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soil also increases pathogenicity. Not only do these abiotic factors increase infectability, they also increase disease spread. High winds and heavy rain also increase disease spread as the spores of corn smut can be more easily transmitted. Other biotic factors largely have to do with the extent by which humans interact with the corn and corn smut. If corn debris is not cleared at the end of the season, the spores can overwinter in the corn fragments and live to infect another generation. Finally, humans wounding the corn (with shears or other tools) present the opportunity for corn smut to easily enter the plant.
38:
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891:, enhancing infection. Additionally, clearing the planting area of debris can help control corn smut, as the teliospores from corn smut overwinter in debris. This is not the best practice, though, because corn smut can also overwinter in the soil; crop rotation is recommended. Lastly, as excess nitrogen in the soil augments infection rate, using fertilizer with low nitrogen levels, or just limiting the amount of nitrogen in the soil proves to be another way to control corn smut.
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is mostly consumed fresh and can be purchased at restaurants or street or farmer's markets throughout the country and, to a much lesser extent, can also be purchased as a canned good in some markets and via the internet. Farmers in the countryside spread the spores around intentionally to create more
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are known, there are certain environments where corn smut seems to thrive, depending on both abiotic and biotic factors. Hot and dry weather during pollination followed by a heavy rainy season appear to improve the pathogenicity of corn smut. Furthermore, excess manure (and therefore nitrogen) in the
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Losses from corn smut can vary greatly; however, annual yield losses rarely exceed 2% when resistant cultivars are planted. This disease can have a large economic impact on sweet corn, specifically when smut galls replace the kernels. There are many ways to control and manage corn smut; however, corn
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has a well-established recombinational DNA repair system. This repair system involves a homolog of Rad51 that has a very similar sequence and size to its mammalian counterparts. This system also involves a protein, Rec2 that is more distantly related to Rad51, and Brh2 protein that is a streamlined
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McTaggart, Alistair R.; Shivas, Roger G.; Boekhout, Teun; Oberwinkler, Franz; Vánky, Kálmán; Pennycook, Shaun R.; Begerow, Dominik (December 2016). "Mycosarcoma (Ustilaginaceae), a resurrected generic name for corn smut (Ustilago maydis) and its close relatives with hypertrophied, tubular sori".
1007:. Most observers consider the program to have had little impact, although the initiative is still in progress. The cursory show of interest is significant because the USDA has spent a considerable amount of time and money trying to eradicate corn smut in the United States. Moreover, in 1989, the
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are harvested while still immature — fully mature galls are dry and almost entirely spore-filled. The immature galls, gathered two to three weeks after an ear of corn is infected, still retain moisture and, when cooked, have a flavor described as mushroom-like, sweet, savory, woody, and earthy.
510:"to sleep"), thus giving a combined mismeaning of "sleeping/hibernating excrement", but actually meaning "sleeping excrescence", referring to the fact that the fungus grows between the kernels and impedes them from developing, thus they remain "sleeping".
990:
The fungus has had difficulty entering into the
American and European diets as most farmers see it as blight, despite attempts by government and high-profile chefs to introduce it. In the mid-1990s, due to demand created by high-end restaurants,
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to DNA damaging agents is increased. Also mitotic recombination becomes deficient, mutation frequency increases and meiosis fails to complete. These observations suggest that recombinational repair during mitosis and meiosis in
1019:, chef at Rosa Mexicano restaurant. This dinner tried to get Americans to eat more of it by renaming it the "Mexican truffle" and it is often compared to truffles in food articles describing its taste and texture.
718:. These cells multiply by budding off daughter cells. When two compatible sporidia meet on the surface of the plant, however, they switch to a different mode of growth. First, they produce one or another
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When corn smut grows on a corn cob, it changes the nutritional worth of the corn it affects. Corn smut contains more proteins than the uninfected grains normally do. The amino acid
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Page 109 By
Nicholas P. Money Professor of Botany, Miami University, Ohio; Published by Oxford University Press, Aug 4, 2006. Accessed online vis Google Books October 24, 2013.
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is the best known and studied of the
Ustilaginomycetes, a sub class of basidiomycota, and so is often used as the exemplar species when talking about its entire class.
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Native
American tribes in North America ate corn smut as well. The Hidatsa tribe of North Dakota's practice of preparing and eating corn smut is described vividly in
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Li, Liande; Wright, Sara J.; Krystofova, Svetlana; Park, Gyungsoon; Borkovich, Katherine A. (2007). "Heterotrimeric G Protein
Signaling in Filamentous Fungi".
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may assist the pathogen in surviving DNA damage arising from the host's oxidative defensive response to infection, as well as from other DNA damaging agents.
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must include a slow simmer of the fungus until it becomes black, which also removes most of the starch of the corn, and what is left is a black oily paste.
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The fungus infects all parts of the host plant by invading the ovaries of its host. The infection causes the corn kernels to swell up into tumor-like
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Battillo, J. (2018). "The role of corn fungus in
Basketmaker II diet: A paleonutrition perspective on early corn farming adaptations".
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Plants have evolved efficient defense systems against pathogenic microbes. A rapid plant defense reaction after pathogen attack is the
1247:. This allows researchers to study the interaction between the fungus and its host with relative ease. The availability of the entire
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Mohan, S. K., Hamm, P.B., Clough, G.H., and du Toit, L.J. 2013. "Corn Smuts" Oregon State
University, A Pacific Northwest Extension.
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is now known. The fungus is mostly studied as model organism for host pathogen interaction and delivery of effectors protein.
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741:. If this signalling is successful they then send out conjugation tubes to find each other, after which they fuse and make a
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by GREEN DEANE, December 2012. Archive of food Blog: Eat the weeds and other things too... - Accessed online March 17, 2014
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2245:"Recombinational repair of gaps in DNA is asymmetric in Ustilago maydis and can be explained by a migrating D-loop model"
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to omelettes. Its earthy flavors bond with the fats that cook the eggs to mellow the flavors into a truffle-like taste.
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By FLORENCE FABRICANT Published: August 30, 2000 New York Times. Accessed via NYTIMES online archives March 17, 2014
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version of the mammalian Breast Cancer 2 (BRCA2) protein. When any of these proteins is inactivated, sensitivity of
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A second group of sources deem the word to mean "raven's excrement". These sources appear to be combining the word
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803:, which involves the production of reactive oxygen species at the site of the attempted invasion. As a pathogen,
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Vegetables, Revised: The Most
Authoritative Guide to Buying, Preparing, and Cooking, with More than 300 Recipes
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2345:"Prospecting the biodiversity of the fungal family Ustilaginaceae for the production of value-added chemicals"
2304:"BRCA2 Homolog Required for Proficiency in DNA Repair, Recombination, and Genome Stability in Ustilago maydis"
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2020. "Corn Smut" University of
Massachusetts Amherst: The Center for Agriculture, Food, and the Environment.
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749:; they possess two haploid nuclei per hyphal compartment. In contrast to sporidia, the dikaryotic phase of
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is not only used to study plant disease, but it also is used to study plant genetics. In 1996, a study on
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for research, although its relevance in nature is unknown. The fungus is exceptionally well-suited for
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blend nicely with the fats of the chorizo and bond to mellow out the heat from the peppers and salsa.
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only occurs during successful infection of a maize plant, and cannot be maintained in the laboratory.
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768:. These teliospores help to overwinter the pathogen into the next season. They survive in the soil.
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Banuett, F. (1995). "Genetics of
Ustilago Maydis, A Fungal Pathogen that Induces Tumors in Maize".
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Mature tumors release spores that are dispersed by rain and wind. Under appropriate conditions, a
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Huitlacoche is also popular in quesadillas with Mexican cheese, sautéed onions, and tomatoes.
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The blueish color transforms into the recognizable black color only with heat. Any dish with
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19:"Cuitlacoche" redirects here. For the genus of birds otherwise known as "Cuitlacoche", see
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can respond to such an oxidative burst by an oxidative stress response, regulated by gene
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1035:, have used corn smut in an attempt to induce labor. It has similar medicinal effects to
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937:. Smut-infected crops are often destroyed, although some farmers use them to prepare
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529:, meaning "excrement", actually meaning "excrescence". However, the avian meaning of
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https://catalog.extension.oregonstate.edu/sites/catalog/files/project/pdf/pnw647.pdf
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genetics led to the discovery of synthesis-dependent strand annealing, a method of
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218:
2186:"Insights from the genome of the biotrophic fungal plant pathogen Ustilago maydis"
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Christensen, J.J. (1963). "Corn smut caused by Ustilago maydis. Monograph no. 2".
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from the host attack, and is necessary for the pathogen's virulence. Furthermore,
557:. This root then clashes with this reconstruction's second claim that the segment
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Geiser, Elena; Wiebach, Vincent; Wierckx, Nick; Blank, Lars M. (1 January 2014).
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formation, reduced growth, and the appearance of tumors harboring the developing
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cells of the infected plant, along with resulting fungal threads, and blue-black
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1600:. Conabio-ine-semarnap, Instituto Nacional de Ecología, México. pp. 66–70.
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1311:. This ability is gaining corn smut more relevance to industrial applications.
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Proliferation of the fungus inside the plant leads to disease symptoms such as
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2012:
1996:"Nutritional value of huitlacoche, maize mushroom caused by Ustilago maydis"
1995:
1856:"Rec2 interplay with both Brh2 and Rad51 balances recombinational repair in
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infects individual corn kernels instead of infecting the entire cob, like
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similar to, and protein content equal or superior to, most edible fungi.
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Some beneficial ways to contain corn smut include resistant corn plants,
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Some sources wrongly give the etymology as coming from the Nahuatl words
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241:(Mexico), blister smut of maize, boil smut of maize, common smut of maize
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678:. These dark-colored spores give the cob a burned, scorched appearance.
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The galls grow to 4 to 5 inches in diameter. These galls are made up of
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2405:(revised ed.). Scribner. p. 349 "Huitlacoche, or Corn Smut".
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1269:. Other studies in the fungus have also investigated the role of the
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of the fungus. In some parts of the country, they call the fungus "
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smut cannot be controlled by any common fungicide at this time, as
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941:. However, the immature infected galls are still edible, and in
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1932:
Hansen, M.A. 2009. "Corn Smut" Virginia Cooperative Extension.
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gene involved in H2O2 detoxification is required for virulence"
1295:
is able to produce a broad range of valuable chemicals such as
1972:
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351:
2122:
Laferrière, Joseph E. (1991). "Mountain Pima ethnomycology".
1524:
See entries for "huitlacoche" and "cuicacoche o cuiltacoche".
2184:
Kämper J, Kahmann R, Bölker M, et al. (November 2006).
1217:, of which corn contains very little, abounds in corn smut.
572:
One source derives the meaning as "corn excrescence", using
378:
Insertion of "excrescence" correction done very incorrectly.
1952:
Petruzzello, M. 2017. "Corn Smut" Encyclopedia Britannica.
1031:
Native Americans of the American Southwest, including the
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to enter the maize plant. Hyphae growing in the plant are
2302:
Kojic, M; Kostrub, CF; Buchman, AR; Holloman, WK (2002).
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is another advantage of this fungus as a model organism.
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589:. This requires the linguistically unlikely evolution of
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1994:
Aydoğdu, Mehmet; Gölükçü, Muharrem (21 September 2017).
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to become the sporidia, thus completing the life cycle.
666:, whose tissues, texture, and developmental pattern are
448:
is derived are debated. In modern Nahuatl, the word for
1577:"Professor introduces unusual edible fungus to Madison"
1361:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
945:
they are highly esteemed as a delicacy. It is known as
344:
and other tortilla-based dishes, as well as in soups.
1359: – Fungi that can be used to develop medications
899:
Although not all the conditions that favor growth of
2030:
Newhall, Edith (25 September 1989). "Fungus Feast".
1934:
https://www.pubs.ext.vt.edu/450/450-706/450-706.html
1921:
https://ag.umass.edu/vegetable/fact-sheets/corn-smut
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in polarized growth. It is largely due to work with
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1854:Kojic, M; Zhou, Q; Lisby, M; Holloman, WK (2006).
1039:, but weaker, due to the presence of the chemical
737:, as determined by alleles at two unlinked mating
316:on all above-ground parts of corn species such as
1522:(in Spanish). Mexico: Fondo de Cultura Económica.
1636:
1634:
1632:
933:Smut feeds on the corn plant and decreases the
722:, and begin producing one or the other type of
489:("excrement" or "rear-end", actually meaning "
308:. One of several cereal crop pathogens called
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2025:
2023:
1695:. Vol. 7, no. 2. pp. 309–315.
615:
609:
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236:
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8:
1954:https://www.britannica.com/science/corn-smut
1535:"Producción de caviar azteca en invernadero"
438:). This word entered Spanish in Mexico from
2432:MUMDB giving easy access to U. maydis genes
1541:(in Spanish). 1 August 2006. Archived from
1085:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
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2805:
2459:
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2143:Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports
2045:TEMPTATION; Mexico's Answer To the Truffle
1968:"In Mexico, Tar-Like Fungus Is A Delicacy"
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16:Fungal plant disease on maize and teosinte
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2011:
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1621:Vasconcelos Dueñas, Irene (August 2007).
1177:, as it is often served in central Mexico
1105:Learn how and when to remove this message
1003:(USDA) to intentionally infect corn with
401:Learn how and when to remove this message
2734:International corn production statistics
1454:Global Biodiversity Information Facility
925:for sale in the produce department of a
654:This ear of corn has been infected with
2427:U. maydis Genome at the Broad Institute
1372:
1277:that the function of the breast-cancer
1001:United States Department of Agriculture
1966:Uribe, Monica Ortiz (20 August 2009).
1661:10.1146/annurev.micro.61.080706.093432
1581:University of Wisconsin - Madison News
584:
552:
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442:, though the Nahuatl words from which
208:
783:nuclei migrate into elongated single
702:When grown in the lab on very simple
638:, but in 2016 it was placed in genus
535:derives from the Nahuatl word "song"
427:
7:
3918:94d950d2-f6a1-44dd-a449-78a4cb21745b
3789:85555cf1-5abb-4b44-95d0-be46d241006c
2096:The History of Medications for Women
1575:Wolff, Barbara (19 September 2006).
1425:. American Phytopathological Society
1083:adding citations to reliable sources
3946:Fungal plant pathogens and diseases
2243:Ferguson, DO; Holloman, HK (1996).
1765:10.1146/annurev.ge.29.120195.001143
1136:, onions, garlic, serrano peppers,
3318:
1623:"Los hongos medicinales en México"
1556:Vincent, David (8 November 2008).
1144:. The mild, earthy flavors of the
324:. The infected corn is edible; in
14:
1520:Diccionario breve de mexicanismos
1475:Peterson, James (27 March 2012).
1353: – Edible fungi fruit bodies
546:, itself from the verb "to sing"
2349:Fungal Biology and Biotechnology
1597:Guía de aves canoras y de ornato
1335:
1321:
1055:
634:Formerly it was placed in genus
356:
57:
1701:10.5598/imafungus.2016.07.02.10
1801:Molina, L; Kahmann, R (2007).
1518:Gómez de Silva, Guido (2001).
787:. These cells detach from the
340:, often eaten as a filling in
283:Worldwide, where corn is grown
1:
3130:List of tortilla-based dishes
2321:10.1016/S1097-2765(02)00632-9
2070:"Buffalo Bird Woman's Garden"
1876:10.1128/MCB.26.2.678-688.2006
1644:Annual Review of Microbiology
1594:Marcó del Pont, Raúl (1997).
1481:. Random House. p. 184.
1151:Another Maya favorite on the
2163:10.1016/j.jasrep.2018.07.003
1956:(accessed October 13, 2020).
1943:(accessed October 13, 2020).
1910:(accessed October 12, 2020).
2778:National Cornbread Festival
2744:Three Sisters (agriculture)
2094:O'Dowd, Michael J. (2001).
2057:Corn Smut, Mexican Truffles
2000:Food Science and Technology
1923:(accessed October 12, 2020)
1025:Buffalo Bird Woman's Garden
376:. The specific problem is:
3977:
999:farms were allowed by the
911:
864:Ear of corn infected with
706:, it behaves like baker's
475:to be the classical form.
18:
2362:10.1186/s40694-014-0002-y
2074:digital.library.upenn.edu
1753:Annual Review of Genetics
1235:The yeast-like growth of
1175:Quesadilla de huitlacoche
958:Flavor compounds include
840:is known to produce four
811:. This response protects
469:), and some sources deem
466:[kʷit͡ɬɑˈkot͡ʃin]
216:
188:
181:
159:
152:
54:Scientific classification
52:
44:
35:
30:
2111:p. 410, via Google Books
2098:. Taylor & Francis.
1788:Amer. Phytopath. Society
1288:Industrial biotechnology
1263:homologous recombination
1205:", i.e. "maize fungus".
953:. For culinary use, the
429:[(ɡ)witlaˈkotʃe]
417:, corn smut is known as
2270:10.1073/pnas.93.11.5419
2124:Journal of Ethnobiology
2013:10.1590/1678-457X.19416
1128:A simple Mexican-style
966:, as well as the sugar
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574:
565:
559:
548:
537:
531:
525:
515:
506:
495:
480:
471:
456:
2739:List of popcorn brands
2401:McGee, Harold (2004).
1823:10.1105/tpc.107.052332
1239:makes it an appealing
1178:
1125:
1009:James Beard Foundation
930:
868:
795:Host/pathogen conflict
699:
659:
616:
610:
462:Nahuatl pronunciation:
450:
444:
434:
425:Spanish pronunciation:
419:
335:
237:
224:
2544:Quality Protein Maize
1419:"Common smut of corn"
1309:hydroxyparaconic acid
1173:
1120:
921:
863:
694:
653:
486:[ˈkʷit͡ɬɑt͡ɬ]
328:, it is considered a
2517:Genetically modified
1245:genetic modification
1079:improve this section
1015:dinner, prepared by
1011:held a high-profile
978:essential amino acid
586:[t͡ɬɑˈoːlːi]
543:[ˈkʷiːkɑt͡ɬ]
501:[ˈkot͡ʃt͡ɬi]
432:, sometimes spelled
383:improve this section
372:to meet Knowledge's
48:diploid teleospores
2783:Sweet Corn Festival
2403:On Food and Cooking
2261:1996PNAS...93.5419F
2211:10.1038/nature05248
2202:2006Natur.444...97K
2155:2018JArSR..21...64B
976:is a source of the
775:is formed in which
312:, the fungus forms
3961:Ustilaginomycotina
3599:Mycosarcoma maydis
3489:Mycosarcoma maydis
2978:Mămăligă în pături
2686:Maize streak virus
1939:2020-01-21 at the
1545:on 28 August 2010.
1381:Mycosarcoma maydis
1293:Mycosarcoma maydis
1179:
1140:, and shrimp with
1126:
931:
914:List of delicacies
901:Mycosarcoma maydis
869:
866:Mycosarcoma maydis
844:, and one each of
838:Mycosarcoma maydis
779:occurs. Resulting
726:- this depends on
724:pheromone receptor
700:
696:Mycosarcoma maydis
660:
656:Mycosarcoma maydis
629:Mycosarcoma maydis
578:again and "maize"
504:("sleeping", from
305:Mycosarcoma maydis
250:Mycosarcoma maydis
163:Mycosarcoma maydis
46:Mycosarcoma maydis
3928:
3927:
3810:Open Tree of Life
3481:Taxon identifiers
3472:
3471:
3468:
3467:
2633:Corn construction
2412:978-0-684-80001-1
2255:(11): 5419–5424.
2105:978-1-85070-002-9
2032:New York Magazine
1607:978-968-817-373-2
1539:Teorema Ambiental
1488:978-1-60774-205-0
1209:Nutritional value
1132:can be made from
1115:
1114:
1107:
1047:Recipes of Mexico
710:, forming single
608:, it is known as
554:[ˈkʷiːkɑ]
440:Classical Nahuatl
411:
410:
403:
374:quality standards
365:This section may
287:
286:
233:Common names
207:
206:
201:
101:Ustilaginomycetes
3968:
3921:
3920:
3911:
3910:
3898:
3897:
3885:
3884:
3872:
3871:
3859:
3858:
3846:
3845:
3844:
3818:
3817:
3805:
3804:
3792:
3791:
3782:
3781:
3769:
3768:
3766:NHMSYS0001501246
3756:
3755:
3743:
3742:
3730:
3729:
3717:
3716:
3704:
3703:
3691:
3690:
3678:
3677:
3665:
3664:
3652:
3651:
3639:
3638:
3626:
3625:
3616:
3615:
3603:
3602:
3601:
3588:
3587:
3586:
3560:
3559:
3547:
3546:
3534:
3533:
3521:
3520:
3508:
3507:
3506:
3476:
3213:Battered sausage
3147:Pastel de choclo
3083:Breads and cakes
2866:Public relations
2806:
2774:(1994 sculpture)
2714:Cornstalk fiddle
2461:
2454:
2447:
2438:
2416:
2393:
2392:
2382:
2364:
2340:
2334:
2333:
2323:
2299:
2293:
2292:
2282:
2272:
2240:
2234:
2233:
2223:
2213:
2196:(7115): 97–101.
2181:
2175:
2174:
2138:
2132:
2131:
2119:
2113:
2109:
2091:
2085:
2084:
2082:
2080:
2066:
2060:
2054:
2048:
2042:
2036:
2035:
2027:
2018:
2017:
2015:
1991:
1985:
1984:
1982:
1980:
1963:
1957:
1950:
1944:
1930:
1924:
1917:
1911:
1904:
1898:
1897:
1887:
1851:
1845:
1844:
1834:
1817:(7): 2293–2309.
1798:
1792:
1791:
1783:
1777:
1776:
1748:
1742:
1737:
1731:
1730:
1720:
1687:
1681:
1680:
1638:
1627:
1626:
1618:
1612:
1611:
1591:
1585:
1584:
1583:(Press release).
1572:
1566:
1565:
1553:
1547:
1546:
1531:
1525:
1523:
1515:
1504:
1503:
1497:
1495:
1472:
1466:
1465:
1463:
1461:
1441:
1435:
1434:
1432:
1430:
1415:
1409:
1396:
1390:
1377:
1362:
1345:
1340:
1339:
1338:
1331:
1326:
1325:
1226:
1225:
1110:
1103:
1099:
1096:
1090:
1059:
1051:
698:haploid sporidia
619:
613:
600:
594:
588:
583:
577:
568:
562:
556:
551:
545:
540:
534:
528:
518:
509:
503:
498:
488:
483:
474:
468:
463:
459:
453:
447:
437:
431:
426:
422:
406:
399:
395:
392:
386:
360:
359:
352:
338:
240:
227:
221:
209:
192:
191:Ustilago maydis
165:
62:
61:
40:
28:
3976:
3975:
3971:
3970:
3969:
3967:
3966:
3965:
3956:Mexican cuisine
3931:
3930:
3929:
3924:
3916:
3914:
3906:
3901:
3893:
3888:
3880:
3875:
3867:
3862:
3854:
3849:
3840:
3839:
3834:
3821:
3813:
3808:
3800:
3797:Observation.org
3795:
3787:
3785:
3777:
3772:
3764:
3759:
3751:
3746:
3738:
3733:
3725:
3720:
3712:
3707:
3699:
3694:
3686:
3681:
3673:
3668:
3660:
3655:
3647:
3642:
3634:
3629:
3621:
3619:
3611:
3606:
3597:
3596:
3591:
3582:
3581:
3576:
3569:Ustilago maydis
3563:
3555:
3550:
3542:
3537:
3529:
3524:
3516:
3511:
3502:
3501:
3496:
3483:
3473:
3464:
3385:Bourbon whiskey
3368:
3294:Corn on the cob
3262:
3201:
3078:
3022:
2885:
2879:
2795:
2748:
2690:
2657:
2643:Nixtamalization
2621:
2595:
2470:
2465:
2423:
2413:
2400:
2397:
2396:
2342:
2341:
2337:
2301:
2300:
2296:
2242:
2241:
2237:
2183:
2182:
2178:
2140:
2139:
2135:
2121:
2120:
2116:
2106:
2093:
2092:
2088:
2078:
2076:
2068:
2067:
2063:
2055:
2051:
2043:
2039:
2029:
2028:
2021:
1993:
1992:
1988:
1978:
1976:
1965:
1964:
1960:
1951:
1947:
1941:Wayback Machine
1931:
1927:
1918:
1914:
1905:
1901:
1858:Ustilago maydis
1853:
1852:
1848:
1805:Ustilago maydis
1800:
1799:
1795:
1785:
1784:
1780:
1750:
1749:
1745:
1738:
1734:
1689:
1688:
1684:
1640:
1639:
1630:
1620:
1619:
1615:
1608:
1593:
1592:
1588:
1574:
1573:
1569:
1555:
1554:
1550:
1533:
1532:
1528:
1517:
1516:
1507:
1493:
1491:
1489:
1474:
1473:
1469:
1459:
1457:
1447:Ustilago maydis
1443:
1442:
1438:
1428:
1426:
1417:
1416:
1412:
1400:Ustilago maydis
1397:
1393:
1378:
1374:
1369:
1360:
1357:Medicinal fungi
1351:Edible mushroom
1341:
1336:
1334:
1327:
1320:
1317:
1290:
1233:
1228:
1223:
1222:
1211:
1194:
1111:
1100:
1094:
1091:
1076:
1060:
1049:
1017:Josefina Howard
929:store in Mexico
916:
910:
897:
858:
835:
801:oxidative burst
797:
689:
684:
648:
646:Characteristics
626:
569:("excrement").
461:
424:
407:
396:
390:
387:
380:
361:
357:
350:
228:
177:
167:
161:
148:
56:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3974:
3972:
3964:
3963:
3958:
3953:
3951:Maize diseases
3948:
3943:
3933:
3932:
3926:
3925:
3923:
3922:
3912:
3899:
3886:
3873:
3860:
3847:
3831:
3829:
3823:
3822:
3820:
3819:
3806:
3793:
3783:
3770:
3757:
3744:
3731:
3718:
3705:
3692:
3679:
3666:
3653:
3640:
3627:
3617:
3604:
3589:
3573:
3571:
3565:
3564:
3562:
3561:
3548:
3535:
3522:
3509:
3493:
3491:
3485:
3484:
3479:
3470:
3469:
3466:
3465:
3463:
3462:
3457:
3452:
3447:
3442:
3437:
3432:
3427:
3422:
3417:
3412:
3407:
3405:Chicha de jora
3402:
3397:
3392:
3387:
3382:
3376:
3374:
3370:
3369:
3367:
3366:
3361:
3356:
3351:
3346:
3341:
3336:
3334:Maíz con hielo
3331:
3326:
3321:
3316:
3311:
3306:
3301:
3296:
3291:
3286:
3281:
3276:
3270:
3268:
3264:
3263:
3261:
3260:
3255:
3250:
3245:
3243:Corn schnitzel
3240:
3235:
3230:
3225:
3220:
3215:
3209:
3207:
3203:
3202:
3200:
3199:
3194:
3189:
3184:
3179:
3177:Sopa paraguaya
3174:
3169:
3164:
3159:
3154:
3149:
3144:
3139:
3134:
3133:
3132:
3122:
3117:
3112:
3107:
3102:
3097:
3092:
3086:
3084:
3080:
3079:
3077:
3076:
3071:
3066:
3061:
3056:
3051:
3046:
3041:
3036:
3030:
3028:
3024:
3023:
3021:
3020:
3015:
3010:
3005:
3000:
2995:
2990:
2985:
2980:
2975:
2970:
2965:
2960:
2955:
2953:Ginataang mais
2950:
2945:
2940:
2935:
2930:
2925:
2920:
2918:Corn crab soup
2915:
2910:
2905:
2900:
2898:Binte biluhuta
2895:
2889:
2887:
2884:Soups, stews,
2881:
2880:
2878:
2877:
2876:
2875:
2870:
2869:
2868:
2858:
2848:
2843:
2838:
2833:
2828:
2823:
2818:
2812:
2810:
2803:
2797:
2796:
2794:
2793:
2785:
2780:
2775:
2767:
2762:
2756:
2754:
2750:
2749:
2747:
2746:
2741:
2736:
2731:
2730:
2729:
2724:
2716:
2711:
2706:
2700:
2698:
2692:
2691:
2689:
2688:
2683:
2678:
2673:
2667:
2665:
2659:
2658:
2656:
2655:
2650:
2645:
2640:
2635:
2629:
2627:
2623:
2622:
2620:
2619:
2614:
2609:
2603:
2601:
2597:
2596:
2594:
2593:
2592:
2591:
2586:
2581:
2576:
2568:
2563:
2562:
2561:
2551:
2546:
2541:
2536:
2535:
2534:
2529:
2524:
2514:
2509:
2504:
2499:
2494:
2489:
2484:
2478:
2476:
2472:
2471:
2468:Maize and corn
2466:
2464:
2463:
2456:
2449:
2441:
2435:
2434:
2429:
2422:
2421:External links
2419:
2418:
2417:
2411:
2395:
2394:
2335:
2314:(3): 683–691.
2308:Molecular Cell
2294:
2235:
2176:
2133:
2114:
2104:
2086:
2061:
2049:
2037:
2019:
2006:(4): 531–535.
1986:
1958:
1945:
1925:
1912:
1899:
1870:(2): 678–688.
1846:
1793:
1778:
1759:(1): 179–208.
1743:
1732:
1682:
1653:Annual Reviews
1628:
1613:
1606:
1586:
1567:
1560:. City Guide.
1548:
1526:
1505:
1487:
1467:
1436:
1410:
1406:Index Fungorum
1391:
1387:Index Fungorum
1371:
1370:
1368:
1365:
1364:
1363:
1354:
1347:
1346:
1332:
1316:
1313:
1297:ustilagic acid
1289:
1286:
1241:model organism
1232:
1231:Model organism
1229:
1227:
1219:
1210:
1207:
1193:
1190:
1113:
1112:
1063:
1061:
1054:
1048:
1045:
909:
906:
896:
893:
857:
854:
834:
831:
796:
793:
688:
685:
683:
680:
668:mushroom-like.
647:
644:
625:
622:
409:
408:
364:
362:
355:
349:
346:
296:caused by the
285:
284:
281:
277:
276:
273:
267:
266:
257:
253:
252:
247:
243:
242:
234:
230:
229:
222:
214:
213:
205:
204:
203:
202:
186:
185:
179:
178:
168:
157:
156:
150:
149:
145:M. maydis
142:
140:
136:
135:
128:
124:
123:
121:Ustilaginaceae
118:
114:
113:
108:
104:
103:
98:
94:
93:
88:
84:
83:
78:
74:
73:
68:
64:
63:
50:
49:
42:
41:
33:
32:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3973:
3962:
3959:
3957:
3954:
3952:
3949:
3947:
3944:
3942:
3939:
3938:
3936:
3919:
3913:
3909:
3904:
3900:
3896:
3891:
3887:
3883:
3878:
3874:
3870:
3865:
3861:
3857:
3852:
3848:
3843:
3837:
3833:
3832:
3830:
3828:
3824:
3816:
3811:
3807:
3803:
3798:
3794:
3790:
3784:
3780:
3775:
3771:
3767:
3762:
3758:
3754:
3749:
3745:
3741:
3736:
3732:
3728:
3723:
3719:
3715:
3710:
3706:
3702:
3697:
3693:
3689:
3684:
3680:
3676:
3671:
3667:
3663:
3658:
3654:
3650:
3645:
3641:
3637:
3632:
3628:
3624:
3618:
3614:
3609:
3605:
3600:
3594:
3590:
3585:
3579:
3575:
3574:
3572:
3570:
3566:
3558:
3553:
3549:
3545:
3540:
3536:
3532:
3527:
3523:
3519:
3514:
3510:
3505:
3499:
3495:
3494:
3492:
3490:
3486:
3482:
3477:
3461:
3458:
3456:
3453:
3451:
3448:
3446:
3443:
3441:
3438:
3436:
3433:
3431:
3428:
3426:
3423:
3421:
3418:
3416:
3415:Colada morada
3413:
3411:
3410:Chicha morada
3408:
3406:
3403:
3401:
3398:
3396:
3393:
3391:
3388:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3378:
3377:
3375:
3371:
3365:
3362:
3360:
3357:
3355:
3352:
3350:
3347:
3345:
3342:
3340:
3337:
3335:
3332:
3330:
3327:
3325:
3322:
3320:
3317:
3315:
3312:
3310:
3307:
3305:
3302:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3282:
3280:
3277:
3275:
3272:
3271:
3269:
3265:
3259:
3256:
3254:
3251:
3249:
3246:
3244:
3241:
3239:
3236:
3234:
3231:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3210:
3208:
3204:
3198:
3195:
3193:
3190:
3188:
3185:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3175:
3173:
3170:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3142:Makki di roti
3140:
3138:
3135:
3131:
3128:
3127:
3126:
3125:Corn tortilla
3123:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3093:
3091:
3088:
3087:
3085:
3081:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3031:
3029:
3025:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2963:Hasty pudding
2961:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2949:
2946:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2936:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2926:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2911:
2909:
2906:
2904:
2901:
2899:
2896:
2894:
2891:
2890:
2888:
2882:
2874:
2871:
2867:
2864:
2863:
2862:
2861:High-fructose
2859:
2857:
2856:Glucose syrup
2854:
2853:
2852:
2849:
2847:
2844:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2829:
2827:
2824:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2814:
2813:
2811:
2807:
2804:
2802:
2798:
2791:
2790:
2786:
2784:
2781:
2779:
2776:
2773:
2772:
2771:Field of Corn
2768:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2757:
2755:
2751:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2732:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2722:United States
2720:
2719:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2701:
2699:
2697:
2693:
2687:
2684:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2668:
2666:
2664:
2660:
2654:
2653:Popcorn maker
2651:
2649:
2646:
2644:
2641:
2639:
2638:Maize milling
2636:
2634:
2631:
2630:
2628:
2624:
2618:
2615:
2613:
2610:
2608:
2605:
2604:
2602:
2598:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2571:
2569:
2567:
2564:
2560:
2557:
2556:
2555:
2552:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2542:
2540:
2537:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2519:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2479:
2477:
2473:
2469:
2462:
2457:
2455:
2450:
2448:
2443:
2442:
2439:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2425:
2424:
2420:
2414:
2408:
2404:
2399:
2398:
2390:
2386:
2381:
2376:
2372:
2368:
2363:
2358:
2354:
2350:
2346:
2339:
2336:
2331:
2327:
2322:
2317:
2313:
2309:
2305:
2298:
2295:
2290:
2286:
2281:
2276:
2271:
2266:
2262:
2258:
2254:
2250:
2246:
2239:
2236:
2231:
2227:
2222:
2217:
2212:
2207:
2203:
2199:
2195:
2191:
2187:
2180:
2177:
2172:
2168:
2164:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2144:
2137:
2134:
2129:
2125:
2118:
2115:
2112:
2107:
2101:
2097:
2090:
2087:
2075:
2071:
2065:
2062:
2058:
2053:
2050:
2046:
2041:
2038:
2033:
2026:
2024:
2020:
2014:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1990:
1987:
1975:
1974:
1969:
1962:
1959:
1955:
1949:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1935:
1929:
1926:
1922:
1916:
1913:
1909:
1903:
1900:
1895:
1891:
1886:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1864:Mol Cell Biol
1861:
1859:
1850:
1847:
1842:
1838:
1833:
1828:
1824:
1820:
1816:
1812:
1808:
1806:
1797:
1794:
1789:
1782:
1779:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1747:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1733:
1728:
1724:
1719:
1714:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1686:
1683:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1645:
1637:
1635:
1633:
1629:
1625:(in Spanish).
1624:
1617:
1614:
1609:
1603:
1599:
1598:
1590:
1587:
1582:
1578:
1571:
1568:
1563:
1559:
1558:"Mexico City"
1552:
1549:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1530:
1527:
1521:
1514:
1512:
1510:
1506:
1501:
1490:
1484:
1480:
1479:
1471:
1468:
1456:
1455:
1450:
1448:
1440:
1437:
1424:
1420:
1414:
1411:
1408:
1407:
1402:
1401:
1395:
1392:
1389:
1388:
1383:
1382:
1376:
1373:
1366:
1358:
1355:
1352:
1349:
1348:
1344:
1333:
1330:
1324:
1319:
1314:
1312:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1301:itaconic acid
1298:
1294:
1287:
1285:
1283:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1230:
1221:Non-culinary
1220:
1218:
1216:
1208:
1206:
1204:
1203:hongo de maiz
1199:
1191:
1189:
1187:
1182:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1149:
1147:
1143:
1142:salsa taquera
1139:
1135:
1131:
1123:
1119:
1109:
1106:
1098:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1074:
1073:
1069:
1064:This section
1062:
1058:
1053:
1052:
1046:
1044:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1029:
1027:
1026:
1020:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1002:
998:
994:
988:
986:
982:
979:
975:
971:
969:
965:
961:
956:
952:
951:Aztec cuisine
948:
944:
940:
936:
928:
924:
920:
915:
907:
905:
902:
894:
892:
890:
886:
885:crop rotation
881:
879:
875:
867:
862:
855:
853:
851:
847:
843:
839:
832:
830:
828:
823:
818:
814:
810:
806:
802:
794:
792:
790:
786:
782:
778:
774:
769:
767:
763:
759:
754:
752:
748:
744:
740:
736:
732:
729:
725:
721:
717:
713:
709:
705:
697:
693:
686:
681:
679:
677:
673:
672:hypertrophied
669:
665:
657:
652:
645:
643:
641:
637:
632:
630:
623:
621:
618:
612:
607:
602:
599:
595:"maize" into
593:
587:
582:
576:
570:
567:
561:
555:
550:
544:
539:
533:
527:
522:
517:
511:
508:
502:
497:
492:
487:
482:
476:
473:
467:
458:
452:
446:
441:
436:
430:
421:
416:
405:
402:
394:
384:
379:
375:
371:
370:
363:
354:
353:
347:
345:
343:
339:
337:
331:
327:
323:
319:
315:
311:
307:
306:
302:
299:
295:
294:plant disease
291:
282:
278:
274:
272:
268:
265:
261:
258:
254:
251:
248:
246:Causal agents
244:
239:
235:
231:
226:
220:
215:
210:
200:
196:
190:
189:
187:
184:
180:
176:
172:
166:
164:
158:
155:
154:Binomial name
151:
147:
146:
141:
138:
137:
134:
133:
129:
126:
125:
122:
119:
116:
115:
112:
111:Ustilaginales
109:
106:
105:
102:
99:
96:
95:
92:
91:Basidiomycota
89:
86:
85:
82:
79:
76:
75:
72:
69:
66:
65:
60:
55:
51:
47:
43:
39:
34:
29:
26:
22:
3941:Edible fungi
3827:Uredo maydis
3826:
3568:
3488:
3430:Corn whiskey
3228:Corn fritter
3206:Fried dishes
3008:Suam na mais
2943:Creamed corn
2923:Corn pudding
2913:Corn chowder
2886:and porridge
2873:High-maltose
2846:Steep liquor
2801:Maize dishes
2787:
2769:
2680:
2676:Corn allergy
2402:
2352:
2348:
2338:
2311:
2307:
2297:
2252:
2248:
2238:
2221:10261/339644
2193:
2189:
2179:
2146:
2142:
2136:
2130:(1): 15–160.
2127:
2123:
2117:
2095:
2089:
2077:. Retrieved
2073:
2064:
2052:
2040:
2031:
2003:
1999:
1989:
1977:. Retrieved
1971:
1961:
1948:
1928:
1915:
1902:
1867:
1863:
1857:
1849:
1814:
1810:
1804:
1796:
1787:
1781:
1756:
1752:
1746:
1735:
1692:
1685:
1648:
1642:
1616:
1596:
1589:
1580:
1570:
1562:The Guardian
1561:
1551:
1543:the original
1538:
1529:
1519:
1500:Google Books
1498:– via
1492:. Retrieved
1477:
1470:
1458:. Retrieved
1452:
1449:(DC.) Corda"
1446:
1439:
1427:. Retrieved
1422:
1413:
1404:
1399:
1394:
1385:
1380:
1375:
1343:Fungi portal
1292:
1291:
1274:
1271:cytoskeleton
1258:
1254:
1253:
1236:
1234:
1212:
1202:
1197:
1195:
1192:Availability
1185:
1183:
1180:
1174:
1164:
1163:) is to add
1153:Riviera Maya
1150:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1127:
1121:
1101:
1092:
1077:Please help
1065:
1030:
1023:
1021:
1012:
1004:
993:Pennsylvania
989:
985:beta-glucans
973:
972:
946:
932:
922:
908:Culinary use
900:
898:
888:
882:
873:
870:
865:
837:
836:
826:
821:
816:
812:
804:
798:
789:metabasidium
773:metabasidium
770:
755:
750:
734:
730:
701:
695:
661:
655:
639:
635:
633:
628:
627:
603:
571:
512:
477:
457:cuitlacochin
412:
397:
391:January 2024
388:
381:Please help
377:
366:
333:
304:
303:
289:
288:
280:Distribution
249:
162:
160:
144:
143:
131:
45:
25:
3748:NatureServe
3696:iNaturalist
3593:Wikispecies
3539:iNaturalist
3395:Champurrado
3344:Maque choux
3319:Huitlacoche
3299:Corn relish
3289:Corn flakes
3267:Other foods
3253:Milho frito
3120:Corn cookie
3110:Chipa guasu
2826:Mielie-meal
2809:Ingredients
2765:Corn School
2760:Corn Palace
2718:By country
2648:Wet-milling
2079:25 November
1655:: 423–452.
1329:Food portal
1198:huitlacoche
1196:In Mexico,
1186:huitlacoche
1165:huitlacoche
1146:huitlacoche
1138:huitlacoche
1122:Huitlacoche
1033:Zuni people
1013:huitlacoche
1005:huitlacoche
974:Huitlacoche
947:huitlacoche
923:Huitlacoche
895:Environment
842:Gα proteins
766:teliospores
762:anthocyanin
728:mating type
640:Mycosarcoma
563:comes from
532:cuitlacoche
516:cuitlacoche
491:excrescence
472:cuitlacochi
451:huitlacoche
445:huitlacoche
435:cuitlacoche
420:huitlacoche
385:if you can.
342:quesadillas
336:huitlacoche
238:huitlacoche
225:Huitlacoche
132:Mycosarcoma
3935:Categories
3504:Q108081407
3304:Corn sauce
3182:Spoonbread
3137:Johnnycake
2696:Production
2671:BBCH-scale
2626:Processing
2570:By origin
2482:Amylomaize
1811:Plant Cell
1693:IMA Fungus
1494:24 October
1423:apsnet.org
1367:References
1305:malic acid
1267:DNA repair
1095:March 2023
1041:ustilagine
912:See also:
856:Management
747:dikaryotic
687:Life cycle
298:pathogenic
87:Division:
31:Corn smut
3842:Q59591693
3753:2.1062911
3440:Pinolillo
3435:Mazamorra
3420:Corn beer
3373:Beverages
3364:Succotash
3339:Maja maíz
3248:Hushpuppy
3218:Corn chip
3115:Cornbread
3064:Nacatamal
2933:Corn stew
2928:Corn soup
2709:Corn crib
2681:Corn smut
2663:Pathology
2559:Varieties
2475:Varieties
2371:2054-3085
2149:: 64–70.
1979:20 August
1709:2210-6359
1669:0066-4227
1460:6 October
1429:6 October
1275:U. maydis
1259:U. maydis
1255:U. maydis
1237:U. maydis
1130:succotash
1124:corn taco
1066:does not
889:M. maydis
878:head smut
874:M. maydis
827:M. maydis
822:M. maydis
817:M. maydis
813:M. maydis
805:M. maydis
758:chlorosis
751:M. maydis
720:pheromone
348:Etymology
332:, called
290:Corn smut
271:EPPO Code
212:Corn smut
139:Species:
77:Kingdom:
71:Eukaryota
21:Toxostoma
3903:MycoBank
3895:10699682
3856:60032177
3851:AusFungi
3836:Wikidata
3735:MycoBank
3714:11355627
3670:Fungorum
3620:BioLib:
3613:60032176
3608:AusFungi
3584:Q1430040
3578:Wikidata
3552:MycoBank
3513:Fungorum
3498:Wikidata
3460:Tesgüino
3425:Corn tea
3274:Alivenci
3258:Sorullos
3233:Corn nut
3223:Corn dog
3074:Pasteles
3003:Sagamite
2973:Mămăligă
2908:Cocoloși
2816:Cornmeal
2727:Tanzania
2389:28955444
2330:12408834
2249:PNAS USA
2230:17080091
2171:92182019
1937:Archived
1894:16382157
1841:17616735
1727:27990337
1677:17506673
1315:See also
1265:used in
964:vanillin
833:Proteome
716:sporidia
636:Ustilago
624:Taxonomy
598:tlacoche
521:thrasher
481:cuitlatl
367:require
330:delicacy
322:teosinte
264:teosinte
183:Synonyms
117:Family:
67:Domain:
3882:2557478
3688:2557469
3649:1029614
3544:1409663
3531:8699607
3455:Tejuino
3359:Popcorn
3284:Conkies
3279:Binatog
3238:Cornick
3105:Cachapa
3069:Pamonha
3054:Hallaca
3049:Guanime
3027:Tamales
2993:Polenta
2988:Pashofa
2968:Kačamak
2938:Cou-cou
2753:Culture
2704:Biofuel
2579:Ecuador
2574:Bolivia
2549:Shoepeg
2532:MON 863
2527:MON 810
2380:5598272
2289:8643590
2257:Bibcode
2198:Bibcode
2151:Bibcode
1885:1346908
1832:1955693
1773:8825473
1718:5159601
1134:chorizo
1087:removed
1072:sources
997:Florida
968:glucose
960:sotolon
927:Soriana
781:haploid
777:meiosis
714:called
682:Biology
592:tlaōlli
581:tlaōlli
560:cuitla-
538:cuīcatl
523:" with
496:cochtli
493:") and
369:cleanup
127:Genus:
107:Order:
97:Class:
3915:NZOR:
3908:244259
3815:285447
3786:NZOR:
3740:169566
3727:192071
3701:151802
3675:169566
3662:USTIMA
3557:503016
3518:503016
3450:Tejate
3400:Chicha
3354:Pinole
3329:Kuymak
3324:Kenkey
3314:Hominy
3192:Totopo
3167:Sloosh
3162:Pupusa
3059:Humita
3044:Binaki
3039:Tamale
2998:Pozole
2841:Starch
2792:(film)
2617:Stover
2612:Kernel
2539:Purple
2409:
2387:
2377:
2369:
2328:
2287:
2277:
2228:
2190:Nature
2169:
2102:
1892:
1882:
1839:
1829:
1771:
1725:
1715:
1707:
1675:
1667:
1604:
1485:
1307:, and
1249:genome
1215:lysine
1157:Cancun
981:lysine
943:Mexico
939:silage
676:spores
575:cuītla
566:cuitla
526:cuitla
415:Mexico
326:Mexico
301:fungus
275:USTIMA
3890:IRMNG
3869:7DRJD
3802:21482
3709:IRMNG
3636:7F4HL
3623:59841
3445:Pozol
3390:Cauim
3380:Atole
3309:Gofio
3197:Wotou
3157:Proja
3095:Bollo
3090:Arepa
3034:Acaçá
3018:Xarém
3013:Ugali
2958:Grits
2893:Banku
2851:Syrup
2600:Parts
2584:Italy
2554:Sweet
2512:Flour
2507:Flint
2502:Field
2355:: 2.
2280:39261
2167:S2CID
2034:: 44.
1651:(1).
1282:BRCA2
1161:Tulum
1037:ergot
955:galls
935:yield
785:cells
743:hypha
712:cells
708:yeast
704:media
664:galls
617:pacho
611:chumo
549:cuīca
519:for "
507:cochi
318:maize
314:galls
292:is a
260:maize
256:Hosts
199:Corda
175:Bref.
81:Fungi
3877:GBIF
3779:5270
3774:NCBI
3722:ITIS
3683:GBIF
3657:EPPO
3526:GBIF
3349:Mote
3187:Talo
3172:Sope
3152:Piki
3100:Broa
2983:Mush
2948:Fufu
2903:Bulz
2836:Samp
2821:Masa
2589:Peru
2566:Waxy
2522:List
2497:Dent
2492:Blue
2487:Baby
2407:ISBN
2385:PMID
2367:ISSN
2326:PMID
2285:PMID
2226:PMID
2100:ISBN
2081:2023
1981:2009
1890:PMID
1837:PMID
1803:"An
1769:PMID
1723:PMID
1705:ISSN
1673:PMID
1665:ISSN
1602:ISBN
1496:2013
1483:ISBN
1462:2018
1431:2018
1279:gene
1224:uses
1070:any
1068:cite
995:and
962:and
848:and
809:YAP1
739:loci
606:Peru
320:and
310:smut
262:and
3864:CoL
3761:NBN
3644:EoL
3631:CoL
2831:Oil
2789:Zea
2607:Cob
2375:PMC
2357:doi
2316:doi
2275:PMC
2265:doi
2216:hdl
2206:doi
2194:444
2159:doi
2008:doi
1973:NPR
1880:PMC
1872:doi
1827:PMC
1819:doi
1761:doi
1713:PMC
1697:doi
1657:doi
1403:in
1384:in
1159:to
1081:by
733:or
614:or
604:In
454:is
413:In
195:DC.
171:DC.
3937::
3905::
3892::
3879::
3866::
3853::
3838::
3812::
3799::
3776::
3763::
3750::
3737::
3724::
3711::
3698::
3685::
3672::
3659::
3646::
3633::
3610::
3595::
3580::
3554::
3541::
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