Guqin - Knowledge (XXG)

2054:". Normally, some players would pluck the string very lightly to create a very quiet sound. For some players, this plucking isn't necessary. Instead of trying to force a sound out of the strings one should allow the strings to emit the sounds to which they are naturally predisposed. Some players say that the sliding on the string even when the sound has disappeared is a distinctive feature in qin music. It creates a "space" or "void" in a piece, playing without playing, sound without sound. In fact, when the viewer looks at the player sliding on the string without sounds, the viewer automatically "fills in the notes" with their minds. This creates a connection between player, instrument and listener. This, of course, cannot happen when listening to a recording, as one cannot see the performer. It can also be seen as impractical in recording, as the player would want to convey sound as much as possible towards a third audience. But in fact, there is sound, the sound coming from the fingers sliding on the string. With a really good qin, silk strings, and a perfectly quiet environment, all the tones can be sounded. Since the music is more player-oriented than listener oriented, and the player knows the music, he/she can hear it even if the sound is not there. With silk strings, the sliding sound might be called the 1649: 1378:, the player must work it out for themselves. Normally, qin players will learn the rhythm of a piece through a teacher or master. They sit facing one another, with the student copying the master. The tablature will only be consulted if the teacher is not sure of how to play a certain part. Because of this, traditional qinpu do not indicate them (though near the end of the Qing dynasty, a handful of qinpu had started to employ various rhythm indicating devices, such as dots). If one did not have a teacher, then one had to work out the rhythm by themselves. But it would be a mistake to assume that qin music is devoid of rhythm and melody. By the 20th century, there had been attempts to try to replace the "jianzi pu" notation, but so far, it has been unsuccessful; since the 20th century, qin music is generally printed with 535: 673:. The style can vary considerably between schools; some are very similar, yet others are very distinct. The differences are often in the interpretation of the music. Northern schools tend to be more vigorous in technique than Southern schools. But in modern terms, the distinction between schools and styles is often blurred because a single player may learn from many different players from different schools and absorb each of their styles. This is especially so for conservatory trained players. People from the same school trained under the same master may have different individual styles (such as 2206: 512:. The qin has 13 "hui", which represent the different position in one string. Pressing different "hui" produces different sound keys. The qin is also capable of many harmonics, of which 91 are most commonly used and indicated by the dotted positions. By tradition, the qin originally had five strings, which represent gong, shang, jue, zhi, yu in the ancient Chinese music system, but ancient qin-like instruments with only one string or more strings have been found. The modern form has been stabilized to seven strings. 1640:. This is good for those who lack the physical strength to pull and add tension to the strings when wrapping the ends around the goose feet. However, the tuning device looks rather unsightly and thus many qin players prefer the traditional manner of tuning; many also feel that the strings should be firmly wrapped around the goose feet in order that the sound may be "grounded" into the qin; and some feel that the device which covers the phoenix pond sound hole has a negative effect on the sound volume and quality. 1751: 700:, literally "elegant gathering"), and takes place once every month or two. Sometimes, societies may go on excursions to places of natural beauty to play qin, or attend conferences. They may also participate in competitions or research. Societies do not need strict structure to adhere to; they can operate on a leisurely basis. The main purpose of qin societies is to promote and play qin music. They create opportunities to network and learn to play the instrument, to ask questions and to receive answers. 1311: 1112: 562:" – were involved in its creation. Nearly all qin books and tablature collections published prior to the twentieth century state this as the actual origins of the qin, although this is now viewed as mythology. It is mentioned in Chinese writings dating back nearly 3,000 years, and examples have been found in tombs from about 2,500 years ago. The exact origins of the qin is still a very much continuing subject of debate over the past few decades. 1904: 5381: 619: 3844: 1054: 1066: 922: 631: 1090: 1078: 1569: 29: 1039:, there are around 1,070 different finger techniques used for the qin. Thus the qin is possibly the instrument with the most playing techniques in both the Chinese and Western instrument families. Most of the qin's techniques are obsolete, but around 50 of them still appear in modern performance. Sometimes, guqin can be played with a violin 1387: 2220: 2068: 1550: 1442: 952:), which literally means "unfettered sound". It's the fundamental frequency produced by plucking a free string with the fingers of the right hand. The second type, made by plucking a string with the right hand and gently tapping specific note positions on the string with the left hand, will create a crisp sound named 1198: 1628:

strings. The sound is similar to the metal-nylon strings but without the metallic tone to them (one of the main reasons why traditionalists do not like the metal-nylon strings). The nylon strings can be tuned to standard pitch without breaking and can sustain their tuning whatever the climate, unlike

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Although most contemporary players use nylon-wrapped metal strings, some argue that nylon-wrapped metal strings cannot replace silk strings for their refinement of tone. Additionally, nylon-wrapped metal strings can cause damage to the wood of old qins. Many traditionalists feel that the sound of the

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It has already been discussed that qin music has a rhythm and that it is only vaguely indicated in the tablature. Though there is an amount of guesswork involved, the tablature has clues to indicate rhythm, such as repeating motifs, an indication of phrases or how the notation is arranged. Throughout

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Sandbank). The average player will generally have a repertoire of around ten pieces which they will aim to play very well, learning new pieces as and when they feel like it or if the opportunity arises. Players mainly learn popular well-transcribed versions, often using a recording as a reference. In

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that binds the strands together. The strings are taken out and left to dry, before being cut into the appropriate length. The top thicker strings (i.e. strings one to four) are further wrapped in a thin silk thread, coiled around the core to make it smoother. According to ancient manuals, there are

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Western composers have noticed that the rhythm in a piece of qin music can change; once they seem to have got a beat, the beats change. This is due to the fact that qin players may use some free rhythm in their playing. Whatever beat they use will depend on the emotion or the feeling of the player,

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or other similar timbers. The traditional finish is of raw lacquer mixed with powdered deer horn, and the finishing process could take months of curing to complete. The finish develops cracks over time, and these cracks are believed to improve the instrument's sound as the wood and lacquer release

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tablature collection of the 1910s to 1930s. The construction of the written tablature was divided into two columns. The first was further divided into about three lines of a grid, each line indicating a varied combination of lyrics, gongche tablature, se tablature, pitch, and/or beats depending on

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There is a saying that goes "a short piece requires three months , and a long piece requires three years". In actual practice, it needn't be that long to dapu a piece, but suggests that the player will have not only memorised the piece off by heart, but also have their fingering, rhythm and timing

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During the performance of qin, musicians may use a variety of techniques to reach the full expressing potential of the instrument. There are many special tablatures that had developed over the centuries specifically dedicated to qin for their reference and a repertoire of popular and ancient tunes

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As a symbol of high culture, the qin continually appears in many forms of Chinese popular culture to varying degrees of accuracy. References are made to the qin in a variety of media including TV episodes and films. Actors often possess limited knowledge on how to play the instrument and instead,

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other than qin playing. There are only a few players who are paid to exclusively play and research the guqin professionally and nothing else. Qin players can also be well-versed in other cultural pursuits, such as the arts. Or they can do independent research on music subjects. Often, players may

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There are more than 3,360 known surviving pieces of guqin music from ancient and imperial periods. On 7 November 2003, UNESCO announced that the Chinese guqin was selected as an Intangible World Cultural Heritage. In 2006, guqin was listed in the List of National Non-material Cultural Heritage in

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There is a difference between qin schools and qin societies. The former concerns itself with transmission of a style, the latter concerns itself with performance. The qin society will encourage meetings with fellow qin players in order to play music and maybe discuss the nature of the qin. A

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above the qin tablature. Because qin tablature is so useful, logical, easy, and the fastest way (once the performer knows how to read the notation) of learning a piece, it is invaluable to the qin player and cannot totally be replaced (just as staff notation cannot be replaced for Western

1302:, the 17th son of the founder of the Ming dynasty. In the 1960s, Zha Fuxi discovered more than 130 qinpu that contain well over 3360 pieces of written music. However, many qinpu compiled before the Ming dynasty are now lost, and many pieces have remained unplayed for hundreds of years. 2140:, in which the qin is used as a spiritual tool of protagonist Lan Wangji. Behind-the-scenes footage of the production of the series revealed that several actors were given qin lessons prior to filming to prepare them for their roles as characters that played the instrument. 1546:; representing the 365 days of the year (though this is just a standard since qins can be shorter or longer depending on the period's measurement standard or the maker's preference). Each part of the qin has meaning, some more obvious, like "dragon pool" and "phoenix pond". 980:), are marked by 13 glossy white dots made of mica or seashell inset in the front surface of the qin, occur at integer divisions of the string length. The "crystal concordant" (perfectly harmonic) overtones can only be evoked by tapping the strings precisely at these 708:

Many artists down through the ages have played the instrument, and the instrument was a favourite of scholars. Certain melodies are also associated with famous figures, such as Confucius and Qu Yuan. Some emperors of China also had a liking to the qin, including the

1016:, the musician stops a string at a specific pitch on the board surface with the left thumb, middle or ring finger, strikes the string with the right hand, then they may slide the left hand up and down to vary the note. This technique is similar to playing a 1648: 2058:

or "life force" of the music. The really empty sounds are the pauses between notes. However, if one cannot create a sound that can be heard when sliding on a string, it is generally acceptable to lightly pluck the string to create a very quiet sound.

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Silk strings are made by gathering a prescribed number of strands of silk thread, then twisting them tightly together. The twisted cord of strings is then wrapped around a frame and immersed in a vat of liquid composed of a special mixture of natural

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While acoustics dictated the general form and construction of the guqin, its external form could and did take on a huge amount of variation, whether it be from the embellishments or even the basic structure of the instrument. Qin tablatures from the

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the history of the qinpu, we see many attempts to indicate this rhythm more explicitly, involving devices like dots to make beats. Probably, one of the major projects to regulate the rhythm to a large scale was the compilers of the

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fingers of the left hand sliding on the strings to be a distinctive feature of qin music. The modern nylon-wrapped metal strings were very smooth in the past, but are now slightly modified in order to capture these sliding sounds.

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The electric guqin was first developed in the late 20th century by adding electric guitar–style magnetic pickups to a regular acoustic guqin, allowing the instrument to be amplified through an instrument amplifier or PA system.

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As with any other musical tradition, there are differences in ideals and interaction between different people. Therefore, there exist different schools and societies which transmit these different ideas and artistic traditions.

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spacecraft. It is the second-longest excerpt included on the disc. The reason to select a work played on this specific instrument is because the tonal structure of the instrument, its musical scale, is derived from fundamental

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corrected. And afterwards, the emotion must be put into the piece. Therefore, it could be said that it really does require three months or years to finish dapu of a piece in order for them to play it to a very high standard.

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Some schools have come and gone, and some have offshoots (such as the Mei'an school, a Zhucheng school offshoot). Often, the school is originated from a single person, such as the Wu school which is named after the late

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as is common in China, but rather in a very low pitched and deep way; and the range in which one should sing should not exceed one and a half octaves. The style of singing is similar to that used to recite

1394:【琴學叢書】 (1910) uses a more detailed system involving a grid next to main qin notation; right grid line indicates note, middle indicates the beat, left indicates how the qin tablature relates to the rhythm. 603: 353: 229: 2039: 1632:

Traditionally, the strings were wrapped around the goose feet, but a device has been invented, which is a block of wood attached to the goose feet, with pins similar to those used to tune the

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is used on the part of the tuning peg that touches the qin body to stop it from slipping, especially if the qin is tuned to higher pitches). The most common tuning, "zheng diao" 〈正調〉, is

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Qin pieces are usually around three to eight minutes in length, with the longest being "Guangling San", which is 22 minutes long. Other famous pieces include "Liu Shui" (Flowing Water), "

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In 2010, a guqin owned by Emperor Huizong of the Song Dynasty sold for 137 million renminbi, about $ 22 million, by most accounts the highest price ever paid for a musical instrument.

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became the fossilised form of it and to all intents and purposes unplayable for a qin player. The Korean scholars never adopted the qin but instead created their own instrument, the

1421:, for example, uses this. Some sections of certain melodies require the player to play faster with force to express the emotion of the piece. Examples include the middle sections of 1931: 1229:

tablature survives from around the twelfth century CE. An earlier form of music notation from the Tang era survives in just one manuscript, dated to the seventh century CE, called

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detailing tuning, finger positions, and stroke technique, thus comprising a step by step method and description of how to play a piece. Some tablatures do indicate notes using the

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sol la, since historically the qin was not tuned to absolute pitch. Other tunings are achieved by adjusting the tension of the strings using the tuning pegs at the head end. Thus

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A host of information on the qin and silk strings for qins in English, including extensive study of Shenqi Mipu and analysis of playing style, plus useful section on qin sources

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Ancient guqins were made of little more than wood and strings of twisted silk. Ornaments included inlaid dots of mother-of-pearl or other similar materials. Traditionally, the

1848:. In order fully to appreciate qin songs, one needs to become accustomed to the eccentric singing style adopted by certain players of the instrument, such as Zha Fuxi. 4075: 2190:

may also be related, albeit distantly. Korean literati wanted to play an instrument the way their Chinese counterparts played the qin. The repertoire was largely the

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In China, the qin was still in use in ritual ceremonies of the imperial court, such can be seen in the court paintings of imperial sacrifices of the Qing court (e.g.

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and that they are not placed correctly according to the harmonic positions besides other different construction features. The finger techniques are more closer to

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Contemporary qin players extend from the early twentieth century to the present. More so than in the past, such players tend to have many different pursuits and

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Legend has it that the qin, the most revered of all Chinese musical instruments, has a history of about 5,000 years, and that the legendary figures of China's

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Judy (Pei-You) Chang's very detailed and well illustrated site explaining fingering techniques, including sections on structure, forms and various information

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silk. The strings have various names in China, but they are advertised as sounding like silk strings prior to the 1950s, when silk string production stopped.

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Around 2007, a new type of strings were produced made of mostly a nylon core coiled with nylon like the metal-nylon strings, possibly in imitation of Western

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across the player's lap. However, the manipulation of qin is much more multifarious than that of a guitar, which has only around 3 or 4 main techniques. (

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contains a picture and description of such an instrument. The modern ichigenkin apparently first appeared in Japan just after that time. However, the

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strings. This was partly due to the scarcity of high-quality silk strings and partly due to the newer strings' greater durability and louder tone.

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and how they interpret the piece. However, some melodies have sections of fixed rhythm which are played the same way generally. The main theme of

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According to tradition, the qin originally had five strings, representing the five elements of metal, wood, water, fire and earth. Later, in the

3031: 3513: 3482: 3429: 2105: 1335: 1298:) (qin tablature collections) appeared, the most famous and useful being "Shenqi Mipu" (The Mysterious and Marvellous Tablature) compiled by 1132: 1157: 5756: 1572:

A selection of different qin strings. Top to bottom: (太古琴絃) Taigu Silk Qin Strings (中清 zhongqing gauge) with a container of 'string gum' (絃

1266:, Cao Rou and others simplified the notation, using only the important elements of the characters (like string number, plucking technique, 1205:, showing the name of the piece: "Jieshi Diao Youlan No.5", the preface describing the piece's origins, and the tablature in longhand form. 2002:

the qin was adopted by some scholars and Buddhist monks. The guqin was later adjusted and adopted into general Japanese folk music as the

1347:, although the player must be very good and extremely familiar with the instrument to do this successfully. A number of qin melodies are 4098: 2268: 3360:

Parabola, Vol XXIII, No. 2, Summer 1998, pp 56–62: J.L. Walker "No Need to Listen! A Conversation Between Sun Yu-ch'in and J.L. Walker"

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by oneself, or with a few friends; or played outdoors in places of outstanding natural beauty. Nowadays, many qin players perform at

1530:). The surface board is round to represent Heaven and the bottom board flat to represent the earth. The entire length of the qin (in 5412: 3563: 3549: 3528: 3415: 3401: 3381: 3333: 3318: 3299: 3284: 3269: 3247: 3232: 3217: 3188: 3163: 3148: 3127: 3112: 3097: 51: 4702: 3929: 1880: 3579:(2010), Director: Maryam Goormathtigh, 52 min, documentary, Hong Kong China (Language: Cantonese, Subtitle: Chinese and English) 3803: 3521:

Chinese Characters: Their origin, etymology, history, classification and signification. A thorough study from Chinese documents

835: 1984:(玄琴), which adopted much of the qin's lore and aesthetics and essentially taking the qin's place as the scholars' instrument. 1274:. This meant that instead of having two lines of written text to describe a few notes, a single character could represent one 3626: 1124: 312: 247: 602:, representing the intellectual capacity of human beings on this subject. In 2003, guqin music was proclaimed as one of the 3631: 2098: 1149: 268: 2093:, in which Xu Kuanghua plays an ancient version of the qin in the courtyard scene while Nameless and Long Sky fight at a 4995: 2849: 1974:

technique than it is to the complex ones of the qin. As the qin never gained a following in Korean society, the ritual

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is the best. The currently used silk string gauge standard was defined by Suzhou silk string maker Pan Guohui (潘國輝).

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instrument since its quietness of tone means that it cannot compete with the sounds of most other instruments or an

392:. It is sometimes referred to by the Chinese as "the father of Chinese music" or "the instrument of the sages". The 5120: 4517: 3727: 2233: 903: 378:

as an instrument of great subtlety and refinement, as highlighted by the quote "a gentleman does not part with his

367: 1718:(i.e. 1=do, 2=re, etc.). Today this is generally interpreted to mean C D F G A c d, but this should be considered 1286:字譜) (literally "reduced notation") and it was a major advance in qin notation. It was so successful that from the 417:" (琴) but by the twentieth century the term had come to be applied to many other musical instruments as well: the 3919: 2121: 1819:

In order for an instrument to accompany the qin, its sound must be mellow and not overwhelm the qin. Thus, the

744: 3657: 5649: 4862: 4346: 3970: 3747: 2248: 2136: 1868: 1790:(a long zither with movable bridges and 25 strings) was frequently used in duets with the qin. However, the 939: 686: 639: 3660:

A specific analysis of most Guqin cliques and play styles, also have some analysis about their originations

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Rawski, E. Evelyn & Rawson, Jessica (ed.). CHINA: The Three Emperors 1662—1795. Pages 117, 126 and 127.

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Being an instrument associated with scholars, the guqin was also played in a ritual context, especially in

1750: 4965: 4818: 3690: 1995:'s reign, but these variations never survived the changes of dynasty and so today the normal qin is used. 1653: 1492:

tension. An antique guqin's age can be determined by this snake like crack pattern called "duanwen" (斷紋).

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addition to learning to play established or ancient pieces very well, highly skilled qin players may also

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developed over the centuries. Such schools generally formed around areas where qin activity was greatest.

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followed by a phase of sliding up and down the string, even when the sound has already become inaudible (

5405: 5340: 5125: 3828: 1576:), (上音牌琴弦) Shangyin Shanghai Conservatorie Quality Qin Strings (metal-nylon), (虎丘古琴絃) Huqiu Silk Strings 1363: 1255: 779: 761: 577:, a gold-plated LP recording containing music from around the world, which was sent into outer space by 574: 3873: 1334:

Theme), "Xiao Xiang Shui Yun" (Mist and Clouds over the Xiao and Xiang Rivers), and "Pingsha Luo Yan" (

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onwards have catalogued a plethora of qin forms. All, however, obey very basic rules of acoustics and

5690: 4990: 4479: 3924: 3898: 3833: 3732: 1763: 1531: 3878: 3868: 3823: 3818: 3376:. 2nd ed., rev. Rutland, Vt., and Tokyo: Charles Tuttle and Sophia University; Monumenta Nipponica. 5664: 5609: 5599: 5584: 4839: 4250: 4200: 4051: 3888: 3798: 3392: 3027: 1888: 1856: 1474: 1344: 1340: 713:

emperor, Huizong, as clearly seen in his own painting of himself playing the qin in "Ting Qin Tu".

480:, and its open strings are tuned in the bass register. Its lowest pitch is about two octaves below 407: 375: 4036: 3863: 2989: 2079:

they mime it to a pre-recorded piece by a Qin player. Sometimes the music is erroneously mimed to

5725: 5528: 5330: 4741: 4719: 4502: 4474: 4310: 3893: 3808: 3722: 2349: 2243: 1991:, 1723–35). The qin also have many variations with a different number of strings, such as during 1501: 1259: 1231: 828:, one legend has him playing guqin calmly outside his fort while scaring off the enemy attackers. 99: 2386:

United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (2004) The Art of Guqin Music (

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A timetable of different Chinese dynasty to help people understand the period of Guqin History

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on the surface represent the 13 months of the year (the extra 13th is the 'leap month' in the

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San Die" (Three Refrains on the Yang Pass Theme), "Meihua San Nong" (Three Variations on the

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Written qin music did not directly tell what notes were played; instead, it was written in a

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guqin was sold for $ 22 million, making it the most expensive musical instrument ever sold.

458: 449:" (古; meaning "ancient") was later added for clarification. Thus, the instrument is called " 359: 179: 145: 5240: 3793: 1053: 5659: 5497: 5070: 5055: 5030: 4787: 4727: 4164: 4067: 3767: 3035: 2395: 2278: 1884: 1872: 1794:

has not survived, though duet tablature scores for the instruments are preserved in a few

1786: 1519: 965: 384: 5447: 2028:. In the second section of "Pingsha Luoyan", for example, the initial few bars contain a 1522:, added a seventh string to motivate his troops into battle with the Shang. The thirteen 1383:

instruments, because they developed a notation system that suited the instruments well).

1012:音, lit. "changing sound"). These comprise the major cadences of most qin pieces. To play 200: 3508:

Music and the Concept of Art in Early China. University of Michigan Press, 1982. Paper:

1698:"geese feet"). Afterwards, the strings are fine-tuned using the tuning pegs (sometimes, 1254:譜) (literally "written notation"), said to have been created by Yong Menzhou during the 1065: 944:

The tones of qin can be categorized as three characteristic "sounds". The first type is

5751: 5730: 5574: 5365: 5345: 5320: 5270: 5115: 5060: 5020: 4611: 4543: 3742: 3642:. The website includes online video performances by the Deyin Qin Society of Hong Kong. 1935: 1580:

Until recently, the guqin's strings were always made of various thicknesses of twisted

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without good reason," as well as being associated with the ancient Chinese philosopher

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used in this context has evolved to be slightly different when compared to the normal

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dragon gums) to the back of the qin, where the end is wrapped around one of two legs (

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in large concert halls, almost always, out of necessity, using electronic pickups or

1784:(end-blown bamboo flute), with other qin, or played while singing. In old times, the 1661: 1563: 1511: 1483: 1481:, its rounded shape symbolising the heavens. The bottom was made of Chinese Catalpa, 1348: 529: 5335: 3622: 1835:. If one sings to qin songs (which is rare nowadays) then one should not sing in an 573:, one of the best qin players of the 20th century) was chosen to be included in the 5674: 5548: 5370: 5310: 5040: 4980: 4808: 4616: 4392: 4056: 4011: 3663: 3639: 3597: 2225: 2211: 1992: 1947: 1943: 1845: 1780: 1771: 1674:) which goes into holes at the head of the qin and then out the bottom through the 1507: 1488: 1487:, its flat shape symbolising earth. Modern instruments are most frequently made of 1451: 1331: 1287: 1275: 1263: 1017: 857: 815: 710: 674: 623: 517: 509: 261: 186: 5265: 2083:

music, rather than qin music. A more faithful representation of the qin is in the

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In Japan, the qin was never adopted into ritual music, but for a time in the late

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three distinctive gauges of thickness that one can make the strings. The first is

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http://www.unesco.org/culture/intangible-heritage/masterpiece.php?id=65&lg=en

2177:(standard repertoire) of the ichigenkin today most closely resembles that of the 2128:

The qin is also used in many contemporary Chinese novels, notably the 2016 novel

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number and which finger to stop the string) and combined them into one character

1156: 1131: 370:. It has been played since ancient times, and has traditionally been favoured by 5355: 5220: 5180: 5155: 4906: 4844: 4761: 4756: 4621: 4507: 4265: 4190: 4006: 3965: 3762: 2808: 2084: 1989:

The Yongzheng Emperor Offering Sacrifices at the Altar of the God of Agriculture

1876: 1871:, at which a number of qin players, music lovers, or anyone with an interest in 1864: 1824: 1755: 1040: 867: 821: 795: 757: 697: 656: 618: 570: 547: 539: 505: 305: 3410:. Trans. and commentary. Washington and Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press. 1636:

protruding out at the sides, so one can string and tune the qin using a tuning

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can come along to discuss and play the qin. In fact, the yaji originated as a

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of old tablature into a playable form. Since qin tablature does not indicate

913:

play other instruments (not necessarily Chinese) and give recitals or talks.

469:. Other incorrect classifications, mainly from music compact discs, include " 5634: 5350: 5205: 5165: 4896: 4823: 4564: 4559: 4245: 4210: 4119: 4021: 3960: 3843: 2905: 2892: 2889: 2876: 2873: 2870: 2823: 2820: 2769: 2766: 2753: 2750: 2737: 2734: 2731: 2728: 2725: 2722: 2709: 2162: 2050:). The average person trained in music may question whether this is really " 2021: 1573: 1549: 1295: 1283: 1251: 1248: 1226: 1210: 1009: 1001: 977: 961: 891: 805: 722: 670: 595: 586: 582: 501: 497: 493: 489: 389: 240: 5380: 5065: 3136:【中國琴學】卷壹. Volume one. Shanxi: Shanxi Society Science Magazine Association. 2329:

John Thompson on the Guqin Silk String Zither (2005) Qin: Lute or Zither? (

2097:

parlour. It mimed the music played by Liu Li, formerly a professor at the

1670:) at one end of the string, and slip the string through the twisted cord ( 630: 5700: 5669: 5644: 5639: 5579: 5569: 5507: 5457: 5452: 5285: 5045: 5015: 4970: 4856: 4803: 4746: 4538: 4440: 4001: 3985: 3955: 3122:【古琴演奏法】; 2nd ed., rev. inc. 2 CDs. Shanghai: Shanghai Educational Press. 2697: 2330: 2186: 2178: 1980: 1553:

Names of (from left to right) the front, inside and back parts of the qin

1327: 1299: 1240: 851: 791: 599: 555: 481: 371: 110: 89: 4687: 3669: 3422:

The Last of China's Literati: The Music, Poetry and Life of Tsar The-yun

1568: 921: 5604: 5538: 5512: 5502: 5467: 5260: 5255: 5250: 5245: 5215: 5010: 4985: 4751: 4671: 4666: 4387: 4341: 4315: 4305: 4159: 4134: 4129: 4041: 3980: 3975: 3950: 3172:

Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity Collection

2109: 2094: 2080: 2067: 2032: 1860: 1633: 1515: 1441: 1319: 831: 775: 591: 477: 419: 398: 28: 1816:(transverse bamboo flute), and others for more experimental purposes. 5619: 5543: 5482: 5442: 5421: 5360: 5280: 5225: 5210: 5135: 5105: 5100: 5085: 4641: 4579: 4512: 4469: 4325: 4320: 4270: 4260: 4255: 4240: 4220: 4169: 4149: 4139: 1852: 1759: 1715: 1637: 1625: 1455: 1375: 1218: 845: 784: 607: 438: 73: 3544:【英譯唐詩三百首】, Yee Chiang (illus.). Taipei: The Far East Book Co., Ltd. 1386: 3475:

Le chant du pêcheur ivre: Ecrits sur la musique des lettrés chinois

1666:

To string a guqin, one traditionally had to tie a fly's head knot (

1652:

A tuning key for the guqin from the Han dynasty, collection of the

163: 5624: 5589: 5533: 5477: 5300: 5230: 5200: 5195: 5185: 5175: 5110: 5095: 5080: 5075: 4631: 4626: 4413: 4382: 4285: 4275: 4235: 4225: 4185: 3945: 3757: 2283: 2273: 2066: 2051: 1917: 1902: 1836: 1749: 1699: 1647: 1585: 1567: 1548: 1467: 1463: 1440: 1385: 1371: 1309: 1222: 1197: 1196: 1192: 1044: 920: 740: 629: 617: 533: 485: 430: 425: 403: 3651: 2165:

zither, is believed to be derived from the qin. The qin handbook

476:

The guqin is a very quiet instrument, with a range of about four

294: 5487: 5090: 5000: 4975: 4569: 4435: 4300: 4295: 4230: 4215: 4205: 4144: 3492: 1806: 1593: 1581: 1459: 1413:

the score used. The second column was devoted to qin tablature.

870:: Patriot at the end of the Song dynasty, composer of the piece 578: 551: 470: 466: 5394: 4921: 4691: 4071: 3679: 2115:

The qin is also used in many classical Chinese novels, such as

1322:

notation next to the qin tablature to indicate beats and notes.

542:, collection of the Musée des Arts Asiatiques de Toulon, France 3454:. (J.M. Vigo, Trans.). Barcelona: www.citarachina.org. (1983). 3014:

china.org.cn (2002) Composer Achieves Goal with 'Hero' Score (

1923: 1278:, or sometimes as many as nine. This notation form was called 1125:

Yangguan Sandie 《陽關三疊》 "Three Refrains on the Yang Pass Theme"

1150:

Zuiyu Changwan 《醉漁唱晚》 "Evening Song of the Drunken Fisherman"

413:

Traditionally, the instrument was simply referred to as the "

273: 5767:

Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity

3645: 3523:. L. Davrout, S. J. (trans.). New York: Dover Publications. 2169:(1618) includes some melodies for a one-string qin, and the 1110: 604:

Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity

2055: 860:: Song emperor famous for his patronage of the arts, had a 5390: 2101:

in Beijing. It is suggested that Xu made the qin himself.

3612: 1584:, but since then most players use modern nylon-flatwound 317: 252: 3675: 3537:【康熙字典】. Shanghai: Shanghai Old Books Distribution Place. 3468:

L'art du Qin. Deux textes d'esthétique musicale chinoise

996:, lit. "pressed sound"), which is sometimes also called 402:, another Chinese long stringed instrument also without 1938:(Confucian ritual music), using the last two surviving 3591:

Le pêcheur et le bûcheron. Le qin, cithare des lettrés

3554:

Rawski, E. Evelyn & Rawson, Jessica (ed.) (2005).

2990:

London Youlan Qin Society (2004) Yaji 5 September 2004

1932:

National Center for Korean Traditional Performing Arts

1823:

generally used for this purpose is one pitched in the

1470:

and is tuned in accordance to traditional principles.

725:: Philosopher, 551–479 BCE, associated with the piece 2134:, as well as the 2019 live-action series adaptation, 1258:, which gives all the details using ordinary written 219: 205: 191: 3388:

Hsi K'ang and his Poetical Essay on the Chinese Lute

2555:【五知齋琴譜】. Volume 1, folio 1, leaf <gold> 18–28. 2345:"An Ancient Chinese Instrument Is Making a Comeback" 429:

family of bowed string instruments, and the Western

5713: 5683: 5562: 5521: 5435: 5428: 4884: 4855: 4832: 4796: 4770: 4726: 4654: 4604: 4588: 4552: 4531: 4495: 4488: 4453: 4422: 4401: 4370: 4359: 4334: 4178: 4112: 4105: 3994: 3938: 3907: 3851: 3786: 3506:DeWoskin, Kenneth J. (1982) A Song for One or Two: 2850:"Charlie Huang's Facebook Notes: How not to string" 311: 304: 288: 281: 267: 260: 246: 239: 213: 199: 185: 178: 173: 158: 144: 133: 116: 98: 88: 80: 62: 50: 42: 35: 3499:Non-qin books (or books with a section on the qin) 2194:parts for melodies played by the court orchestra. 964:(the equivalent technique in Western music is the 2809:John Thompson: Misuse of the words "silk strings" 1714:1 2) in the traditional Chinese number system or 1100:The above four figures are from an old handbook. 808:: Cai Yong's daughter, associated with the piece 500:—sliding tones—gives it a sound reminiscent of a 1942:melodies from the importation of yayue from the 1433:has a fixed rhythm throughout the entire piece. 4949:UNESCO Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity 3658:Chinese Guqin cliques and where they originated 3092:【存見古琴曲譜輯覽】. Beijing: The People's Music Press. 3030:(2002) Guqin Master Xu Kuanghua (29 July 2006) 2071:Xu Kuanghua playing an ancient qin in the film 1686:『岳山』), across the surface board, over the nut ( 465:, the guqin is sometimes inaccurately called a 445:(小提琴)) are examples of this usage. The prefix " 3016:http://www.china.org.cn/english/NM-e/51029.htm 3003:http://www.china.org.cn/english/NM-e/55853.htm 3001:china.org.cn (2003) Guqin Master Xu Kuanghua ( 1867:to amplify the sound. Many qin players attend 5406: 4933: 4703: 4083: 3691: 3328:【琴學備要（手稿本）】. Shanghai: Shanghai Music Press. 1851:Traditionally, the qin was played in a quiet 1778:. It can, however, be played together with a 150: 8: 3408:A Chinese Zither Tutor: The Mei-an Ch'in-p'u 3143:【中國琴史演義】. Yunnan: People's Press of Yunnan. 21: 3107:【琴史初編】. Beijing: The People's Music Press. 2590:【琴學入門】. Volume 1, leaves 39, 40, 43 and 47. 1445:A qin tablature collection "Qinxue Congshu" 677:and Liu Shaochun of the Guangling school). 5432: 5413: 5399: 5391: 4940: 4926: 4918: 4710: 4696: 4688: 4492: 4367: 4109: 4090: 4076: 4068: 3698: 3684: 3676: 3625:on the Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History, 3602:(2014), , AIMP-VDE Gallo, VDE CD 1432/1433 2698:A more detailed analysis can be found here 2041:Listen carefully to the sliding sounds of 1682:). The string is dragged over the bridge ( 824:(181–234): Chinese military leader in the 457:(七絃琴; lit. "seven-stringed qin"). Because 170: 3519:Dr. L. Wieger, S. J. (1915, 1927, 1965). 3452:Un Manual de Cítara China: el Meian qinpu 3424:. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press. 3311:The Qin Music Repertoire of the Wu Family 1831:「琴簫」, which is narrower than an ordinary 565:In 1977, a recording of "Flowing Water" ( 3158:【古琴】. Guizhou: Zhejiang People's Press. 2420:Three Thousand Years of Chinese Painting 4099:Traditional Chinese musical instruments 3752: 3489:Le grain des choses: Petit musée du qin 2466: 2464: 2295: 1950:in 1116, including in the ensemble the 1770:The guqin is nearly always played as a 1710:1 2 3 5 6 (which can be also played as 1514:added a sixth string to mourn his son, 1049: 3652:A Complete Study of the Chinese Zither 2331:http://www.silkqin.com/11misc/lute.htm 1175: 1120:The recordings below were made in 2013 626:(618–907) qin, the "Jiu Xiao Huan Pei" 345: 221: 130: 20: 3638:about the Silk String Qin and Madame 3540:Herdan, Innes (trans.) (1973, 2000). 3372:Gulik, Robert Hans van (1940, 1969). 3340:Journals, newsletters and periodicals 3257:【與古齋琴譜】. Fujian: Private publication. 2106:2008 Summer Olympics Opening Ceremony 1318:【琴學入門】 (1864) tablature has dots and 1225:. The earliest example of the modern 1043:. It has a tone similar to that of a 960:, lit. "floating sound") or overtone 7: 3353:Beijing Guqin Research Association. 3183:【古琴叢談】. Jinan: Shandong Book Press. 3059:【五知齋琴譜】. Volume 1, folio 2, leaf 10. 2024:elements are involved. The first is 2020:When the qin is played, a number of 1237:Solitary Orchid in Stone Tablet Mode 3556:CHINA: The Three Emperors 1662—1795 3242:【五知齋琴譜】. Beijing: Cathay Bookshop. 3227:【大還閣琴譜】. Beijing: Cathay Bookshop. 2269:List of Chinese musical instruments 1966:in that there are 14 instead of 13 492:open strings, stopped strings, and 5721:Musical Instrument Factory of Riga 3491:, Geneva : (self-publishing) 3294:【楳盦珡諩】. Beijing: China Bookstore. 3279:【琴學叢書】. Beijing: Cathay Bookshop. 3264:【琴學入門】. Beijing: Cathay Bookshop. 3212:【神奇秘譜】. Beijing: Cathay Bookshop. 1810:(four-stringed pear-shaped lute), 1176:Problems playing these files? See 878:The classical collections such as 864:("10,000 Qin Hall") in his palace. 164:qin (a type of musical instrument) 14: 3664:Period table of Chinese dynasties 3558:. London: Royal Academy of Arts. 3305:Wu, Jinglüe and Wenguang (2001). 2104:The qin was also featured in the 1726:("slackened third string") gives 1601:which is the standard gauge, the 1477:was made of Chinese parasol wood 1458:of form. The qin uses strings of 972:). Important scale notes, called 16:Chinese stringed music instrument 5379: 3930:North American Guqin Association 3842: 3672:A Guqin store website page in LA 3593:, AIMP LXXXII VDE-GALLO, CD-1214 3438:. 3rd ed. Bangkok: Orchid Press. 3275:Yang, Zongji (1910–1931, 1996). 2343:Melvin, Sheila (11 April 2012). 2218: 2204: 1154: 1129: 1088: 1076: 1064: 1052: 692:gathering like this is called a 538:A girl playing a guqin, Eastern 461:'s book about the qin is called 27: 3634:A Feature Radio Documentary by 3434:Gulik, Robert Hans van (2011). 3386:Gulik, Robert Hans van (1941). 3357:【北京琴訊】. March 2001 (volume 71). 838:, musician and poet, writer of 836:Seven Sages of the Bamboo Grove 453:" today. It can also be called 396:is not to be confused with the 318: 295: 274: 253: 64:Hornbostel–Sachs classification 4887:part relation with additional 3627:The Metropolitan Museum of Art 3473:Goormaghtigh, Georges (2010). 3466:Goormaghtigh, Georges (1990). 2112:, played by Chen Leiji (陳雷激). 1734:("raised fifth string") gives 1037:Cunjian Guqin Zhifa Puzi Jilan 614:Schools, societies and players 220: 206: 192: 151: 1: 4771:Dynamic intonation adjustment 3493:https://legraindeschoses.com/ 3487:Goormaghtigh Georges (2018). 3477:. Gollion: Infolio éditions. 2099:Central Conservatory of Music 1609:is thicker. According to the 1351:depicting the natural world. 4885:Physical just-intoned string 3436:The Lore of the Chinese Lute 3374:The Lore of the Chinese Lute 3223:Xu, Shangying (1673, 2005). 1738:1 2, which is transposed to 1336:Wild Geese Descending on the 782:, associated with the piece 764:, associated with the piece 760:: Daoist philosopher of the 747:, associated with the piece 634:The painting "Ting Qin Tu" ( 484:, or the lowest note on the 463:The Lore of the Chinese Lute 366:) is a plucked seven-string 123: 84:1st millennium BC or earlier 5757:Chinese musical instruments 5026:Bumba-meu-boi from Maranhão 4966:Albanian folk iso-polyphony 3533:Zhang Yushu et al. (1921). 3450:Lieberman, Fredric (2008). 3406:Lieberman, Fredric (1983). 3326:Qinxue Beiyao (shougao ben) 3290:Wang, Binglu (1931, 2005). 2307:: Quli, second half 禮記‧曲禮下. 778:(340–278 BCE): Poet of the 5783: 4797:Just intonation in one key 4737:Fretless string instrument 3646:Chinese Guqin and Notation 3313:. Beijing: Eastern Press. 3238:Zhou, Zi'an (1722, 2000). 3200: 2234:Contemporary guqin players 2013: 1758:playing a guqin, found in 1659: 1561: 1499: 1190: 1184: 937: 904:Contemporary guqin players 901: 894:of hundreds more players. 684: 661:Many qin schools known as 654: 527: 368:Chinese musical instrument 5762:Early musical instruments 5377: 4956: 4783:Fretted string instrument 3920:London Youlan Qin Society 3840: 3713: 3600:(1905–2007) maitre du qin 3577:Heart of Qin in Hong Kong 2564:案 is a dated variant of 按 2418:Yang, Xin et al. (1997). 1035:). According to the book 1004:音, lit. "full sound") or 488:. Sounds are produced by 363: 332: 169: 140: 121: 105: 46:qin, ku-ch'in, qixian-qin 26: 5121:Georgian vocal polyphony 3260:Zhang, He (1864, 1998). 3208:Zhu, Quan (1425, 2001). 3090:Cunjian Guqin Qupu Jilan 2839:【古琴演奏法】. Page 11 and 13. 2641:Cunjian Guqin Qupu Jilan 2394:15 February 2006 at the 2122:Dream of the Red Chamber 1879:gathering involving the 1429:. Other pieces, such as 818:: Han poet, 179–117 BCE. 745:Spring and Autumn period 4833:Retunable to a just key 3971:Emperor Huizong of Song 3613:John Thompson's on the 3154:Zhang, Huaying (2005). 2643:【存見古琴曲譜輯覽】. Pages 3-44. 2249:Guqin playing technique 1605:is thinner, whilst the 940:Guqin playing technique 925:The note range of a qin 687:List of guqin societies 423:hammered dulcimer, the 72:(heterochord half-tube 4819:Long-string instrument 3132:Li, Mingzhong (2000). 2075: 1912: 1911:of a person with a qin 1767: 1657: 1577: 1554: 1446: 1395: 1323: 1290:onwards, a great many 1239:). It is written in a 1206: 1115: 1104:Tablature and notation 926: 643: 627: 543: 5341:The Song of the Sibyl 3939:Historical personages 3253:Chu, Fengjie (1855). 3141:Zhongguo Qinshi Yanyi 2859:– via Facebook. 2377:【中国琴史演义】. Pages 1-10. 2375:Zhongguo Qinshi Yanyi 2070: 1958:(금; qin). The Korean 1934:continues to perform 1906: 1899:Ritual use of the qin 1753: 1651: 1571: 1552: 1444: 1389: 1313: 1256:Warring States period 1200: 1114: 924: 854:: Tang poet, 772–846. 848:: Tang poet, 701–762. 780:Warring States period 762:Warring States period 633: 621: 575:Voyager Golden Record 537: 459:Robert Hans van Gulik 5691:Appalachian dulcimer 4991:Ashiqs of Azerbaijan 4840:Keyboard instruments 3925:New York Qin Society 3728:Contemporary players 3443:Spanish books on qin 3365:English books on qin 3324:Gu, Meigeng (2004). 3081:Chinese books on qin 3034:25 July 2006 at the 2408:Listening to the Qin 2125:and various others. 1764:Northern Wei dynasty 1532:Chinese measurements 1217:system, or indicate 984:. The third type is 798:musician, author of 743:: Qin player of the 640:Song emperor Huizong 636:Listening to the Qin 406:, but with moveable 313:Baxter–Sagart (2014) 5665:Tambourine de Bearn 5585:Epinette des Vosges 5522:West and South Asia 3589:Sou Si-tai (2007), 3459:French books on qin 3420:Yung, Bell (2008). 3393:Monumenta Nipponica 2316:Zhang Yushu et al. 2153:Related instruments 1804:(ceramic ocarina), 1656:, Stockholm, Sweden 1654:Östasiatiska Museet 1403:Rhythm in qin music 766:Zhuang Zhou Mengdie 558:and Huang Di, the " 473:" or "table-harp". 410:under each string. 100:Related instruments 23: 4742:Pedal steel guitar 3829:Xiao Xiang Shuiyun 3809:Jieshi Diao Youlan 3617:Silk String Zither 3350:【中國畫報】. July 1986. 3307:Yushan Wushi Qinpu 3179:Guo, Ping (2006). 3088:Zha, Fuxi (1958). 3005:, 10 January 2009) 2350:The New York Times 2244:Guqin construction 2076: 2063:In popular culture 1913: 1768: 1754:Rock carving of a 1694:"phoenix feet" or 1658: 1578: 1555: 1502:Guqin construction 1447: 1396: 1324: 1260:Chinese characters 1232:Jieshi Diao Youlan 1207: 1116: 930:for their choice. 927: 651:Historical schools 644: 628: 569:, as performed by 544: 516:China. In 2010, a 5739: 5738: 5709: 5708: 5595:Hammered dulcimer 5388: 5387: 5036:Dainichido Bugaku 4915: 4914: 4685: 4684: 4650: 4649: 4449: 4448: 4355: 4354: 4065: 4064: 3915:Jinyu Qin Society 3748:Playing technique 3514:978-0-89264-042-3 3483:978-2-88474-197-2 3430:978-962-209-916-6 3174:【人類口頭與非物質文化遺產叢書】. 3139:Yin, Wei (2001). 3118:Gong, Yi (1999). 3103:Xu, Jian (1982). 3028:China Info Travel 2577:【古琴丛谈】. Page 112. 2320:【康熙字典】. Folio 28. 1518:. His successor, 1427:Xiaoxiang Shuiyun 1201:First section of 1159: 1134: 934:Playing technique 872:Xiaoxiang Shuiyun 336: 335: 328: 327: 248:Yale Romanization 180:Standard Mandarin 129: 128: 37:String instrument 5774: 5696:Mexican salterio 5478:Indonesian siter 5433: 5415: 5408: 5401: 5392: 5383: 5316:Slovácko Verbuňk 5186:Khorasan Bakhshi 5051:Cante Alentejano 4942: 4935: 4928: 4919: 4788:Wind instruments 4712: 4705: 4698: 4689: 4493: 4368: 4110: 4092: 4085: 4078: 4069: 3846: 3700: 3693: 3686: 3677: 3670:Guqin Store page 3240:Wuzhi Zhai Qinpu 3069: 3066: 3060: 3057:Wuzhi Zhai Qinpu 3053: 3047: 3044: 3038: 3025: 3019: 3012: 3006: 2999: 2993: 2987: 2981: 2978: 2972: 2969: 2963: 2960: 2954: 2951: 2945: 2942: 2936: 2933: 2927: 2924: 2918: 2915: 2909: 2902: 2896: 2886: 2880: 2867: 2861: 2860: 2858: 2856: 2846: 2840: 2833: 2827: 2817: 2811: 2806: 2800: 2797: 2791: 2788: 2782: 2779: 2773: 2763: 2757: 2747: 2741: 2719: 2713: 2706: 2700: 2695: 2689: 2686: 2680: 2677: 2671: 2668: 2662: 2659: 2653: 2650: 2644: 2637: 2631: 2624: 2618: 2615: 2609: 2606: 2600: 2597: 2591: 2584: 2578: 2571: 2565: 2562: 2556: 2553:Wuzhi Zhai Qinpu 2549: 2543: 2540: 2534: 2531: 2525: 2522: 2516: 2513: 2507: 2504: 2498: 2495: 2489: 2486: 2480: 2477: 2471: 2468: 2459: 2456: 2450: 2447: 2441: 2438: 2432: 2429: 2423: 2416: 2410: 2404: 2398: 2390:, 29 July 2006) 2384: 2378: 2371: 2365: 2364: 2359: 2357: 2340: 2334: 2327: 2321: 2314: 2308: 2300: 2239:Guqin aesthetics 2228: 2223: 2222: 2221: 2214: 2209: 2208: 2207: 2171:Wuzhi Zhai Qinpu 2049: 2048: 2047: 2045: 2016:Guqin aesthetics 1479:firmiana simplex 1166:Tianwen Ge Qinpu 1161: 1160: 1136: 1135: 1113: 1092: 1080: 1068: 1056: 1034: 1033: 1032: 1030: 504:cello, fretless 365: 357: 356: 355: 348: 324: 323: 322: 300: 299: 298: 277: 276: 256: 255: 235: 234: 233: 232: 231: 224: 209: 208: 195: 194: 171: 154: 153: 131: 31: 24: 5782: 5781: 5777: 5776: 5775: 5773: 5772: 5771: 5742: 5741: 5740: 5735: 5705: 5679: 5660:Streichmelodion 5558: 5517: 5424: 5419: 5389: 5384: 5375: 5251:Ojkanje singing 5151:Jongmyo Jereyak 5071:Cremona violins 5056:Cantonese opera 5031:Byzantine music 4996:Azerbaijani tar 4952: 4946: 4916: 4911: 4886: 4880: 4863:overtone series 4860: 4857:Flageolet tones 4851: 4828: 4792: 4766: 4728:Just intonation 4722: 4716: 4686: 4681: 4646: 4600: 4584: 4548: 4527: 4484: 4458: 4456: 4445: 4429: 4427: 4425: 4418: 4397: 4364: 4362: 4351: 4330: 4174: 4101: 4096: 4066: 4061: 3990: 3934: 3903: 3847: 3838: 3834:Yangguan Sandie 3804:Hujia Shiba-pai 3782: 3753:Popular culture 3709: 3704: 3609: 3570:Video resources 3355:Beijing Qin-xun 3348:Zhongguo Huabao 3255:Yugu Zhai Qinpu 3225:Dahuan Ge Qinpu 3205: 3134:Zhongguo Qinxue 3078: 3073: 3072: 3067: 3063: 3054: 3050: 3045: 3041: 3036:Wayback Machine 3026: 3022: 3018:, 29 July 2006) 3013: 3009: 3000: 2996: 2988: 2984: 2979: 2975: 2970: 2966: 2961: 2957: 2952: 2948: 2943: 2939: 2934: 2930: 2925: 2921: 2916: 2912: 2903: 2899: 2887: 2883: 2868: 2864: 2854: 2852: 2848: 2847: 2843: 2837:Guqin Yanzhoufa 2834: 2830: 2818: 2814: 2807: 2803: 2798: 2794: 2789: 2785: 2780: 2776: 2764: 2760: 2748: 2744: 2720: 2716: 2707: 2703: 2696: 2692: 2687: 2683: 2678: 2674: 2669: 2665: 2660: 2656: 2651: 2647: 2638: 2634: 2625: 2621: 2616: 2612: 2607: 2603: 2598: 2594: 2585: 2581: 2572: 2568: 2563: 2559: 2550: 2546: 2541: 2537: 2532: 2528: 2523: 2519: 2514: 2510: 2505: 2501: 2496: 2492: 2487: 2483: 2478: 2474: 2469: 2462: 2457: 2453: 2448: 2444: 2439: 2435: 2430: 2426: 2417: 2413: 2405: 2401: 2396:Wayback Machine 2385: 2381: 2372: 2368: 2355: 2353: 2342: 2341: 2337: 2333:, 29 July 2006) 2328: 2324: 2315: 2311: 2301: 2297: 2292: 2224: 2219: 2217: 2210: 2205: 2203: 2200: 2155: 2146: 2065: 2040: 2038: 2037: 2036: 2018: 2012: 1901: 1873:Chinese culture 1827:of F, known as 1748: 1746:Playing context 1720:sol la do re mi 1664: 1646: 1611:Yugu Zhai Qinpu 1566: 1560: 1504: 1498: 1439: 1405: 1357: 1308: 1262:. Later in the 1195: 1189: 1183: 1182: 1174: 1172: 1171: 1170: 1169: 1162: 1155: 1152: 1146: 1145: 1144: 1137: 1130: 1127: 1121: 1117: 1111: 1106: 1096: 1093: 1084: 1081: 1072: 1069: 1060: 1057: 1047:, but raspier. 1025: 1023: 1022: 1021: 966:string harmonic 942: 936: 919: 906: 900: 810:Hujia Shiba-pai 719: 706: 689: 683: 681:Guqin societies 659: 653: 616: 532: 526: 352: 351: 350: 228: 227: 226: 159:Literal meaning 71: 17: 12: 11: 5: 5780: 5778: 5770: 5769: 5764: 5759: 5754: 5744: 5743: 5737: 5736: 5734: 5733: 5728: 5723: 5717: 5715: 5711: 5710: 5707: 5706: 5704: 5703: 5698: 5693: 5687: 5685: 5681: 5680: 5678: 5677: 5672: 5667: 5662: 5657: 5652: 5647: 5642: 5637: 5632: 5627: 5622: 5617: 5612: 5607: 5602: 5597: 5592: 5587: 5582: 5577: 5575:Bowed psaltery 5572: 5566: 5564: 5560: 5559: 5557: 5556: 5551: 5546: 5544:Persian santur 5541: 5539:Indian santoor 5536: 5531: 5525: 5523: 5519: 5518: 5516: 5515: 5510: 5505: 5500: 5495: 5490: 5485: 5480: 5475: 5470: 5465: 5460: 5455: 5450: 5445: 5439: 5437: 5430: 5426: 5425: 5420: 5418: 5417: 5410: 5403: 5395: 5386: 5385: 5378: 5376: 5374: 5373: 5368: 5363: 5358: 5353: 5348: 5346:Tumba francesa 5343: 5338: 5333: 5328: 5323: 5321:Song of Sana'a 5318: 5313: 5308: 5303: 5298: 5293: 5288: 5283: 5278: 5273: 5271:Qudud Halabiya 5268: 5263: 5258: 5253: 5248: 5243: 5238: 5233: 5228: 5223: 5218: 5213: 5208: 5203: 5198: 5193: 5188: 5183: 5178: 5173: 5168: 5163: 5158: 5153: 5148: 5143: 5138: 5133: 5128: 5123: 5118: 5116:Garifuna music 5113: 5108: 5103: 5098: 5093: 5088: 5083: 5078: 5073: 5068: 5063: 5061:Cantu a tenore 5058: 5053: 5048: 5043: 5038: 5033: 5028: 5023: 5021:Bistritsa Babi 5018: 5013: 5008: 5003: 4998: 4993: 4988: 4983: 4978: 4973: 4968: 4963: 4957: 4954: 4953: 4947: 4945: 4944: 4937: 4930: 4922: 4913: 4912: 4910: 4909: 4904: 4899: 4893: 4891: 4882: 4881: 4879: 4878: 4873: 4867: 4865: 4859:(harmonics) or 4853: 4852: 4850: 4849: 4848: 4847: 4836: 4834: 4830: 4829: 4827: 4826: 4821: 4816: 4811: 4806: 4800: 4798: 4794: 4793: 4791: 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article: 2011: 2010:Qin aesthetics 2008: 1936:Munmyo jeryeak 1921:in China, and 1907:A painting by 1900: 1897: 1747: 1744: 1660:Main article: 1645: 1642: 1562:Main article: 1559: 1556: 1528:lunar calendar 1500:Main article: 1497: 1494: 1438: 1435: 1419:Meihua Sannong 1410:Qinxue Congshu 1404: 1401: 1392:Qinxue Congshu 1380:staff notation 1356: 1353: 1307: 1304: 1187:Guqin notation 1185:Main article: 1173: 1168:【天聞閣琴譜】 (1876) 1163: 1153: 1148: 1147: 1138: 1128: 1123: 1122: 1119: 1118: 1109: 1108: 1107: 1105: 1102: 1098: 1097: 1094: 1087: 1085: 1082: 1075: 1073: 1070: 1063: 1061: 1058: 1051: 938:Main article: 935: 932: 918: 915: 902:Main article: 899: 896: 876: 875: 865: 855: 849: 843: 829: 826:Three Kingdoms 819: 813: 803: 789: 773: 755: 738: 731:Weibian Sanjue 718: 715: 705: 702: 685:Main article: 682: 679: 655:Main article: 652: 649: 615: 612: 560:Yellow Emperor 528:Main article: 525: 522: 334: 333: 330: 329: 326: 325: 315: 309: 308: 302: 301: 292: 290:Middle Chinese 286: 285: 283:Middle Chinese 279: 278: 271: 265: 264: 258: 257: 250: 244: 243: 241:Yue: Cantonese 237: 236: 217: 211: 210: 203: 197: 196: 189: 183: 182: 176: 175: 174:Transcriptions 167: 166: 160: 156: 155: 148: 142: 141: 138: 137: 127: 126: 119: 118: 114: 113: 103: 102: 96: 95: 92: 86: 85: 82: 78: 77: 66: 60: 59: 54: 52:Classification 48: 47: 44: 40: 39: 33: 32: 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5779: 5768: 5765: 5763: 5760: 5758: 5755: 5753: 5750: 5749: 5747: 5732: 5729: 5727: 5726:Oscar Schmidt 5724: 5722: 5719: 5718: 5716: 5714:Manufacturers 5712: 5702: 5699: 5697: 5694: 5692: 5689: 5688: 5686: 5682: 5676: 5673: 5671: 5668: 5666: 5663: 5661: 5658: 5656: 5653: 5651: 5648: 5646: 5643: 5641: 5638: 5636: 5633: 5631: 5628: 5626: 5623: 5621: 5618: 5616: 5613: 5611: 5608: 5606: 5603: 5601: 5598: 5596: 5593: 5591: 5588: 5586: 5583: 5581: 5578: 5576: 5573: 5571: 5568: 5567: 5565: 5561: 5555: 5552: 5550: 5547: 5545: 5542: 5540: 5537: 5535: 5532: 5530: 5527: 5526: 5524: 5520: 5514: 5511: 5509: 5506: 5504: 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2188: 2182: 2180: 2176: 2172: 2168: 2167:Lixing Yuanya 2164: 2160: 2157:The Japanese 2152: 2150: 2143: 2141: 2139: 2138: 2133: 2132: 2131:Mo Dao Zu Shi 2126: 2124: 2123: 2118: 2113: 2111: 2107: 2102: 2100: 2096: 2092: 2091: 2086: 2082: 2074: 2069: 2062: 2060: 2057: 2053: 2046: 2044: 2034: 2031: 2027: 2023: 2017: 2009: 2007: 2005: 2001: 1996: 1994: 1990: 1985: 1983: 1982: 1977: 1973: 1969: 1965: 1961: 1957: 1953: 1949: 1945: 1941: 1937: 1933: 1928: 1926: 1925: 1920: 1919: 1910: 1909:Chen Hongshou 1905: 1898: 1896: 1894: 1890: 1886: 1882: 1878: 1874: 1870: 1866: 1862: 1858: 1854: 1849: 1847: 1842: 1838: 1834: 1830: 1826: 1822: 1817: 1815: 1814: 1809: 1808: 1803: 1802: 1797: 1793: 1789: 1788: 1783: 1782: 1777: 1773: 1765: 1761: 1757: 1752: 1745: 1743: 1741: 1737: 1733: 1729: 1725: 1721: 1717: 1713: 1709: 1705: 1701: 1697: 1693: 1689: 1685: 1681: 1677: 1673: 1669: 1663: 1662:Guqin tunings 1655: 1650: 1643: 1641: 1639: 1635: 1630: 1627: 1622: 1618: 1616: 1612: 1608: 1604: 1600: 1595: 1589: 1587: 1583: 1575: 1570: 1565: 1564:Guqin strings 1557: 1551: 1547: 1545: 1541: 1537: 1533: 1529: 1525: 1521: 1517: 1513: 1512:Zhou Wen Wang 1509: 1503: 1495: 1493: 1490: 1486: 1485: 1484:Catalpa ovata 1480: 1476: 1471: 1469: 1465: 1461: 1457: 1453: 1443: 1436: 1434: 1432: 1428: 1424: 1423:Guangling San 1420: 1414: 1411: 1402: 1400: 1393: 1388: 1384: 1381: 1377: 1373: 1369: 1365: 1361: 1355:Transcription 1354: 1352: 1350: 1349:program music 1346: 1342: 1337: 1333: 1329: 1321: 1317: 1312: 1305: 1303: 1301: 1297: 1293: 1289: 1285: 1281: 1277: 1273: 1269: 1265: 1261: 1257: 1253: 1250: 1246: 1242: 1238: 1234: 1233: 1228: 1224: 1220: 1216: 1212: 1204: 1199: 1194: 1188: 1181: 1179: 1167: 1151: 1143:【琴學入門】 (1867) 1142: 1126: 1103: 1101: 1091: 1086: 1079: 1074: 1067: 1062: 1055: 1050: 1048: 1046: 1042: 1038: 1031: 1029: 1019: 1015: 1011: 1007: 1003: 999: 995: 991: 987: 983: 979: 975: 971: 967: 963: 959: 955: 951: 947: 941: 933: 931: 923: 916: 914: 911: 905: 897: 895: 893: 889: 885: 881: 873: 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The use of 495: 491: 487: 483: 479: 474: 472: 468: 464: 460: 456: 452: 448: 444: 440: 436: 432: 428: 427: 422: 421: 416: 411: 409: 405: 401: 400: 395: 391: 387: 386: 381: 377: 373: 369: 361: 354: 347: 343: 342: 331: 316: 314: 310: 307: 303: 293: 291: 287: 284: 280: 272: 270: 266: 263: 259: 251: 249: 245: 242: 238: 230: 223: 218: 216: 212: 204: 202: 198: 190: 188: 184: 181: 177: 172: 168: 165: 161: 157: 149: 147: 143: 139: 136: 132: 125: 120: 115: 112: 108: 104: 101: 97: 93: 91: 87: 83: 79: 75: 70: 67: 65: 61: 58: 55: 53: 49: 45: 41: 38: 34: 30: 25: 19: 5675:Violinzither 5549:Iraqi santur 5462: 5371:Xoan singing 5361:Wayang kulit 5311:Silbo Gomero 5130: 5126:Gong culture 4981:Arabic maqam 4870: 4809:Natural horn 4124: 4057:Tsar Teh-Yun 4037:Li Xiangting 4012:Zhang Ziqian 3723:Construction 3706: 3640:Tsar Teh-Yun 3632:Silk on Wood 3614: 3598:Tsar Teh-Yun 3596: 3590: 3576: 3555: 3541: 3534: 3520: 3507: 3488: 3474: 3467: 3451: 3435: 3421: 3407: 3391: 3387: 3373: 3354: 3347: 3325: 3310: 3306: 3292:Mei'an Qinpu 3291: 3276: 3262:Qinxue Rumen 3261: 3254: 3239: 3224: 3209: 3180: 3171: 3170:Part of the 3155: 3140: 3133: 3119: 3104: 3089: 3064: 3056: 3051: 3042: 3023: 3010: 2997: 2985: 2976: 2967: 2958: 2949: 2940: 2931: 2922: 2913: 2900: 2884: 2865: 2853:. 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Page 122. 2184:The Korean 2137:The Untamed 2085:Zhang Yimou 1889:calligraphy 1877:multi-media 1865:microphones 1846:Tang poetry 1756:bodhisattva 1732:ruibin diao 1676:tuning pegs 1668:yingtou jie 1475:sound board 917:Performance 910:occupations 892:biographies 868:Guo Chuwang 862:Wanqin Tang 822:Zhuge Liang 770:Shenhua Yin 727:Kongzi Duyi 657:Qin schools 642:(1082–1135) 594:related to 571:Guan Pinghu 548:pre-history 540:Han dynasty 518:Song period 506:double bass 306:Old Chinese 43:Other names 5746:Categories 5655:Scheitholt 5650:Psalterium 5554:Swarmandal 5473:Ichigenkin 5331:Sutartinės 5326:Sosso Bala 5306:Shashmaqam 5301:Seto Leelo 5191:Kumi odori 5001:Baul music 4889:3rd bridge 4730:in any key 4720:intonation 4489:Percussion 4457:(woodwind) 4363:(woodwind) 4032:Lin Youren 4017:Wu Jinglüe 3738:Literature 3718:Aesthetics 3201:See also: 3076:References 2835:Gong, Yi. 2373:Yin, Wei. 2356:8 December 2159:ichigenkin 2117:Cao Xueqin 2026:musicality 2000:Edo period 1927:in Korea. 1841:folk style 1704:pentatonic 1437:Organology 1368:note value 1306:Repertoire 1191:See also: 1178:media help 1026:Listen to 717:Historical 638:), by the 455:qixian-qin 437:(钢琴)) and 201:Wade–Giles 107:Ichigenkin 5635:Langeleik 5448:Đàn tranh 5436:East Asia 5429:By region 5351:Vallenato 5206:Long song 5166:Kgal Laox 4902:Pencilina 4897:Monochord 4824:Harmonica 4565:Fangxiang 4560:Bianzhong 4465:Hulusheng 4246:Jing erhu 4211:Diyingehu 4120:Duxianqin 4022:Wu Zhaoji 3961:Confucius 3908:Societies 3859:Guangling 3768:Societies 3654:from 1670 3390:. Tokyo: 3309:【虞山吳氏琴譜】 2971:《雍正祭先農壇圖》 2962:〈蕤賔調/蕤宾调〉 2290:Footnotes 2163:monochord 2022:aesthetic 1954:(se) and 1881:four arts 1766:(386–534) 1736:1 2 4 5 7 1728:1 2 3 5 6 1712:1 2 4 5 6 1615:zhongqing 1603:zhongqing 1456:symbolism 1431:Jiu Kuang 1345:improvise 1280:jianzi pu 1227:shorthand 1211:tablature 1164:From the 1139:From the 970:flageolet 962:harmonics 888:Qinshi Xu 884:Qinshi Bu 806:Cai Wenji 758:Zhuang Zi 723:Confucius 671:Wu Zhaoji 600:overtones 596:vibration 587:Voyager 2 583:Voyager 1 502:pizzicato 498:glissando 494:harmonics 443:xiaotiqin 390:Confucius 117:Musicians 81:Developed 5701:Tremoloa 5684:Americas 5670:Tsymbaly 5645:Psaltery 5640:Langspil 5580:Cimbalom 5570:Autoharp 5508:Yanggeum 5458:Geomungo 5453:Gayageum 5286:Rebetiko 5241:Nhã nhạc 5046:Candombe 5016:Biyelgee 4971:Angklung 4861:natural 4804:Bagpipes 4747:Trombone 4622:Bolanggu 4539:Bianqing 4441:Mangtong 4266:Matouqin 4052:Cheng Yu 4002:Zha Fuxi 3986:Zhu Quan 3956:Cai Yong 3899:Zhucheng 3814:Liu Shui 3787:Melodies 3743:Notation 3032:Archived 2392:Archived 2198:See also 2192:geomungo 2187:geomungo 2179:shamisen 2175:honkyoku 1981:geomungo 1972:gayageum 1946:emperor 1893:painting 1861:concerts 1837:operatic 1829:qin xiao 1776:ensemble 1730:1 2 and 1607:jiazhong 1452:Song era 1328:Yangguan 1300:Zhu Quan 1272:notation 1245:wenzi pu 1241:longhand 1059:〈挑〉 Tiao 890:include 852:Bai Juyi 792:Cai Yong 753:Liu Shui 749:Gao Shan 567:Liu Shui 556:Shennong 490:plucking 482:middle C 376:literati 372:scholars 275:kóo-khîm 207:ku-ch'in 162:ancient 111:geomungo 5615:Kanklės 5605:Kantele 5513:Yazheng 5503:Yangqin 5468:Guzheng 5422:Zithers 5336:Táncház 5266:Quan họ 5261:Pirekua 5256:Pansori 5216:Meshrep 5171:Khuumii 5011:Bigwala 5006:Bećarac 4986:Arirang 4951:: Music 4876:Đàn bầu 4752:Timpani 4672:Lusheng 4667:Kouxian 4388:Paixiao 4342:Yangqin 4326:Zhuiqin 4316:Zhonghu 4306:Yazheng 4160:Sanxian 4135:Konghou 4130:Guzheng 4113:Plucked 4042:Gong Yi 3995:Players 3981:Ruan Ji 3976:Ji Kang 3951:Cai Yan 3879:Pucheng 3869:Lingnan 3852:Schools 3773:Strings 3763:Schools 3733:History 3623:The Qin 2944:〔簡譜/简谱〕 2630:【神竒秘譜】. 2599:《碣石調幽蘭》 2515:《胡笳十八拍》 2449:《幽蘭/幽兰》 2110:Beijing 2095:Xiangqi 2081:guzheng 2033:vibrato 1948:Huizong 1883:: qin, 1742:1 2 3. 1740:2 3 5 6 1688:longyin 1684:yueshan 1672:rongkou 1634:guzheng 1558:Strings 1534:) is 3 1516:Boyikao 1341:compose 1320:gongche 1215:gongche 1071:〈勾〉 Gou 1028:Pei Lan 1006:zou yin 998:shi yin 954:fan yin 946:san yin 880:Qin Shi 832:Ji Kang 800:Qin Cao 776:Qu Yuan 704:Players 663:qin pai 581:on the 524:History 478:octaves 435:gangqin 420:yangqin 408:bridges 399:guzheng 360:Chinese 254:gú-kàhm 146:Chinese 5620:Kokles 5610:Kannel 5600:Hummel 5563:Europe 5483:Kacapi 5443:Ajaeng 5281:Reggae 5246:Nongak 5236:Nanyin 5226:Mugham 5211:Maloya 5141:Hua'er 5106:Gagaku 5101:Fujara 5086:Eshuva 5066:Ca trù 4655:Others 4642:Zhangu 4637:Tanggu 4580:Yunluo 4513:Paiban 4470:Hulusi 4371:Flutes 4361:Bamboo 4335:Struck 4321:Zhuihu 4271:Maguhu 4261:Leiqin 4256:Laruan 4251:Jinghu 4241:Jiaohu 4221:Erxian 4201:Datong 4170:Yueqin 4150:Qinqin 4140:Liuqin 3889:Yushan 3874:Mei'an 3778:Tuning 3562: 3548: 3527: 3512: 3481: 3428: 3414: 3400: 3380: 3332: 3317: 3302:/J‧331 3298: 3287:/I‧139 3283: 3272:/J‧236 3268: 3250:/J‧237 3246: 3235:/J‧322 3231: 3220:/J‧284 3216: 3187: 3162: 3156:Gu Qin 3151:/I‧866 3147: 3126: 3111: 3096: 3046:【理性元雅】 2855:22 May 2688:《平沙落雁》 2679:《瀟湘水雲》 2670:《梅花三弄》 2479:《莊周夢蝶》 2431:《孔子讀易》 1891:, and 1853:studio 1760:Shanxi 1716:jianpu 1692:fengzu 1644:Tuning 1638:wrench 1626:catgut 1542:and 5 1376:rhythm 1221:using 1219:rhythm 1203:Youlan 1095:〈撥〉 Bo 1083:〈擘〉 Bo 1014:an yin 986:an yin 846:Li Bai 840:Qin Fu 812:, etc. 785:Li Sao 751:. and 735:Youlan 608:UNESCO 439:violin 362:: 269:Tâi-lô 90:Volume 74:zither 69:312.22 57:String 5752:Guqin 5731:Tōkai 5625:Kusle 5590:Gusli 5534:Nuzhe 5529:Kanun 5463:Guqin 5276:Radif 5231:Muqam 5201:Lhamo 5196:Kunqu 5176:Klapa 5136:Gwoka 5131:Guqin 5111:Gagok 5096:Frevo 5081:Duduk 5076:Doina 4871:Guqin 4778:Crook 4632:Paigu 4627:Jiegu 4617:Bangu 4553:Metal 4532:Stone 4503:Guban 4475:Sheng 4455:Gourd 4428:pipes 4424:Free- 4414:Suona 4402:Oboes 4383:Koudi 4311:Xiqin 4286:Tiqin 4276:Sanhu 4236:Huqin 4226:Gaohu 4186:Banhu 4179:Bowed 4125:Guqin 3946:Bo Ya 3864:Jiuyi 3794:Ao Ai 3758:Qinpu 3707:Guqin 3615:Guqin 3321:/I‧78 3195:Qinpu 2953:〈慢角調〉 2879:/蝇头结』 2652:《廣陵散》 2533:『萬琴堂』 2488:《神化引》 2406:聽琴圖, 2304:Li Ji 2284:Yayue 2274:Qinpu 2087:film 2052:music 2006:(琴). 1918:yayue 1869:yajis 1796:qinpu 1700:rosin 1696:yanzu 1599:taigu 1586:steel 1468:nylon 1464:metal 1372:tempo 1292:qinpu 1193:Qinpu 1045:cello 741:Bo Ya 508:or a 486:cello 451:guqin 431:piano 426:huqin 404:frets 394:guqin 349: 341:guqin 319:* 225: 193:gǔqín 135:Guqin 124:below 94:quiet 22:Guqin 5630:Krez 5493:Koto 5488:Khim 5291:Sama 5091:Fado 4976:Aqyn 4662:Gudi 4605:Hide 4589:Clay 4570:Gong 4544:Qing 4508:Muyu 4496:Wood 4436:Bawu 4426:reed 4409:Guan 4393:Xiao 4378:Dizi 4301:Yehu 4296:Tuhu 4291:Tihu 4281:Sihu 4231:Gehu 4216:Erhu 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