595:(sometimes spelled "Murdock") stated: "the gas obtained by distillation from coal, peat, wood and other inflammable substances burnt with great brilliancy upon being set fire to … by conducting it through tubes, it might be employed as an economical substitute for lamps and candles." Murdoch's first invention was a lantern with a gas-filled bladder attached to a jet. He would use this to walk home at night. After seeing how well this worked he decided to light his home with gas. In 1797, Murdoch installed gas lighting in his new home as well as the workshop in which he worked. “This work was of a large scale, and he next experimented to find better ways of producing, purifying, and burning the gas.” The foundation had been laid for companies to start producing gas and other inventors to start playing with ways of using the new technology.
262:
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1128:, and Covent Garden theatres were all lit by gas. Gas was brought into the building by "miles of rubber tubing from outlets in the floor called 'water joints'" which "carried the gas to border-lights and wing lights". But before it was distributed, the gas came through a central distribution point called a "gas table", which varied the brightness by regulating the gas supply, and the gas table, which allowed control of separate parts of the stage. Thus it became the first stage 'switchboard'.
1780:
762:
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1641:, and can be deadly. Historically, the use of lamps of all types was of shorter duration than we are accustomed to with electric lights, and in the far more draughty buildings, it was of less concern and danger. There are suppliers of new mantle gas lamps set up for use with natural gas; and, some old homes still have fixtures installed, and some period restorations have salvaged fixtures installed, more for decoration than use.
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afterwards pressed gently through a small pipe into the flame of a candle, will take fire, and burn at the end of the pipe as long as the bladder is gently pressed to feed the flame, and when taken from the candle after it is so lighted, it will continue burning till there is no more air left in the bladder to supply the flame." Lowther had basically discovered the principle behind gas lighting.
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675:, an inventor, had for some time been experimenting on the nature of gas. A resident of Birmingham, his attention may have been roused by the exhibition at Soho. About 1806, he exhibited gas lights in a variety of forms and with great brilliance at the front of his factory in Birmingham. In 1808 he constructed an apparatus, applicable for several uses, for
1011:. Illuminating gas was much less toxic than other forms of coal gas, but less could be produced from a given quantity of coal. The experiments with distilling coal were described by John Clayton in 1684. George Dixon's pilot plant exploded in 1760, setting back the production of illuminating gas a few years. The first commercial application was in a
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816:, a Gas Light Company was founded on 15 December 1815. Under the supervision of the engineer, John Brelliat, extensive works were conducted in 1816-17 to build a gasholder, mains and street lights. Many of the principal streets in the centre of the city, as well as nearby houses, had switched to gas lighting by the end of 1817.
662:, in which he showed the mode of producing gas from coal, and the facility and advantage of its use. Dr Henry analysed the composition and investigated the properties of carburetted hydrogen gas (i.e. methane). His experiments were numerous and accurate and made upon a variety of substances; having obtained the gas from wood,
466:." Paris was first illuminated by an order issued in 1524, and, in the beginning of the 16th century, the inhabitants were ordered to keep lights burning in the windows of all houses that faced streets. In 1668, when some regulations were made for improving the streets of London, the residents were reminded to hang out their
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Gas lighting did have some disadvantages. "Several hundred theatres are said to have burned down in
America and Europe between 1800 and the introduction of electricity in the late 1800s. The increased heat was objectionable, and the border lights and wing lights had to be lighted by a long stick with
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Theatres switched to gas lighting because it was more economical than using candles and also required less labour to operate. With gas lighting, theatres would no longer need to have people tending to candles during a performance, or having to light each candle individually. "It was easier to light a
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to incorporate a company in order to accelerate the process, but the bill failed to pass. In 1810, however, the application was renewed by the same parties, and though some opposition was encountered and considerable expense incurred, the bill passed, but not without great alterations; and the London
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In the 20th century, most cities with gas streetlights replaced them with new electric streetlights. For example, Baltimore, the first US city to install gas streetlights, removed nearly all of them. A sole, token gas lamp is located at N. Holliday Street and E. Baltimore Street as a monument to the
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had some of his miners working on a water pit for his mine. While digging the pit they hit a pocket of gas. Lowther took a sample of the gas and took it home to do some experiments. He noted, "The said air being put into a bladder … and tied close, may be carried away, and kept some days, and being
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The best result was the improved respect from the audience. There was no more shouting or riots. The light pushed the actors more up stage behind the proscenium, helping the audience concentrate more on the action that was taking place on stage rather than what was going on in the house. Management
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in 1816 was a great success. Baltimore was the first
American city with gas street lights; Peale's Gas Light Company of Baltimore on 7 February 1817 lit its first street lamp at Market and Lemon Streets (currently Baltimore and Holliday Streets). The first private residence in the US illuminated by
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Gas lighting also had an effect on the actors. As the stage was brighter, they could now use less make-up and their motions did not have to be as exaggerated. Half-lit stages had become fully lit stages. Production companies were so impressed with the new technology that one said, "This light is
343:
Before electricity became sufficiently widespread and economical to allow for general public use, gas lighting was prevalent for outdoor and indoor use in cities and suburbs where the infrastructure for distribution of gas was practical. At that time, the most common fuels for gas lighting were
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a flaming wad of cotton at the end. For many years, an attendant or gas boy moved along the long row of jets, lighting them individually while gas was escaping from the whole row. Both actors and audiences complained of the escaping gas, and explosions sometimes resulted from its accumulation."
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was constructed. "Its lighting system contained more than twenty-eight miles of gas piping, and its gas table had no fewer than eighty-eight stopcocks, which controlled nine hundred and sixty gas jets." The theatre that used the most gas lighting was Astley's
Equestrian Amphitheatre in London.
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Among the economic impacts of gas lighting was much longer work hours in factories. This was particularly important in Great
Britain during the winter months when nights are significantly longer. Factories could even work continuously over 24 hours, resulting in increased production. Following
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referred to coal gas as the "spirit" of coal. He discovered its flammability by an accident. The "spirit" he isolated from coal caught fire by coming in contact with a candle as it escaped from a fracture in one of his distillation vessels. He stored the coal gas in bladders, and at times he
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The first burner used was the single-jet burner, which produced a small flame. The tip of the burner was made out of lead, which absorbed heat, causing the flame to be smaller in size. It was discovered that the flame would burn brighter if the metal was mixed with other components, such as
1061:, who had seen the gas lighting of Vienna, Paris and other European cities, initiated experimental work on gas lighting for the capital, using British apparatus for obtaining gas from pit coal, and by the autumn of 1819, Russia's first gas street light was lit on one of the streets on
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caused the actors' costumes to catch fire if they got too close. These lights also caused bothersome heat that affected both audience members and actors. Again, the actors had to adapt to these changes. They started fireproofing their costumes and placing wire mesh in front of the
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of
Newcastle coal, he stated that he obtained 180 cubic inches of gas, which weighed 51 grains , being nearly one third of the whole." Hales's results garnered attention decades later as the unique chemical properties of various gases became understood through the work of
1115:
It took many years of development and testing before gas lighting for the stage was commercially available. Gas technology was then installed in just about every major theatre in the world. But gas lighting was short-lived because the electric light bulb soon followed.
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In the early 20th century, most cities in North
America and Europe had gaslit streets, and most railway station platforms had gas lights too. However, around 1880 gas lighting for streets and train stations began giving way to high voltage (3,000–6,000 volt)
1306:
problem made DC distribution relatively expensive and gas lighting retained widespread usage with new buildings sometimes constructed with dual systems of gas piping and electrical wiring connected to each room, to diversify the power sources for lighting.
432:, nut oil, or other similar substances, which were all liquid fuels. These were the most commonly used fuels until the late 18th century. Whale oil was especially widely used for lighting in European cities such as London through the early 19th century.
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etc.) were also converted back to gas lamps, and five new gas lamps were installed in the Michle
Gasworks as a promotion. In 2018, there were 417 points (about 650 lanterns) of street gas lighting in Prague. During Advent and Christmas, lanterns on the
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a paper entitled "Account of the
Application of Gas from Coal to Economical Purposes" in which he described his successful application of coal gas to light the extensive establishment of Messrs. Phillips and Lea. For this paper he was awarded
629:, Cornwall in 1792. In 1798, he used gas to light the main building of the Soho Foundry and in 1802 lit the outside in a public display of gas lighting, the lights astonishing the local population. One of the employees at the Soho Foundry,
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However, gas lighting of streets has not disappeared completely from some cities, and the few municipalities that retained gas lighting now find that it provides a pleasing nostalgic effect. Gas lighting is also seeing a resurgence in the
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had more authority on what went on during the show because they could see. Gaslight was the leading cause of behaviour change in theatres. They were no longer places for mingling and orange selling, but places of respected entertainment.
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Vegetable
Staticks: Or, an Account of Some Statical Experiments on the Sap in Vegetables: Being an Essay Towards a Natural History of Vegetation. Also, a Specimen of an Attempt to Analyse the Air, by a Great Variety of Chymio-statical
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In the 19th century, gas stage lighting went from a crude experiment to the most popular way of lighting theatrical stages. In 1804, Frederick Albert Winsor first demonstrated the way to use gas to light the stage in London at the
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in the 19th century fell; these included footlights, border lights, groundrows, lengths, bunch lights, conical reflector floods, and limelight spots. These mechanisms sat directly on the stage, blinding the eyes of the audience.
2109:
The Gas-consumer's Guide: A Hand-book of
Instruction on the Proper Management and Economical Use of Gas; with a Full Description of Gas-meters, and Directions for Ascertaining the Consumption by Meter; on Ventilation,
2312:(1735). "VI. A Chemical Experiment by Mr. John Maud, Serving to Illustrate the Phœnomenon of the Inflammable Air Shewn to the Royal Society by Sir James Lowther, Bart. as Described in Philosoph. Transact. Numb. 429".
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had sprung up to meet the demand for the new fuel. The brighter lighting which gas provided allowed people to read more easily and for longer. This helped to stimulate literacy and learning, speeding up the second
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These problems with gas lighting led to the rapid adoption of electric lighting. By 1881, the Savoy Theatre in London was using incandescent lighting. While electric lighting was introduced to theatre stages, the
1530:, where gas lighting was introduced on 15 September 1847, had about 10,000 gas streetlamps in the 1940s. The last historic gas candelabras become electrified in 1985. However, in 2002–2014, streetlamps along the
498:. In 1667, a paper detailing the effects of these gases was entitled, "A Description of a Well and Earth in Lancashire taking Fire, by a Candle approaching to it. Imparted by Thomas Shirley, Esq an eye-witness."
1144:, "Everywhere white and gold meets the eye, and about 200,000 gas jets add to the glittering effect of the auditorium … such a blaze of light and splendour has scarcely ever been witnessed, even in dreams."
863:, three chaldrons of coal were carbonized each day, providing the gas equivalent of 9,000 Argand lamps. So 28 chaldrons of coal were carbonized daily, and 84,000 lights supplied by those two companies only.
1124:. Although the demonstration and all the lead research were being done in London, "in 1816 at the Chestnut Street Theatre in Philadelphia was the earliest gas lit theatre in world". In 1817 the Lyceum,
478:
in 1716, all housekeepers, whose houses faced any street, lane, or passage, were required to hang out, every dark night, one or more lights, to burn from six to eleven o'clock, under the penalty of one
1262:." Electric lighting slowly took over in theatres. In the 20th century, it enabled better and safer theatre productions, with no smell, relatively very little heat, and more freedom for designers.
486:
Accumulating and escaping gases were known originally among coal miners for their adverse effects rather than their useful characteristics. Coal miners described two types of gases, one called the
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of coal. Later in the 19th century, natural gas began to replace coal gas, first in the US, and then in other parts of the world. In the United Kingdom, coal gas was used until the early 1970s.
443:
made the first practical use of natural gas for lighting purposes around 500 B.C. in which they used bamboo pipelines to transport both brine and natural gas for many miles, such as the ones in
583:, was the first person to formally recognize gas as a state of matter. He would go on to identify several types of gases, including carbon dioxide. Over one hundred years later in 1733, Sir
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are managed manually by a lamplighter in historic uniform. The plan to reintroduce gas lights in Old Prague was proposed in 2002, and adopted by the Municipality of Prague in January 2004.
1338:
to drop the voltage for distribution for indoor lighting. Alternating current technology overcame many of the limitations of direct current, enabling the rapid growth of reliable, low-cost
1755:
2827:"City's gaslight glow dimmed in 1957 Progress: The American gas industry was born in Baltimore in 1816, when an artist wanted a clean, smoke-free way to illuminate a roomful of paintings"
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By the 1850s, gas lighting in theatres had spread practically all over the United States and Europe. Some of the largest installations of gas lighting were in large auditoriums, like the
699:'s gold medal. Murdoch's statements threw great light on the comparative advantage of gas and candles, and contained much useful information on the expenses of production and management.
651:
In 1801, Phillipe Lebon of Paris had also used gas lights to illuminate his house and gardens, and was considering how to light all of Paris. In 1820, Paris adopted gas street lighting.
1258:
was developed in 1885 for gas-lit theatres. "This was a beehive-shaped mesh of knitted thread impregnated with lime that, in miniature, converted the naked gas flame into in effect, a
371:, and the modular canisters on which camping lights are built, brings bright and long lasting light without complex equipment. In addition, some urban historical districts retain gas
866:
At this period the principal difficulty in gas manufacture was purification. Mr. D. Wilson, of Dublin, patented a method for purifying coal gas by means of the chemical action of
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1079:
Over the next 10 years, their numbers almost quadrupled, to reach 800. By the middle of the 19th century, the central streets and buildings of the capital were illuminated: the
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In February 1835, the Company for Gas Lighting St. Petersburg was founded; towards the end of that year, a factory for the production of lighting gas was constructed near the
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In 1806 The Philips and Lee factory and a portion of Chapel Street in Salford, Lancashire were lit by gas, thought to be the first use of gas street lighting in the world.
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2271:(1 August 1733). "III. An account of the damp air in a coal-pit of Sir James Lowther, Bart. Sunk within 20 Yards of the sea; communicated by him to the Royal Society".
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patented an apparatus for the decomposition of "oil" and other animal substances. Public attention was attracted to "oil-gas" by the display of the patent apparatus at
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1302:. Voltage in wires steadily declines as distance increases, and at this low voltage power plants needed to be within about 1 mile (1.6 km) of the lamps. This
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lights. Small portable gas lamps, connected to a portable gas cylinder, are a common item on camping trips. Mantle lamps powered by vaporized petrol, such as the
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row of gas jets than a greater quantity of candles high in the air." Theatres also no longer needed to worry about wax dripping on the actors during a show.
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detailed some properties of coal gas, including its flammability. Lowther demonstrated the principal properties of coal gas to different members of the
2127:
Domestic Life in England, from the Earliest Period to the Present Time: With Notices of Origins, Inventions, and Modern Improvements in the Social Arts
878:. G. Holworthy, in 1818, patented a method of purifying it by passing the gas, in a highly condensed state, through iron retorts heated to a dark red.
435:
Chinese records dating back 1,700 years indicate the use of natural gas in homes for lighting and heating. The natural gas was transported by means of
2149:
The introduction of a scheme for proper street lighting in the city is generally attributed to Barton, although there is no direct evidence for this.
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In some cities, gas lighting is preserved or restored as a vintage nostalgic feature to support the historic atmosphere of their historic centres.
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or candles, which helped to accelerate its development and deployment. By 1859, gas lighting was to be found all over Britain and about a thousand
809:, who found the most improved way of brighter gas lighting. The parish church there was the first religious building to be lit by gas lighting.
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and some other streets in the centre were rebuilt to use gas (using replicas of the historic poles and lanterns), several historic candelabras (
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543:. He showed that the gas retained its flammability after storage for some time. The demonstration did not result in identification of utility.
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was in use along with some forms of electricity. The Welsbach was based on the idea of the Bunsen burner, still using gas. A cotton mesh with
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experimented with the actual distillation of coal, thereby obtaining a flammable liquid. He reported his results in the first volume of his
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systems. This time period also saw the development of the first electric power utility designed for indoor use. The new system by inventor
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Commemoration of the first U.S. street gas light, at the intersection of North Holliday Street and East Baltimore Street in Baltimore
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lighting is nearly extinct. Besides producing a lot of heat, the combustion of methane tends to release significant amounts of
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In London there were about 1,500 working gas street lamps as of 2018, although there were plans to replace 299 of those in
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Perforated tubes bent into the shape of letters were used to form gas lit advertising signs, prior to the introduction of
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324:. The light is produced either directly by the flame, generally by using special mixes (typically propane or butane) of
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spots are similar to today's current spotlighting system. This instrument was used in scene shops, as well as the stage.
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Shirley, Thomas (1667). "A Description of a Well and Earth in Lancashire taking Fire, by a Candle approaching to it".
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in 1811; in January 1812, Sobolevsky was instructed to draw up a plan for gas street-lighting for St. Petersburg. The
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1472:, has adopted the gaslight as the symbol of the town, and uses them on nearly all streets. Dozens of other towns in
1412:. With about 23,000 lamps (2022), it holds more than half of all working gas street lamps in the world, followed by
940:, a sizeable business producing gas for several cities in mainland, Europe, including Berlin, was established, with
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633:, saw the potential of this new form of lighting. Clegg left his job to set up his own gas lighting business, the
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Murdoch was the first to exploit the flammability of gas for the practical application of lighting. He worked for
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at the usual time, and, in 1690, an order was issued to hang out a light, or lamp, every night at nightfall, from
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The history of the Russian gas industry began with retired Lieutenant Pyotr Sobolevsky (1782–1841), who improved
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Lengths were constructed the same way as border lights, but mounted vertically in the rear where the wings were.
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Public illumination preceded by centuries the development and widespread adoption of gas lighting. In 1417, Sir
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Bunch lights were a cluster of burners that sat on a vertical base that was fuelled directly from the gas line.
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The fishtail burner was similar to the flat burner, but it produced a brighter flame and conducted less heat.
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Transactions of the Society, Instituted at London, for the Encouragement of Arts, Manufactures, and Commerce
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has been credited with the first house and street lighting in the United States, in either 1805 or 1806 in
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By 1823, numerous towns and cities throughout Britain were lit by gas. Gas light cost up to 75% less than
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operate in areas that have been named historic districts. Gas lights also operate in parts of the famed
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entertained his friends by demonstrating the flammability of the gas. Clayton published his findings in
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666:, different kinds of coal, oil, wax, etc., he quantified the intensity of the light from each source.
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1423:(the first city in the world lit by gas) with LED lighting by 2023, which sparked public opposition.
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Illuminating gas was used for gas lighting, as it produces a much brighter light than natural gas or
901:, reportedly one of the first such public installations of gas lighting in the region, enhanced as a
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used today. This adjustable box of light reflected a beam whose size could be altered by a barndoor.
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Throughout the 19th century and into the first decades of the 20th, the gas was manufactured by the
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2634:"Celebrating 100 Years as the Standard for Safety: The Compressed Gas Association, Inc. 1913–2013"
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lamps are still used, although the increased availability of alternative energy sources, such as
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Historic candelabrum in Prague from 1865, electrified in 1985, rebuilt back to gas light in 2012
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was designed to function similar to gas lighting. For reasons of safety and simplicity it used
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It took nearly 200 years for gas to become accessible for commercial use. A Flemish alchemist,
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daily, producing 300,000 cubic feet (8,500 m) of gas. This supplied gas lamps equal to 75,000
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Pro Gaslicht e.V. : Association for the Preservation of the European Gas-light Culture
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Theatre, Performance and Technology: The Development of Scenography in the Twentieth Century
2804:"A bit of Engineering History: The story of the fuel gas and electrical engineering company"
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A New and Accurate History and Survey of London, Westminster, Southwark, and Places Adjacent
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https://www1.wdr.de/nachrichten/rheinland/duesseldorf-gaslaternen-bleiben-erhalten-100.html
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in Cornwall, Murdoch began experimenting with various types of gas, finally settling on
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perfect for the stage. One can obtain gradation of brightness that is really magical."
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This article is about the production of artificial light. For the human behaviour, see
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This hospital lavatory was lit by a dual gas and electric fixture. (New Orleans, 1906)
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3184:(1st ed.). Middletown, Connecticut: Wesleyan University Press. pp. 27–152.
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Flat burners were invented mainly to distribute gas and light evenly to the systems.
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Outdoor installation of gaslamps compared with new electric lighting (London, 1878)
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451:
2803:
1076:; and 204 gas lamps were ceremonially lit in St. Petersburg on 27 September 1839.
823:
lit his factory with gas illumination from 1812 to 1813. The use of gas lights in
412:
Prior to use of gaseous fuels for lighting, the early lighting fuels consisted of
2447:
Clark, Walton (1916). "Progress of Gas Lighting Appliances During Past Century".
2387:
The Scot Who Lit The World, The Story of William Murdoch Inventor of Gas Lighting
2161:
2002:
1637:, a colourless and odourless gas that is more readily absorbed by the blood than
1512:, has a gas lamp section in which all the pavements are lit by public gas lamps.
1504:, still uses its original gas street lights that are an original feature of the
1164:
There were six types of burners, but four burners were really experimented with:
859:
each yielding the light of six candles. At the City Gas Works, in Dorset Street,
4708:
4703:
4610:
4487:
4452:
4324:
4278:
4154:
4013:
3933:
3741:
3736:
3696:
3668:
3663:
3594:
3589:
3574:
3453:
2141:
Roskell, J.S.; Clark, L.; Rawcliffe, C., eds. (1993). "Barton, Henry (d.1435)".
1849:
1669:
1560:
1463:
1420:
1335:
1136:
1107:
1015:
985:
980:. This eliminated the need for special illuminating gas (a synthetic mixture of
910:
856:
837:
789:
353:
321:
88:
22:
4691:
4681:
4676:
4666:
4615:
4268:
4134:
4129:
4018:
3981:
3964:
3896:
3891:
3866:
3561:
2947:"Plan to Change Westminster's Historic Gas Street Lights to LEDs Sparks Anger"
2619:
1665:
1657:
1521:
1513:
1473:
1451:
1315:
1255:
1223:
1219:
1195:
1012:
973:
948:
886:
867:
852:
820:
659:
618:
614:
603:
488:
471:
429:
329:
281:
266:
3226:(2nd ed.). Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall. pp. 14–17.
3061:
Technologie hlavnĂho mÄ›sta Prahy správcem plynovĂ©ho osvÄ›tlenĂ KrálovskĂ© cesty
2463:
805:, in 1816; this was due to the Preston Gaslight Company run by revolutionary
4698:
4620:
4472:
4314:
4211:
4164:
3753:
3729:
3658:
3638:
2044:
1824:
1342:
networks which finally spelled the end of widespread usage of gas lighting.
1259:
1242:
1211:
1019:
1008:
1001:
925:
906:
828:
753:
738:
655:
494:
463:
425:
413:
376:
349:
333:
301:
2606:
2418:
2327:
2286:
509:, published in 1726. From the distillation of "one hundred and fifty-eight
847:
In 1817, at the three stations of the Chartered Gas Company in London, 25
4640:
4625:
4576:
4477:
4447:
4432:
4405:
4378:
4046:
3986:
3691:
3683:
3653:
3614:
3579:
3549:
3532:
3338:
2021:
1796:
1661:
1287:
1023:
981:
921:
848:
770:
641:
622:
480:
421:
345:
317:
309:
305:
285:
1927:
1911:
1416:
with 14,000 lamps (2020), of which at least 10,000 are to be retained
328:
to increase brightness, or indirectly with other components such as the
4560:
4550:
3998:
3943:
3643:
3621:
2644:
1852: – Pressurized kerosene lamps made by the Tilley company in the UK
1701:
1645:
1191:
1073:
954:
898:
813:
684:
626:
467:
417:
375:, and gas lighting is used indoors or outdoors to create or preserve a
360:
336:, with the gas primarily functioning to heat the mantle or the lime to
293:
289:
2509:"Light brigade: carrying the torch for London's last gas street lamps"
798:
successful commercialization, gas lighting spread to other countries.
729:
By 1816, Samuel Clegg obtained the patent for his horizontal rotative
398:
4555:
4467:
4422:
3626:
3584:
2548:
2533:
History (from A.D. 705 to 1883) of Preston in the County of Lancaster
1638:
1527:
1427:
1409:
1366:
1314:
power transmission systems in the 1880s and 90s by companies such as
1187:
871:
730:
575:
Satirical cartoon showing dangers of early gaslighting (London, 1813)
444:
436:
297:
270:
1827: – Type of stage lighting once used in theatres and music halls
1676:, combined with increasing efficiency of lighting products, such as
801:
In England, the first place outside London to have gas lighting was
1194:
was imbedded into the Welsbach. This source of light was named the
1004:
was also used from about 1898 for gas lighting on a smaller scale.
4309:
3673:
3599:
3047:, prahasviti.cz, 26. October 2018, according to: Ladislav Monzer:
2240:. MPRL – Studies. Max Planck Research Library. 27 September 2016.
1620:
1384:
1372:
1360:
1269:
1106:
894:
788:
776:
760:
752:
680:
570:
562:
397:
260:
3115:. Grand Rapids Historical Commission. 30 May 2007. Archived from
722:
was established. Less than two years later, on 31 December 1813,
4510:
1773:
Poster showing benefits of gaslighting and heating (Italy, 1902)
1330:
in the US solved the voltage and distance problem by using high
997:
663:
4351:
3311:
2436:. New York: A. M. Callender & Co. 2 March 1876. p. 92.
1516:
has authentic 19th century gas lamps from Baltimore along the "
1554:
1226:. Color was added later by dying cotton, wool, and silk cloth.
1057:
delayed implementation, but St. Petersburg's Governor General
890:
874:, who patented the purification of coal gas by the use of dry
644:
was patented in 1799, while German inventor Friedrich Winzer (
184:
82:
41:
3295:
2895:"Meet the campaigners who saved London's historic gas lamps"
2672:. No. 2. Archived from the original on 22 December 2005
2587:
Transactions of the Norfolk and Norwich Naturalists' Society
2047:(1908) . "Temporall government". In Kingsford, C. L. (ed.).
1737:
Reproduction of an early European exterior gaslamp (Germany)
648:) was the first person to patent coal-gas lighting in 1804.
4347:
3307:
3026:
Rozhovor: PlynovĂ© lampy majĂ v Praze svĂ© mĂsto, Ĺ™Ăká lampář
3205:(1st ed.). New York: Design Press. pp. 172–176.
2920:"Campaign fighting to save hundreds of London's gas lamps"
1652:, which under most circumstances burns more completely to
1198:; it produced three times more light than the naked flame.
3247:(5th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. pp. 364–367.
2464:"David Melville And The First American Gas Light Patents"
2144:
The History of Parliament: the House of Commons 1386-1421
1882:"Before Electricity, Streets Were Filled with Gas Lights"
1408:
The largest gas lighting network in the world is that of
1049:'s design for a "thermolamp" and presented it to Emperor
885:
had developed a gas lighting with copper apparatuses and
1500:
maintains over 450 gas street lights and the village of
793:
A lamplighter igniting a gas streetlight in Sweden, 1953
713:
In 1809, accordingly, the first application was made to
2605:
1916:
Pennsylvania History: A Journal of Mid-Atlantic Studies
1405:
market for those in search of historical authenticity.
957:
appeared in the field as a rival of coal gas. In 1815,
208:
1799: – Artificial illuminating gas similar to propane
836:(c. 1806), as described above, or of William Henry, a
1397:
first gas lamp in America, erected at that location.
1222:, were a row of lights that hung horizontally in the
938:
English Association for Gas Lighting on the Continent
870:
gas. Another plan was devised by Reuben Phillips, of
625:
as the most effective. He first lit his own house in
3148:(1st ed.). Palgrave MacMillan. pp. 96–97.
1840:
Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback
1761:
Poster advertising Bec Auer gaslamps (France, 1890s)
654:
In 1804, Dr Henry delivered a course of lectures on
4654:
4598:
4569:
4541:
4486:
4392:
4385:
4292:
4247:
4188:
4111:
4027:
3952:
3822:
3762:
3710:
3682:
3560:
3462:
3434:
3425:
3345:
3304:
Open-air museum on gas lighting in Berlin (German).
3202:
Stage Lighting Design: The Art, The Craft, The Life
3087:"Old-Fashioned Gas Lamps Make a Comeback to Prague"
2113:. United States: Alexander Moore. 1871. p. 13.
1426:In the United States, more than 2800 gas lights in
1178:The last burner that was experimented with was the
113:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2966:"Exploring London's Gas Lights (a Walk Itinerary)"
2130:. Ireland: Thomas Tegg and Son. 1835. p. 157.
1888:. McGill University Office for Science and Society
1462:and outside historic homes throughout the city in
567:Passersby marvel at new gaslighting (London, 1809)
1664:are not readily accessible or desirable, propane
1648:(sometimes called "bottle(d) gas"), a product of
356:, although many later designs are self-igniting.
1838: – street lamp powered by burning sewer gas
1749:Gaslit school hallway (Paris, late 19th century)
1111:Diagram showing a typical limelight installation
951:, provided a brighter and more economical lamp.
3075:, Portál hlavnĂho mÄ›sta Prahy, 21 November 2017
2797:
2795:
2726:
2724:
2722:
2315:Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society
2274:Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society
2200:Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society
2090:Osborne, Edward Cornelius; Osborne, W. (1840).
536:Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society
28:"Gaslight" redirects here. For other uses, see
3298:(German). Listing of the cities with gaslight.
2670:Oil of Russia: International Quarterly Edition
2664:Yefimov, Alexander; Volkova, Lyudmila (2005).
2553:. Bristol Historical Association. p. 4-6.
2488:. Newport Historical Society. 13 December 2016
2166:. New York: Charles S. Francis. 1838. p.
1644:New fixtures are still made and available for
4363:
3323:
2740:
2738:
2736:
2451:. Progressive Age Publishing Co. p. 122.
2093:Osborne's London and Birmingham Railway Guide
832:gas has been variously identified as that of
352:. Early gas lights were ignited manually by
8:
3038:Pražské veřejné osvětlenà v letech 1918–2018
2001:James, P.; Thorpe, N.; Thorpe, I.J. (1995).
1298:(DC) at a relatively low 110 volts to light
1235:The conical reflector can be related to the
1202:Several different instruments were used for
733:, his apparatus for purifying coal gas with
3271:"The Last Days of Berlin's Gas Streetlamps"
1589:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1496:and Cherry Hill, among others. The city of
439:pipes to homes. The ancient Chinese of the
280:is the production of artificial light from
76:Learn how and when to remove these messages
4389:
4370:
4356:
4348:
3431:
3330:
3316:
3308:
3220:Sellman, Hunton; Lessley, Merrill (1982).
2659:
2657:
2075:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1950:"Jobs of Yesteryear: Obsolete Occupations"
1905:
1903:
1700:. Gas lighting is still in common use for
1656:and water vapour. In some locations where
402:An illustration of designs of lamplights,
2027:Records of the country south of Mount Kua
1816:, an outdoor gas lantern museum in Berlin
1609:Learn how and when to remove this message
1072:, using pit coal brought in by ship from
265:Gas lighting in the historical center of
249:Learn how and when to remove this message
231:Learn how and when to remove this message
173:Learn how and when to remove this message
2825:Rasmussen, Frederick (10 October 1998).
1910:Binder, Frederick Moore (October 1955).
1875:
1873:
1871:
1450:, and parts of other neighbourhoods. In
1083:, Bolshaya and Malaya Morskaya streets,
1026:led to the discovery that ethylene is a
359:Gas lighting now is frequently used for
3241:Wilson, Edwin; Goldfarb, Alvin (2006).
3109:"Lighting City Streets, 1850s to 1950s"
2712:
2710:
2223:. London: W. and J. Innys. p. 176.
1867:
1715:
2945:Sherwood, Harriet (21 November 2021).
2683:
2372:
2360:
2348:
2068:
2007:. Ballantine Books. pp. 427–428.
273:, is manually turned off and on daily.
2607:"On the Atmospheric Bude-Light"
1785:Portable gas desk lamp (c. 1900-1910)
1629:The use of natural gas (methane) for
1625:A three mantle gas lamp in modern use
976:was invented by the Austrian chemist
781:Church interior with gas torchieres (
7:
1587:adding citations to reliable sources
111:adding citations to reliable sources
3181:Theatre Lighting Before Electricity
3163:Chastain, Ben B. (8 January 2021).
2643:. 11 September 2013. Archived from
2411:"Rumford Archive Winners 1898–1800"
702:Although the history is uncertain,
3302:Gaslaternen-Freilichtmuseum Berlin
2991:"The Magic of Gas Lamps in Prague"
2564:RĂĄdhus, Ă…mĂĄls (10 February 1827).
2550:The Bristol Gas Industry 1815–1949
2507:Kennedy, Maev (25 December 2015).
1820:History of manufactured fuel gases
1814:Gaslaternen-Freilichtmuseum Berlin
1135:, built in 1862. In 1875, the new
690:In 1808, Murdoch presented to the
348:, coal gas and, in limited cases,
14:
3085:Vesela, Zuzana (9 January 2004).
2814:. The Westinghouse Club: 181–183.
1091:Arcade, Noblemen's Assembly, the
1018:in 1806. In 1901, studies of the
942:Sir William Congreve, 2nd Baronet
57:This article has multiple issues.
4589:
3013:PouliÄŤnĂ lampy svĂtĂ uĹľ 160 let.
2536:. Chronicle Office. p. 268.
2187:. Vol. 2. pp. 373–374.
1778:
1766:
1754:
1742:
1730:
1718:
1559:
1000:) to get bright shining flames.
501:British clergyman and scientist
483:as a fine for failing to do so.
189:
87:
46:
3847:Parabolic aluminized reflector
2893:Ellen, Tom (24 November 2022).
1948:Arsiya, Iklim (29 April 2017).
1805: – Acetylene-burning lamps
474:to Christmas. By an Act of the
98:needs additional citations for
65:or discuss these issues on the
3792:Hydrargyrum medium-arc iodide
3063:, PraĹľskĂ˝ patriot, 21 May 2018
2022:Ch'ang Ch'ü (常璩, a geographer)
1:
4416:Underground coal gasification
3028:, Metro.cz, 15 September 2014
2859:. 2 June 2022. Archived from
2666:"Pioneers of the Methane Age"
1218:Border lights, also known as
1160:Types of lighting instruments
765:A gaslit outdoor fountain at
546:Minister and experimentalist
403:
3269:Rennie, Alex (1 June 2023).
3223:Essentials of Stage Lighting
3089:. Radio Prague International
2989:T., Lidia (1 October 2019).
2432:"Melville's Gas Apparatus".
2163:The Young Man's Evening Book
4037:Automotive light bulb types
3887:Intelligent street lighting
3142:Baugh, Christopher (2005).
3015:MF Dnes, 15. September 2007
2604:Bethell, John (1843–1844).
1976:"The Last Gas Streetlights"
1510:Manhattan Beach, California
1365:Modern gas street light in
1087:and Tsarskoselsky Avenues,
389:History of manufactured gas
4781:
3800:Hydrargyrum quartz iodide
3178:Penzel, Frederick (1978).
3165:"Jan Baptista van Helmont"
2857:"Gasbeleuchtung in Berlin"
2530:Hewitson, Anthony (1883).
2434:American Gas Light Journal
2053:. Oxford. pp. 147–187
1658:public utility electricity
1476:also retain gas lighting:
1381:in West Yorkshire, England
1377:Gas train station lamp at
1354:
915:Charles XIV John of Sweden
881:In 1820, Swedish inventor
720:Gas Light and Coke Company
687:toys, and other articles.
635:Gas Light and Coke Company
591:Later in the 18th century
553:Philosophical Transactions
386:
34:
27:
20:
4587:
4239:Stage lighting instrument
3244:Living Theatre: A History
3199:Pilbrow, Richard (1997).
2690:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
2486:"Gas Lighting in Newport"
1836:Sewer gas destructor lamp
1678:compact fluorescent lamps
1055:French invasion of Russia
844:, Pennsylvania, in 1816.
840:, at 200 Lombard Street,
30:Gaslight (disambiguation)
4300:Battlefield illumination
4057:high-intensity discharge
3489:Electrochemiluminescence
2237:Cavendish: Air and Water
2030:
1470:South Orange, New Jersey
1379:Oakworth railway station
1300:incandescent light bulbs
990:destructive distillation
947:The 1839 invention, the
581:Jan Baptista van Helmont
441:Spring and Autumn period
203:may need to be rewritten
35:Not to be confused with
16:Type of artificial light
4160:Electroluminescent wire
3170:Encyclopædia Britannica
3073:Lampář na Karlově mostě
3043:28 October 2018 at the
2385:Thomson, Janet (2003).
1310:The development of new
1182:. Around this time the
1142:Illustrated London News
1097:Peter and Paul Fortress
883:Johan Patrik Ljungström
737:, and for his rotative
646:Frederick Albert Winsor
642:gas distilled from wood
383:History of gas lighting
4631:Natural-gas processing
3842:Multifaceted reflector
2964:Fraser, Steve (2018).
2618:: 198–200 – via
2328:10.1098/rstl.1735.0057
2287:10.1098/rstl.1733.0019
2063:British History Online
1708:, are also available.
1698:Grand Rapids, Michigan
1696:, as early as 1857 in
1626:
1390:
1382:
1370:
1275:
1112:
978:Carl Auer von Welsbach
967:Taylor & Martineau
794:
786:
774:
773:, New York, 1873–1897)
758:
640:A "thermolampe" using
576:
568:
529:A 1733 publication by
409:
274:
4393:Manufactured fuel gas
4232:ellipsoidal reflector
3837:Ellipsoidal reflector
3521:Fluorescent induction
3499:field-induced polymer
2580:"President's Address"
2547:Nabb, Harold (1987).
2462:Mattausch, Daniel W.
2181:Entick, John (1766).
1831:List of light sources
1624:
1538:, Loretánská street,
1506:Frederick Law Olmsted
1498:Lake Forest, Illinois
1388:
1376:
1364:
1324:Westinghouse Electric
1273:
1110:
931:Industrial Revolution
792:
780:
764:
756:
708:Newport, Rhode Island
574:
566:
401:
363:, for which the high
264:
4069:Rear position lights
4042:Daytime running lamp
3970:Mechanically powered
3857:Aviation obstruction
3113:Grand Rapids History
2978:on 21 November 2021.
2808:The Electric Journal
2519:on 25 December 2015.
2466:. The Rushlight Club
2421:on 10 February 2008.
1583:improve this section
1488:, and some parts of
1059:Mikhail Miloradovich
944:as general manager.
851:(24 m) of coal were
679:, a manufacturer of
456:Lord Mayor of London
107:improve this article
4760:Scottish inventions
4636:Natural gas storage
3477:Electron-stimulated
3119:on 24 November 2010
2880:24 May 2020 at the
2802:Gow, A. M. (1917).
1974:Patowary, Kaushik.
1518:Main Street, U.S.A.
1508:planned community.
1502:Riverside, Illinois
1312:alternating current
1285:alternating current
1133:Théâtre du Chatelet
1093:Technical Institute
803:Preston, Lancashire
4735:English inventions
4730:Chinese inventions
4646:Pipeline transport
4606:Compressor station
4320:Luminous gemstones
3494:Electroluminescent
3472:Cathodoluminescent
3051:, FCC Public, 2003
2050:A Survey of London
2004:Ancient Inventions
1627:
1540:DraĹľickĂ©ho námÄ›stĂ
1536:HradÄŤanskĂ© námÄ›stĂ
1454:, Ohio, more than
1432:historic districts
1391:
1383:
1371:
1276:
1113:
1022:effect of leaking
988:gases produced by
795:
787:
783:Reading, Berkshire
775:
759:
724:Westminster Bridge
577:
569:
410:
275:
4717:
4716:
4585:
4584:
4428:Blast furnace gas
4411:Coal gasification
4345:
4344:
3862:Balanced-arm lamp
3818:
3817:
3702:Yablochkov candle
3570:Acetylene/Carbide
3540:Radioluminescence
3412:Luminous efficacy
3358:Color temperature
3254:978-0-07-351412-3
3233:978-0-13-289249-0
3212:978-1-85459-273-6
3191:978-0-8195-5021-7
3155:978-1-4039-1696-9
2389:. Janet Thomson.
2247:978-3-945561-06-5
2234:"Air and Water".
2014:978-0-345-40102-1
1980:AmusingPlanet.com
1880:Sweeney, Morgan.
1684:are also in use.
1619:
1618:
1611:
1520:" section of the
1332:transmission line
1140:According to the
1063:Aptekarsky Island
963:Apothecary's Hall
531:Sir James Lowther
507:Vegetable Statics
259:
258:
251:
241:
240:
233:
213:lead layout guide
183:
182:
175:
157:
80:
4772:
4750:Industrial gases
4740:Gas technologies
4593:
4390:
4372:
4365:
4358:
4349:
4145:Christmas lights
4079:Safety reflector
4074:Reversing lights
4009:Navigation light
3960:Bicycle lighting
3850:
3803:
3795:
3769:
3528:Photoluminescent
3511:Fluorescent lamp
3484:Chemiluminescent
3432:
3400:Bi-pin lamp base
3395:Lightbulb socket
3332:
3325:
3318:
3309:
3285:
3283:
3281:
3258:
3237:
3216:
3195:
3174:
3159:
3129:
3128:
3126:
3124:
3105:
3099:
3098:
3096:
3094:
3082:
3076:
3070:
3064:
3058:
3052:
3035:
3029:
3022:
3016:
3009:
3003:
3002:
3000:
2998:
2993:. Prague Morning
2986:
2980:
2979:
2977:
2971:. Archived from
2970:
2961:
2955:
2954:
2942:
2936:
2935:
2933:
2931:
2926:. 3 October 2022
2916:
2910:
2909:
2907:
2905:
2899:Evening Standard
2890:
2884:
2871:
2865:
2864:
2863:on 26 June 2022.
2853:
2847:
2846:
2844:
2842:
2833:. Archived from
2822:
2816:
2815:
2799:
2790:
2787:
2781:
2778:
2772:
2769:
2763:
2760:
2754:
2751:
2745:
2742:
2731:
2728:
2717:
2714:
2705:
2702:
2696:
2695:
2689:
2681:
2679:
2677:
2661:
2652:
2651:
2650:on 26 June 2017.
2649:
2638:
2630:
2624:
2623:
2609:
2601:
2595:
2594:
2584:
2576:
2570:
2569:
2561:
2555:
2554:
2544:
2538:
2537:
2527:
2521:
2520:
2515:. Archived from
2504:
2498:
2497:
2495:
2493:
2482:
2476:
2475:
2473:
2471:
2459:
2453:
2452:
2444:
2438:
2437:
2429:
2423:
2422:
2417:. Archived from
2407:
2401:
2400:
2382:
2376:
2370:
2364:
2358:
2352:
2346:
2340:
2339:
2322:(442): 282–285.
2305:
2299:
2298:
2281:(429): 109–113.
2265:
2259:
2258:
2256:
2254:
2231:
2225:
2224:
2210:
2204:
2203:
2195:
2189:
2188:
2178:
2172:
2171:
2158:
2152:
2151:
2138:
2132:
2131:
2122:
2116:
2114:
2104:
2098:
2097:
2087:
2081:
2080:
2074:
2066:
2060:
2058:
2041:
2035:
2034:
2018:
1998:
1992:
1991:
1989:
1987:
1982:. Amusing Planet
1971:
1965:
1964:
1962:
1960:
1945:
1939:
1938:
1936:
1934:
1907:
1898:
1897:
1895:
1893:
1877:
1841:
1782:
1770:
1758:
1746:
1734:
1722:
1672:and small scale
1614:
1607:
1603:
1600:
1594:
1563:
1555:
1369:, Germany (2005)
1340:electrical power
767:Grand Army Plaza
741:and self-acting
726:was lit by gas.
718:and Westminster
673:Josiah Pemberton
559:Early technology
524:Alessandro Volta
408:
405:
377:nostalgic effect
369:hydrocarbon fuel
326:illuminating gas
254:
247:
236:
229:
225:
222:
216:
209:improve the lead
193:
192:
185:
178:
171:
167:
164:
158:
156:
115:
91:
83:
72:
50:
49:
42:
4780:
4779:
4775:
4774:
4773:
4771:
4770:
4769:
4720:
4719:
4718:
4713:
4650:
4594:
4581:
4565:
4537:
4482:
4394:
4381:
4376:
4346:
4341:
4305:Bioluminescence
4288:
4257:
4243:
4200:
4184:
4123:
4107:
4023:
3948:
3872:Emergency light
3848:
3814:
3801:
3793:
3767:
3765:
3758:
3706:
3678:
3649:Magnesium torch
3556:
3458:
3427:
3421:
3378:Light pollution
3353:Accent lighting
3341:
3336:
3292:
3279:
3277:
3268:
3265:
3263:Further reading
3255:
3240:
3234:
3219:
3213:
3198:
3192:
3177:
3162:
3156:
3141:
3138:
3133:
3132:
3122:
3120:
3107:
3106:
3102:
3092:
3090:
3084:
3083:
3079:
3071:
3067:
3059:
3055:
3049:Osvětlenà Prahy
3045:Wayback Machine
3036:
3032:
3023:
3019:
3011:Robert Oppelt:
3010:
3006:
2996:
2994:
2988:
2987:
2983:
2975:
2968:
2963:
2962:
2958:
2944:
2943:
2939:
2929:
2927:
2918:
2917:
2913:
2903:
2901:
2892:
2891:
2887:
2882:Wayback Machine
2872:
2868:
2855:
2854:
2850:
2840:
2838:
2837:on 11 June 2016
2824:
2823:
2819:
2801:
2800:
2793:
2788:
2784:
2779:
2775:
2770:
2766:
2761:
2757:
2752:
2748:
2743:
2734:
2729:
2720:
2715:
2708:
2703:
2699:
2682:
2675:
2673:
2663:
2662:
2655:
2647:
2636:
2632:
2631:
2627:
2603:
2602:
2598:
2593:(5): 407. 1919.
2582:
2578:
2577:
2573:
2563:
2562:
2558:
2546:
2545:
2541:
2529:
2528:
2524:
2506:
2505:
2501:
2491:
2489:
2484:
2483:
2479:
2469:
2467:
2461:
2460:
2456:
2446:
2445:
2441:
2431:
2430:
2426:
2409:
2408:
2404:
2397:
2384:
2383:
2379:
2371:
2367:
2359:
2355:
2347:
2343:
2307:
2306:
2302:
2267:
2266:
2262:
2252:
2250:
2248:
2233:
2232:
2228:
2212:
2211:
2207:
2197:
2196:
2192:
2180:
2179:
2175:
2160:
2159:
2155:
2140:
2139:
2135:
2124:
2123:
2119:
2106:
2105:
2101:
2089:
2088:
2084:
2067:
2056:
2054:
2043:
2042:
2038:
2032:
2020:
2015:
2000:
1999:
1995:
1985:
1983:
1973:
1972:
1968:
1958:
1956:
1947:
1946:
1942:
1932:
1930:
1909:
1908:
1901:
1891:
1889:
1879:
1878:
1869:
1864:
1859:
1839:
1793:
1786:
1783:
1774:
1771:
1762:
1759:
1750:
1747:
1738:
1735:
1726:
1723:
1714:
1706:Coleman lantern
1690:
1635:carbon monoxide
1615:
1604:
1598:
1595:
1580:
1564:
1553:
1456:1100 gas lights
1430:operate in the
1359:
1353:
1348:
1328:Thomson-Houston
1268:
1180:Welsbach burner
1162:
1105:
1047:Philippe le Bon
1043:
994:bituminous coal
825:Rembrandt Peale
751:
600:Matthew Boulton
593:William Murdoch
561:
520:Henry Cavendish
406:
396:
391:
385:
373:street lighting
314:carbon monoxide
255:
244:
243:
242:
237:
226:
220:
217:
206:
194:
190:
179:
168:
162:
159:
116:
114:
104:
92:
51:
47:
40:
33:
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4778:
4776:
4768:
4767:
4762:
4757:
4752:
4747:
4745:Infrastructure
4742:
4737:
4732:
4722:
4721:
4715:
4714:
4712:
4711:
4706:
4701:
4696:
4695:
4694:
4684:
4679:
4674:
4669:
4664:
4658:
4656:
4652:
4651:
4649:
4648:
4643:
4638:
4633:
4628:
4623:
4618:
4613:
4608:
4602:
4600:
4599:Infrastructure
4596:
4595:
4588:
4586:
4583:
4582:
4580:
4579:
4573:
4571:
4567:
4566:
4564:
4563:
4558:
4553:
4547:
4545:
4539:
4538:
4536:
4535:
4534:
4533:
4523:
4518:
4513:
4508:
4503:
4498:
4492:
4490:
4484:
4483:
4481:
4480:
4475:
4470:
4465:
4463:Regasification
4460:
4455:
4450:
4445:
4440:
4435:
4430:
4425:
4420:
4419:
4418:
4413:
4402:
4400:
4387:
4383:
4382:
4377:
4375:
4374:
4367:
4360:
4352:
4343:
4342:
4340:
4339:
4338:
4337:
4327:
4322:
4317:
4312:
4307:
4302:
4296:
4294:
4293:Related topics
4290:
4289:
4287:
4286:
4281:
4276:
4271:
4266:
4260:
4258:
4256:
4255:
4252:
4248:
4245:
4244:
4242:
4241:
4236:
4235:
4234:
4224:
4219:
4214:
4209:
4203:
4201:
4199:
4198:
4195:
4189:
4186:
4185:
4183:
4182:
4177:
4172:
4167:
4162:
4157:
4152:
4147:
4142:
4137:
4132:
4126:
4124:
4122:
4121:
4116:
4112:
4109:
4108:
4106:
4105:
4104:
4103:
4093:
4088:
4087:
4086:
4084:retroreflector
4076:
4071:
4066:
4065:
4064:
4059:
4054:
4044:
4039:
4033:
4031:
4025:
4024:
4022:
4021:
4016:
4011:
4006:
4001:
3996:
3995:
3994:
3984:
3979:
3978:
3977:
3972:
3962:
3956:
3954:
3950:
3949:
3947:
3946:
3941:
3939:Track lighting
3936:
3931:
3930:
3929:
3919:
3914:
3912:Recessed light
3909:
3904:
3899:
3894:
3889:
3884:
3882:Gooseneck lamp
3879:
3874:
3869:
3864:
3859:
3854:
3853:
3852:
3844:
3839:
3828:
3826:
3820:
3819:
3816:
3815:
3813:
3812:
3807:
3806:
3805:
3797:
3789:
3779:
3773:
3771:
3764:High-intensity
3760:
3759:
3757:
3756:
3751:
3746:
3745:
3744:
3734:
3733:
3732:
3722:
3716:
3714:
3708:
3707:
3705:
3704:
3699:
3694:
3688:
3686:
3680:
3679:
3677:
3676:
3671:
3666:
3661:
3656:
3651:
3646:
3641:
3636:
3635:
3634:
3629:
3619:
3618:
3617:
3607:
3602:
3597:
3592:
3587:
3582:
3577:
3572:
3566:
3564:
3558:
3557:
3555:
3554:
3553:
3552:
3542:
3537:
3536:
3535:
3533:Laser headlamp
3525:
3524:
3523:
3518:
3503:
3502:
3501:
3491:
3486:
3481:
3480:
3479:
3468:
3466:
3460:
3459:
3457:
3456:
3451:
3446:
3440:
3438:
3429:
3423:
3422:
3420:
3419:
3414:
3409:
3408:
3407:
3402:
3392:
3391:
3390:
3385:
3375:
3370:
3365:
3363:Electric light
3360:
3355:
3349:
3347:
3343:
3342:
3337:
3335:
3334:
3327:
3320:
3312:
3306:
3305:
3299:
3291:
3290:External links
3288:
3287:
3286:
3264:
3261:
3260:
3259:
3253:
3238:
3232:
3217:
3211:
3196:
3190:
3175:
3160:
3154:
3137:
3134:
3131:
3130:
3100:
3077:
3065:
3053:
3030:
3024:Tomáš Belica:
3017:
3004:
2981:
2956:
2937:
2911:
2885:
2866:
2848:
2817:
2791:
2782:
2773:
2764:
2755:
2746:
2732:
2718:
2706:
2697:
2653:
2625:
2596:
2571:
2568:. J. Jacobson.
2556:
2539:
2522:
2499:
2477:
2454:
2439:
2424:
2402:
2395:
2377:
2365:
2353:
2341:
2310:Lowther, James
2300:
2269:Lowther, James
2260:
2246:
2226:
2214:Hales, Stephen
2205:
2190:
2173:
2153:
2133:
2117:
2099:
2096:. p. 244.
2082:
2036:
2013:
1993:
1966:
1954:DailySabah.com
1940:
1922:(4): 359–373.
1899:
1866:
1865:
1863:
1860:
1858:
1855:
1854:
1853:
1847:
1842:
1833:
1828:
1822:
1817:
1811:
1809:Carbochemistry
1806:
1800:
1792:
1789:
1788:
1787:
1784:
1777:
1775:
1772:
1765:
1763:
1760:
1753:
1751:
1748:
1741:
1739:
1736:
1729:
1727:
1724:
1717:
1713:
1710:
1689:
1686:
1654:carbon dioxide
1617:
1616:
1567:
1565:
1558:
1552:
1549:
1545:Charles Bridge
1460:French Quarter
1352:
1349:
1347:
1344:
1334:voltages, and
1322:in Europe and
1296:direct current
1281:direct current
1267:
1264:
1247:
1246:
1240:
1233:
1230:
1227:
1216:
1204:stage lighting
1200:
1199:
1176:
1173:
1170:
1161:
1158:
1122:Lyceum Theatre
1104:
1103:Theatrical use
1101:
1042:
1039:
903:triumphal arch
834:David Melville
750:
749:Widespread use
747:
704:David Melville
677:Benjamin Cooke
560:
557:
526:, and others.
492:and the other
476:Common Council
395:
392:
387:Main article:
384:
381:
365:energy density
320:(town gas) or
257:
256:
239:
238:
198:The article's
197:
195:
188:
181:
180:
122:"Gas lighting"
95:
93:
86:
81:
55:
54:
52:
45:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4777:
4766:
4765:Types of lamp
4763:
4761:
4758:
4756:
4753:
4751:
4748:
4746:
4743:
4741:
4738:
4736:
4733:
4731:
4728:
4727:
4725:
4710:
4707:
4705:
4702:
4700:
4697:
4693:
4690:
4689:
4688:
4685:
4683:
4680:
4678:
4675:
4673:
4670:
4668:
4665:
4663:
4662:Bunsen burner
4660:
4659:
4657:
4653:
4647:
4644:
4642:
4639:
4637:
4634:
4632:
4629:
4627:
4624:
4622:
4619:
4617:
4614:
4612:
4609:
4607:
4604:
4603:
4601:
4597:
4592:
4578:
4575:
4574:
4572:
4568:
4562:
4559:
4557:
4554:
4552:
4549:
4548:
4546:
4544:
4540:
4532:
4529:
4528:
4527:
4524:
4522:
4519:
4517:
4514:
4512:
4509:
4507:
4504:
4502:
4499:
4497:
4494:
4493:
4491:
4489:
4485:
4479:
4476:
4474:
4471:
4469:
4466:
4464:
4461:
4459:
4456:
4454:
4451:
4449:
4446:
4444:
4441:
4439:
4436:
4434:
4431:
4429:
4426:
4424:
4421:
4417:
4414:
4412:
4409:
4408:
4407:
4404:
4403:
4401:
4398:
4391:
4388:
4384:
4380:
4373:
4368:
4366:
4361:
4359:
4354:
4353:
4350:
4336:
4333:
4332:
4331:
4328:
4326:
4323:
4321:
4318:
4316:
4313:
4311:
4308:
4306:
4303:
4301:
4298:
4297:
4295:
4291:
4285:
4282:
4280:
4277:
4275:
4274:Infrared lamp
4272:
4270:
4267:
4265:
4262:
4261:
4259:
4253:
4250:
4249:
4246:
4240:
4237:
4233:
4230:
4229:
4228:
4225:
4223:
4220:
4218:
4215:
4213:
4210:
4208:
4205:
4204:
4202:
4196:
4194:
4191:
4190:
4187:
4181:
4178:
4176:
4173:
4171:
4168:
4166:
4163:
4161:
4158:
4156:
4153:
4151:
4148:
4146:
4143:
4141:
4138:
4136:
4133:
4131:
4128:
4127:
4125:
4120:
4117:
4114:
4113:
4110:
4102:
4099:
4098:
4097:
4094:
4092:
4089:
4085:
4082:
4081:
4080:
4077:
4075:
4072:
4070:
4067:
4063:
4060:
4058:
4055:
4053:
4050:
4049:
4048:
4045:
4043:
4040:
4038:
4035:
4034:
4032:
4030:
4026:
4020:
4017:
4015:
4012:
4010:
4007:
4005:
4004:Laser pointer
4002:
4000:
3997:
3993:
3990:
3989:
3988:
3985:
3983:
3980:
3976:
3973:
3971:
3968:
3967:
3966:
3963:
3961:
3958:
3957:
3955:
3951:
3945:
3942:
3940:
3937:
3935:
3932:
3928:
3925:
3924:
3923:
3920:
3918:
3915:
3913:
3910:
3908:
3907:Pendant light
3905:
3903:
3902:Neon lighting
3900:
3898:
3895:
3893:
3890:
3888:
3885:
3883:
3880:
3878:
3875:
3873:
3870:
3868:
3865:
3863:
3860:
3858:
3855:
3851:
3845:
3843:
3840:
3838:
3835:
3834:
3833:
3830:
3829:
3827:
3825:
3821:
3811:
3808:
3804:
3798:
3796:
3790:
3788:
3785:
3784:
3783:
3780:
3778:
3777:Mercury-vapor
3775:
3774:
3772:
3770:
3761:
3755:
3752:
3750:
3747:
3743:
3740:
3739:
3738:
3735:
3731:
3728:
3727:
3726:
3723:
3721:
3720:Deuterium arc
3718:
3717:
3715:
3713:
3712:Gas discharge
3709:
3703:
3700:
3698:
3695:
3693:
3690:
3689:
3687:
3685:
3681:
3675:
3672:
3670:
3667:
3665:
3662:
3660:
3657:
3655:
3652:
3650:
3647:
3645:
3642:
3640:
3637:
3633:
3630:
3628:
3625:
3624:
3623:
3620:
3616:
3613:
3612:
3611:
3608:
3606:
3603:
3601:
3598:
3596:
3593:
3591:
3588:
3586:
3583:
3581:
3578:
3576:
3573:
3571:
3568:
3567:
3565:
3563:
3559:
3551:
3548:
3547:
3546:
3543:
3541:
3538:
3534:
3531:
3530:
3529:
3526:
3522:
3519:
3516:
3512:
3509:
3508:
3507:
3504:
3500:
3497:
3496:
3495:
3492:
3490:
3487:
3485:
3482:
3478:
3475:
3474:
3473:
3470:
3469:
3467:
3465:
3461:
3455:
3452:
3450:
3447:
3445:
3442:
3441:
3439:
3437:
3433:
3430:
3424:
3418:
3417:Task lighting
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2396:0-9530013-2-6
2392:
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2375:, p. 30.
2374:
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2033:(in Chinese).
2029:
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2016:
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1712:Image gallery
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1674:wind turbines
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1568:This section
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1292:Thomas Edison
1289:
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1234:
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1189:
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1184:Bunsen burner
1181:
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1081:Palace Square
1077:
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1070:Obvodny Canal
1066:
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1060:
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1038:
1036:
1031:
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1028:plant hormone
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827:'s Museum in
826:
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735:cream of lime
732:
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698:
697:Count Rumford
693:
692:Royal Society
688:
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594:
589:
586:
585:James Lowther
582:
573:
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558:
556:
554:
549:
544:
542:
541:Royal Society
538:
537:
532:
527:
525:
521:
517:
512:
508:
504:
503:Stephen Hales
499:
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341:
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338:incandescence
335:
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295:
291:
287:
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279:
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224:
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211:and read the
210:
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177:
174:
166:
155:
152:
148:
145:
141:
138:
134:
131:
127:
124: –
123:
119:
118:Find sources:
112:
108:
102:
101:
96:This article
94:
90:
85:
84:
79:
77:
70:
69:
64:
63:
58:
53:
44:
43:
38:
37:Fart lighting
31:
24:
19:
4687:Gas lighting
4686:
4672:Gas cylinder
4458:Producer gas
4443:Landfill gas
4438:Gasification
4180:Strobe light
4175:Plasma globe
4150:Crackle tube
4140:Bubble light
4101:trafficators
4096:Turn signals
3922:Street light
3877:Gas lighting
3876:
3810:Sodium vapor
3782:Metal-halide
3684:Electric arc
3604:
3436:Incandescent
3405:Edison screw
3278:. Retrieved
3274:
3243:
3222:
3201:
3180:
3168:
3144:
3136:Bibliography
3121:. Retrieved
3117:the original
3112:
3103:
3091:. Retrieved
3080:
3068:
3056:
3048:
3033:
3020:
3012:
3007:
2995:. Retrieved
2984:
2973:the original
2959:
2951:The Observer
2950:
2940:
2928:. Retrieved
2923:
2914:
2902:. Retrieved
2898:
2888:
2869:
2861:the original
2851:
2839:. Retrieved
2835:the original
2830:
2820:
2811:
2807:
2785:
2776:
2767:
2758:
2749:
2700:
2674:. Retrieved
2669:
2645:the original
2640:
2628:
2615:
2611:
2599:
2590:
2586:
2574:
2565:
2559:
2549:
2542:
2532:
2525:
2517:the original
2513:The Guardian
2512:
2502:
2490:. Retrieved
2480:
2468:. Retrieved
2457:
2448:
2442:
2433:
2427:
2419:the original
2414:
2405:
2386:
2380:
2368:
2356:
2344:
2319:
2313:
2308:Maud, John;
2303:
2278:
2272:
2263:
2251:. Retrieved
2236:
2229:
2218:
2208:
2199:
2193:
2183:
2176:
2162:
2156:
2148:
2143:
2136:
2126:
2120:
2108:
2102:
2092:
2085:
2061:– via
2055:. Retrieved
2049:
2039:
2025:
2003:
1996:
1984:. Retrieved
1979:
1969:
1957:. Retrieved
1953:
1943:
1931:. Retrieved
1919:
1915:
1890:. Retrieved
1885:
1845:Thomas Thorp
1803:Carbide lamp
1691:
1670:solar panels
1650:oil refining
1643:
1630:
1628:
1605:
1596:
1581:Please help
1569:
1526:
1468:
1425:
1418:
1407:
1399:
1395:
1392:
1357:Street light
1346:Modern usage
1336:transformers
1309:
1304:voltage drop
1288:arc lighting
1277:
1252:
1248:
1237:Fresnel lens
1201:
1163:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1130:
1118:
1114:
1078:
1067:
1044:
1035:gasification
1032:
1006:
972:In 1891 the
971:
953:
946:
936:In 1824 the
935:
919:
880:
865:
857:Argand lamps
846:
842:Philadelphia
819:In America,
818:
811:
800:
796:
728:
712:
701:
689:
671:
668:
653:
650:
639:
631:Samuel Clegg
611:steam engine
608:Soho Foundry
597:
590:
578:
552:
548:John Clayton
545:
534:
528:
516:Joseph Black
506:
500:
493:
487:
485:
464:Candlemassee
452:Henry Barton
449:
447:salt mines.
434:
411:
358:
354:lamplighters
342:
278:Gas lighting
277:
276:
245:
227:
221:January 2024
218:
207:Please help
202:
200:lead section
169:
160:
150:
143:
136:
129:
117:
105:Please help
100:verification
97:
73:
66:
60:
59:Please help
56:
18:
4709:Pilot light
4704:Gas turbine
4611:Gas carrier
4488:Natural gas
4453:Pintsch gas
4325:Signal lamp
4279:Stroboscope
4155:DJ lighting
4091:Stop lights
4062:sealed beam
4014:Searchlight
3754:Xenon flash
3697:Klieg light
3545:Solid-state
3506:Fluorescent
3464:Luminescent
3093:20 February
2997:20 February
2730:Pilbrow 174
2449:The Gas Age
2373:Penzel 1978
2361:Penzel 1978
2349:Penzel 1978
2220:Experiments
1986:19 February
1959:19 February
1933:20 February
1912:"Gas Light"
1892:19 February
1850:Tilley lamp
1694:neon lights
1532:Royal Route
1464:New Orleans
1448:Charlestown
1444:Bay Village
1436:Beacon Hill
1421:Westminster
1403:luxury home
1220:striplights
1215:footlights.
1137:Paris Opera
1051:Alexander I
1016:cotton mill
986:hydrocarbon
959:John Taylor
911:royal visit
887:chandeliers
861:Blackfriars
838:coppersmith
807:Joseph Dunn
407: 1900
322:natural gas
23:Gaslighting
4724:Categories
4692:Gas mantle
4682:Gas heater
4677:Gas engine
4667:Gas burner
4616:Gas holder
4269:Grow light
4264:Germicidal
4254:Scientific
4251:Industrial
4207:Floodlight
4193:Theatrical
4135:Blacklight
4130:Aroma lamp
4119:Decorative
4029:Automotive
4019:Solar lamp
3982:Glow stick
3965:Flashlight
3897:Nightlight
3892:Light tube
3867:Chandelier
3824:Stationary
3766:discharge
3692:Carbon arc
3562:Combustion
3428:generation
3426:Methods of
2780:Wilson 364
2716:Sellman 15
2704:Wilson,362
2641:CGanet.com
2620:Wikisource
2057:5 November
2045:Stow, John
1857:References
1688:Other uses
1666:gas mantle
1599:April 2024
1522:theme park
1514:Disneyland
1478:Glen Ridge
1474:New Jersey
1452:Cincinnati
1414:DĂĽsseldorf
1355:See also:
1260:lime-light
1256:gas mantle
1212:Footlights
1196:gas mantle
1169:porcelain.
1126:Drury Lane
1013:Manchester
974:gas mantle
949:Bude-Light
868:ammoniacal
853:carbonized
821:Seth Bemis
785:, c. 1875)
715:Parliament
660:Manchester
619:tin mining
615:Birmingham
604:James Watt
489:choke damp
472:Michaelmas
460:Hallowtide
430:sesame oil
394:Background
330:gas mantle
282:combustion
133:newspapers
62:improve it
4699:Gas stove
4621:Gas meter
4473:Water gas
4335:Reflected
4315:Light art
4227:Spotlight
4212:Footlight
4197:Cinematic
4165:Lava lamp
3927:in the US
3832:Reflector
3749:Xenon arc
3730:Neon lamp
3659:Rushlight
3639:Limelight
3388:Hong Kong
3123:5 January
2930:18 August
2904:18 August
2789:Baugh, 24
2771:Penzel 95
2762:Penzel 89
2753:Penzel 54
2744:Penzel 69
2336:186208578
2295:186210832
2202:. London.
2071:cite book
1886:McGill.ca
1825:Limelight
1570:does not
1243:Limelight
1024:gas pipes
1020:defoliant
1009:water gas
1002:Acetylene
926:gas works
922:oil lamps
917:in 1820.
907:city gate
849:chaldrons
829:Baltimore
739:gas meter
656:chemistry
613:works in
606:at their
495:fire damp
426:whale oil
414:olive oil
350:water gas
334:limelight
302:acetylene
163:July 2024
68:talk page
4755:Lighting
4641:Odorizer
4626:Gasworks
4577:Hydrogen
4478:Wood gas
4448:Mond gas
4433:Blau gas
4406:Coal gas
4379:Fuel gas
4047:Headlamp
3987:Headlamp
3975:Tactical
3953:Portable
3934:Torchère
3615:Petromax
3610:Kerosene
3580:Campfire
3550:LED lamp
3346:Concepts
3339:Lighting
3041:Archived
2924:BBC News
2878:Archived
2566:Protocol
2492:25 March
2470:25 March
2216:(1727).
1928:27769625
1797:Blau gas
1791:See also
1662:kerosene
1494:Cape May
1486:Riverton
1440:Back Bay
1351:Outdoors
982:hydrogen
905:for the
771:Brooklyn
743:governor
623:coal gas
481:shilling
468:lanterns
422:fish oil
346:wood gas
318:coal gas
310:hydrogen
306:ethylene
288:such as
286:fuel gas
4561:Propane
4551:Autogas
4531:Bio-SNG
4397:History
4330:Sources
4284:Tanning
4170:Marquee
4115:Display
3999:Lantern
3992:outdoor
3944:Troffer
3787:ceramic
3644:Luchina
3622:Lantern
3515:compact
3513: (
3449:Halogen
3444:Regular
2841:22 June
2676:14 July
2253:14 July
2019:Citing
1702:camping
1646:propane
1591:removed
1576:sources
1551:Indoors
1482:Palmyra
1266:Decline
1192:thorium
1089:Passage
1074:Cardiff
955:Oil-gas
899:crystal
814:Bristol
683:tubes,
627:Redruth
533:in the
418:beeswax
367:of the
361:camping
332:or the
294:propane
290:methane
267:Wrocław
147:scholar
4556:Butane
4468:Syngas
4423:Biogas
4052:hidden
3917:Sconce
3742:Sulfur
3737:Plasma
3669:Tilley
3664:Safety
3627:Fanous
3590:Carcel
3585:Candle
3575:Argand
3454:Nernst
3383:Hawaii
3280:2 June
3251:
3230:
3209:
3188:
3152:
2393:
2334:
2293:
2244:
2011:
1926:
1639:oxygen
1631:indoor
1528:Prague
1490:Orange
1428:Boston
1410:Berlin
1367:Berlin
1188:cerium
1085:Nevsky
1041:Russia
909:for a
872:Exeter
731:retort
511:grains
445:Zigong
437:bamboo
298:butane
271:Poland
149:
142:
135:
128:
120:
4570:Other
4386:Types
4310:Laser
4222:Scoop
3849:(PAR)
3802:(HQI)
3794:(HMI)
3768:(HID)
3674:Torch
3632:Paper
3600:Flare
3368:Glare
2976:(PDF)
2969:(PDF)
2648:(PDF)
2637:(PDF)
2583:(PDF)
2332:S2CID
2291:S2CID
1924:JSTOR
1862:Notes
1224:flies
965:, by
895:brass
681:brass
658:, at
284:of a
154:JSTOR
140:books
4655:Uses
4511:HCNG
4217:Gobo
3725:Neon
3595:Diya
3282:2023
3249:ISBN
3228:ISBN
3207:ISBN
3186:ISBN
3150:ISBN
3125:2011
3095:2021
2999:2021
2932:2023
2906:2023
2843:2013
2692:link
2678:2024
2494:2018
2472:2018
2391:ISBN
2255:2024
2242:ISBN
2077:link
2059:2021
2031:華陽國志
2009:ISBN
1988:2022
1961:2022
1935:2022
1894:2022
1682:LEDs
1680:and
1574:any
1572:cite
1326:and
1318:and
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