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135:). Subsequently, they became larger still, coloured, and penetrated farther and farther into the rest of the text, until the whole page might be taken over. The decoration of insular initials, especially large ones, was generally abstract and geometrical, or featured animals in patterns. Historiated initials were an
593:
Both the size and the ostentatiousness of a manuscript reflect both on the status of the manuscript and on its owner. Manuscripts meant for everyday use, typically by friars or university students, often had little illumination, and hardly any elaborate historiated initials or flourishes. Manuscripts
489:
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453:
orem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipisicing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat. Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse cillum
433:
orem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipisicing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat. Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse cillum
589:
The size and decoration of the initial further gives clues to both its importance and location. Letters that began a new section of a text or a particularly noteworthy section might receive more flourishes and space. They would also provide a visual point of reference, "marking the division of the
439:
Alternatively, the initial may be in the left margin, with the text indented, as shown here. In word processors and HTML, this may be implemented using a table with two cells, one for the initial and one for the rest of the text. The difference between this and a true drop cap may be seen when the
527:
at the beginning of a paragraph or other section of text that contains an illustration of human or animal figures within the letter. It is similar to a historiated initial (see below); however, the figures in historiated initials show an identifiable scene or story, while the figures in inhabited
569:
at the beginning of a paragraph or other section of text, that contains a picture. Strictly speaking, a historiated initial depicts an identifiable figure or a specific scene, while an inhabited initial (see above) contains figures (human or animal) that are decorative only, without forming a
313:
590:
text into books, chapters, paragraphs and sometimes even verses" since, due to the cost of parchment, the modern convention that a new section will begin on a new page had not emerged. In luxury manuscripts an entire page might be devoted to a historiated initial.
123:–6th century) both came into common use in Italy, the initials usually were set in the left margin (as in the second example below), as though to cut them off from the rest of the text, and about twice as tall as the other letters. The radical innovation of
548:
216:
232:
466:, the initial sits within the margins and runs several lines deep into the paragraph, indenting some normal-sized text in these lines. This keeps the left and top margins of the paragraph flush.
282:
263:
495:
In some older manuscripts, the first letter of normal sized text after a drop cap also would be capitalized, as may be seen in the Mainz
Psalter above, and in the original 1609 printing of
184:
1689:
1045:
Ornamento contains close to a quarter of a million ornate letters, ornaments, borders, musical notation, diagrams, and illustrations drawn from
Iberian print before 1701.
528:
initials do not show a narrative. Figures in inhabited initials may be related to the contents of the text, but do not have to be. They may be purely decorative instead.
127:
manuscripts was to make initials much larger, not indented, and for the letters immediately following the initial also to be larger, but diminishing in size (called the "
499:. This evoked the handwritten "diminuendo" style of gradually reducing the text size over the course of the first line. This style now is rare, except in newspapers.
200:
2138:
248:
112:
was slow to use capital letters for initials at all; in surviving Roman texts it often is difficult even to separate the words as spacing was not used either. In
2063:
1075:
358:
155:
large paintings of scenes tended to go in rectangular framed spaces, and the initial, although often still historiated, tended to become smaller again.
895:
490:
dolore eu fugiat nulla pariatur. Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident, sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollit anim id est laborum.
454:
dolore eu fugiat nulla pariatur. Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident, sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollit anim id est laborum.
434:
dolore eu fugiat nulla pariatur. Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident, sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollit anim id est laborum.
974:
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commissioned by wealthy patrons or for a wealthy monastery were often illuminated, and in gold or silver rather than pen and ink.
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as the first line of text, at the same margin, as it does here. This is the easiest to typeset on a computer, including in
2058:
1943:
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The letter P as a historiated initial (depicting Peter) in an illuminated Latin bible, 1407 AD. Colored with paint and
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57:. An initial is often several lines in height, and, in older books or manuscripts, may take the form of an
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406:
132:
109:
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would leave blank the necessary space, so that the initials could be added later by a scribe or
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947:
862:
854:
583:
566:
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373:
Inline Layout Module Level 3, which standardized the output of initial letters for web pages.
1862:
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618: – style of manuscript illumination originating in the British Isles and Ireland
320:
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1820:
1805:
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1150:
329:
140:
1088:
896:"Lighting the Way: How Illuminated Initials Guided Medieval Readers through Books"
547:
46:
that is larger than the rest of the text. The word is ultimately derived from the
469:
In modern computer browsers, this may be achieved with a combination of HTML and
2048:
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67:
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initial, that gives spatial support to scenes of a narrative character; etc.
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900:
780:
541:
43:
515:, 1153 AD, Los Angeles, Getty Museum, Ms. Ludwig IX 1 (83.ML.97), fol. 331v
194:, of c. 200, with no initials, punctuation, and barely spaces between words
139:
invention, but did not come into their own until the later developments of
1986:
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pseudo-element. An example of this format is the following paragraph:
1713:
1330:
238:"Diminuendo" effect in the first letters after this initial from the
65:. Certain important initials, such as the Beatus initial, or B, of
226:
manuscript, 6th-14th century, Metropolitan museum of Art, New-York
30:
A historiated initial (the letter O) from an illuminated manuscript
1556:
1295:
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99:
47:
25:
1912:
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1703:
649: – Picture in an ancient or medieval illuminated manuscript
418:
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of the early 8th century. The earliest known example is in the
570:
subject. Both sorts became very common and elaborate in luxury
323:, printed in 1457, with small printed and large drawn initials.
170:
painter. Later initials were printed using separate blocks in
370:
369:
Since 2003, the W3C is working for initial letter modules for
1111:
612: – Medieval writing system common to Ireland and England
1035:
741:
Dave Cramer; Elika J. Etemad; Steve Zilles (8 August 2018).
443:
1024:
254:
One of thousands of smaller decorated initials from the
477:
setting. A CSS-only solution alternatively can use the
861:(3rd ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 358.
655: – Motif made by overlapping two or more letters
620:
Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback
574:. These illustrated initials were first seen in the
2082:
2014:
1967:
1921:
1861:
1744:
1684:
1642:
1619:
1587:
1547:
1536:
1481:
1435:
1387:
1339:
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1262:
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1149:
364:Two row-wide P initial, followed by small capitals
1102:from Manuscript Studies: Medieval and Early Modern
1032:in the Glossary of Medieval Art and Architecture
2064:Intellectual property protection of typefaces
1127:
1065:Make the letter bigger: A history of initials
921:
440:text extends below the initial. For example:
8:
1606:
1096:from the Encyclopedia of Irish and World Art
1089:Historiated Initial from the "Song of Songs"
151:style in particular. After this period, in
72:at the opening of Psalm 1 at the start of a
991:Stiebner, Erhardt D; Urban, Dieter (1985),
582:, an Insular manuscript of 731–46, and the
104:A set of sixteenth-century initial capitals
1544:
1268:
1134:
1120:
1112:
961:Clemens, Raymond; Graham, Timothy (2007).
551:The oldest historiated initial known, the
38:is a letter at the beginning of a word, a
2090:Punctuation and other typographic symbols
637: – Type of decorative capital letter
894:MacDonald, Elizabeth (10 January 2019).
733:
677:
307:Large initial L from a Romanesque Bible
180:
2139:Iconography of illuminated manuscripts
667: – Italian illuminated manuscript
16:Oversized first letter in a text block
881:
830:. The British Library. Archived from
606: – Visual art related to writing
404:initial (usually in miniatures); the
76:Latin. These specific initials in an
7:
1106:100,000 printed initials (1470–1700)
940:Manuscripts from the Anglo-Saxon Age
828:Catalogue of Illuminated Manuscripts
511:Inhabited initial E from an Italian
1094:"Making of Illuminated Manuscripts"
643: – Abbreviation of middle name
34:In a written or published work, an
963:Introduction to Manuscript Studies
743:"CSS Inline Layout Module Level 3"
647:Miniature (illuminated manuscript)
14:
993:Initials and Decorative Alphabets
2103:
2102:
773:"Drop caps & design systems"
771:Marcotte, Ethan (17 June 2019).
413:The initial may sit on the same
357:
342:
328:
312:
300:
281:
262:
247:
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215:
199:
183:
1:
2059:History of Western typography
1100:"Decoration and Illumination"
1030:Types of illuminated initials
661: – Art of arranging type
210:with initials in left margin
158:In the very early history of
117:
1906:traditional point-size names
859:The Oxford Dictionary of Art
421:. An example follows (using
1159:Canons of page construction
938:Brown, Michelle P. (2007).
853:Chilvers, Ian, ed. (2004).
565:is an initial, an enlarged
523:is an initial, an enlarged
2170:
445:
396:letter, imitating ancient
18:
2098:
1316:Subscript and superscript
922:Clemens & Graham 2007
751:World Wide Web Consortium
630:List of Irish manuscripts
352:'s score: "Fortem virili"
190:Greek biblical text from
2074:Vox-ATypI classification
1204:Intentionally blank page
967:Cornell University Press
21:Initial (disambiguation)
1073:35 historiated initials
1059:Alphabets & Letters
572:illuminated manuscripts
1607:
1067:at ilovetypography.com
1049:Initials and Ornaments
684:Also referred to as a
558:
544:
516:
493:
460:
437:
272:from the start of the
240:Cathach of St. Columba
105:
78:illuminated manuscript
31:
802:"Inhabited Initial E"
580:Saint Petersburg Bede
550:
539:
510:
497:Shakespeare's sonnets
483:
442:
427:
103:
29:
1944:Typographic features
616:Insular illumination
242:(Irish, 7th century)
131:" effect, after the
19:For other uses, see
2069:Technical lettering
1968:Typography in other
1709:Hanging punctuation
855:"Inhabited initial"
834:on 26 November 2017
563:historiated initial
532:Historiated initial
110:classical tradition
63:historiated initial
2032:Handwriting script
1959:Desktop publishing
1929:Character encoding
1922:Digital typography
1436:Horizontal aspects
1389:Visual distinction
1247:Widows and orphans
1084:Huntington Library
1078:2016-03-04 at the
1061:at Reusableart.com
1041:2020-11-25 at the
635:Lombardic capitals
559:
554:St Petersburg Bede
545:
517:
392:letter (red); the
350:Alexander Agricola
208:Codex Alexandrinus
106:
32:
2116:
2115:
1863:Typographic units
1781:For position only
1680:
1679:
1532:
1531:
976:978-0-8014-3863-9
953:978-0-7123-0680-5
747:W3C Working Draft
584:Vespasian Psalter
521:inhabited initial
503:Inhabited initial
459:
458:
381:The initials are
319:Opening from the
80:were also called
2161:
2106:
2105:
2083:Related template
2015:Related articles
1816:Phototypesetting
1670:reverse-contrast
1655:Display typeface
1612:
1589:Blackletter type
1545:
1482:Vertical aspects
1463:Sentence spacing
1273:Typeface anatomy
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625:Letras y figuras
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425:nonsense text):
398:Roman majuscules
377:Types of initial
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55:of the beginning
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1970:writing systems
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1801:Microtypography
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1540:classifications
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1397:Blackboard bold
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1199:Recto and verso
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1080:Wayback Machine
1043:Wayback Machine
1021:
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985:Further reading
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824:"Glossaries: I"
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698:initial capital
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383:morphologically
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145:Anglo-Saxon art
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2144:Capitalization
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2004:National Fonts
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1053:Book Historian
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641:Middle initial
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610:Insular script
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114:late antiquity
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53:, which means
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2154:Visual motifs
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479::first-letter
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321:Mainz Psalter
315:
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294:Mokvi Gospels
292:"D" from the
291:
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276:, 9th century
275:
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256:Book of Kells
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2054:Type foundry
1891:Metric units
1821:Punchcutting
1806:Movable type
1776:Font catalog
1736:Vertical bar
1473:Word spacing
1443:Figure space
1358:
1326:Text figures
1169:Even working
992:
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917:
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899:
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832:the original
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686:drop capital
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475:float: left;
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405:
401:
393:
386:
385:classified:
380:
368:
288:Illuminated
270:In principio
269:
222:Leaf from a
206:5th century
178:techniques.
157:
141:Ottonian art
133:musical term
107:
89:
81:
66:
62:
58:
54:
50:
35:
33:
2149:Iconography
2134:Book design
2049:Type design
2044:Style guide
2037:Calligraphy
2027:Handwriting
1841:Type design
1791:Lorem ipsum
1786:Letterpress
1746:Typesetting
1686:Punctuation
1650:Record type
1621:Gaelic type
1609:Schwabacher
1499:Body height
1364:Letter case
1232:Line length
838:27 November
706:initcapital
702:initial cap
665:Abbey Bible
604:Calligraphy
576:Insular art
423:Lorem ipsum
407:historiated
164:typesetters
2129:Typography
2123:Categories
2022:Penmanship
1994:East Asian
1836:Type color
1769:monospaced
1726:Interpunct
1719:minus sign
1643:Specialist
1579:Sans-serif
1572:slab serif
1549:Roman type
1504:Cap height
1468:Thin space
1427:Whitespace
1379:Title case
1374:Snake case
1369:Small caps
1354:Camel case
1286:Diacritics
1194:Pull quote
1189:Pagination
1184:Paper size
1143:Typography
1025:Typolis.de
965:. Ithaca:
942:. London:
907:14 January
882:Brown 2007
808:29 January
756:29 January
728:References
659:Typography
394:epigraphic
389:rubricated
192:Papyrus 46
153:Gothic art
149:Romanesque
147:, and the
129:diminuendo
121: 4th
68:Beatus vir
1519:Overshoot
1514:Mean line
1509:Descender
1422:Underline
1264:Character
1242:Runaround
1222:Alignment
1214:Paragraph
1082:from the
1036:Ornamento
995:, Poole,
781:Vox Media
542:gold leaf
402:figurated
168:miniature
59:inhabited
51:initiālis
44:paragraph
2108:Category
1987:PT Fonts
1982:Cyrillic
1846:Typeface
1764:computer
1665:fat face
1538:Typeface
1524:x-height
1494:Baseline
1489:Ascender
1349:All caps
1311:Rotation
1306:Ligature
1301:Ink trap
1076:Archived
1039:Archived
690:drop cap
653:Monogram
598:See also
513:breviary
464:drop cap
415:baseline
176:metalcut
160:printing
86:singular
1934:Hinting
1811:Pangram
1629:Insular
1602:Rotunda
1597:Fraktur
1562:Antiqua
1448:Kerning
1417:Oblique
1412:Italics
1359:Initial
1291:Dingbat
1281:Counter
1227:Leading
932:Sources
786:25 June
710:initcap
462:With a
336:Fraktur
172:woodcut
137:Insular
125:insular
96:History
90:initium
74:vulgate
42:, or a
40:chapter
36:initial
1977:Arabic
1876:Cicero
1714:Hyphen
1699:Bullet
1660:script
1634:Uncial
1567:Didone
1331:Tittle
1174:Margin
1164:Column
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567:letter
525:letter
400:; the
224:Coptic
162:, the
82:initia
1901:Point
1871:Agate
1731:Space
1557:Serif
1458:Pitch
1321:Swash
1296:Glyph
1237:River
672:Notes
48:Latin
1999:Thai
1913:Twip
1896:Pica
1851:list
1831:Sort
1759:Font
1704:Dash
1690:List
1402:Bold
1252:runt
1151:Page
1005:ISBN
971:ISBN
948:ISBN
909:2019
863:ISBN
840:2017
810:2022
788:2019
758:2019
714:init
700:(or
694:drop
688:(or
419:HTML
387:the
108:The
1051:by
997:ENG
712:or
696:),
692:or
519:An
471:CSS
371:CSS
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