian Historical Review
1734:Canadian Historical Review
1097:
1092:
1076:1935 by-election results (
1027:Canadian Historical Review
1019:Canadian Historical Review
704:Great Depression in Canada
680:baptism of the Holy Spirit
530:Calgary Board of Education
3689:
3617:
3492:
3429:
3143:Pilgrims of Saint Michael
3004:
2901:
2322:. Montreal and Kingston:
2283:; Mardon, Austin (1993).
1923:Johnson & McNutt 1970
1853:The Canadian Encyclopedia
1142:
1083:
847:Alberta Treasury Branches
716:United Farmers of Alberta
690:where he spoke with King
688:1939 royal tour of Canada
358:
244:
199:
178:
135:
59:
47:
35:
3758:Canadian anti-communists
2677:Mallory, J. R. (1976) .
2607:Irving, John A. (1959).
2299:Mardon & Mardon 1993
1986:John Gordon Stackhouse,
1973:Randall Herbert Balmer,
1960:John Gordon Stackhouse,
1934:John Gordon Stackhouse,
1872:. Calgary Public Library
1500:single transferable vote
1145:First count vote totals*
996:In 1974, he was named a
749:1935 provincial election
3138:Parti crédit social uni
3133:Pauper Party of Ontario
2364:Brennan, Brian (2008).
1741:(3). Toronto, Ontario:
903:Supreme Court of Canada
813:prosperity certificates
780:and, starting in 1937,
622:, he later adopted the
508:Aberhart as a young man
3793:Critics of Freemasonry
3733:Antisemitism in Canada
3416:Prosperity certificate
3245:British People's Party
3108:Christian Credit Party
2844:AllRefer.com Biography
2630:Mackey, Lloyd (1997).
2550:10.3406/assr.1972.1889
2513:Finkel, Alvin (1989).
1781:Barr, John J. (1974).
1584:Perry & Craig 2006
878:
877:to Alberta in May 1939
801:
739:
616:unconditional election
509:
3738:Canadian evangelicals
3148:Ralliement créditiste
2314:Bell, Edward (1993).
2255:"Uncanny Resemblance"
2181:10.3138/CHR-059-01-03
1947:William H. Brackney,
1833:on September 17, 2010
1751:10.3138/chr-045-03-01
1529:Canadian Encyclopedia
1343:Mrs. Howitt D. Tarves
868:
851:financial institution
799:
778:minister of education
737:
507:
484:In 1911, he earned a
419:Perth County, Ontario
383:, which believed the
3748:Canadian evangelists
3300:John Horne Blackmore
3214:Douglas Credit Party
1400:Douglas V. Mitchell
840:Prince Edward Island
628:conditional election
342:Educator, evangelist
3778:Premiers of Alberta
3158:Social Credit Board
2895:Premiers of Alberta
2088:Rowat, Don (1998).
1910:Aberhart of Alberta
1532:(online ed.).
1362:Robert T. Alderman
1059:The Aberhart Summer
1050:magazine, compared
882:Lieutenant Governor
836:social conservatism
607:Biblical literalism
89:Lieutenant Governor
3607:Premier of Alberta
3345:Robert A. Heinlein
1524:"William Aberhart"
1441:History of Alberta
1244:Frederick J. White
1078:Okotoks-High River
879:
802:
764:Okotoks-High River
740:
710:theories of Major
646:Dispensationalist
609:, though while at
546:Mount Royal School
510:
490:Queen's University
415:Bluewater, Ontario
377:premier of Alberta
239:Okotoks-High River
113:Richard Gavin Reid
54:Premier of Alberta
3788:British Israelism
3763:Dispensationalism
3700:
3699:
3612:(1935–1943)
3569:
3568:
3451:
3450:
3385:Manasseh Sogavare
3268:
3267:
3034:
3033:
3026:Canada portal
2735:978-0-7730-3128-9
2669:978-1-4426-1575-5
2654:MacPherson, C. B.
2599:978-1-55220-004-9
2375:978-1-897252-16-1
2213:978-0-7730-3128-9
2013:978-0-8897-7151-2
1925:, pp. 50–51.
1429:
1428:
1325:Norman D. Dingle
1285:Frederic Anderson
1265:Joseph Tweed Shaw
1126:
1125:
972:Ernest C. Manning
932:Lethbridge Herald
855:Crown corporation
684:British Israelism
639:Dispensationalism
635:Biblical prophecy
494:Kingston, Ontario
398:Crown corporation
362:
361:
334:, Alberta, Canada
264:December 30, 1878
3805:
3695:
3663:Duncan MacMillan
3633:Charles Cockroft
3621:William Aberhart
3610:William Aberhart
3596:
3589:
3582:
3573:
3478:
3471:
3464:
3455:
3443:
3436:
3315:Vernon Cracknell
3295:W. A. C. Bennett
3280:William Aberhart
3224:Social Credit-NZ
3081:
3070:
3061:
3054:
3047:
3038:
3024:
3023:
3022:
3012:
3011:
2888:
2881:
2874:
2865:
2818:
2816:
2805:
2793:
2782:
2758:
2739:
2720:
2708:
2699:Neatby, H. Blair
2694:
2673:
2649:
2637:
2626:
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2020:
1997:
1991:
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1914:
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1851:James H. Marsh,
1849:
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1540:
1534:Historica Canada
1519:
1503:
1496:
1481:
1477:
1451:Henry Hildebrand
1419:James M. Moodie
1181:William Aberhart
1147:
1128:
1118:William Aberhart
1072:
1065:Electoral record
958:Death and legacy
912:Edmonton Journal
887:refused to give
782:Attorney General
768:William Morrison
743:Electoral record
486:Bachelor of Arts
385:Great Depression
365:William Aberhart
354:
280:
263:
261:
249:Personal details
225:
217:William Morrison
213:
204:
183:
161:
149:
140:
121:
109:
93:William L. Walsh
64:
42:Aberhart in 1937
40:
30:William Aberhart
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3484:Leaders of the
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3425:
3399:
3285:Lavern Ahlstrom
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2785:
2775:Alberta History
2768:
2765:
2763:Primary sources
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952:New South Wales
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794:
745:
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595:
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573:movie projector
569:student council
522:Oliver Cromwell
502:
500:Teaching career
411:
406:
302:Political party
282:
278:
267:Kippen, Ontario
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229:John Broomfield
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3668:Lucien Maynard
3665:
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3658:Ernest Manning
3655:
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3643:William Fallow
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3360:Ernest Manning
3357:
3355:Solon Earl Low
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3118:Les DĂ©mocrates
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2281:Mardon, Ernest
2272:
2261:. June 1, 2020
2246:
2239:
2219:
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2194:
2156:
2136:
2125:. May 25, 1943
2122:Calgary Herald
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2012:
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1586:, p. 410.
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1228:
1225:
1223:John J. Bowlen
1220:
1215:
1211:
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1207:
1204:
1202:James Mahaffey
1199:
1194:
1190:
1189:
1186:
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1178:
1173:
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1166:
1163:
1161:Andrew Davison
1158:
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1066:
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959:
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940:reserve powers
922:Calgary Herald
915:was awarded a
862:
859:
793:
790:
744:
741:
731:
728:
699:
696:
694:on the topic.
648:Cyrus Scofield
594:
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501:
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410:
407:
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402:
360:
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325:
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317:
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309:
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281:(aged 64)
275:
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176:
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171:Member of the
168:
167:
165:Solon Earl Low
162:
156:
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144:
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133:
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128:
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125:Ernest Manning
122:
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90:
86:
85:
72:
68:
67:
57:
56:
49:
48:
45:
44:
41:
33:
32:
29:
26:The Honourable
24:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3810:
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3683:Nathan Tanner
3681:
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3661:
3659:
3656:
3654:
3651:
3649:
3646:
3644:
3641:
3639:
3638:Wallace Cross
3636:
3634:
3631:
3629:
3628:William Chant
3626:
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3408:
3406:
3402:
3396:
3393:
3391:
3388:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3378:
3376:
3373:
3371:
3370:Neil Morrison
3368:
3366:
3363:
3361:
3358:
3356:
3353:
3351:
3350:Norman Jaques
3348:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3340:John Hargrave
3338:
3336:
3333:
3331:
3328:
3326:
3323:
3321:
3320:C. H. Douglas
3318:
3316:
3313:
3311:
3310:RĂ©al Caouette
3308:
3306:
3303:
3301:
3298:
3296:
3293:
3291:
3290:Bruce Beetham
3288:
3286:
3283:
3281:
3278:
3277:
3275:
3271:
3261:
3258:
3256:
3253:
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3171:
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3159:
3156:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3128:New Democracy
3126:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3091:
3090:
3088:
3086:
3082:
3079:
3075:
3071:
3069:Social Credit
3062:
3057:
3055:
3050:
3048:
3043:
3042:
3039:
3027:
3017:
3015:
3007:
3006:
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2815:
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2807:
2803:
2801:9781895379082
2797:
2792:
2791:
2784:
2780:
2776:
2772:
2767:
2766:
2762:
2756:
2754:0-8020-4733-5
2750:
2746:
2741:
2737:
2731:
2727:
2722:
2718:
2716:1-894908-01-5
2712:
2707:
2706:
2700:
2696:
2692:
2690:0-8020-6301-2
2686:
2682:
2681:
2675:
2671:
2665:
2661:
2660:
2655:
2651:
2647:
2645:1-55022-299-6
2641:
2636:
2635:
2628:
2624:
2622:9780802060846
2618:
2613:
2612:
2605:
2601:
2595:
2591:
2590:
2584:
2580:
2576:
2572:
2568:
2567:Prairie Forum
2563:
2559:
2555:
2551:
2547:
2543:
2539:
2534:
2530:
2528:0-8020-6731-X
2524:
2519:
2518:
2511:
2507:
2505:0-88977-151-0
2501:
2496:
2495:
2488:
2484:
2479:
2475:
2471:
2467:
2463:
2459:
2455:
2451:
2447:
2442:
2438:
2426:
2418:
2416:9780458939107
2412:
2408:
2403:
2399:
2397:1-55059-024-3
2393:
2389:
2385:
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2377:
2371:
2367:
2362:
2358:
2356:0-88977-151-0
2352:
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2346:
2339:
2335:
2333:0-7735-1168-7
2329:
2325:
2320:
2319:
2312:
2311:
2307:
2301:, p. 33.
2300:
2295:
2292:
2286:
2282:
2276:
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2260:
2256:
2250:
2247:
2242:
2240:0-88977-151-0
2236:
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2215:
2209:
2205:
2198:
2195:
2190:
2186:
2182:
2178:
2174:
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2163:
2161:
2157:
2153:
2149:
2145:
2140:
2137:
2124:
2123:
2118:
2112:
2109:
2104:
2100:
2099:
2091:
2084:
2081:
2076:
2074:0-550-18022-2
2070:
2066:
2065:
2057:
2054:
2046:September 28,
2041:
2037:
2030:
2027:
2019:September 28,
2015:
2009:
2005:
2004:
1996:
1993:
1989:
1983:
1980:
1976:
1970:
1967:
1963:
1957:
1954:
1950:
1944:
1941:
1937:
1931:
1928:
1924:
1919:
1916:
1911:
1904:
1901:
1898:, p. 38.
1897:
1892:
1890:
1888:
1884:
1871:
1867:
1861:
1858:
1854:
1848:
1845:
1832:
1828:
1822:
1819:
1816:, p. 37.
1815:
1810:
1808:
1806:
1804:
1800:
1794:
1792:0-7710-1015-X
1788:
1784:
1777:
1774:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1756:
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1709:
1707:
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1703:
1699:
1694:
1692:0-919091-44-X
1688:
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1601:
1599:
1597:
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1593:
1589:
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1580:
1577:
1571:
1569:0-9689217-2-8
1565:
1560:
1559:
1550:
1547:
1539:September 24,
1535:
1531:
1530:
1525:
1518:
1515:
1509:
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1390:
1380:
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1375:
1372:
1371:
1361:
1359:
1356:
1353:
1352:
1348:
1345:
1342:
1340:
1339:Social Credit
1337:
1335:
1334:
1324:
1322:
1319:
1316:
1315:
1311:
1308:
1306:
1305:Edith Gostick
1303:
1301:
1300:Social Credit
1298:
1296:
1295:
1291:
1288:
1286:
1283:
1281:
1280:Social Credit
1278:
1276:
1275:
1266:
1263:
1261:
1258:
1255:
1254:
1245:
1242:
1240:
1237:
1234:
1233:
1224:
1221:
1219:
1216:
1213:
1212:
1203:
1200:
1198:
1195:
1192:
1191:
1187:
1184:
1182:
1179:
1177:
1176:Social Credit
1174:
1172:
1171:
1162:
1159:
1157:
1154:
1151:
1150:
1146:
1140:
1138:
1134:
1129:
1121:
1119:
1116:
1114:
1113:Social Credit
1111:
1109:
1108:
1105:
1100:
1095:
1090:
1086:
1081:
1079:
1073:
1070:
1064:
1062:
1060:
1055:
1054:to Aberhart.
1053:
1049:
1048:
1047:Alberta Views
1042:
1040:
1036:
1031:
1029:
1028:
1022:
1020:
1012:
1010:
1003:
1001:
999:
994:
992:
988:
984:
979:
977:
976:1971 election
973:
969:
965:
957:
955:
953:
949:
945:
941:
936:
934:
933:
928:
927:Red Deer News
924:
923:
918:
914:
913:
908:
904:
900:
896:
895:
890:
886:
885:John C. Bowen
883:
876:
872:
867:
860:
858:
856:
852:
848:
843:
841:
837:
832:
828:
826:
825:Tommy Douglas
820:
818:
817:ATB Financial
814:
810:
809:
798:
791:
789:
787:
786:1940 election
783:
779:
774:
771:
769:
765:
760:
757:
754:Not even the
752:
750:
742:
736:
729:
727:
725:
719:
717:
713:
712:C. H. Douglas
709:
708:Social Credit
705:
697:
695:
693:
689:
685:
681:
677:
673:
668:
667:radio station
662:
660:
655:
651:
649:
644:
640:
636:
631:
629:
625:
621:
617:
612:
611:normal school
608:
604:
600:
599:Sunday school
592:
587:
585:
581:
579:
574:
570:
564:
562:
557:
553:
551:
547:
542:
540:
536:
531:
525:
523:
519:
515:
506:
499:
497:
495:
491:
487:
482:
480:
479:carbolic acid
475:
470:
466:
464:
460:
456:
452:
451:100-yard dash
448:
444:
440:
436:
431:
429:
424:
423:rote learning
420:
416:
408:
403:
401:
399:
395:
394:ATB Financial
389:
386:
382:
378:
374:
370:
366:
357:
353:
349:
345:
341:
337:
333:
330:
326:
322:
318:
314:
310:
307:
306:Social Credit
304:
300:
296:
293:
291:Resting place
289:
285:
276:
272:
268:
256:
252:
247:
243:
240:
237:
233:
230:
227:
221:
218:
215:
209:
203:
198:
195:
192:
188:
182:
177:
174:
169:
166:
163:
157:
154:
151:
145:
139:
134:
129:
126:
123:
117:
114:
111:
105:
102:
101:John C. Bowen
98:
94:
91:
87:
84:
80:
76:
73:
69:
63:
58:
55:
50:
46:
39:
34:
27:
22:
19:
3678:Charles Ross
3673:David Mullen
3620:
3619:
3609:
3543:Thorsteinson
3496:
3390:Ken Sweigard
3375:Al Overfield
3279:
3103:Canada Party
2935:
2812:
2789:
2778:
2774:
2744:
2725:
2704:
2679:
2658:
2633:
2610:
2588:
2570:
2566:
2541:
2537:
2516:
2493:
2482:
2449:
2445:
2406:
2387:
2384:Byrne, T. C.
2365:
2344:
2317:
2294:
2284:
2275:
2263:. Retrieved
2258:
2249:
2229:
2222:
2203:
2197:
2172:
2168:
2152:Parks Canada
2147:
2139:
2127:. Retrieved
2120:
2111:
2102:
2096:
2083:
2062:
2056:
2044:. Retrieved
2039:
2029:
2017:. Retrieved
2002:
1995:
1987:
1982:
1974:
1969:
1961:
1956:
1948:
1943:
1935:
1930:
1918:
1909:
1903:
1874:. Retrieved
1869:
1860:
1852:
1847:
1835:. Retrieved
1831:the original
1821:
1782:
1776:
1738:
1732:
1682:
1579:
1557:
1549:
1537:. Retrieved
1527:
1517:
1475:
1430:
1381:Harry Pryde
1180:
1144:
1131:
1117:
1103:
1098:
1093:
1088:
1075:
1068:
1058:
1056:
1045:
1043:
1038:
1034:
1032:
1025:
1023:
1018:
1016:
1007:
995:
993:in Calgary.
980:
961:
937:
930:
926:
920:
910:
892:
889:royal assent
880:
844:
833:
829:
821:
806:
803:
775:
772:
761:
753:
746:
720:
701:
663:
656:
652:
632:
626:doctrine of
603:Presbyterian
596:
582:
565:
558:
554:
543:
526:
511:
488:degree from
483:
471:
467:
432:
412:
390:
368:
364:
363:
328:Residence(s)
315:Jessie Flatt
279:(1943-05-23)
277:May 23, 1943
235:Constituency
224:Succeeded by
201:
190:Constituency
180:
160:Succeeded by
153:Perren Baker
137:
120:Succeeded by
61:
18:
3718:1943 deaths
3713:1878 births
3648:John Hugill
3395:John Turmel
3335:Ron Gostick
3330:A. N. Field
3305:Eric Butler
2433:|work=
2105:(3): 25–27.
1745:: 185–228.
1415:Independent
1396:Independent
1377:Independent
1321:Independent
1260:Independent
1218:Independent
1197:Independent
1156:Independent
1089:Affiliation
948:Philip Game
474:Prohibition
212:Preceded by
148:Preceded by
108:Preceded by
79:Edward VIII
3707:Categories
3558:Skowronski
3527:Hattersley
3380:Ezra Pound
3365:Roly Marks
3325:Louis Even
2921:Greenfield
2906:Rutherford
2129:August 25,
1510:References
1122:Acclaimed
1099:Votes N.A.
873:and Queen
539:frock coat
404:Early life
369:Bible Bill
339:Occupation
260:1878-12-30
3653:Solon Low
3077:Movements
2701:(2003) .
2656:(2013) .
2579:10294/256
2474:145557571
2435:ignored (
2425:cite book
2189:145374314
1896:Barr 1974
1876:March 11,
1837:March 11,
1814:Barr 1974
1767:162639596
1759:0008-3755
1135:results (
1094:Candidate
944:Jack Lang
875:Elizabeth
871:George VI
692:George VI
620:salvation
552:in 1915.
518:the strap
514:Brantford
455:high jump
443:long jump
347:Signature
202:In office
181:In office
138:In office
83:George VI
62:In office
3553:Ahlstrom
3497:Aberhart
3442:Politics
3435:Category
2981:Prentice
2966:Stelmach
2951:Lougheed
2936:Aberhart
2926:Brownlee
2558:30115621
2386:(1991).
2265:June 21,
2042:(Report)
1771:, p. 185
1574:, p. 409
1435:See also
1004:Ideology
987:Edmonton
946:and Sir
905:and the
643:covenant
624:Arminian
588:Ministry
578:dividend
463:football
447:shot put
435:Mitchell
320:Children
297:, Canada
286:, Canada
269:, Canada
75:George V
71:Monarchs
3603:Cabinet
3534:Neilson
3512:Schmidt
3502:Manning
3404:History
3192:Oceania
2976:Hancock
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459:cycling
439:Chatham
332:Calgary
194:Calgary
3562:Fraser
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1365:1,298
1328:1,480
1269:2,685
1248:2,846
1227:3,447
1206:3,645
1188:26.4%
1185:12,122
1168:27.1%
925:, the
792:Policy
461:, and
428:soccer
312:Spouse
3531:Yuill
3522:Sykes
3517:Clark
3507:Strom
2996:Smith
2961:Klein
2956:Getty
2946:Strom
2554:JSTOR
2470:S2CID
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2185:S2CID
2093:(PDF)
1763:S2CID
1480:1929.
1467:Notes
1425:0.4%
1406:0.5%
1387:1.3%
1368:2.8%
1349:3.0%
1346:1,386
1331:3.2%
1312:3.5%
1309:1,605
1292:4.2%
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1272:5.8%
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1230:7.5%
1209:7.9%
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254:Born
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