519:
301:
292:
133:
22:
407:
464:
497:, Sweden built three hemmemas of a new design. They were considerably larger, 44.5 by 11 m (146 by 36 ft), and the number of oars were increased to 20 pairs. They also had some of the heaviest broadsides, even when compared with the much larger frigates of the high seas navy. The artillery officer Carl Fredrik Aschling had cooperated with Chapman to increase the main armament to twenty-two 36-pounders and two 12-pounders, which increased the draft by about 30 cm (1 ft). The addition of diagonal
438:, for inshore duties. The xebecs were good sailers, could be rowed if necessary and had more guns and greater stores than galleys; they were also less expensive to maintain. The Russian designs influenced Chapman and the Swedish naval commanders. Consequently, Chapman's designs for new ships were elaborations on those principles, but with adaptations to archipelago warfare.
580:
279:), the galley fleet based at Stockholm. The Swedish armed forces invested considerable resources in the new army branch and made it a professional, independent organization. The archipelago fleet attracted members of the social and cultural elite who enjoyed the protection and patronage of King Gustav III, who had established himself as an
571:
the potential to be an effective weapon against galleys, matching their forward firepower and severely outgunning them with its broadside armament. Inside an enemy galley formation, it could wreak considerable havoc, but such a maneuver was never achieved in an actual battle, leaving that tactical role untested.
490:
waterline, which gave the rowers better leverage. The oars were also placed on a rectangular outrigger, designed to further improve the leverage. Even so, hemmemas performed poorly when rowed and were difficult in contrary winds. They were slower than ordinary sailing ships, but sailed better than galleys.
570:
Like the other specialized archipelago vessels, the hemmema had specific strengths and weaknesses. Although it had superior firepower relative to galleys, its sailing qualities were somewhat mediocre and while highly manoeuvrable under oars, it was still difficult to propel while rowed. A hemmema had
234:
After the
Russian victory against Sweden in 1743, the Swedes established a commission to identify weaknesses in the eastern defenses. In 1747, the commission concluded that the fortifications in southeastern Finland needed to be improved and expanded, and that Sweden needed to build a strong coastal
340:
arrangements. The prams carried more guns than the galleys, but proved far too slow to be effective. Augustin
Ehrensvärd argued for new archipelago vessels that combined firepower, maneuverability, seaworthiness, and decent crew accommodations. He began a successful collaboration with shipwright
446:
in all weathers and in open water in all but the worst storms. They had a deeper draft than galleys, but considerably shallower draft than traditional sailing warships. The new ship types also increased the archipelago fleet's firepower, provided it with better defensive capabilities, and made
100:
and was slower under oars, but offered superior accommodation for the crew, carried more stores, was more seaworthy and had roughly ten times as many heavy guns. It could be propelled by either sails or oars but was still smaller and more maneuverable than most sailing warships, which made it
489:
sails, like a galley. The navy later replaced the lateen rigs with a more conventional square-sail frigate rig. The early design provided for 14 pairs of oars with four men per oar. The rowers plied their oars from the gun deck through oar ports positioned between the gunports, close to the
509:
The hemmema's design was very similar to that of the turuma. The primary difference was that the turuma's oarsmen sat on the weather deck above the guns, whereas the hemmema's oarsmen sat on the gundeck. The later hemmemas were considerably larger, more heavily armed, and of a more robust
530:
Hemmemas served in the
Finnish squadrons during the war of 1788–1790. They supported amphibious operations and conducted raids on the Russian archipelago fleet, while at the same time acting as sea-borne flank support for the Swedish army on the Finnish mainland. Hemmemas fought in the
1369:
three were built for the
Russian fleet, two in 1809 and one as late as 1823; Anderson (1962) p. 97. Jan Glete put the number of Russian-built hemmemas at five, all constructed during the war of 1808–09. The most recently published study by Tredrea and Sozaev puts the total at six
369:
in
Swedish and English historical literature, though some authors have called the udema and pojama "archipelago corvettes". Chapman specifically designed the archipelago frigates for service off the south coast of Finland and named them after the Finnish provinces of
81:(1710–1772), an artillery officer and later commander of the Swedish archipelago fleet. The hemmema was a specialized vessel for use in the shallow waters and narrow passages that surround the thousands of islands and islets extending from the Swedish capital of
546:
when it was surrendered to the
Russians in 1808, and all three were incorporated in the Russian Navy. Shortly afterward, the Russian Navy built its own 32-gun versions, with the final vessel launched as late as 1823. Two more were built in Sweden in 1809,
591:
A total of twelve hemmemas were built, six of them for the
Swedish archipelago fleet and six for the Russian Navy. Details of individual vessels are listed below. The Swedish hemmemas were all built to the same specifications, except for the early design
211:
Galleys were effective as troop transports for amphibious operations, but were severely under-gunned, especially in relation to their large crews; a galley with a 250-man crew, most of whom were rowers, would typically carry only one 24-pounder
441:
Chapman's archipelago frigates provided better protection for their crew than the galleys they replaced, and up to three times the capacity for stores and provisions. They could operate in the narrow, shallow waters around
539:. During the first battle in 1789, one hemmema complemented the similar turumas, and in the second battle in July 1790, two hemmemas made up the defensive center and provided a considerable percentage of the firepower.
501:
to reinforce the hull allowed the later hemmemas to carry guns more powerful even than those on the largest sailing frigates of the high seas navy. Due to their considerable firepower and relative size, naval historian
481:, was completed in 1764. It was c. 33 m (108.2 ft) long and 8.2 m (26.8 ft) wide with a draft of 2.8 m (9.25 ft). It had a low hull with no forecastle, only a low quarterdeck, and no
327:
After the poor performance of galleys in the Russo–Swedish War and the
Pomeranian War, the development of replacements became prioritized. During the Pomeranian War, trials had been made with "gun prams"
739:. Destroyed in a Swedish raid the same year according to Berg. According to Tredrea & Sozaev it fought in the action at Jungfrusund 7 August 1808, was captured by the Swedes, and then retaken by the
136:
Contemporary model of an early 18th-century
Swedish galley from the collections of the Maritime Museum in Stockholm. Small galleys like this one were a mainstay of the first Swedish coastal fleets.
116:, a different type of "archipelago frigate". Russia built six hemmemas based on the Swedish design between 1808 and 1823, after capturing three of the Swedish vessels at the surrender of
239:(1710–1772), an artillery officer, was the driving force behind these changes. The committee based many of its conclusions and decisions on his ideas. In 1756, Sweden established the
612:
rebuilt as a hemmema in 1784, though Oscar Nikula and Lars-Otto Berg do not. The
Russian vessels were built between 1808 and 1823 and have been described by Tredea and Sozaev as
259:, the dominant political factions at the time, and rivalries between army and navy brought about changes to the archipelago fleet. The parliamentary victory of the Hats in the
477:
Of the new designs, turumas and hemmemas best fit the description of "archipelago frigate" because of their similarities to small ocean-going frigates. The first hemmema, the
216:
and two 6-pounders, all in the bow. The galleys also lacked decks and adequate shelter for the rower-soldiers, many of whom succumbed to illness as a result of
267:
in 1772 secured the archipelago fleet's status as an independent branch of the army. Starting in 1770, the archipelago fleet merged with the Finnish Squadron (
104:
Between 1764 and 1809, Sweden built six hemmemas. The hemmema became the largest and most heavily armed vessel in the archipelago fleet and served in the
1640:
1621:
1606:
1517:
434:
with oar ports on or below the gundeck. During the 18th century the Russian Navy introduced "shebecks", Baltic variants on the Mediterranean
168:(1700–1721), Sweden lost all its territories in the Baltic states and suffered Russian raids in Finland and along the chain of islands and
180:. The Swedes began to deploy inshore flotillas of shallow-draft vessels, beginning with smaller versions of the traditional Mediterranean
291:
518:
379:
96:
that had made up the core of the Swedish archipelago fleets until the mid-18th century. Compared to galleys, the hemmema had a deeper
1567:
1549:
1531:
1502:
1485:
1455:
1650:
494:
193:
105:
1404:
Based on lists and tables in Berg, "Appendix: Skärgårdsflottans fartyg" in Norman (2012) p. 397, and Nikula (1933), pp. 366–367
1476:
Berg, Lars-Otto, "Development of the Swedish Archipelago Fleet in the 18th Century, Construction Technology and Weaponry" in
395:
46:
620:
208:(1757–1762) showed the need for further expansion and development of the inshore flotillas with more specialized vessels.
510:
construction. Glete has described them as variations on the same type, especially when considering the pre-war designs.
1645:
1493:
Berg, Lars Otto, "Skärgårdsflottans fartyg: Typer och utveckling under 1700- och 1800-talet" in Hans Norman (editor),
30:
998:
Flagship of Rear Admiral von Moller 1812–13. Participated in the bombardment of Danzig in 1813. Broken up in 1824.
662:
532:
314:
74:
1478:
The War of King Gustavus III and Naval Battles of Ruotsinsalmi: VIII International Baltic Seminar 5–7 July 1990.
300:
418:
The concept of small sailing frigates with a complementary set of oars (or "sweeps") was not new. The English
317:(1721–1808, right) collaborated to develop the hemmema and several other new types of vessels for the Swedish
1366:
1197:
The 16th English galleasses had only the oars in common with the Mediterranean ship type and were closer to
1166:
Berg, "Skärgårdsflottans fartyg: Typer och utveckling under 1700- och 1800-talet" in Norman (2012) pp. 52–59
1445:
Looking for Leads: Shipwrecks of the Past Revealed By Contemporary Documents and the Archaeological Record.
567:
steam battery for coastal defense, though the idea was eventually abandoned and the ship scrapped in 1826.
132:
1188:
Berg, "Skärgårdsflottans fartyg: Typer och utveckling under 1700- och 1800-talet" in Norman (2012), p. 59.
931:
310:
236:
78:
120:
in 1808. The later versions, both Swedish and Russian, were much larger and much more heavily armed than
1660:
1655:
341:
Fredrik Henrik Chapman (ennobled "af Chapman" in 1772), and together they developed five new vessels: a
58:
21:
1555:
666:
536:
523:
264:
248:
1495:
Skärgårdsflottan: Uppbyggnnad, militär användning och förankring i det svenska samhället 1700–1824.
205:
57:
in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. The hemmema was initially developed for use against the
469:
452:
165:
463:
1617:
1602:
1578:
1563:
1545:
1527:
1513:
1498:
1481:
1466:
1451:
699:, which had been temporarily captured by Swedish forces during the action. Broken up in 1828.
337:
318:
280:
240:
229:
50:
922:
251:, with Ehrensvärd as supreme commander. For two decades, the struggle for power between the
145:
42:
542:
The Swedes were building three additional hemmemas at the shipyards within the fortress of
160:
at that time included territory in Northern Germany, all of modern Finland and most of the
406:
173:
141:
86:
62:
1179:
only for the larger turumas and hemmemas, while Glete (1992) and Anderson (1962) do not.
498:
201:
157:
149:
619:
Under the Finnish form "Hämeenmaa", the name of the ship type was later carried on to
1634:
781:
692:
164:, a dominion depending on, and connected by, the Baltic Sea trade routes. During the
161:
624:
579:
564:
448:
256:
252:
97:
54:
16:
Type of warship built for the Swedish archipelago fleet and the Russian Baltic navy
679:
414:
from the 1810s; the xebec's design inspired the design of the archipelago frigates
156:
grew to challenge the interests of Sweden, the other leading power in the Baltic.
748:
732:
543:
272:
217:
189:
169:
117:
431:
427:
419:
387:
153:
503:
482:
177:
82:
1582:
1447:
1130:
Today an obsolete term that has been replaced by "Häme" in modern Finnish.
687:
Fell into Russian hands at the surrender of Sveaborg in 1808 and renamed
423:
346:
73:. It was designed by the prolific and innovative Swedish naval architect
66:
1470:
789:
Planned for conversion to paddle steamer in 1821, but scrapped in 1826.
1202:
1198:
1078:
371:
342:
260:
197:
70:
1083:
1073:
609:
486:
443:
362:
358:
213:
185:
181:
113:
93:
1540:
Glete, Jan, "Kriget till sjöss 1788–1790" in Gunnar Artéus (editor)
768:
669:
1790. Fell into Russian hands at the surrender of Sveaborg in 1808.
247:("fleet of the army") under the command of the army department, the
1560:
Fredrik Henrik af Chapman: The First Naval Architect and his Work.
1463:
Oared Fighting Ships: From Classical Times to the Coming of Steam.
604:
carried heavier armament than the others. Tredrea and Sozaev list
578:
517:
462:
435:
411:
405:
354:
333:
131:
20:
112:, the first hemmema, was relatively small and very similar to a
1412:
1410:
1395:
Gardiner (1995), p. 92; Kijanen (1968), p. 111; Saunders (2009)
506:
has described the hemmemas as "super archipelago frigates".
426:" in the mid-16th century. In the 1660s its successor, the
349:
rigging, as well as four types of "archipelago frigates" (
1304:
1302:
144:
had established a new capital and powerful naval base in
715:
Converted to a hospital ship in 1808. Scrapped in 1816.
1577:
Meriupseeriyhdistys/Otavan Kirjapaino, Helsinki. 1968.
1250:
See contemporary illustration in Glete (1992; p. 118).
1014:
Cruised in the Baltic in 1826. Broken up after 1834.
485:. It had three masts that were initially rigged with
1279:
1277:
1267:
1265:
691:in Russian. Fought in an action in Jungfrusund off
1601:Jane's Information Group, Coulsdon, Surrey. 2010.
1524:Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1947–1995.
1102:Russian career details from Tredrea & Sozaev.
695:on 7 August 1808 and participated in recapturing
313:(1710–1772, left) and the innovative shipbuilder
275:. In 1777, it incorporated the Swedish Squadron (
1480:Provincial Museum of Kymenlaakso, Kotka. 1993.
1448:Online extract at Nordic Underwater Archaeology
1562:(revised edition) Literatim, Stockholm. 2001.
184:. Most of these new vessels were more akin to
49:) was a type of warship built for the Swedish
1614:Russian Warships in the Age of Sail 1696–1860
1510:Tudor Sea Power: The Foundation of Greatness.
1428:
1416:
1383:
587:depicted on a Finnish postage stamp from 1937
526:where two of the larger hemmemas participated
365:and hemmema. All four types have been called
8:
332:), heavily armed, oar-driven, flat-bottomed
101:suitable for operations in confined waters.
1450:Suomalainen tiedeakatemia, Helsinki. 1997.
1343:
1341:
336:with a shallow draft that carried guns in
1259:Berg (1993), p. 35; Glete (1992), p. 119
1175:Berg (1993), p. 35, and (2000) refer to
1019:
896:
794:
629:
1123:
1095:
263:in 1769–70 and the coup d'ètat by King
1612:Tredrea, John; Sozaev, Eduard (2010).
1526:Conway Maritime Press, London. 1995.
1512:Seaforth Publishing, Barnsley. 2009.
1374:, the Russian rendering of "hemmema".
751:(barracks for new recruits) in 1817.
522:Contemporary Swedish painting of the
7:
1592:Svenska skärgårdsflottan 1756–1791.
1021:Specifications of Russian vessels
796:Specifications of Swedish vessels
196:and the minor involvement against
77:(1721–1808) in collaboration with
25:Contemporary model of the hemmema
14:
1641:Age of Sail naval ships of Sweden
1599:Jane's Fighting Ships, 2009–2010.
747:) the same day. Last listed as a
1317:Glete (1992), pp. 152–53, 163–64
1223:Nikula (1933), pp. 118–122, 132.
563:was planned for conversion as a
559:sank in an accident in 1813 and
299:
290:
1148:Glete (1992), pp. 115–116, 118.
188:and were complemented with gun
1497:Historiska Media, Lund. 2000.
1111:Based on Tredrea & Sozaev.
467:Contemporary color drawing of
1:
1575:Suomen Laivasto 1918–1968, I.
1365:According to naval historian
932:bombardment of Danzig in 1813
731:Captured at the surrender of
430:, equipped the equivalent of
220:during the war of 1741–1743.
1597:Saunders, Stephen (editor),
537:second battles of Svensksund
345:with a 12-pounder gun and a
106:Russo-Swedish War of 1788–90
29:from the collections of the
1465:P. Marshall, London. 1962.
1429:Tredrea & Sozaev (2010)
1417:Tredrea & Sozaev (2010)
1384:Tredrea & Sozaev (2010)
1214:Anderson (1962), pp. 84–89.
1205:; Childs (2009), pp. 22–24.
667:Second Battle of Svensksund
1677:
1522:Gardiner, Robert (editor)
1326:Anderson (1962), pp. 96–97
1241:Nikula (1933), pp. 366–367
663:First Battle of Svensksund
661:Captured by Russia at the
616:-class "rowing frigates".
227:
1544:Probus, Stockholm. 1992.
1461:Anderson, Roger Charles,
1308:Glete (1992), pp. 119–20.
1201:and similar to the later
844:16 swivel guns
315:Fredrik Henrik af Chapman
194:1741–1743 war with Russia
92:The hemmema replaced the
75:Fredrik Henrik af Chapman
1542:Gustav III:s ryska krig.
767:Sank in an accident off
665:1789, recaptured at the
495:Russian war of 1788–1790
447:possible more efficient
65:and along the coasts of
1651:Naval history of Sweden
1356:Berg (1993), pp. 35–36.
1296:; Glete (1992, p. 156).
1294:superskärgårdsfregatter
1157:Norman (2012), s. 12–15
1139:Berg (2000), pp. 50–59.
459:Design and construction
243:with the official name
1367:Roger Charles Anderson
1008:Saint Petersburg
992:Saint Petersburg
976:Saint Petersburg
960:Saint Petersburg
944:Saint Petersburg
898:Russian-built vessels
631:Swedish-built vessels
588:
527:
474:
415:
309:The artillery officer
137:
34:
1443:Ahlström, Christian,
1232:Harris (1998), p. 27.
934:. Broken up in 1829.
923:Saint Petersburg
582:
521:
466:
453:amphibious operations
409:
135:
59:Imperial Russian Navy
24:
1335:Norman (2012) p. 397
930:Participated in the
735:in 1808 and renamed
623:of the 20th century
524:Battle of Svensksund
172:stretching from the
1386:, pp. 325–326.
1283:Berg (2000), p. 61.
1271:Berg (1993), p. 35.
1061:6 Ă— "smaller guns"
1022:
982:Broken up in 1822.
966:Broken up in 1822.
950:Broken up in 1829.
899:
797:
777:Erik Segersäll
632:
473:, the first hemmema
311:Augustin Ehrensvärd
237:Augustin Ehrensvärd
152:naval power in the
79:Augustin Ehrensvärd
1646:Frigates of Sweden
1594:Helsingfors. 1933.
1573:Kijanen, Kalervo,
1552:, pp. 110–174
1177:skärgårdsfregatter
1020:
897:
795:
630:
589:
528:
475:
416:
367:skärgårdsfregatter
351:skärgårdsfregatter
283:in the 1772 coup.
166:Great Northern War
138:
35:
1623:978-1-84832-058-1
1607:978-0-7106-2888-6
1518:978-1-84832-031-4
1065:
1064:
1040:length: 43.9
1018:
1017:
895:
894:
793:
792:
361:, and the larger
319:archipelago fleet
241:archipelago fleet
230:Archipelago fleet
224:Archipelago fleet
192:. The disastrous
51:archipelago fleet
1668:
1627:
1589:
1556:Harris, Daniel G
1539:
1505:, pp. 50–75
1492:
1432:
1426:
1420:
1414:
1405:
1402:
1396:
1393:
1387:
1381:
1375:
1363:
1357:
1354:
1348:
1345:
1336:
1333:
1327:
1324:
1318:
1315:
1309:
1306:
1297:
1290:
1284:
1281:
1272:
1269:
1260:
1257:
1251:
1248:
1242:
1239:
1233:
1230:
1224:
1221:
1215:
1212:
1206:
1195:
1189:
1186:
1180:
1173:
1167:
1164:
1158:
1155:
1149:
1146:
1140:
1137:
1131:
1128:
1112:
1109:
1103:
1100:
1057:24 Ă— 36-pounders
1044:draft: 2.6
1042:width: 10.9
1023:
900:
891:2 Ă— 12-pounders
889:24 Ă— 36-pounders
840:18 Ă— 12-pounders
827:draft: 2.8
798:
757:Birger Jarl
743:(former Swedish
633:
422:had used small "
303:
294:
281:absolute monarch
277:Svenska eskadern
206:Seven Years' War
158:Swedish holdings
146:Saint Petersburg
53:and the Russian
1676:
1675:
1671:
1670:
1669:
1667:
1666:
1665:
1631:
1630:
1624:
1611:
1590:Nikula, Oscar,
1587:
1537:
1508:Childs, David,
1490:
1440:
1435:
1427:
1423:
1415:
1408:
1403:
1399:
1394:
1390:
1382:
1378:
1364:
1360:
1355:
1351:
1347:Ahlström (1997)
1346:
1339:
1334:
1330:
1325:
1321:
1316:
1312:
1307:
1300:
1291:
1287:
1282:
1275:
1270:
1263:
1258:
1254:
1249:
1245:
1240:
1236:
1231:
1227:
1222:
1218:
1213:
1209:
1196:
1192:
1187:
1183:
1174:
1170:
1165:
1161:
1156:
1152:
1147:
1143:
1138:
1134:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1116:
1115:
1110:
1106:
1101:
1097:
1092:
1070:
1060:
1059:2 Ă— 12-pounders
1058:
1050:
1048:
1043:
1041:
890:
882:
880:
875:
874:width: 8.9
873:
872:length: 43
866:
857:
843:
841:
833:
831:
826:
825:width: 8.2
824:
823:length: 33
621:several vessels
577:
516:
461:
404:
353:): the smaller
325:
324:
323:
322:
306:
305:
304:
296:
295:
269:Finska eskadern
232:
226:
174:Gulf of Finland
142:Peter the Great
130:
87:Gulf of Finland
63:Archipelago Sea
31:Maritime Museum
17:
12:
11:
5:
1674:
1672:
1664:
1663:
1658:
1653:
1648:
1643:
1633:
1632:
1629:
1628:
1622:
1609:
1595:
1585:
1571:
1553:
1535:
1520:
1506:
1488:
1474:
1459:
1439:
1436:
1434:
1433:
1431:, p. 205.
1421:
1419:, p. 253.
1406:
1397:
1388:
1376:
1358:
1349:
1337:
1328:
1319:
1310:
1298:
1292:Original term
1285:
1273:
1261:
1252:
1243:
1234:
1225:
1216:
1207:
1190:
1181:
1168:
1159:
1150:
1141:
1132:
1122:
1120:
1117:
1114:
1113:
1104:
1094:
1093:
1091:
1088:
1087:
1086:
1081:
1076:
1069:
1066:
1063:
1062:
1055:
1052:
1045:
1037:
1036:
1033:
1032:Pairs of oars
1030:
1027:
1026:Size (meters)
1016:
1015:
1012:
1009:
1006:
1000:
999:
996:
993:
990:
984:
983:
980:
977:
974:
968:
967:
964:
961:
958:
952:
951:
948:
945:
942:
936:
935:
928:
925:
920:
914:
913:
910:
907:
904:
893:
892:
887:
884:
877:
876:draft: 3
870:
868:Erik Segersäll
846:
845:
842:4 Ă— 3-pounders
838:
835:
828:
821:
815:
814:
811:
810:Pairs of oars
808:
805:
804:Size (meters)
802:
791:
790:
787:
784:
779:
773:
772:
765:
762:
759:
753:
752:
749:receiving ship
729:
726:
723:
717:
716:
713:
710:
707:
701:
700:
685:
682:
677:
671:
670:
659:
656:
653:
647:
646:
643:
640:
637:
602:Erik Segersäll
576:
573:
561:Erik Segersäll
553:Erik Segersäll
515:
512:
460:
457:
403:
400:
308:
307:
298:
297:
289:
288:
287:
286:
285:
228:Main article:
225:
222:
204:") during the
202:Pomeranian War
129:
126:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1673:
1662:
1659:
1657:
1654:
1652:
1649:
1647:
1644:
1642:
1639:
1638:
1636:
1625:
1619:
1615:
1610:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1593:
1586:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1569:
1568:91-973075-2-1
1565:
1561:
1557:
1554:
1551:
1550:91-87184-09-5
1547:
1543:
1536:
1533:
1532:0-85177-605-1
1529:
1525:
1521:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1504:
1503:91-88930-50-5
1500:
1496:
1489:
1487:
1486:951-96183-5-X
1483:
1479:
1475:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1457:
1456:951-41-0805-1
1453:
1449:
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1442:
1441:
1437:
1430:
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1422:
1418:
1413:
1411:
1407:
1401:
1398:
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1377:
1373:
1368:
1362:
1359:
1353:
1350:
1344:
1342:
1338:
1332:
1329:
1323:
1320:
1314:
1311:
1305:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1289:
1286:
1280:
1278:
1274:
1268:
1266:
1262:
1256:
1253:
1247:
1244:
1238:
1235:
1229:
1226:
1220:
1217:
1211:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1194:
1191:
1185:
1182:
1178:
1172:
1169:
1163:
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1154:
1151:
1145:
1142:
1136:
1133:
1127:
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1118:
1108:
1105:
1099:
1096:
1089:
1085:
1082:
1080:
1077:
1075:
1072:
1071:
1067:
1056:
1053:
1049:w: 35.75
1046:
1039:
1038:
1034:
1031:
1028:
1025:
1024:
1013:
1010:
1007:
1005:
1002:
1001:
997:
994:
991:
989:
986:
985:
981:
978:
975:
973:
970:
969:
965:
962:
959:
957:
954:
953:
949:
946:
943:
941:
938:
937:
933:
929:
926:
924:
921:
919:
916:
915:
911:
908:
905:
902:
901:
888:
885:
878:
871:
869:
864:
860:
855:
851:
848:
847:
839:
836:
834:d: 9.25
830:l: 108.2
829:
822:
820:
817:
816:
812:
809:
806:
803:
800:
799:
788:
785:
783:
780:
778:
775:
774:
771:in May 1813.
770:
766:
763:
760:
758:
755:
754:
750:
746:
742:
738:
734:
730:
727:
724:
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719:
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714:
711:
708:
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702:
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690:
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678:
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672:
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664:
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649:
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644:
641:
638:
635:
634:
628:
626:
622:
617:
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611:
607:
603:
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581:
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572:
568:
566:
562:
558:
554:
550:
545:
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525:
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458:
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450:
445:
439:
437:
433:
429:
425:
421:
413:
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401:
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397:
393:
389:
385:
381:
377:
373:
368:
364:
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339:
335:
331:
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316:
312:
302:
293:
284:
282:
278:
274:
270:
266:
262:
258:
254:
250:
246:
245:arméns flotta
242:
238:
231:
223:
221:
219:
215:
209:
207:
203:
199:
195:
191:
187:
183:
179:
175:
171:
167:
163:
162:Baltic states
159:
155:
151:
147:
143:
140:Russian Tsar
134:
127:
125:
123:
119:
115:
111:
107:
102:
99:
95:
90:
88:
84:
80:
76:
72:
68:
64:
60:
56:
52:
48:
45:"Hämeenmaa",
44:
40:
32:
28:
23:
19:
1661:Swedish Navy
1656:Swedish Army
1616:. Seaforth.
1613:
1598:
1591:
1588:(in Swedish)
1574:
1559:
1541:
1538:(in Swedish)
1523:
1509:
1494:
1491:(in Swedish)
1477:
1462:
1444:
1424:
1400:
1391:
1379:
1371:
1361:
1352:
1331:
1322:
1313:
1293:
1288:
1255:
1246:
1237:
1228:
1219:
1210:
1193:
1184:
1176:
1171:
1162:
1153:
1144:
1135:
1126:
1107:
1098:
1051:d: 8.5
1029:Size (feet)
1003:
987:
971:
955:
939:
917:
883:d: 9.8
867:
862:
858:
853:
849:
832:w: 26.8
818:
807:Size (feet)
776:
756:
744:
740:
736:
720:
704:
696:
688:
674:
650:
625:Finnish Navy
618:
613:
605:
601:
597:
593:
590:
584:
569:
560:
556:
552:
548:
541:
529:
508:
492:
478:
476:
468:
449:fire support
440:
417:
391:
383:
375:
366:
350:
329:
326:
276:
268:
244:
233:
210:
170:archipelagos
139:
121:
109:
103:
91:
55:Baltic Fleet
38:
36:
33:in Stockholm
26:
18:
1047:l: 144
879:l: 141
863:Birger Jarl
598:Birger Jarl
565:paddlewheel
557:Birger Jarl
549:Birger Jarl
493:During the
432:sixth-rates
402:Development
380:Ă–sterbotten
330:skottprĂĄmar
271:) based at
249:War College
1635:Categories
1438:References
881:w: 29
854:Starkotter
782:Norrköping
761:Västervik
737:Stor-Biorn
725:Stockholm
709:Västervik
705:Starkotter
693:Dragsfjärd
428:Royal Navy
424:galleasses
420:Tudor navy
410:A Spanish
265:Gustav III
128:Background
1583:832982591
1119:Citations
1035:Armament
909:Launched
906:Shipyard
859:Styrbjörn
813:Armament
741:Gel'gomar
721:Styrbjörn
697:Styrbjörn
689:Gel'gomar
680:Västervik
655:Sveaborg
642:Launched
639:Shipyard
585:Styrbjörn
504:Jan Glete
483:poop deck
392:Hämeenmaa
376:Pohjanmaa
338:broadside
178:Stockholm
148:in 1703.
85:into the
83:Stockholm
27:Styrbjörn
1203:galleons
1199:carracks
1068:See also
972:Petergof
956:Sveaborg
801:Vessels
733:Sveaborg
544:Sveaborg
444:skerries
396:Tavastia
384:Turunmaa
347:schooner
273:Sveaborg
255:and the
218:exposure
118:Sveaborg
67:Svealand
47:Tavastia
1471:5964992
1079:Gunboat
850:Hjalmar
745:Hjalmar
675:Hjalmar
514:Service
499:bracers
390:), and
388:Ă…boland
372:Uusimaa
343:gunboat
261:Riksdag
198:Prussia
186:galiots
182:galleys
150:Russian
94:galleys
71:Finland
61:in the
43:Finnish
39:hemmema
1620:
1605:
1581:
1566:
1548:
1530:
1516:
1501:
1484:
1469:
1454:
1372:gemams
1084:Rowing
1074:Galley
1004:Mirnyi
988:Torneo
918:Bodryi
614:Bodryi
610:turuma
596:, and
487:lateen
436:xebecs
363:turuma
359:pojama
334:barges
235:navy.
214:cannon
200:(the "
154:Baltic
114:turuma
41:(from
1090:Notes
1011:1823
995:1808
979:1808
963:1808
947:1808
927:1808
912:Fate
903:Name
786:1809
764:1809
728:1790
712:1790
684:1790
658:1764
645:Fate
636:Name
608:as a
575:Ships
533:first
412:xebec
355:udema
190:prams
98:draft
1618:ISBN
1603:ISBN
1579:OCLC
1564:ISBN
1546:ISBN
1528:ISBN
1514:ISBN
1499:ISBN
1482:ISBN
1467:OCLC
1452:ISBN
940:Neva
819:Oden
651:Oden
606:Oden
600:and
594:Oden
583:The
551:and
535:and
479:Oden
470:Oden
357:and
257:Caps
253:Hats
122:Oden
110:Oden
69:and
1054:20
886:20
837:14
769:Møn
451:in
398:).
382:),
176:to
1637::
1558:,
1409:^
1340:^
1301:^
1276:^
1264:^
861:,
852:,
627:.
555:.
455:.
374:,
124:.
108:.
89:.
37:A
1626:.
1570:.
1534:.
1473:.
1458:.
865:,
856:,
394:(
386:(
378:(
328:(
321:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
