1170:, as most electricity was generated from coal. With this one strike alone accounting for 30% of all time lost to strikes in Canada in 1948. In Alberta, the time lost was even worse. With it being responsible for well over 99% of all person-lost days due to strikes for the entire year. Manning acted swiftly to avert the crisis. Rewriting the province's labour laws in March to allow the government to shut down the strike. Greatly weakened by charges of communism, and Manning's Stallworth defiance of union threats caused the unions to attempt to persuade legislators instead of protesting using strikes, or violence. Manning's steadfast defiance in the face of union threats halted the rise of militant unionism in Alberta, as it did in other areas like
1300:, Lougheed's PCs ended Social Credit's 36-year hold on power. The Socred share of the popular vote decreased slightly, but still they finished only five points behind the PCs and won a record number of votes (due in part to Alberta's larger population). While they mostly held their own in their rural heartlands, their support in Edmonton and Calgary plummeted from 1968. The PCs took every seat in Edmonton, and all but five in Calgary. The Socreds lost a number of ridings by a small margin. However, due to the
687:
1068:". Saying in one "letter to a CCFer, who... had naively written to suggest CCF-Social Credit electoral co-operation: "it's an insult to suggest to the Canadian people who are sacrificing their sons to remove the curse which the socialism of Germany has brought in the world that their own social and economical security can be attained only by introducing some form of socialism in Canada. the premise embodied in your proposed resolution, namely, that there is such a thing as
476:, followed quickly by the discovery of oil in north-central Alberta and its accompanying wealth for many, Social Credit took on a more conservative hue. Its policies were pro-business and anti-union, and largely opposed to government intervention in the economy. It stayed in power until 1971, one of the longest unbroken runs in government at the provincial level in Canada. However, it held no seats after 1982, and finished a distant seventh in the
4782:
4828:
1657:
4854:
1110:. Durning the Throne debate in February 1944, Hooke said: "I wonder if this is what our boys are fighting for? They are being told today by many spokesmen in Canada that socialism is the answer to their problems. If this is true, Mr Speaker, why send them to Europe to fight against it? Why don't we tell them that international finance, their worst enemy, is backing the philosophy of socialism.""
805:
522:
65:
679:
who had been hired by the UFA as a financial advisor, were colourful but unproductive. Aberhart, consumed with details of governance and administration, made little progress along the social credit monetary reform road. After election he hired an orthodox financial expert named Magor, much to
Douglas's displeasure, thus forestalling radical monetary reform. In March 1937 many Socred MLAs
167:
24:
889:
258:
2851:
2807:
2755:
2714:
2581:
2448:
2388:
2380:
2287:
2248:
2240:
2191:
2149:
2105:
2063:
2021:
1936:
1889:
1855:
1847:
1072:, contradicts itself in that it attempts to associate two concepts of life which are diametrically opposed and opposite."" And that socialists were trying to "enslave the ordinary people of the world, whose only real salvation lay in the issuance of Social Credit." Censoring films sympathetic to international cooperation due to allegations of communism,
2844:
2800:
2748:
2707:
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2620:
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2535:
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2199:
2157:
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1985:
1978:
1944:
1897:
667:. The UFA lost all of its seats in the worst defeat for a sitting provincial government in Canadian history. Alberta thus elected the first Social Credit government in the world. The Social Credit Party's success is largely attributed to the charisma of Aberhart, who brought together a broad coalition ranging from social credit supporters to moderate
609:. The basic premise of social credit is that all citizens should be paid a dividend as capital and technology replace labour in production; this was especially attractive to farmers sinking under the weight of the Depression. Many study groups devoted to the theory sprang up across the province, which united into the Social Credit League of Alberta.
505:
1084:
491:(or Prolife Alberta, for short) following the election of anti-abortion activist Jeremy Fraser as leader. The change in name reflected the change in direction from the comprehensive political platform of Social Credit with aims of forming government, to the Party's new, and sole, focus of promoting pro-life public policy.
1282:. Despite having long-standing support in Calgary and Edmonton (Manning himself represented an Edmonton riding), Social Credit was at bottom an agrarian-based party, and never really lost this character. The party didn't react nearly fast enough to the changes in Alberta as Calgary and Edmonton gained more influence.
1448:
Social Credit went into the 1982 election in a precarious position. Not only was it without a full-time leader or incumbents, but it had been unable to get its leader elected to the legislature at any point during the parliamentary term. The party ran only 23 candidates and garnered only 0.8 percent
1372:
Social Credit sank into near-paralysis in opposition. Having spent all but a few months of its history before the 1971 government, it was unable to get the better of the Tories. It didn't help matters that
Schmidt was never able to get into the legislature; he lost a by-election shortly after taking
1304:
system, which awards seats to the candidate with the most votes in a district, even if they do not get a majority of votes (and awards power based on seats won), Social Credit's caucus was cut almost in half. It was cut down to 25 seats, and was consigned to the opposition benches for the first time
1113:
Manning also fought against the media and education system, believing that they were full of
Marxists and sympathetic to the communist cause. Stating that it is "evident, in my view, in the news media, which are very heavily slanted, as a general rule favorably slanted, to socialist philosophy. This
771:
Though
Aberhart's government initially enjoyed widespread support from Alberta's working class, labour unions viewed his government with suspicion, and believed that Aberhart was authoritarian. A number of labour leaders took issue with the party's campaign to control prices, fearing that this would
678:
The first year and a half in power was a period of adjustment for the newly elected Socred MLAs and their premier. Certain historians believe that much of the Social Credit Party's leadership, and many of its members, didn't understand
Douglas' teachings. Negotiations between Aberhart and Douglas,
674:
Not even the
Socreds had expected to win the election. Indeed, they hadn't even named a leader during the campaign. The Socreds now found themselves having to choose a formal leader who would become the province's new premier. Aberhart was the obvious choice, having been the party's driving force
978:
Manning led Social Credit to seven consecutive election victories. He governed with very large majorities for virtually his entire tenure, winning well over 50 percent of the popular vote and rarely facing more than ten opposition MLAs. For most of the next two decades, Alberta was virtually a
1118:
has been smart enough to see... that there are always a goodly number of men in that field who are sympathetic to the socialistic and even communistic philosophy. You even have the same thing, to varying degrees, in the field of education. It isn't by chance that you find these agitations of
873:) on the matter of drinking, Aberhart's government enacted several socially conservative laws, notably one restricting the sale and serving of alcohol. It was one of the strictest such laws in Canada. Well into the 1960s, commercial airlines could not serve alcohol while flying over Alberta.
1429:
The Social Credit Party council quickly distanced itself from
Speaker's statement. There was wide speculation at the time that Speaker would cross the floor to Western Canada Concept. Unable to attract a new leader, the Social Credit membership held an emergency meeting 18 September 1982. A
1511:
After the 1997 election, polling revealed that the Social Credit Party was poised for a break-through: an estimated 150,000 Albertans would have been ready to once again support Social Credit as an alternative. This could have meant eight seats in the
Legislature. However, in April 1999,
675:
from the beginning. He didn't want the office, but was persuaded to take power. He was elected as leader and premier-designate at the party's first caucus meeting, and was sworn in on 3 September. He became a Member of the
Legislative Assembly (MLA) a year later in a by-election.
865:
To uphold its election promise of democratizing
Alberta's government, Aberhart passed a law allowing for the recall of members of the Legislative Assembly by petition of constituents. However, he repealed the legislation when he himself became the target of a recall drive.
1014:, censoring "communist propaganda films" in the hopes of "eliminating communist thought from Alberta-shown movies". Alberta's government quickly began banning films, including films produced by the British government which supported the United Nations, as well as
732:
sided with Bowen and struck down the bills because only the federal government can legislate on banking. Thwarted in its attempt to gain control of Alberta's private banks, Aberhart's government gained a foothold in the province's financial sector by creating the
632:. There was widespread discontent with the overly cautious behaviour of the UFA government, and in some cases, local UFA chapters openly supported Social Credit candidates. The UFA government was also reeling from a scandal that had forced Reid's predecessor,
1216:, the Alberta Social Credit Party purported that the development of the province's petroleum industry was the main issue at stake, and touted the newfound prosperity resulting from this oil to win another strong majority in the Legislative Assembly.
943:, took issue with the Social Credit Party's workers' protections, divisions within these unions and their leadership prevented any effective endorsement of the Co-operative Commonwealth Federation. During the campaign, Manning engaged in
762:
to dismiss Aberhart. In the end, Bowen chose not to take this extraordinary action. Had Bowen sacked Aberhart, it would have triggered a new election, and the Socreds were so popular that they would have almost certainly been re-elected.
899:
The latter years of Aberhart's government saw a decline in popularity, with party membership falling from 41,000 in 1938 to just 3,500 in 1942. The Albertan public recognized that the party's initial campaign promises, such as
1384:—and lost half of the popular vote it had received in 1971. Schmidt failed to win a seat and resigned as party leader, leaving Clark to take the leadership unopposed. Under Clark, the party staved off a total collapse in the
1293:. However, Strom soon was eclipsed by Lougheed, whose modern and urbane image contrasted sharply with that of the dour Strom. His cause was not helped when the Tories picked up an additional four seats during the term.
1331:
Clark, who had the support of half of the party's MLAs, led Schmidt on the first ballot, 583 votes to 512 votes. But in an upset victory, Schmidt won on the second ballot with 814 votes, defeating Clark by 39 votes.
1608:
on 3 March. The party received 0.22% of the total or 2,051 votes, a decline of 1.0% from the previous election. The best individual riding result, and the only result over 3.0 percent, was for Wilf Tricker in
1248:
emerged as a new challenger to the Social Credit Party, they were wary of the strong anti-communist and anti-union sentiments formed in Alberta, and ran a modest campaign alleging corruption within Manning's
711:. Douglas, the main leader of the Social Credit movement, did not like the idea of prosperity certificates, which depreciated in value the longer they were held, and openly criticized Gesell's theories.
3761:
1224:
By the mid-1950s, oil royalties provided the Albertan government with the majority of all its revenue, and the province enjoyed significantly higher per capita revenue than its Canadian counterparts.
1752:
In 2016, pro-life activist Jeremy Fraser won the Social Credit Party's leadership. Bearing no resemblance to its predecessor, the Party changed its registered name with Elections Alberta to the
967:
Under Manning's leadership, the party largely abandoned social credit monetary theories, though it did issue prosperity certificates from oil royalties in 1957 and 1958. Manning moved to purge
4224:
5592:
1193:'as they have every other organization.'" In 1951, the province's Minister of Municipal Affairs, C.F. Gerhart, claimed that there were hundreds of communist spies among Albertan workers.
3996:
2993:
1290:
1263:
Despite winning 55 of the 65 seats in the legislature, it received less than 45% of the popular vote—its lowest share of the popular vote since 1940. This was a significant drop from
4188:
1582:. Despite cooperation and successful merger talks between the party leaders, the Social Credit Party membership voted down the motion to merge at the 2006 Social Credit Convention.
5278:
1159:
Labour unions subsequently defended themselves as non-communist, or simply refused to respond to these charges in the hopes of maintaining good relationships with the government.
3473:
4178:
772:
also lead to strict wage controls. Aberhart's administration legislated the right to organize, although labour leaders viewed these protections as too weak to be meaningful.
468:
The Alberta Social Credit party won a majority government in 1935, in the first election it contested, barely months after its formation. During its first years, when led by
1415:. In the process, Social Credit lost official status in the legislature. Unable to resolve the party's internal and financial problems, Sykes quit as leader in March 1982.
3754:
5811:
4574:
4384:
3703:
1426:. In his press release, he said it would be useless for Social Credit to fight the next election since there were not enough Social Credit voters left in the province.
5831:
1556:
was appointed Social Credit leader in February 2001. Under Ahlstrom's leadership, the party made moves toward re-embracing elements of social credit monetary theory.
1500:
activist, was elected as party president. In 1992, Thorsteinson was elected as leader, and Robert Alford as president. Social Credit improved its performance in the
4490:
4173:
3923:
3731:
1513:
1271:
1219:
During the campaign, the party used such prosperity to fervently denounce the Co-operative Commonwealth Federation's calls for public ownership of the oil industry.
664:
5806:
5164:
4941:
4436:
1456:
joined to form the Alberta Alliance Political Association. The Alliance fell apart when the WCC left, followed by Social Credit. The AAPA became the present-day
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4080:
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4300:
826:
543:
82:
37:
1131:
The Manning administration now re-elected with a resounding majority of seats as a result of the 1944 election, devoted itself to an anti-socialist crusade.
4963:
3989:
3855:
5846:
4817:
4219:
3544:
5748:
1411:, a longstanding Social Credit bastion (parts of the riding had been in Social Credit hands for all but one month since 1935), was resoundingly lost to
680:
5758:
5450:
5271:
4631:
4183:
1430:
resolution was put forward that would have dissolved the party. This was soundly rejected by the attending delegates and a new president was elected.
5821:
4641:
4112:
5841:
5836:
5826:
5396:
4875:
4090:
1543:
and Social Credit. Most right-wing voters went back to supporting the Progressive Conservatives, who had experienced a resurgence in popularity.
971:
from the party. While anti-Semitism had been part of the party's Christian populist rhetoric for years, it had become far less fashionable after
1764:, to the singular focus of promoting pro-life public policy. Whereas Alberta Social Credit had aims of forming government, Prolife Alberta is a
5119:
5097:
5087:
4931:
4279:
4245:
4005:
3982:
3865:
3850:
1779:
Prolife Alberta advertises itself as "...a group of women and men committed to promoting pro-life public policy in Alberta, through politics."
880:
for male workers (female workers already coming under legislation passed by the UFA government), and centralized the province's school system.
721:
324:
5546:
5205:
4495:
4332:
3903:
5490:
4646:
783:. The Alberta Federation of Labour also praised the administration's Workmen's Compensation Board, although many unions affiliated with the
472:, it was a radical monetary reform party, at least in theory if not in effect. After Aberhart's death in 1943 and the rise to leadership of
465:, although this was effectively a coalition of centre-right forces in the province that had no interest in social credit monetary policies.
5816:
5801:
5510:
5435:
5264:
4975:
4672:
4526:
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3518:
1736:
1316:, vice-president of Lethbridge Community College, who didn't hold a seat in the Legislative Assembly, ran against former Highways Minister
1061:
995:
932:
458:
410:
3908:
699:
Following the 1937 revolt, the government made a serious attempt to implement social credit policies. It passed several pieces of radical
129:
5566:
5520:
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4626:
3913:
3009:
1563:(down from 70 in 1997) and received 5,361 votes (0.5% of the popular vote), down from 64,667. The party nominated 42 candidates for the
975:. Several socially conservative laws remained in place for years, such as the ban on airlines serving alcohol over provincial airspace.
101:
1516:, resigned to protest an internal party proposal to limit Mormon involvement within the party. Social Credit's fortunes quickly faded.
4953:
4049:
5587:
5556:
5235:
5159:
5146:
4926:
4590:
3477:
3377:
3340:
3306:
3004:
1190:
852:
750:
569:
228:
210:
148:
51:
1252:
However, historians suggest that a number of other problems were brewing during Manning's later years, such as the province's poor
177:
108:
5582:
5220:
4097:
3400:
1445:
announced his retirement. For the first time since 1935, the party had no incumbents. George Richardson was named acting leader.
43:
1567:, and won 10,874 votes (1.2% of the popular vote, an increase of 0.7% from 2001.) It polled well in a few ridings, most notably
5422:
4918:
3933:
3778:
3243:
2405:
1461:
952:
737:(ATB) in 1938. ATB has become a lasting legacy of Social Credit Party policies in Alberta, operating as of 2017 as an orthodox
656:
438:
3445:
775:
In 1937, the administration created the Board of Industrial Relations, which was tasked with enforcing maximum working hours,
640:
UFA members to transfer their allegiance to the Christian-based Social Credit movement. The Social Credit Party campaigned on
628:
rejected the proposals as being outside the province's constitutional powers, so Aberhart entered Social Credit candidates in
5515:
4862:
4810:
4605:
4117:
3898:
3610:
3500:
830:
788:
758:(cabinet) objected. The government's relationship with Bowen became so acrimonious that in 1938, Bowen threatened to use his
715:
547:
115:
86:
5039:
3830:
2940:
2357:
1449:
of the vote. It was shut out of the Legislative Assembly altogether for the first time, and has never elected another MLA.
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4132:
3953:
3840:
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2725:
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2413:
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2210:
2168:
2124:
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1996:
1955:
1908:
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1605:
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1501:
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1377:
1297:
1264:
1241:
1213:
983:
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909:
637:
629:
481:
477:
442:
5460:
5430:
5190:
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4936:
4795:
4521:
4410:
4030:
3893:
3792:
3559:"Anti-Abortion activists stage an "invalid takeover" of Alberta's Social Credit Party | daveberta.ca – Alberta Politics"
1690:
1396:
Clark returned to the backbench a little more than a year after the election. On 29 November 1980, former Calgary mayor
928:
780:
755:
745:. It is today the only government-owned financial institution in Canada that provides commercial banking to the public.
342:
97:
5541:
5536:
5389:
4903:
4600:
3918:
3054:
1618:
940:
784:
602:
4059:
815:
532:
192:
994:
wing, as the party's leader—even though Caouette headed the party's third-strongest faction (behind the Alberta and
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5022:
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1317:
779:, and certifying workers' bargaining agents. The creation of the board, and its enforcement, won the praise of the
1464:, which had been formed by Speaker after he and Buck were denied funding normally reserved to opposition parties.
1138:, censoring communist propaganda films in the hopes of "eliminating communist thought from Alberta-shown movies".
834:
819:
551:
536:
188:
75:
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4983:
4803:
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4250:
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618:
1760:, for short). The change in name reflected the change in direction from the comprehensive political platform of
5230:
5029:
4748:
4651:
3825:
593:, was attracted to social credit theory while Alberta (and much of the western world) was in the depths of the
5485:
4636:
4127:
3643:
454:
714:
The Socreds also passed bills that would have placed the province's banks under government control. However,
5470:
5210:
5017:
4595:
4137:
3928:
3820:
3278:
Donn Downey, "OBITUARY / Ernest Charles Manning History of former Alberta premier also history of Socreds,"
2891:
1309:
1209:
Beginning in 1947, Alberta experienced a major oil boom, aiding Manning in fending off political challenges.
1002:
for the federal party's leadership in 1961, only to have his win vetoed by Manning and the Alberta Socreds.
936:
729:
621:(UFA) to adopt social credit. However, the 1935 UFA convention voted against adopting social credit and UFA
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who became provincial secretary in 1943 "came even closer than Manning in negating the differences among
122:
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4743:
4044:
3845:
3721:
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1056:, and international cooperation due to allegations, and its connection to communism. Manning engaged in
738:
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4415:
1613:, who received 6.4% of the vote, finishing fifth in a field of seven candidates, just 0.62% behind the
1589:
by-election on 12 June 2007, the party's candidate Larry Davidson placed third with 11.7% of the vote.
1422:, the leader of the opposition in the Legislative Assembly, announced that Social Credit would sit out
683:, refusing to pass the provincial budget until Aberhart promised serious reform of the banking system.
1407:
The beginning of the end for Social Credit came when Clark retired from politics in 1981. His seat of
927:, Manning campaigned on the labour protections that the party had implemented, using support from the
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1610:
1568:
1245:
1099:
1069:
913:
633:
415:
1401:
1308:
Strom led the Socreds into opposition, but resigned as party leader in 1973. Former Health Minister
686:
5495:
5319:
5240:
5215:
5185:
4839:
4831:
4786:
4703:
4452:
4024:
3029:
2914:
2906:
2311:
1731:
1586:
1540:
1460:. Social Credit sat out the 1986 election. Most of its remaining supporters joined and ran for the
1321:
1301:
986:
as well. For example, he let it be known that his province would never accept francophone Catholic
405:
387:
363:
359:
3698:
2952:
2418:
1477:
1373:
the leadership. Henderson remained parliamentary leader until September when Clark succeeded him.
1189:"spoke for most of the party establishment when he charged... that communists had infiltrated the
951:". In the election, Manning led the Alberta Social Credit Party to retain a solid majority in the
278:
5851:
5682:
5345:
5225:
5180:
5102:
4885:
4754:
4193:
3558:
3215:
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1524:
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1325:
1230:
which some historians view as partially responsible for Manning's high levels of popular support.
1204:
which the Co-operative Commonwealth Federation attempted to use against him in the 1948 election.
1107:
1045:
Ernest Manning's government was starkly right-wing, attacking a number of unions with charges of
999:
947:
on a number of instances, likening the Co-operative Commonwealth Federation to "the socialism of
625:
622:
382:
3522:
1404:
538–292. Again without its leader in the legislature, the party continued to sag in the polls.
5722:
5455:
5329:
5245:
4688:
4075:
3538:
3373:
3336:
3302:
3199:
2946:
1473:
1026:
742:
652:
5256:
3584:
707:
to Alberta residents (dubbed "funny money" by detractors) in accordance with the theories of
5652:
5647:
5632:
5617:
5561:
5299:
4374:
3191:
2869:
1824:
1579:
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left the party to become independent candidates for the legislature. The party's third MLA,
1312:
became interim leader, and hence Leader of the Opposition. In the 1973 leadership election,
1257:
908:, were failing to materialize. Social Credit was elected with a slightly reduced mandate in
877:
594:
582:
509:
469:
462:
450:
1628:, and garnered 0.023% of the total vote. Its six nominated candidates won 832 votes in the
754:, which would have forced newspapers to print government rebuttals to stories to which the
5778:
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5355:
5112:
4348:
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3739:
2976:
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2597:
1553:
1442:
1419:
1167:
905:
645:
355:
1260:
Albertan peoples, high housing and land prices, and relatively low royalty prices on oil.
1034:
Censoring films sympathetic to international cooperation due to allegations of communism,
1508:, the party nominated 70 candidates, and won 64,667 votes, over 7% of the popular vote.
961:
Alberta received high amounts of oil royalties during much of Manning's term as premier,
5697:
5692:
5360:
5314:
5304:
5080:
4988:
4893:
4693:
4542:
4505:
4054:
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3450:
3417:"2,000 delegates to Alberta Social Credit meeting pick successor to ex-Premier today",
2982:
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2879:
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1913:
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347:
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5309:
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1286:
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944:
870:
804:
521:
375:
64:
1227:
This enabled the government to spend large amounts on education and healthcare,
5717:
5702:
5662:
4827:
4698:
1182:
651:
In the 22 August 1935 election, much to its own surprise, Social Credit won a
3203:
1244:
demonstrated a weaker standing of the Alberta Social Credit Party. While the
5324:
4214:
2920:
1438:
1397:
1175:
1146:
1135:
1115:
1103:
1083:
1046:
1011:
888:
668:
1695:
1481:
1279:
1166:' strike broke out. With thousands of miners, threatening the provincial
1053:
1031:
The government's attempts at film censorship continued through the 1960s.
700:
429:
was a provincial political party in Alberta, Canada, that was founded on
3430:"Schmidt wins Alberta Social Credit leadership, upset may split party",
3211:
3179:
257:
3635:
1632:, 0.056% of the total vote—an increase of 0.033% over its 2012 result.
1120:
590:
586:
504:
334:
3699:
Social Discredit: Anti-Semitism, Social Credit and the Jewish Response
3361:
3359:
1201:
Manning prided his administration's good relations with oil investors,
876:
As well, the government passed stronger labour legislation, such as a
3195:
1171:
991:
446:
3688:
195:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.
787:, including the province's largest union, the 18th District of the
3264:
Caldoralo, Carl (1979). "The Social Credit in Alberta 1935–1971".
1574:
In late 2005, the party entered discussion about merging with the
1082:
887:
685:
503:
3372:. Toronto, Ont. : University of Toronto Press. p. 107.
1716:
1285:
Manning retired in 1968 and was replaced by Agriculture Minister
791:, took issue with the Workmen's Compensation Board's leadership.
5374:
3611:"Why the Pro-Life Alberta party is chasing donations, not votes"
3335:. Toronto, Ont. : University of Toronto Press. p. 87.
3301:. Toronto, Ont. : University of Toronto Press. p. 86.
3232:
Johnson, L.P.V. and Ola MacNutt, Aberhart of Alberta, p. 100-149
1078:
and seeking to create a welcoming environment for oil investors.
1040:
and seeking to create a welcoming environment for oil investors.
598:
5378:
5260:
4799:
4724:
4469:
4263:
4154:
4016:
3978:
3743:
1123:
and so forth in many of our universities. It isn't by chance."
964:
enabling large amounts of spending on education and healthcare.
655:, taking 54% of the vote and winning 56 of the 63 seats in the
939:. Though other unions, particularly those affiliated with the
912:. "Bible Bill" Aberhart died in 1943, and was replaced by his
869:
Continuing the UFA government's conservatism (which verged on
798:
515:
160:
58:
17:
636:, to resign a year earlier. This, in particular, caused some
3180:"The Cold War, Alberta Labour, and the Social Credit Regime"
2769:
Changed its name to Pro-Life Alberta Political Association
1400:
became the party's new leader, defeating Edmonton alderman
488:
597:. He soon began promoting it through his radio program on
5593:
Social Credit Party of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
1539:, the right wing vote fractured between the newly formed
441:
was largely an out-growth of Alberta Social Credit. The
3704:
The Prairie Roots of Canada's Political 'Third Parties'
2994:
1968 Social Credit Party of Alberta leadership election
1484:. What remained of the party ran six candidates in the
617:
From 1932 to 1935, Aberhart tried to get the governing
184:
1380:, when it fell to four seats—just barely holding onto
512:
promoted social credit theory before becoming premier.
445:
was strongest in Alberta, before developing a base in
1418:
On 31 March 1982, Social Credit parliamentary leader
461:
formed the government for many years in neighbouring
748:
Bowen also refused Royal Assent to the government's
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1709:
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1689:
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1673:
1663:
1645:
1452:In 1986, Social Credit, Western Canada Concept and
982:He wielded considerable influence over the party's
484:general elections, before the party's name change.
393:
381:
341:
330:
320:
302:
284:
274:
264:
246:
89:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
3669:. Vol. LXXVI 259. 17 October 1984. p. 6.
1768:political association solely focused on promoting
1488:. The party was rekindled under the leadership of
998:). This led to rumours that Caouette had defeated
4385:Ontario Provincial Confederation of Regions Party
3246:. The Australian League of Rights. Archived from
1601:replaced Lavern Ahlstrom as leader of the party.
1328:, dean of business education at Alberta College.
437:and on conservative Christian social values. The
2903:James Henderson 1973 (leader in the legislature)
1141:Manning's administration also sought to disrupt
3732:Progressive Conservative Association of Alberta
2404:did not contest the 1986 general election (see
1514:the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
3694:"Social Credit" by Major Clifford Hugh Douglas
5390:
5272:
4811:
3990:
3755:
3290:
3288:
1571:where Lavern Ahlstrom tied for second place.
1531:to lead the party in a hotly contested race.
1472:Interim leadership of the party was given to
958:As a result of an oil boom in the late 1940s,
8:
4575:North-West Territories Liberal-Conservatives
3259:
3257:
1604:The party fielded eight candidates for the
833:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
550:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
487:In May 2017, the party changed its name to
52:Learn how and when to remove these messages
5418:
5397:
5383:
5375:
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5265:
5257:
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4804:
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4466:
4260:
4151:
4013:
3997:
3983:
3975:
3762:
3748:
3740:
3708:
3689:The William Aberhart Historical Foundation
3503:. Alberta Party of Alberta. Archived from
1786:
1655:
1642:
931:to fend off left-wing challenges from the
243:
5759:Social Credit Party of Canada split, 1963
5451:Committee on Monetary and Economic Reform
1593:Alberta Social Credit in the 21st century
1559:The party nominated 12 candidates in the
853:Learn how and when to remove this message
570:Learn how and when to remove this message
229:Learn how and when to remove this message
211:Learn how and when to remove this message
149:Learn how and when to remove this message
5812:Political parties disestablished in 2017
2768:
2403:
1617:candidate and well ahead of the NDP and
1094:The former social credit board chairman
5832:Provincial political parties in Alberta
5749:1937 Social Credit backbenchers' revolt
3771:Provincial political parties in Alberta
3369:The Social Credit phenomenon in Alberta
3332:The Social Credit phenomenon in Alberta
3298:The Social Credit phenomenon in Alberta
3021:
1813:
1810:
1278:, won six seats, mostly in Calgary and
1075:greatly weakening workers' protections,
1060:on a number of instances, likening the
1037:greatly weakening workers' protections,
659:. The only elected opposition was five
4246:Conservative Party of British Columbia
3543:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
3536:
3401:"Contraction and Expansion: 1930–1950"
1754:Pro-Life Alberta Political Association
1648:Pro-Life Alberta Political Association
1636:Pro-Life Alberta Political Association
1354:(Ludwig eliminated, Taylor withdraws)
1134:In 1946, Manning's government began a
1010:In 1946, Manning's government began a
681:revolted against Aberhart's leadership
489:Pro-Life Alberta Political Association
325:Pro-Life Alberta Political Association
5807:Political parties established in 1935
5547:Democratic Labour Party (New Zealand)
3173:
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3099:
3097:
3095:
2929:1980–1982 (leader in the legislature)
2909:1973–1975 (leader in the legislature)
1776:efforts, in the province of Alberta.
1376:The party's support collapsed in the
703:legislation, such as the issuance of
457:movement into the federal party. The
7:
5511:Social Credit Party of New Brunswick
5436:British Columbia Social Credit Party
3894:Co-operative Commonwealth Federation
3093:
3091:
3089:
3087:
3085:
3083:
3081:
3079:
3077:
3075:
1270:More importantly, the once-moribund
933:Co-operative Commonwealth Federation
916:and Minister of Trade and Industry,
831:adding citations to reliable sources
648:of $ 25 a month to Albertan adults.
548:adding citations to reliable sources
459:British Columbia Social Credit Party
87:adding citations to reliable sources
5567:Solomon Islands Social Credit Party
5521:Social Credit Party of Saskatchewan
1624:It fielded three candidates in the
1476:, an Edmonton lawyer, and later to
1256:system, the poor conditions of the
1052:censoring films sympathetic to the
601:in Calgary, adding a heavy dose of
4909:List of premiers by time in office
3646:from the original on 20 March 2019
3609:Markusoff, Jason (26 April 2023).
2888:1968–1972 (9th Premier of Alberta)
2882:1943–1968 (8th Premier of Alberta)
1267:, when it took all but six seats.
14:
5847:2017 disestablishments in Alberta
5588:Irish Monetary Reform Association
5557:Social Credit Party (New Zealand)
4591:Protestant Protective Association
4091:National Liberal and Conservative
3909:Independent Citizen's Association
3010:List of Alberta political parties
3005:List of Alberta general elections
1512:Thorsteinson, a devout member of
1291:party's first leadership election
751:Accurate News and Information Act
690:Aberhart and his cabinet in 1935.
605:to the Social Credit theories of
33:This article has multiple issues.
4852:
4826:
4780:
4098:Democratic Representative Caucus
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2849:
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2446:
2439:
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2155:
2148:
2147:
2111:
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2103:
2069:
2062:
2061:
2027:
2020:
2019:
1983:
1976:
1942:
1935:
1934:
1895:
1888:
1887:
1854:
1853:
1846:
1845:
1468:Rebirth in the 1990s and decline
803:
520:
256:
165:
63:
22:
5822:Social credit parties in Canada
5491:Ralliement créditiste du Québec
3684:The Alberta Social Credit Party
3665:"Speaker Optimistic Over AGM".
3266:Society and Politics in Alberta
1388:, holding onto its four seats.
1240:Manning's last election win in
630:that year's provincial election
589:lay-preacher and evangelist in
439:Canadian social credit movement
433:monetary policy put forward by
74:needs additional citations for
41:or discuss these issues on the
5842:1935 establishments in Alberta
5837:Conservative parties in Canada
5827:Organizations based in Calgary
5598:Social Credit Party of Ireland
5516:Social Credit Party of Ontario
4006:Conservative parties in Canada
3882:represented in the legislature
3444:Bragg, Bob (1 December 1980).
3407:. Alberta Culture and Tourism.
2843:
2799:
2747:
2706:
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2665:
2626:
2619:
2573:
2534:
2527:
2493:
2486:
2440:
2340:
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2294:
2198:
2156:
2112:
2070:
2028:
1984:
1977:
1943:
1896:
1114:isn't by chance, it's because
789:United Mine Workers of America
1:
5506:Social Credit Party of Canada
4627:Action démocratique du Québec
4225:Newfoundland and Labrador PCs
3585:"Parties | Elections Alberta"
3030:"Alberta Social Credit Party"
1640:Political party in Canada
1535:was disqualified. During the
1454:the Heritage Party of Alberta
443:Social Credit Party of Canada
98:"Alberta Social Credit Party"
5461:Manitoba Social Credit Party
5431:Abolitionist Party of Canada
5155:31st general election (2023)
4031:Conservative Party of Canada
3268:. Methuen. pp. 108–130.
1492:from 1990 to 1992. In 1991,
1320:, former Education Minister
929:Alberta Federation of Labour
781:Alberta Federation of Labour
5817:Political history of Canada
5802:Alberta Social Credit Party
5542:Country Party (New Zealand)
5537:Australian League of Rights
5501:Alberta Social Credit Party
5289:Alberta Social Credit Party
4937:Executive Council (Cabinet)
4876:Former lieutenant governors
1619:Separation Party of Alberta
1504:, but won no seats. In the
941:Canadian Congress of Labour
785:Canadian Congress of Labour
603:fundamentalist Christianity
290:; 90 years ago
191:the claims made and adding
5868:
5130:Wildrose Loyalty Coalition
4395:Stop the New Sex-Ed Agenda
4156:Provincial and territorial
3954:Veterans' and Active Force
3871:Wildrose Loyalty Coalition
3722:Governing party of Alberta
2991:
2955:(interim Leader) 1988–1990
2949:(interim Leader) 1985–1988
308:; 7 years ago
5767:
5481:Pilgrims of Saint Michael
5295:
5173:
4964:Former Opposition Leaders
4850:
4777:
4720:
4465:
4370:New Blue Party of Ontario
4259:
4150:
4012:
3728:
3719:
3715:United Farmers of Alberta
3711:
3446:"Sykes to enter oil fray"
3244:"The Approach to Reality"
2943:(acting leader) 1982–1985
2642:
2463:
1912:
1823:
1727:
1714:
1654:
1546:Thorsteinson founded the
1272:Progressive Conservatives
895:was premier 1943 to 1968.
735:Alberta Treasury Branches
619:United Farmers of Alberta
401:
255:
5177:Other Canadian politics:
4749:Non-Partisan Association
4673:Progressive Conservative
4642:Progressive Conservative
4559:Confederation of Regions
4491:Progressive Conservative
4437:Progressive Conservative
4199:United Conservative (AB)
4189:Prince Edward Island PCs
4113:Progressive Conservative
3924:Progressive Conservative
3809:Other registered parties
1597:In early November 2007,
1437:in October, Speaker and
996:British Columbia Socreds
990:, leader of the party's
5476:Parti crédit social uni
5471:Pauper Party of Ontario
4942:Speaker of the Assembly
4787:Conservatism portal
4169:Coalition Avenir Québec
3474:"BCNG Portals Page (R)"
2988:Jeremy Fraser 2016–2017
1310:James Douglas Henderson
1212:In campaigning for the
1106:, and the socialism of
937:Labor-Progressive Party
730:Supreme Court of Canada
705:prosperity certificates
383:Political position
5754:Prosperity certificate
5583:British People's Party
5446:Christian Credit Party
4390:Populist Party Ontario
3959:Western Canada Concept
3454:. Red Deer. p. A1
3366:Finkel, Alvin (1989).
3329:Finkel, Alvin (1989).
3295:Finkel, Alvin (1989).
3178:Finkel, Alvin (1988).
1548:Alberta Alliance Party
1498:Reform Party of Canada
1413:Western Canada Concept
1274:, led by young lawyer
1091:
896:
691:
513:
5486:Ralliement créditiste
5120:Wildrose Independence
4744:New West Progressives
4647:Ralliement créditiste
4568:Northwest Territories
4280:Wildrose Independence
4128:Ralliement créditiste
3866:Wildrose Independence
3667:The Lethbridge Herald
3034:The Eugenics Archives
1606:2008 general election
1392:Dormancy in the 1980s
1382:official party status
1145:, denouncing them as
1086:
1064:to "the socialism of
891:
739:financial institution
689:
638:socially conservative
507:
455:Ralliement créditiste
435:Clifford Hugh Douglas
427:Alberta Social Credit
249:Alberta Social Credit
5638:John Horne Blackmore
5552:Douglas Credit Party
5109:Solidarity Movement
4668:Independent Alliance
4496:Freedom Conservative
4108:Progressive Canadian
4103:Liberal-Conservative
4086:Liberal-Conservative
3914:Labor Representation
3904:Freedom Conservative
3779:Legislative Assembly
3480:on 27 September 2007
2406:Representative Party
1611:Rocky Mountain House
1569:Rocky Mountain House
1462:Representative Party
1424:that year's election
1246:New Democratic Party
1100:democratic socialism
1070:democratic socialism
984:federal counterparts
953:Legislative Assembly
914:Provincial Secretary
827:improve this section
657:Legislative Assembly
544:improve this section
453:agreed to merge his
83:improve this article
5496:Social Credit Board
5165:Electoral districts
5124:Jeevan Singh Mangat
4984:United Conservative
4932:Former legislatures
4863:Lieutenant Governor
4832:Politics of Alberta
4704:Upper Canada Tories
4453:Yukon Freedom Party
4251:Saskatchewan United
4208:Official opposition
4025:Official opposition
3919:Non-Partisan League
3880:Historical parties
3861:Solidarity Movement
3787:United Conservative
3642:. 20 January 2015.
3507:on 5 February 2006.
3250:on 19 October 2013.
3184:Labour / Le Travail
2915:Robert Curtis Clark
2907:Robert Curtis Clark
2312:Robert Curtis Clark
1732:Politics of Alberta
1587:Drumheller-Stettler
1541:Alberta First Party
1322:Robert Curtis Clark
1302:first past the post
716:Lieutenant-Governor
406:Politics of Alberta
364:Right-wing populism
360:Economic liberalism
5683:Robert A. Heinlein
5103:Randy Thorsteinson
4755:Progress Vancouver
4416:Équipe Autonomiste
4301:Christian Heritage
4194:Saskatchewan Party
4050:Christian Heritage
3525:on 30 October 2007
3405:history.alberta.ca
3282:, 20 February 1996
2965:Randy Thorsteinson
2894:(acting) 1972–1973
2874:Premier of Alberta
2465:Randy Thorsteinson
1519:In November 1999,
1494:Randy Thorsteinson
1435:writs were dropped
1305:in party history.
1162:In January 1948 a
1108:national socialism
1092:
1000:Robert N. Thompson
897:
728:to the bills. The
692:
514:
176:possibly contains
5789:
5788:
5723:Manasseh Sogavare
5606:
5605:
5372:
5371:
5254:
5253:
5018:Alberta Advantage
4976:Political parties
4954:Opposition Leader
4793:
4792:
4773:
4772:
4716:
4715:
4712:
4711:
4461:
4460:
4365:Canadians' Choice
4333:People's Alliance
4266:No representation
4174:New Brunswick PCs
4146:
4145:
4076:Canadian Alliance
4038:No representation
3972:
3971:
3821:Alberta Advantage
3738:
3737:
3729:Succeeded by
3589:Elections Alberta
3501:"Upcoming Events"
3499:Kayler, Richard.
3434:, 5 February 1973
3421:, 3 February 1973
3059:hermis.alberta.ca
2947:Martin Hattersley
2941:George Richardson
2861:
2860:
2358:George Richardson
1750:
1749:
1737:Political parties
1550:in October 2002.
1523:was elected over
1474:Martin Hattersley
1027:Blackboard Jungle
979:one-party state.
863:
862:
855:
756:Executive Council
743:crown corporation
695:Not "funny money"
653:landslide victory
580:
579:
572:
508:Calgary preacher
424:
423:
411:Political parties
321:Succeeded by
239:
238:
231:
221:
220:
213:
178:original research
159:
158:
151:
133:
56:
5859:
5781:
5774:
5653:Vernon Cracknell
5633:W. A. C. Bennett
5618:William Aberhart
5562:Social Credit-NZ
5419:
5408:
5399:
5392:
5385:
5376:
5281:
5274:
5267:
5258:
4927:Current assembly
4856:
4840:Crown in Alberta
4830:
4820:
4813:
4806:
4797:
4785:
4784:
4783:
4732:British Columbia
4722:
4515:British Columbia
4473:
4467:
4375:Ontario Alliance
4294:British Columbia
4285:Wildrose Loyalty
4267:
4261:
4152:
4014:
3999:
3992:
3985:
3976:
3889:Alberta Alliance
3764:
3757:
3750:
3741:
3712:Preceded by
3709:
3671:
3670:
3662:
3656:
3655:
3653:
3651:
3632:
3626:
3625:
3623:
3621:
3606:
3600:
3599:
3597:
3595:
3581:
3575:
3574:
3572:
3570:
3555:
3549:
3548:
3542:
3534:
3532:
3530:
3521:. Archived from
3515:
3509:
3508:
3496:
3490:
3489:
3487:
3485:
3476:. Archived from
3470:
3464:
3463:
3461:
3459:
3441:
3435:
3428:
3422:
3415:
3409:
3408:
3397:
3391:
3390:
3388:
3386:
3363:
3354:
3353:
3351:
3349:
3326:
3320:
3319:
3317:
3315:
3292:
3283:
3276:
3270:
3269:
3261:
3252:
3251:
3239:
3233:
3230:
3224:
3223:
3196:10.2307/25142941
3175:
3070:
3069:
3067:
3065:
3051:
3045:
3044:
3042:
3040:
3026:
2870:William Aberhart
2853:
2852:
2846:
2845:
2838:
2809:
2808:
2802:
2801:
2794:
2757:
2756:
2750:
2749:
2742:
2716:
2715:
2709:
2708:
2701:
2675:
2674:
2668:
2667:
2660:
2629:
2628:
2622:
2621:
2614:
2583:
2582:
2576:
2575:
2568:
2537:
2536:
2530:
2529:
2522:
2496:
2495:
2489:
2488:
2481:
2450:
2449:
2443:
2442:
2435:
2390:
2389:
2382:
2381:
2374:
2343:
2342:
2336:
2335:
2328:
2297:
2296:
2289:
2288:
2281:
2250:
2249:
2242:
2241:
2234:
2201:
2200:
2193:
2192:
2185:
2159:
2158:
2151:
2150:
2142:
2115:
2114:
2107:
2106:
2099:
2073:
2072:
2065:
2064:
2057:
2031:
2030:
2023:
2022:
2015:
1987:
1986:
1980:
1979:
1972:
1946:
1945:
1938:
1937:
1930:
1899:
1898:
1891:
1890:
1883:
1857:
1856:
1849:
1848:
1841:
1825:William Aberhart
1787:
1783:Election results
1723:
1720:
1718:
1659:
1643:
1580:Alberta Alliance
1537:election of 2001
906:social dividends
878:minimum wage law
858:
851:
847:
844:
838:
807:
799:
646:social dividends
595:Great Depression
583:William Aberhart
575:
568:
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561:
555:
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510:William Aberhart
470:William Aberhart
463:British Columbia
316:
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5623:Lavern Ahlstrom
5602:
5571:
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5406:
5403:
5373:
5368:
5291:
5287:Leaders of the
5285:
5255:
5250:
5169:
5141:
5113:Artur Pawlowski
5034:Andrew Jacobson
5012:Lindsay Amantea
4970:
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4904:Former premiers
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4857:
4848:
4834:
4824:
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4652:Union nationale
4637:Unité nationale
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4179:Nova Scotia PCs
4157:
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4045:Canadian Future
4033:
4019:
4008:
4003:
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3968:
3929:Reform Movement
3881:
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3798:Independent (1)
3773:
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3640:Prolife Alberta
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3519:"Archived copy"
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3038:
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3028:
3027:
3023:
3018:
3001:
2996:
2977:Lavern Ahlstrom
2927:Raymond Speaker
2892:James Henderson
2872:1935–1943 (7th
2866:
2839:
2836:
2795:
2792:
2743:
2740:
2702:
2699:
2661:
2658:
2615:
2612:
2598:Lavern Ahlstrom
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2100:
2097:
2058:
2055:
2016:
2013:
1973:
1970:
1931:
1928:
1884:
1881:
1842:
1839:
1785:
1758:Prolife Alberta
1746:
1719:.prolifealberta
1715:
1650:
1649:
1641:
1638:
1595:
1554:Lavern Ahlstrom
1470:
1443:Fred Mandeville
1433:As soon as the
1420:Raymond Speaker
1394:
1249:administration.
1238:
1199:
1168:Electrical grid
1155:anti-Christian.
1129:
1008:
886:
859:
848:
842:
839:
824:
808:
797:
769:
767:Labour policies
697:
615:
576:
565:
559:
556:
541:
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497:
420:
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356:Christian right
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251:
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241:Political party
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5698:Ernest Manning
5695:
5693:Solon Earl Low
5690:
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5458:
5456:Les Démocrates
5453:
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5425:
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5162:
5160:Past elections
5157:
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5117:
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5095:
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5083:
5081:John Roggeveen
5073:
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5047:
5037:
5036:
5035:
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5025:
5015:
5014:
5013:
5005:
5004:
5003:
4996:New Democratic
4993:
4992:
4991:
4989:Danielle Smith
4980:
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4906:
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4894:Danielle Smith
4890:
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4709:
4707:
4706:
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4696:
4694:Family Compact
4691:
4689:Château Clique
4685:
4683:
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4678:
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4670:
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4662:
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4555:
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4545:
4543:Manitoba First
4539:
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4118:Reconstruction
4115:
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4100:
4095:
4094:
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4078:
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4001:
3994:
3987:
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3961:
3956:
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3949:United Farmers
3946:
3941:
3936:
3934:Representative
3931:
3926:
3921:
3916:
3911:
3906:
3901:
3899:Dominion Labor
3896:
3891:
3885:
3883:
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3876:
3874:
3873:
3868:
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3858:
3853:
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3828:
3823:
3818:
3812:
3810:
3806:
3805:
3803:
3802:
3799:
3796:
3793:New Democratic
3790:
3783:
3781:
3775:
3774:
3769:
3767:
3766:
3759:
3752:
3744:
3736:
3735:
3730:
3727:
3718:
3713:
3707:
3706:
3701:
3696:
3691:
3686:
3679:
3678:External links
3676:
3673:
3672:
3657:
3627:
3601:
3576:
3565:. 22 July 2016
3550:
3510:
3491:
3465:
3451:Calgary Herald
3436:
3432:Globe and Mail
3423:
3419:Globe and Mail
3410:
3392:
3378:
3355:
3341:
3321:
3307:
3284:
3280:Globe and Mail
3271:
3253:
3242:C.H. Douglas.
3234:
3225:
3071:
3055:"HeRMIS – PAA"
3046:
3020:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3013:
3012:
3007:
3000:
2997:
2990:
2989:
2986:
2983:Len Skowronski
2980:
2974:
2968:
2962:
2956:
2950:
2944:
2938:
2932:
2931:
2930:
2918:
2912:
2911:
2910:
2904:
2898:Werner Schmidt
2895:
2889:
2886:Harry E. Strom
2883:
2880:Ernest Manning
2877:
2865:
2862:
2859:
2858:
2855:
2847:
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2779:Jeremy Fraser
2777:
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2644:Len Skowronski
2641:
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2270:
2267:
2265:Werner Schmidt
2262:
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2017:
2012:
2010:
2005:
2002:
1999:
1993:
1992:
1989:
1981:
1974:
1969:
1967:
1964:
1961:
1958:
1952:
1951:
1948:
1940:
1932:
1927:
1925:
1922:
1919:
1916:
1914:Ernest Manning
1911:
1905:
1904:
1901:
1893:
1885:
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1878:
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1634:
1599:Len Skowronski
1594:
1591:
1469:
1466:
1402:Julian Kinisky
1393:
1390:
1370:
1369:
1366:
1352:
1351:
1348:
1345:
1342:
1314:Werner Schmidt
1276:Peter Lougheed
1237:
1234:
1198:
1197:Oil production
1195:
1143:labour strikes
1128:
1125:
1018:films such as
1007:
1006:Anti-communism
1004:
918:Ernest Manning
902:price controls
893:Ernest Manning
885:
882:
861:
860:
811:
809:
802:
796:
795:Other policies
793:
768:
765:
696:
693:
642:price controls
614:
611:
578:
577:
528:
526:
519:
501:
498:
496:
493:
474:Ernest Manning
422:
421:
419:
418:
413:
408:
402:
399:
398:
395:
391:
390:
385:
379:
378:
352:Anti-socialism
348:Anti-communism
345:
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5709:
5708:Neil Morrison
5706:
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5699:
5696:
5694:
5691:
5689:
5688:Norman Jaques
5686:
5684:
5681:
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5678:John Hargrave
5676:
5674:
5671:
5669:
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5664:
5661:
5659:
5658:C. H. Douglas
5656:
5654:
5651:
5649:
5648:Réal Caouette
5646:
5644:
5641:
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5631:
5629:
5628:Bruce Beetham
5626:
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5532:
5528:
5522:
5519:
5517:
5514:
5512:
5509:
5507:
5504:
5502:
5499:
5497:
5494:
5492:
5489:
5487:
5484:
5482:
5479:
5477:
5474:
5472:
5469:
5467:
5466:New Democracy
5464:
5462:
5459:
5457:
5454:
5452:
5449:
5447:
5444:
5442:
5439:
5437:
5434:
5432:
5429:
5428:
5426:
5424:
5420:
5417:
5413:
5409:
5407:Social Credit
5400:
5395:
5393:
5388:
5386:
5381:
5380:
5377:
5364:
5362:
5359:
5357:
5354:
5352:
5349:
5347:
5344:
5342:
5339:
5336:
5333:
5331:
5328:
5326:
5323:
5321:
5318:
5316:
5313:
5311:
5308:
5306:
5303:
5301:
5298:
5297:
5294:
5290:
5282:
5277:
5275:
5270:
5268:
5263:
5262:
5259:
5247:
5244:
5242:
5239:
5237:
5234:
5232:
5229:
5227:
5224:
5222:
5219:
5217:
5214:
5212:
5209:
5207:
5204:
5202:
5199:
5197:
5194:
5192:
5189:
5187:
5184:
5182:
5179:
5176:
5175:
5172:
5166:
5163:
5161:
5158:
5156:
5153:
5152:
5150:
5148:
5144:
5136:
5133:
5132:
5131:
5128:
5123:
5122:
5121:
5118:
5114:
5111:
5110:
5108:
5104:
5101:
5100:
5099:
5096:
5091:
5090:
5089:
5086:
5082:
5079:
5078:
5077:
5074:
5070:
5067:
5066:
5065:
5062:
5058:
5055:
5054:
5053:
5050:
5046:
5043:
5042:
5041:
5038:
5033:
5032:
5031:
5028:
5024:
5023:Marilyn Burns
5021:
5020:
5019:
5016:
5011:
5010:
5009:
5008:Alberta Party
5006:
5002:
5001:Naheed Nenshi
4999:
4998:
4997:
4994:
4990:
4987:
4986:
4985:
4982:
4981:
4979:
4977:
4973:
4965:
4962:
4960:
4959:Rachel Notley
4957:
4956:
4955:
4952:
4948:
4947:Nathan Cooper
4945:
4944:
4943:
4940:
4938:
4935:
4933:
4930:
4928:
4925:
4924:
4922:
4920:
4916:
4910:
4907:
4905:
4902:
4899:
4895:
4892:
4891:
4889:
4887:
4883:
4877:
4874:
4872:
4871:Salma Lakhani
4869:
4868:
4866:
4864:
4860:
4855:
4847:
4843:
4841:
4837:
4833:
4829:
4821:
4816:
4814:
4809:
4807:
4802:
4801:
4798:
4788:
4776:
4766:
4765:Vancouver 1st
4763:
4761:
4758:
4756:
4753:
4750:
4747:
4745:
4742:
4740:
4739:ABC Vancouver
4737:
4736:
4734:
4730:
4723:
4719:
4705:
4702:
4700:
4697:
4695:
4692:
4690:
4687:
4686:
4684:
4680:
4674:
4671:
4669:
4666:
4665:
4663:
4659:
4653:
4650:
4648:
4645:
4643:
4640:
4638:
4635:
4633:
4632:Conservatives
4630:
4628:
4625:
4624:
4622:
4618:
4612:
4609:
4607:
4606:Social Credit
4604:
4602:
4599:
4597:
4594:
4592:
4589:
4588:
4586:
4582:
4576:
4573:
4572:
4570:
4566:
4560:
4557:
4556:
4554:
4552:New Brunswick
4550:
4544:
4541:
4540:
4538:
4534:
4528:
4527:Social Credit
4525:
4523:
4520:
4519:
4517:
4513:
4507:
4504:
4502:
4501:Social Credit
4499:
4497:
4494:
4492:
4489:
4487:
4484:
4483:
4481:
4477:
4468:
4464:
4454:
4451:
4450:
4448:
4444:
4438:
4435:
4433:
4430:
4429:
4427:
4423:
4417:
4414:
4412:
4409:
4408:
4406:
4402:
4396:
4393:
4391:
4388:
4386:
4383:
4381:
4380:Ontario Party
4378:
4376:
4373:
4371:
4368:
4366:
4363:
4362:
4360:
4356:
4350:
4347:
4346:
4344:
4340:
4334:
4331:
4330:
4328:
4326:New Brunswick
4324:
4318:
4315:
4314:
4312:
4308:
4302:
4299:
4298:
4296:
4292:
4286:
4283:
4281:
4278:
4277:
4275:
4271:
4262:
4258:
4252:
4249:
4247:
4244:
4243:
4241:
4237:
4231:
4228:
4226:
4223:
4221:
4218:
4216:
4213:
4212:
4210:
4206:
4200:
4197:
4195:
4192:
4190:
4187:
4185:
4182:
4180:
4177:
4175:
4172:
4170:
4167:
4166:
4164:
4162:In government
4160:
4153:
4149:
4139:
4136:
4134:
4133:Social Credit
4131:
4129:
4126:
4124:
4121:
4119:
4116:
4114:
4111:
4109:
4106:
4104:
4101:
4099:
4096:
4092:
4089:
4087:
4084:
4083:
4082:
4079:
4077:
4074:
4073:
4071:
4067:
4061:
4058:
4056:
4053:
4051:
4048:
4046:
4043:
4042:
4040:
4036:
4032:
4028:
4026:
4022:
4015:
4011:
4007:
4000:
3995:
3993:
3988:
3986:
3981:
3980:
3977:
3965:
3962:
3960:
3957:
3955:
3952:
3950:
3947:
3945:
3942:
3940:
3939:Social Credit
3937:
3935:
3932:
3930:
3927:
3925:
3922:
3920:
3917:
3915:
3912:
3910:
3907:
3905:
3902:
3900:
3897:
3895:
3892:
3890:
3887:
3886:
3884:
3878:
3872:
3869:
3867:
3864:
3862:
3859:
3857:
3854:
3852:
3849:
3847:
3844:
3842:
3839:
3837:
3834:
3832:
3829:
3827:
3824:
3822:
3819:
3817:
3816:Alberta Party
3814:
3813:
3811:
3807:
3800:
3797:
3794:
3791:
3788:
3785:
3784:
3782:
3780:
3776:
3772:
3765:
3760:
3758:
3753:
3751:
3746:
3745:
3742:
3733:
3724:
3723:
3716:
3710:
3705:
3702:
3700:
3697:
3695:
3692:
3690:
3687:
3685:
3682:
3681:
3677:
3668:
3661:
3658:
3645:
3641:
3637:
3631:
3628:
3616:
3612:
3605:
3602:
3590:
3586:
3580:
3577:
3564:
3560:
3554:
3551:
3546:
3540:
3524:
3520:
3514:
3511:
3506:
3502:
3495:
3492:
3479:
3475:
3469:
3466:
3453:
3452:
3447:
3440:
3437:
3433:
3427:
3424:
3420:
3414:
3411:
3406:
3402:
3396:
3393:
3381:
3379:9781442682382
3375:
3371:
3370:
3362:
3360:
3356:
3344:
3342:9781442682382
3338:
3334:
3333:
3325:
3322:
3310:
3308:9781442682382
3304:
3300:
3299:
3291:
3289:
3285:
3281:
3275:
3272:
3267:
3260:
3258:
3254:
3249:
3245:
3238:
3235:
3229:
3226:
3221:
3217:
3213:
3209:
3205:
3201:
3197:
3193:
3189:
3185:
3181:
3174:
3172:
3170:
3168:
3166:
3164:
3162:
3160:
3158:
3156:
3154:
3152:
3150:
3148:
3146:
3144:
3142:
3140:
3138:
3136:
3134:
3132:
3130:
3128:
3126:
3124:
3122:
3120:
3118:
3116:
3114:
3112:
3110:
3108:
3106:
3104:
3102:
3100:
3098:
3096:
3094:
3092:
3090:
3088:
3086:
3084:
3082:
3080:
3078:
3076:
3072:
3060:
3056:
3050:
3047:
3035:
3031:
3025:
3022:
3015:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3002:
2998:
2995:
2987:
2984:
2981:
2978:
2975:
2972:
2969:
2966:
2963:
2960:
2959:Robert Alford
2957:
2954:
2951:
2948:
2945:
2942:
2939:
2936:
2933:
2928:
2925:
2924:
2922:
2919:
2916:
2913:
2908:
2905:
2902:
2901:
2899:
2896:
2893:
2890:
2887:
2884:
2881:
2878:
2875:
2871:
2868:
2867:
2864:Party leaders
2863:
2856:
2848:
2841:
2834:
2831:
2828:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2817:
2816:
2812:
2804:
2797:
2790:
2787:
2784:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2773:
2772:
2765:
2764:
2760:
2752:
2745:
2738:
2735:
2732:
2729:
2727:
2724:
2723:
2719:
2711:
2704:
2697:
2694:
2691:
2688:
2686:
2683:
2682:
2678:
2670:
2663:
2656:
2653:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2640:
2637:
2636:
2632:
2624:
2617:
2610:
2607:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2591:
2590:
2586:
2578:
2571:
2564:
2561:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2545:
2544:
2540:
2532:
2525:
2518:
2515:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2504:
2503:
2499:
2491:
2484:
2477:
2474:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2461:
2458:
2457:
2453:
2445:
2438:
2431:
2428:
2425:
2422:
2420:
2417:
2415:
2412:
2411:
2407:
2401:
2398:
2397:
2393:
2385:
2377:
2370:
2367:
2364:
2361:
2359:
2356:
2354:
2351:
2350:
2346:
2338:
2331:
2324:
2321:
2318:
2315:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2305:
2304:
2300:
2292:
2284:
2277:
2274:
2271:
2268:
2266:
2263:
2261:
2258:
2257:
2253:
2245:
2237:
2230:
2227:
2225:
2222:
2219:
2217:
2214:
2212:
2209:
2208:
2204:
2196:
2188:
2181:
2178:
2175:
2172:
2170:
2167:
2166:
2162:
2154:
2146:
2144:
2137:
2134:
2131:
2128:
2126:
2123:
2122:
2118:
2110:
2102:
2095:
2092:
2089:
2086:
2084:
2081:
2080:
2076:
2068:
2060:
2053:
2050:
2047:
2044:
2042:
2039:
2038:
2034:
2026:
2018:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1994:
1990:
1982:
1975:
1968:
1965:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1954:
1953:
1949:
1941:
1933:
1926:
1923:
1920:
1917:
1915:
1910:
1907:
1906:
1902:
1894:
1886:
1879:
1876:
1873:
1870:
1868:
1865:
1864:
1860:
1852:
1844:
1837:
1834:
1831:
1828:
1826:
1821:
1818:
1817:
1807:
1804:
1801:
1798:
1795:
1792:
1789:
1788:
1782:
1780:
1777:
1775:
1774:anti-abortion
1771:
1770:right-to-life
1767:
1763:
1762:Social Credit
1759:
1755:
1743:
1740:
1738:
1735:
1733:
1730:
1729:
1726:
1722:
1713:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1697:
1694:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1653:
1644:
1635:
1633:
1631:
1630:2015 election
1627:
1626:2012 election
1622:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1607:
1602:
1600:
1592:
1590:
1588:
1583:
1581:
1577:
1576:Alberta Party
1572:
1570:
1566:
1565:2004 election
1562:
1561:2001 election
1557:
1555:
1551:
1549:
1544:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1517:
1515:
1509:
1507:
1506:1997 election
1503:
1502:1993 election
1499:
1495:
1491:
1490:Robert Alford
1487:
1486:1989 election
1483:
1479:
1475:
1467:
1465:
1463:
1459:
1458:Alberta Party
1455:
1450:
1446:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1431:
1427:
1425:
1421:
1416:
1414:
1410:
1409:Olds-Didsbury
1405:
1403:
1399:
1391:
1389:
1387:
1386:1979 election
1383:
1379:
1378:1975 election
1374:
1367:
1365:
1362:
1361:
1360:
1359:
1358:Second ballot
1355:
1349:
1346:
1343:
1340:
1339:
1338:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1318:Gordon Taylor
1315:
1311:
1306:
1303:
1299:
1298:1971 election
1294:
1292:
1288:
1283:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1268:
1266:
1262:
1259:
1255:
1254:mental health
1251:
1247:
1243:
1235:
1233:
1232:
1229:
1226:
1222:
1221:
1218:
1215:
1214:1948 election
1211:
1207:
1206:
1203:
1196:
1194:
1192:
1188:
1187:Norman Jaques
1184:
1179:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1158:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1139:
1137:
1133:
1126:
1124:
1122:
1117:
1111:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1080:
1077:
1074:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1048:
1043:
1042:
1039:
1036:
1033:
1030:
1028:
1023:
1022:
1017:
1013:
1005:
1003:
1001:
997:
993:
989:
988:Real Caouette
985:
980:
976:
974:
970:
966:
963:
960:
956:
954:
950:
946:
942:
938:
934:
930:
926:
925:1944 election
921:
919:
915:
911:
907:
903:
894:
890:
883:
881:
879:
874:
872:
867:
857:
854:
846:
836:
832:
828:
822:
821:
817:
812:This section
810:
806:
801:
800:
794:
792:
790:
786:
782:
778:
777:minimum wages
773:
766:
764:
761:
760:reserve power
757:
753:
752:
746:
744:
740:
736:
731:
727:
723:
720:
719:John C. Bowen
717:
712:
710:
709:Silvio Gesell
706:
702:
694:
688:
684:
682:
676:
672:
670:
666:
665:Conservatives
662:
658:
654:
649:
647:
643:
639:
635:
634:John Brownlee
631:
627:
624:
620:
613:Rise to power
612:
610:
608:
604:
600:
596:
592:
588:
584:
574:
571:
563:
553:
549:
545:
539:
538:
534:
529:This section
527:
523:
518:
517:
511:
506:
499:
494:
492:
490:
485:
483:
479:
475:
471:
466:
464:
460:
456:
452:
451:Réal Caouette
448:
444:
440:
436:
432:
431:social credit
428:
417:
414:
412:
409:
407:
404:
403:
400:
396:
392:
389:
386:
384:
380:
377:
373:
372:Social credit
369:
365:
361:
357:
353:
349:
346:
344:
340:
336:
333:
329:
326:
323:
319:
305:
301:
287:
283:
280:
277:
273:
270:Jeremy Fraser
269:
267:
263:
259:
254:
245:
233:
230:
215:
212:
204:
194:
190:
186:
180:
179:
174:This article
172:
163:
162:
153:
150:
142:
131:
128:
124:
121:
117:
114:
110:
107:
103:
100: –
99:
95:
94:Find sources:
88:
84:
78:
77:
72:This article
70:
66:
61:
60:
55:
53:
46:
45:
40:
39:
34:
29:
20:
19:
16:
5728:Ken Sweigard
5713:Al Overfield
5500:
5441:Canada Party
5346:Thorsteinson
5288:
5068:
5064:Independence
5056:
5045:Naomi Rankin
4760:Surrey First
4500:
4425:Saskatchewan
4411:Conservative
4220:Manitoba PCs
4081:Conservative
3938:
3841:Independence
3720:
3666:
3660:
3648:. Retrieved
3639:
3630:
3618:. Retrieved
3614:
3604:
3592:. Retrieved
3588:
3579:
3567:. Retrieved
3563:daveberta.ca
3562:
3553:
3527:. Retrieved
3523:the original
3513:
3505:the original
3494:
3482:. Retrieved
3478:the original
3468:
3456:. Retrieved
3449:
3439:
3431:
3426:
3418:
3413:
3404:
3395:
3383:. Retrieved
3368:
3346:. Retrieved
3331:
3324:
3312:. Retrieved
3297:
3279:
3274:
3265:
3248:the original
3237:
3228:
3187:
3183:
3062:. Retrieved
3058:
3049:
3037:. Retrieved
3033:
3024:
2971:James Albers
2953:Harvey Yuill
2823:Murray Ruhl
2552:James Albers
2419:Harvey Yuill
2223:
2138:
2007:
1778:
1772:issues, and
1766:single-issue
1757:
1753:
1751:
1705:Blue and red
1623:
1621:candidates.
1603:
1596:
1584:
1573:
1558:
1552:
1545:
1533:Wiebo Ludwig
1521:James Albers
1518:
1510:
1478:Harvey Yuill
1471:
1451:
1447:
1432:
1428:
1417:
1406:
1395:
1375:
1371:
1363:
1357:
1356:
1353:
1336:First ballot
1335:
1334:
1330:
1307:
1295:
1284:
1269:
1261:
1250:
1239:
1231:
1228:
1225:
1223:
1220:
1217:
1210:
1208:
1205:
1202:
1200:
1181:In 1945 the
1180:
1160:
1157:
1151:totalitarian
1140:
1132:
1130:
1112:
1096:Alfred Hooke
1093:
1088:Alfred Hooke
1079:
1076:
1073:
1050:
1044:
1041:
1038:
1035:
1032:
1025:
1021:The Wild One
1019:
1009:
981:
977:
973:World War II
969:anti-Semites
965:
962:
959:
957:
922:
898:
875:
868:
864:
849:
840:
825:Please help
813:
774:
770:
749:
747:
726:Royal Assent
713:
698:
677:
673:
650:
626:Richard Reid
616:
607:C.H. Douglas
581:
566:
557:
542:Please help
530:
486:
467:
426:
425:
367:
331:Headquarters
279:Earl Solberg
225:
207:
198:
175:
145:
136:
126:
119:
112:
105:
93:
81:Please help
76:verification
73:
49:
42:
36:
35:Please help
32:
15:
5733:John Turmel
5673:Ron Gostick
5668:A. N. Field
5643:Eric Butler
5135:Paul Hinman
5092:Murray Ruhl
4919:Legislature
4898:Premiership
4846:Charles III
4751:(Vancouver)
4342:Nova Scotia
4239:Represented
4230:Yukon Party
4184:Ontario PCs
3650:26 February
3529:11 November
3484:22 November
3190:: 123–152.
2935:Ray Neilson
2347:Opposition
2301:Opposition
2254:Opposition
2216:Harry Strom
1814:Government
1796:Candidates
1677:Murray Ruhl
1669:Murray Ruhl
1529:Norm Racine
1525:Jon Dykstra
1364:Schmidt 814
1344:Schmidt 512
1326:John Ludwig
1287:Harry Strom
1164:coal miners
1058:red-baiting
945:red-baiting
884:Manning era
871:prohibition
397:Green, blue
376:Agrarianism
368:Historical:
5796:Categories
5718:Ezra Pound
5703:Roly Marks
5663:Louis Even
5361:Skowronski
5330:Hattersley
4699:Parti bleu
4601:New Reform
4472:Historical
4069:Historical
3801:Vacant (1)
3726:1935–1971
3064:23 January
3039:23 January
3016:References
2992:See also:
2923:1980–1982
2900:1973–1975
1347:Taylor 406
1183:Wetaskiwin
669:socialists
388:Right-wing
201:April 2010
185:improve it
139:April 2010
109:newspapers
38:improve it
5852:Red Scare
5415:Movements
5147:Elections
5040:Communist
4726:Municipal
4349:Atlantica
4215:BC United
3944:Socialist
3831:Communist
3220:143059425
3204:0700-3862
2985:2007–2016
2979:2001–2007
2973:1999–2001
2967:1993–1999
2961:1990–1993
2937:1984–1985
2921:Rod Sykes
2917:1975–1980
2205:Majority
2163:Majority
2119:Majority
2077:Majority
2035:Majority
1991:Majority
1950:Majority
1903:Majority
1861:Majority
1811:Position
1790:Election
1742:Elections
1674:President
1439:Walt Buck
1398:Rod Sykes
1368:Clark 775
1350:Ludwig 71
1341:Clark 583
1176:rust belt
1147:communist
1136:Red Scare
1127:Red Scare
1116:communism
1104:communism
1090:, c. 1935
1047:communism
1016:Hollywood
1012:Red Scare
843:June 2021
814:does not
724:to grant
560:June 2021
531:does not
416:Elections
337:, Alberta
303:Dissolved
275:President
189:verifying
44:talk page
5780:Politics
5773:Category
5356:Ahlstrom
5300:Aberhart
5088:Pro-Life
4611:Trillium
4536:Manitoba
4506:Wildrose
4486:Alliance
4317:Keystone
4310:Manitoba
4138:Unionist
4060:People's
4055:Maverick
3964:Wildrose
3851:Pro-Life
3644:Archived
3620:26 April
3615:CBC News
3539:cite web
3458:19 April
3385:18 April
3348:18 April
3314:18 April
3212:25142941
2999:See also
2602:42 / 83
2556:12 / 83
2510:70 / 83
2469:39 / 83
2362:23 / 79
2319:141,284
2316:79 / 79
2272:107,211
2269:70 / 75
2220:75 / 75
2176:222,270
2173:65 / 65
2132:221,107
2129:63 / 63
2090:230,283
2087:64 / 65
2048:175,553
2045:61 / 61
2004:167,789
2001:61 / 61
1963:164,003
1960:57 / 57
1921:146,367
1918:57 / 57
1874:132,507
1871:56 / 57
1832:163,700
1829:63 / 63
1696:Pro-life
1691:Ideology
1685:May 2017
1578:and the
1482:Barrhead
1280:Edmonton
1174:and the
1054:New Left
935:and the
923:For the
701:populist
663:and two
661:Liberals
343:Ideology
5742:History
5530:Oceania
5337:Neilson
5315:Schmidt
5305:Manning
5181:Federal
5076:Liberal
5030:Buffalo
4886:Premier
4584:Ontario
4479:Alberta
4432:Buffalo
4358:Ontario
4273:Alberta
4018:Federal
3846:Liberal
3826:Buffalo
3636:"About"
3594:23 June
3569:23 June
2826:1 / 87
2782:1 / 87
2730:6 / 87
2689:3 / 87
2648:8 / 83
2605:10,874
2513:64,667
2472:23,885
2423:6 / 83
2322:19.87%
2275:18.17%
2233:25 / 75
2228:41.10%
2224:262,953
2184:55 / 65
2179:44.60%
2141:60 / 63
2135:54.81%
2098:61 / 65
2093:55.69%
2056:37 / 61
2051:46.42%
2014:52 / 61
1971:51 / 57
1966:55.63%
1929:51 / 57
1924:51.88%
1882:36 / 57
1877:42.90%
1840:56 / 63
1835:54.25%
1793:Leader
1710:Website
1702:Colours
1682:Founded
1585:In the
1296:In the
1289:at the
1236:Decline
1121:Marxism
1066:Germany
949:Germany
835:removed
820:sources
722:refused
623:Premier
591:Calgary
587:Baptist
552:removed
537:sources
500:Origins
495:History
394:Colours
335:Calgary
311: (
293: (
285:Founded
183:Please
123:scholar
5611:People
5576:Europe
5423:Canada
5365:Fraser
5351:Albers
5341:Alford
5098:Reform
5069:Vacant
5057:Vacant
4682:Others
4620:Quebec
4596:Reform
4404:Quebec
4123:Reform
3856:Reform
3376:
3339:
3305:
3218:
3210:
3202:
2837:0 / 83
2832:0.01%
2793:0 / 83
2788:0.00%
2741:0 / 83
2736:0.06%
2700:0 / 83
2695:0.02%
2659:0 / 83
2654:0.22%
2651:2,051
2613:0 / 83
2608:1.22%
2567:0 / 83
2562:0.53%
2559:5,361
2521:0 / 83
2516:6.84%
2480:0 / 83
2475:2.41%
2434:0 / 83
2429:0.47%
2426:3,939
2373:0 / 79
2368:0.83%
2365:7,843
2327:4 / 79
2280:4 / 75
2008:56.24%
1805:Seats
1799:Votes
1665:Leader
1324:, and
1258:native
1172:Quebec
1153:, and
992:Quebec
644:, and
447:Quebec
266:Leader
125:
118:
111:
104:
96:
5334:Yuill
5325:Sykes
5320:Clark
5310:Strom
5052:Green
4661:Yukon
4522:Unity
4446:Yukon
3836:Green
3216:S2CID
3208:JSTOR
2766:2016
1615:Green
449:when
130:JSTOR
116:books
3795:(37)
3789:(48)
3652:2021
3622:2023
3596:2017
3571:2017
3545:link
3531:2007
3486:2005
3460:2021
3387:2022
3374:ISBN
3350:2022
3337:ISBN
3316:2022
3303:ISBN
3200:ISSN
3066:2023
3041:2023
2819:2023
2775:2019
2758:8th
2733:832
2726:2015
2717:7th
2692:294
2685:2012
2676:6th
2639:2008
2630:6th
2593:2004
2584:6th
2547:2001
2538:4th
2506:1997
2497:4th
2460:1993
2451:4th
2414:1989
2400:1986
2391:6th
2353:1982
2344:2nd
2307:1979
2298:2nd
2260:1975
2251:2nd
2211:1971
2202:1st
2169:1967
2160:1st
2125:1963
2116:1st
2083:1959
2074:1st
2041:1955
2032:1st
1997:1952
1988:1st
1956:1948
1947:1st
1909:1944
1900:1st
1867:1940
1858:1st
1820:1935
1808:+/–
1756:(or
1721:.com
1527:and
1496:, a
1265:1963
1242:1967
1024:and
910:1940
904:and
818:any
816:cite
741:and
599:CFCN
585:, a
535:any
533:cite
482:2015
480:and
478:2012
313:2017
306:2017
295:1934
288:1934
102:news
3192:doi
2854:15
2829:90
2810:12
2785:60
2290:21
2243:30
2108:24
2066:15
1939:15
1892:20
1850:56
1717:www
1480:of
1191:CBC
1185:MP
1062:CCF
829:by
546:by
187:by
85:by
5798::
5246:YU
5241:NU
5236:NT
5231:SK
5226:QC
5221:PE
5216:ON
5211:NS
5206:NL
5201:NB
5196:MB
5191:BC
5186:AB
3638:.
3613:.
3587:.
3561:.
3541:}}
3537:{{
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3403:.
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3287:^
3256:^
3214:.
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3186:.
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3057:.
3032:.
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