1322:
1268:
1418:
919:
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1035:
405:
326:
600:
31:
1047:
783:
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1194:
4297:
739:. In this process, a species that arrives on a group of islands rapidly becomes more diverse over time, splitting off into new species or subspecies. A species that reaches an island ecosystem may face little competition for resources, or may find that the resources that they found in their previous habitat are not available. These factors together result in individual evolutionary branches with different means of survival.
711:
473:
4759:
3913:
976:, have long been populated by humans. Generally, larger islands are more likely to be able to sustain humans and thus are more likely to have been settled. Small islands that cannot sustain populations on their own can still be habitable if they are within a "commuting" distance to an island that has enough resources to be sustainable. The presence of an island is marked by
3897:
1027:. The interest in the study of islands is due to their unique cultures and natural environments that differ from mainland cultures. This is for a few reasons: First, the obvious political and geographic isolation from mainland cultures. Second, unique restraints on resources and ecology creating marine-focused cultures with a focus on
1260:. Colonization has resulted in a decline of observance of traditional cultural practices in places such as Hawaii, where Native Hawaiians are now a minority. Cultural attitudes related to communal ownership of land as well as a lack of individualistic decision-making may make some island cultures less compatible with the global
693:
on an island surrounded by ocean would indicate that it once was attached to a continent, since these fish cannot traverse the ocean on their own. Over the course of time, evolution and extinction changes the nature of animal life on a continental island, but only once it splits from the mainland. An
1366:
live on islands. In 2017, a detailed review of 1,288 islands found that they were home to 1,189 highly-threatened vertebrate species, which was 41 percent of the global figure. Coral bleaching is expected to occur with more frequency, threatening marine ecosystems, some of which island economies are
1296:
and boats and strains on infrastructure from tourist activity. Islands in colder climates often rely on seasonal tourists seeking to enjoy nature or local cultures, and may only be one aspect of an island's economy. In contrast, tourism on tropical islands can often make up the majority of the local
108:
as a natural barrier to the introduction of new species, causing the species that do reach the island to evolve in isolation. Continental islands share animal and plant life with the continent they split from. Depending on how long ago the continental island formed, the life on that island may have
518:
of debris in rivers; almost all rivers have some form of fluvial islands. These islands may only be a few meters high, and are usually temporary. Changes in the flow speed, water level, and sediment content of the river may effect the rate of fluvial island formation and depletion. Permanent river
611:
In biology, endemism is defined as the phenomenon where species or genus is only found in a certain geographical area. Islands isolate land organisms from others with water, and isolate aquatic organisms living on them with land. Island ecosystems have the highest rates of endemism globally. This
1002:
The motivation for island exploration has been the subject of research and debate. Some early historians previously argued that early island colonization was unintentional, perhaps by a raft being swept out to sea. Others compare the motivations of
Polynesian and similar explorers with those of
865:
of Earth. He wrote that "the different islands to a considerable extent are inhabited by a different set of beings". Through the study of the finches and other animals he realized that organisms survive by changing to adapt to their habitat. It would be over twenty years before he published his
685:, an island which no iguana had lived on previously. They survived floating on a mass of uprooted trees from a storm. Plant species are thought to be able to travel great distances of ocean. New Zealand and Australia share 200 native plant species, despite being separated by 1500 km.
1448:. Sandbags or stones are dropped with a barge into the sea to bring the land level slightly out of the water. The island area is then filled with sand or gravel, followed by a construction of this revetment to hold it together. Islands have also been constructed with a permanent
1382:
Increasing intensity of tropical storms also increases the distances and frequency with which invasive species may be transported to islands. Floodwaters from these storms may also wash plants further inland than they would travel on their own, introducing them to new habitats.
469:. The formation of reefs and islands related to those reefs is aided by the buildup of sediment in shallow patches of water. In some cases, tectonic movements lifting a reef out of the water by as little as 1 meter can cause sediment to accumulate and an island to form.
980:, differences in cloud and weather patterns, as well as changes in the direction of waves. It is also possible for human populations to have gone extinct on islands, evidenced by explorers finding islands that show evidence of habitation but no life.
673:. Tropical storms have the capacity to transport species over great distances. Animals like tortoises can live for weeks without food or water, and are able to survive floating on debris in the sea. One case study showed that in 1995, fifteen
698:, a tree that is present in Australia, New Zealand, parts of South American, and New Guinea, places that today are geographically distant. A possible explanation for this phenomena is that these landmasses were once all part of the continent
688:
Continental islands, islands that were at one point connected to a continent, are expected to share a common history of plant and animal life up until the point that the island broke away from the continent. For example, the presence of
1362:. These risks are expected to decrease the habitability of islands, especially small ones. Beyond risks to human life, plant and animal life are threatened. It has been estimated that almost 50 percent of land species threatened by
397:. However, not all island chains are formed this way. Some may be formed all at once by fractures in the tectonic plates themselves simultaneously creating multiple islands. One supporting piece of evidence is that of the
1374:
received media attention for a press conference publicizing the ongoing submerging of the island country. Tuvalu signed a cooperation agreement with
Australia agreeing to annually allow 280 of its citizens to become
937:. Many of the previous island settlements required traveling distances of less than 100 km (62 mi), whereas Polynesians may have traveled 2,000–3,200 km (1,200–2,000 mi) to settle islands such as
1015:. These historians theorize that successful explorers were rewarded with recognition and wealth, leading others to attempt possibly dangerous expeditions to discover more islands, usually with poor results.
660:
Oceanic islands, ones that have never been connected to shore, are only populated by life that can cross the sea. This means that any animals present on the island had to have flown there, in the case of
2340:
624:, the total number of unique species in a region, is lower on islands than on mainlands. The level of species richness on islands is proportional to the area of that island, a phenomenon known as the
223:, are generally not considered islands. Islands that have been bridged or otherwise joined to a mainland with land reclamation are sometimes considered "de-islanded", but not in every case.
774:
species) consumes spiders and insects that live on plants. Other examples of this phenomenon exist worldwide, including in Hawaii and
Madagascar, and are not limited to island ecosystems.
1213:. These missionaries faced resistance, but found success when some local chiefs used European support to centralize power. Beginning in the 16th century, European states placed most of
834:
in their young, resulting in a selection pressure for smaller animals that require less food. Having fewer predators would mean these animals did not need not be large to survive.
1471:
have also been described as a type of island. Some atolls have been covered in concrete to create artificial islands for military purposes, such as those created by China in the
3691:
1330:
3192:
Bird, Michael I.; Condie, Scott A.; O’Connor, Sue; O’Grady, Damien; Reepmeyer, Christian; Ulm, Sean; Zega, Mojca; Saltré, Frédérik; Bradshaw, Corey J. A. (June 17, 2019).
983:
Not all islands were or are inhabited by maritime cultures. In the past, some societies were found to have lost their seafaring ability over time, such as the case of the
3696:
Climate Change 2022 – Impacts, Adaptation and
Vulnerability: Working Group II Contribution to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
3733:
Spatz DR; Zilliacus KM; Holmes ND; Butchart SHM; Genovesi P; Ceballos G; Tershy BR; Croll DA (2017), "Globally threatened vertebrates on islands with invasive species",
2109:
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1403:
and neighboring islands. These species compete for resources with native animals, and some may grow so densely that they displace other forms of existing life.
414:
702:
and separated by tectonic drift. However, there are competing theories that suggest this species may have reached faraway places by way of oceanic dispersal.
191:
An island is an area of land surrounded by water on all sides that is distinct from a continent. There is no standard of size that distinguishes islands and
1379:
of
Australia. The Marshall Islands, a country of 1,156 islands, have also been identified as a country that may be existentially threatened by rising seas.
3945:
1063:
The
Polynesian diet got most of its protein from fishing. Polynesians were known to fish close to shore, as well as in deep water. It was reported that
2643:
830:
and competitors, resulting in selection pressure towards larger animals. Larger animals may exhaust food resources quickly due to their size, causing
179:
can cause widespread destruction of infrastructure and animal habitats. Species that live exclusively on islands are some of those most threatened by
53:
is a piece of land, distinct from a continent, completely surrounded by water. There are continental islands, which were formed by being split from a
3479:
1483:
indicates that these islands may not have the same legal status as a naturally occurring island, and as such may not confer the same legal rights.
2508:
Kier, Gerold; Kreft, Holger; Lee, Tien Ming; Jetz, Walter; Ibisch, Pierre L.; Nowicki, Christoph; Mutke, Jens; Barthlott, Wilhelm (June 9, 2009).
1358:
caused a loss of almost all the infrastructure in
Dominica. Sea level rise and other climate changes can reduce freshwater reserves, resulting in
381:
above stationary hotspots would form islands in a linear chain, with the islands further away from the hotspot being progressively older and more
120:
or a continental island splitting from the mainland. Today, up to 10% of the world's population lives on islands. Islands are popular targets for
1820:
3615:
918:
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and other fruits and vegetables. Different island climates made different resources more important, such as the
Hawaiian islands being home to
1321:
3847:
3711:
3410:
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2966:
1726:
1548:
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404:
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Whittaker, Robert J.; Fernández-Palacios, José María; Matthews, Thomas J.; Borregaard, Michael K.; Triantis, Kostas A. (September 2017).
1657:
1292:, thanks to their unique climates, cultures, and natural beauty. However, islands may suffer from poor transportation connectivity from
4641:
3007:
2877:
1553:
3773:
3460:
3374:
3139:
1792:
669:, were carried by such animals, or were carried in a sea current in what is known as a "rafting event". This phenomenon is known as
3867:
1149:
Many island nations have little land and a restricted set of natural resources. However, these nations control some of the largest
116:
Humans have lived on and traveled between islands for thousands of years at a minimum. Some islands became host to humans due to a
1533:
1234:
3586:
3075:
4646:
3938:
481:
1752:"Accidental and ideal island cities: islanding processes and urban design in Belize City and the urban archipelagos of Europe"
1417:
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4631:
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1600:
1226:
494:. These islands erode and grow as the wind and waves shift. Barrier islands have the effect of protecting coastal areas from
1635:
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Historians have sought to understand why some remote islands have always been uninhabited, while others, especially in the
4803:
4501:
4428:
4333:
3400:
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1325:
San Juan, Puerto Rico after
Hurricane Maria. Climate change is expected to cause more frequent inland flooding on islands.
1267:
1257:
853:, including tanager birds, contributed to his understanding of how evolution works. He first traveled to the islands as a
4296:
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1421:
1225:
was colonized by Spain as early as 1526. It changed hands from
Germany to Japan to the United States before joining the
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4358:
2255:
3426:
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1528:
1503:
1209:, and other islands by Westerners, these nations have been the subject of colonization. Islands were the target of
628:. This is because larger areas have more resources and thus can support more organisms. Populations with a higher
3837:
1513:
1310:
625:
450:, the continent-like area of crust that New Zealand sits on, has had 93% of its original surface area submerged.
1034:
4446:
2165:"Formation of fluvial islands and its determining factors, case study of the River Neris, the Baltic Sea basin"
1518:
1313:. During tourism downturns, these economies struggle to make up the lost inflow of cash with other industries.
942:
868:
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studies organisms on islands and their environment. It has yielded important insights for its parent field of
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329:
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22:
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would have required crossing distances of water of at least 29 km (18 mi). Some islands, such as
4588:
4343:
3344:
1210:
814:, though it is unknown if it grew in size before or after reaching the island. Larger animals such as the
2946:
1455:
Some modern islands have been constructed by pouring millions of tons of sand into the sea, such as with
731:
adapted to new niches. Their seed-eating beaks evolved to handle foods such as nuts, fruits, and insects.
4734:
2822:
1449:
1387:
and trade also have introduced non-native life to islands. These processes result in an introduction of
759:
719:
617:
3532:"History of Plant Introductions to Pohnpei, Micronesia and the Role of the Pohnpei Agriculture Station"
2002:
1119:
in order to preserve it. There is archeological evidence that Canary Islanders would chew the roots of
2386:
Veron, Simon; Haevermans, Thomas; Govaerts, Rafaël; Mouchet, Maud; Pellens, Roseli (August 12, 2019).
1812:
1023:
About 10% of the world's population lives on islands. The study of the culture of islands is known as
4563:
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2014:
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studies the ecological processes that take place on islands, with a focus on what factors effect the
550:
423:
61:, and oceanic islands, which have never been part of a continent. Oceanic islands can be formed from
2903:
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by Europeans, resulting in the majority of islands in the Pacific being put under European control.
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4025:
3905:
3101:
1376:
1253:
1166:
767:
743:
728:
216:
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826:. In the case of smaller animals, it has been hypothesized that animals on islands may have fewer
89:
are those made by humans, including small rocky outcroppings built out of lagoons and large-scale
4636:
4623:
4476:
4436:
4147:
4050:
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1808:
896:
819:
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has a major role in distributing the seeds of trees between islands, a form of oceanic dispersal.
431:
86:
1475:. These atolls were previously low-tide elevations, landmasses that are only above water during
1370:
Some islands that are low-lying may cease to exist given high enough amounts of sea level rise.
1115:
fields of taro, whereas in some islands, like Tahiti, breadfruit was more widely cultivated and
782:
620:
efforts, to prevent the extinction of these species. Despite high levels of endemism, the total
1751:
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4598:
4511:
4217:
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4045:
4005:
3970:
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3843:
3707:
3665:
3646:"Island tourism: marketing culture and heritage – editorial introduction to the special issue"
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3289:
3239:
3221:
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3003:
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2793:
2723:
2557:
2539:
2490:
2472:
2433:
2415:
2368:
2310:
2302:
2090:
2038:
2030:
1938:
1920:
1874:
1788:
1732:
1722:
1665:
1412:
1343:
1306:
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to discover new islands for settlement. Between 1100 and 800 BC, Polynesians sailed East from
846:
724:
670:
633:
629:
604:
570:
439:
358:
337:
176:
140:
110:
3058:
446:, are what remains of continents that shrank and sunk beneath the sea. It was estimated that
4783:
4687:
4521:
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4242:
4102:
4020:
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3750:
3742:
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3229:
3213:
3159:
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2848:
2785:
2715:
2547:
2529:
2480:
2464:
2423:
2407:
2360:
2339:
Graham, Natalie R.; Gruner, Daniel S.; Lim, Jun Y.; Gillespie, Rosemary G. (June 27, 2017).
2294:
2187:
2080:
2022:
1980:
1928:
1912:
1866:
1763:
1493:
1456:
1433:
1388:
1351:
1249:
1182:
862:
823:
803:
795:
621:
562:
386:
366:
275:
172:
156:
148:
90:
35:
2135:
1690:
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4318:
4227:
4222:
4107:
3990:
2789:
1472:
1437:
1355:
1347:
1245:
1092:
1091:. Island cultures also cultivate native and non-native crops. Polynesians grew the native
1064:
950:
690:
495:
487:
390:
378:
357:
or island chains, which are collections of islands. These chains are thought to form from
298:
282:
78:
58:
2609:
2510:"A global assessment of endemism and species richness across island and mainland regions"
2230:
3547:
3209:
3155:
2999:
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2711:
2525:
2403:
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2183:
2076:
2018:
1976:
1862:
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4015:
3995:
3755:
3234:
3193:
2958:
2552:
2509:
2485:
2452:
2428:
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1933:
1900:
1630:
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1558:
1339:
1335:
1241:
1144:
1024:
1008:
992:
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842:
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as a food source, and has a beak adapted for removing pulp and flowers from cacti. The
710:
695:
648:
582:
574:
520:
507:
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because they absorb some of the energy of large waves before they can reach the shore.
409:
394:
236:
200:
164:
160:
136:
132:
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1846:
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in 1496. It has been hypothesized that since the inhabitants had little incentive for
401:, which are all estimated to be 8 million years old, rather than being different ages.
4777:
4729:
4712:
4662:
4603:
4578:
4441:
4368:
4040:
3644:
Brown, Keith G.; Cave, Jenny (January 1, 2010). G. Brown, Keith; Cave, Jenny (eds.).
3308:
2945:
Keegan, William F.; Diamond, Jared M. (January 1, 1987), Schiffer, Michael B. (ed.),
2576:
2026:
1984:
1960:
1579:
991:
since the island's first discovery in the first century until being conquered by the
973:
962:
515:
490:
are long, sandy bars that form along shorelines due to the deposition of sediment by
458:
435:
39:
4593:
4481:
4353:
4348:
4247:
4237:
4182:
2191:
2110:"Why Some Geologists Say Charles Darwin's Theory of Coral Atoll Formation Is Wrong"
1588:
1468:
1460:
1198:
1072:
1068:
831:
815:
613:
534:
398:
354:
128:
82:
2205:
1452:, a steel or concrete structure built in a closed loop and then filled with sand.
1305:
on top of tourism in order to ensure economic growth. This reliance can result in
1185:, a territory that receives substantial military expenditure and aid from France.
1067:
were known to fish as far as 500 km (310 mi) from shore at coral reefs.
1271:
Tourists are attracted to tropical beaches in large numbers, such as this one in
750:
species that are endemic to the Galápagos Islands. These birds evolved different
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4558:
4531:
4526:
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4328:
4323:
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4252:
3975:
1625:
1392:
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1302:
1276:
1218:
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and sailing. Third, a lasting historical and political significance of islands.
1012:
966:
934:
912:
892:
538:
477:
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454:
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362:
341:
264:
245:
117:
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2514:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
2411:
735:
Species that colonize island archipelagos exhibit a specific property known as
30:
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4608:
4568:
4486:
4411:
4202:
4060:
3917:
3703:
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2364:
2206:"Bananal Island | Amazon Rainforest, Wildlife & Conservation | Britannica"
2085:
2060:
2059:
Nunn, Patrick D.; Kumar, Lalit; Eliot, Ian; McLean, Roger F. (March 2, 2016).
1594:
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1400:
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of people from their home islands as well as increases in cancer rates due to
1206:
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1100:
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and had little to any contact with the mainland, they had no need for boats.
946:
858:
854:
811:
637:
558:
422:
Other island chains form due to being separated from existing continents. The
302:
192:
180:
3669:
3563:
3293:
3225:
2988:
Chambers, Geoffrey K. (2013). "Genetics and the Origins of the Polynesians".
2727:
2644:"Intensifying hurricanes are helping invasive species spread across the U.S."
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grow on volcanic islands that have submerged beneath the surface. When these
4613:
4573:
4401:
4338:
4257:
4187:
3912:
3868:"What Makes an Island? Land Reclamation and the South China Sea Arbitration"
3645:
3163:
2534:
2298:
2134:
US Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.
1736:
1445:
1293:
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1112:
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827:
682:
554:
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370:
220:
54:
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2314:
2042:
1942:
1916:
1785:
A Linguistic History of English: From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic
969:
in the South, with New Zealand's first settlements between 1250 and 1300.
195:. Continents have an accepted geological definition – they are the largest
3896:
3063:(2nd ed.). New York City: George Grady Press. pp. 10, 48, 54–56.
442:
may be called continental islands. Other islands, like those that make up
344:, creating a chain of volcanoes as the lithosphere moves over the hotspot.
4541:
4536:
4363:
4278:
4137:
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2617:
2468:
1961:"Review of the chronology of marine terraces in the Hawaiian Archipelago"
1716:
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1396:
1359:
1039:
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930:
891:
The first evidence of humans colonizing islands probably occurred in the
699:
678:
594:
196:
74:
62:
2695:
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to ecosystems that are especially small and fragile. One example is the
519:
islands also exist, the largest of which (that is completely inland) is
4677:
4551:
4396:
4272:
4267:
4177:
4172:
4162:
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3571:
3555:
3531:
2748:"Why Evolution Goes Wild on Islands: The Science of Adaptive Radiation"
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1222:
1214:
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1108:
1028:
799:
771:
747:
674:
578:
511:
427:
389:, with the oldest island being 25 million years old, and the youngest,
369:
is hotter than the surrounding area. These hotspots would give rise to
297:
The spelling of the word was modified in the 15th century because of a
271:
152:
124:
due to their perceived natural beauty, isolation, and unique cultures.
121:
2947:"2 - Colonization of Islands by Humans: A Biogeographical Perspective"
1905:
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
754:
in order to eat different kinds of food available on the islands. The
240:
4702:
4697:
4232:
4212:
4167:
4010:
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The Pacific Islands: Politics, Economics, and International Relations
3108:. Manatū Taonga — Ministry for Culture and Heritage. November 2, 2023
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101:
66:
3923:
2388:"Distribution and relative age of endemism across islands worldwide"
2283:"Island biogeography: Taking the long view of nature's laboratories"
1870:
1169:. The natural beauty of island nations also makes them a magnet for
849:
through the study of island ecology. The species he observed on the
290:
3836:
Fang, Huacan; Duan, Menglan (2014). "3.7.3 The Artificial Island".
3616:"Pacific Islands: politics, economics, and international relations"
1444:. One traditional way of constructing islands is with the use of a
1264:
economy, causing these nations to experience less economic growth.
798:(also known as the island rule), states that small mammals such as
377:
would form the rock the islands are made of. For some islands, the
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3650:
International Journal of Culture, Tourism and Hospitality Research
2719:
2610:"The resurrection of oceanic dispersal in historical biogeography"
1901:"The age and origin of the Pacific islands: a geological overview"
1425:
1416:
1320:
1266:
1192:
1132:
1120:
1045:
1033:
996:
958:
941:. They would send navigators to sail the ocean without the aid of
904:
794:
Species endemic to islands show a common evolutionary trajectory.
781:
763:
751:
709:
662:
647:
598:
566:
530:
466:
333:
310:
260:
212:
97:
3077:
We, the Navigators: The Ancient Art of Landfinding in the Pacific
1467:, and are sold for private ownership or construction of housing.
1436:. One of the first recorded instances of this when people of the
616:. Areas with high lives of biodiversity are a priority target of
4717:
4707:
4682:
4192:
4122:
4070:
4065:
1244:
era saw many island states achieve independence or some form of
1230:
1158:
1096:
1080:
954:
787:
666:
491:
385:, before disappearing under the sea entirely. An example is the
374:
3927:
1576: – Island owned by a single private citizen or corporation
1399:
owners. It has since been transported by hurricanes across the
1229:
in 1982, maintaining a "free association" status with the U.S.
915:
that allowed humans to colonize it before it became an island.
4197:
4000:
3690:
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), ed. (2023),
2341:"Island ecology and evolution: challenges in the Anthropocene"
886:
208:
105:
3698:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 2043–2122,
3345:"Polynesian culture - Kinship, Social Hierarchy | Britannica"
2904:"Darwin's Living Legacy--Evolutionary Theory 150 Years Later"
2003:"New Zealand phylogeography: evolution on a small continent"
1603: – Developing countries that are small island countries
1440:
created eighty such islands by piling coral and rock in the
438:
is formed, pushing away older crust. Islands sitting on the
3268:"Islands and the world from an anthropological perspective"
16:
Piece of subcontinental land completely surrounded by water
3080:(Second ed.). University of Hawaii Press. p. 8.
2590:: 78–90 – via Nature Protection Trust of Seychelles.
1899:
Neall, Vincent E.; Trewick, Steven A. (October 27, 2008).
1042:, used in Polynesia for making an edible breadfruit paste.
565:
of species. Scientists often study islands as an isolated
418:
showing the world's major groups of atolls and coral reefs
259:, similarly meaning 'island' when used independently, and
3530:
Ragone, Diane; Lorence, David H.; Flynn, Timothy (2001).
2453:"Endemism hotspots are linked to stable climatic refugia"
1432:
For hundreds of years, islands have been created through
1252:
left many atolls destroyed or uninhabitable, causing the
135:
has resulted in some but not all island nations becoming
3480:"Historical Background: Colonization of Pacific Islands"
758:
has a large bill used to crack seeds and eat fruit. The
219:, areas of land that are not above the surface during a
175:
completely. Increases in the frequency and intensity of
3839:
Offshore operation facilities: equipment and procedures
3807:
Fisher, Richard; Hirschfeld, Javier (January 6, 2022).
1584:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
1563:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
1181:, and general territorial control. One such example is
527:
of Brazil, which has a maximum width of 55 kilometers.
1570: – Island recorded on maps but proven nonexistent
1123:
for sustenance, a practice that wore heavily on their
3194:"Early human settlement of Sahul was not an accident"
2694:
Censky, Ellen J.; Hodge, Karim; Dudley, Judy (1998).
1721:. Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island: Acorn Press.
953:
and reached the islands that make up the modern-day
203:. Islands can occur in any body of water, including
4655:
4622:
4427:
4387:
4304:
3961:
3272:
International Journal of Anthropology and Ethnology
2696:"Over-water dispersal of lizards due to hurricanes"
1331:
Effects of climate change on small island countries
818:tend to become smaller, such as in the case of the
3375:"How an Ancient Practice Aids Marine Conservation"
2878:"Evolution World Tour: Galápagos Islands, Ecuador"
1301:. These islands sometimes also require consistent
85:can also form from sediment and debris in rivers.
3774:"Tuvalu: Why Is the Small Island Nation Sinking?"
3309:"Fish consumption and health in French Polynesia"
1233:was a Spanish territory until 1898, and now is a
961:. The furthest extent of this migration would be
911:, were probably connected to the mainland with a
1750:Pigou-Dennis, Elizabeth; Grydehøj, Adam (2014).
1463:in Dubai. These islands are usually created for
895:era, 100,000 to 200,000 years ago. Reaching the
612:means that islands contribute heavily to global
3809:"Why we are in 'the age of artificial islands'"
2451:Harrison, Susan; Noss, Reed (January 7, 2017).
1481:United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea
2001:Wallis, Graham P.; Trewick, Steven A. (2009).
1338:threatens human development on islands due to
3939:
3455:. University of Hawaii Press. pp. 1–11.
3405:. Bloomsbury Publishing USA. pp. 59–67.
2953:, San Diego: Academic Press, pp. 49–92,
1591: – Island accessible by foot at low tide
723:) into three other species of finches on the
415:The Structure and Distribution of Coral Reefs
8:
2951:Advances in Archaeological Method and Theory
1597: – Effect on people who move to islands
1288:Islands have long been a popular target for
1007:, the explorer who sailed westward over the
838:Darwin, the Galápagos, and natural selection
2577:"The bats of Silhouette Island, Seychelles"
1847:"A Possible Origin of the Hawaiian Islands"
1718:Bridging islands: the impact of fixed links
1205:Since the first discoveries of Polynesian,
1173:. Islands also have geopolitical value for
3946:
3932:
3924:
3842:. Amsterdam ; Boston: Elsevier, GPP.
2669:"How rafts helped primates rule the world"
2256:"Largest And Highest Islands Of The World"
109:diverged greatly from the mainland due to
3754:
3373:Tiare Tuuhia, Hakai (November 10, 2023).
3283:
3233:
2625:(2) – via Elesevier Science Direct.
2551:
2533:
2484:
2427:
2084:
1932:
1767:
533:form for a variety of reasons, including
3506:"Australia and Oceania: Human Geography"
2163:Baubinienė, Aldona (December 20, 2014).
1817:Transactions of the Philological Society
1787:. Oxford University Press. p. 109.
917:
471:
403:
324:
29:
3866:Mirasola, Christopher (July 15, 2015).
3427:"The island fruit that caused a mutiny"
2876:Magazine, Smithsonian; Helmuth, Laura.
1614:
1011:in search of an alternate route to the
3861:
3859:
3831:
3829:
3802:
3800:
3798:
3796:
3794:
3767:
3765:
3685:
3683:
3681:
3679:
3639:
3637:
3609:
3607:
3474:
3472:
3368:
3366:
3339:
3337:
3261:
3259:
3257:
3255:
3253:
3052:
3050:
3023:
3021:
3019:
2871:
2869:
2816:
2814:
2741:
2739:
2737:
2638:
2636:
2634:
2632:
2603:
2601:
2599:
2597:
2334:
2332:
2330:
2328:
2326:
2324:
1582: – Island without human residents
1395:, initially introduced to the U.S. by
288:, and more distantly related to Latin
167:threatens to submerge nations such as
3872:Asia Maritime Transparency Initiative
3138:Cornwall, Warren (February 8, 2024).
3133:
3131:
3129:
3127:
3125:
3123:
2940:
2938:
2936:
2934:
2932:
2930:
2928:
2926:
2924:
2847:MacPherson, Rick (February 6, 2017).
2823:"Gigantism & Dwarfism on Islands"
2790:10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a003806
2158:
2156:
2054:
2052:
1996:
1994:
1954:
1952:
1823:from the original on November 6, 2018
1685:
1683:
1549:List of islands by population density
727:. Due to the absence of other birds,
541:can form as part of these processes.
332:through Earth at the Hawaii hotspot.
7:
3772:Prete, Giovanni (January 29, 2024).
2194:– via Elsevier Science Direct.
1894:
1892:
1890:
1888:
1840:
1838:
1620:
1618:
607:is endemic to the Galápagos Islands.
3587:"A Brief, 500-Year History of Guam"
3402:Food Culture in the Pacific Islands
3000:10.1002/9780470015902.a0020808.pub2
2774:"On the Origin of Darwin's Finches"
2746:Lovette, Irby (December 20, 2018).
263:carrying its contemporary meaning.
4642:Integrated coastal zone management
2959:10.1016/b978-0-12-003110-8.50005-0
2608:de Queiroz, Alan (February 2005).
1638:from the original on March 7, 2007
1554:List of islands named after people
1127:. These islanders would also grow
802:evolve to become larger, known as
790:is an example of island gigantism.
537:, plate tectonics, and volcanism.
301:caused by an association with the
139:, with lasting effects related to
14:
2821:Tyson, Peter (November 1, 2000).
1428:is built on an artificial island.
1248:. Nuclear weapons testing on the
933:distant oceanic islands were the
742:The classical example of this is
510:is an island that forms from the
4758:
4757:
4295:
4288:
3911:
3895:
3585:Herman, Doug (August 15, 2017).
3510:education.nationalgeographic.org
3399:Haden, Roger (August 10, 2009).
3266:Ma, Guoqing (October 16, 2020).
3102:"Pacific voyaging and discovery"
2235:education.nationalgeographic.org
2027:10.1111/j.1365-294X.2009.04294.x
1845:Wilson, J. Tuzo (June 1, 1963).
1695:education.nationalgeographic.org
1662:education.nationalgeographic.org
1534:List of islands by highest point
1079:fishing were all used, to catch
861:in 1835, as part of a five-year
3029:"Polynesia's Genius Navigators"
2778:Molecular Biology and Evolution
1201:leaving due to nuclear testing.
922:Chronological dispersal of the
482:East Coast of the United States
104:life. Oceanic islands have the
93:projects used for development.
4740:Region of freshwater influence
3140:"A thousand years of solitude"
2902:Stix, Gary (January 1, 2009).
2192:10.1016/j.geomorph.2014.12.025
1601:Small Island Developing States
1227:Federated States of Micronesia
1139:Island nations and territories
309:, which itself comes from the
1:
4789:Coastal and oceanic landforms
4502:Large-scale coastal behaviour
4334:Beaches in estuaries and bays
3620:scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu
3451:Fairbairn, Te'o I.J. (1991).
2991:Encyclopedia of Life Sciences
2061:"Classifying Pacific islands"
1715:Baldacchino, Godfrey (2007).
1544:List of islands by population
1131:and raised livestock such as
887:Sea § Humans and the sea
677:survived a 300 km journey to
453:Some islands are formed when
426:may have been separated from
127:Islands became the target of
38:, a major archipelago in the
3074:Lewis, David (May 1, 1994).
2772:Sato, Akie (March 1, 2001).
1985:10.1016/0277-3791(93)90019-I
1422:Kansai International Airport
987:, which were occupied by an
465:, the island is known as an
96:Islands are host to diverse
4799:Oceanographical terminology
3614:Fairbairn, Te'O IJ (1991).
2136:"What is a barrier island?"
1851:Canadian Journal of Physics
746:, a group of up to fifteen
379:movement of tectonic plates
353:Islands often are found in
77:along shorelines, creating
4820:
3285:10.1186/s41257-020-00038-x
3218:10.1038/s41598-019-42946-9
2412:10.1038/s41598-019-47951-6
2345:Environmental Conservation
1987:– via Research Gate.
1965:Quaternary Science Reviews
1529:List of islands by country
1504:List of artificial islands
1410:
1328:
1153:in the world, deposits of
1142:
1050:Cultivated taro plants, a
884:
806:. One such example is the
706:Evolution on island groups
592:
20:
4753:
4286:
3704:10.1017/9781009325844.017
3662:10.1108/17506181011045163
2365:10.1017/S0376892917000315
2086:10.1186/s40562-016-0041-8
1959:Jones, Anthony T (1993).
1783:Ringe, Donald A. (2006).
1561: – Military strategy
1514:List of fictional islands
1311:environmental degradation
1054:for many island cultures.
845:formulated the theory of
626:species-area relationship
434:, a phenomenon where new
4447:Coastal biogeomorphology
2575:Gerlach, Justin (2004).
1519:List of island countries
1235:unincorporated territory
943:navigational instruments
869:On the Origin of Species
476:A barrier island in the
3307:Dewailly, Eric (2008).
3164:10.1126/science.ado5092
2535:10.1073/pnas.0810306106
2299:10.1126/science.aam8326
2108:Magazine, Smithsonian.
1539:List of islands by name
1524:List of islands by area
1509:List of divided islands
1465:real estate development
1354:. For example, in 2017
1219:colonial administration
694:example is that of the
502:Formation in freshwater
145:nuclear weapons testing
23:Island (disambiguation)
4344:Coastal morphodynamics
3916:Quotations related to
3908:) at Wikimedia Commons
3747:10.1126/sciadv.1603080
3057:Gatty, Harold (1943).
1917:10.1098/rstb.2008.0119
1813:"On False Etymologies"
1756:Island Studies Journal
1469:Offshore oil platforms
1429:
1326:
1280:
1211:Christian missionaries
1202:
1055:
1043:
926:
881:History of exploration
791:
770:(in the habit of true
732:
657:
608:
569:of how the process of
484:
419:
345:
42:
4735:Physical oceanography
2140:oceanservice.noaa.gov
1420:
1350:, and an increase in
1329:Further information:
1324:
1270:
1196:
1143:Further information:
1049:
1038:A breadfruit tree in
1037:
921:
785:
760:Genovesa cactus finch
720:Geospiza magnirostris
713:
651:
602:
475:
407:
328:
33:
4804:Lacustrine landforms
4564:Submergent coastline
4517:Marine transgression
4472:Discordant coastline
4457:Concordant coastline
3591:Smithsonian Magazine
3379:Smithsonian Magazine
3316:Asia Pac J Clin Nutr
2882:Smithsonian Magazine
2114:Smithsonian Magazine
1499:List of archipelagos
1005:Christopher Columbus
929:The first people to
924:Austronesian peoples
654:Seychelles fruit bat
551:insular biogeography
424:Japanese archipelago
65:activity, grow into
21:For other uses, see
4668:Coastal engineering
3548:2001EcBot..55..290R
3210:2019NatSR...9.8220B
3156:2024Sci...383..580C
3106:New Zealand History
3035:. February 15, 2000
2908:Scientific American
2712:1998Natur.395..556C
2526:2009PNAS..106.9322K
2404:2019NatSR...911693V
2357:2017EnvCo..44..323G
2184:2015Geomo.231..343B
2077:2016GSL.....3....7N
2019:2009MolEc..18.3548W
1977:1993QSRv...12..811J
1911:(1508): 3293–3308.
1863:1963CaJPh..41..863W
1809:Wedgwood, Hensleigh
1377:permanent residents
1254:forced displacement
822:. This is known as
768:green warbler-finch
461:encircle a central
349:Formation in oceans
217:Low-tide elevations
4637:Coastal management
4477:Emergent coastline
4148:Intertidal wetland
4051:Continental margin
3556:10.1007/BF02864566
3349:www.britannica.com
3198:Scientific Reports
2853:American Scientist
2849:"Darwin's Islands"
2649:. October 27, 2020
2469:10.1093/aob/mcw248
2392:Scientific Reports
2210:www.britannica.com
2065:Geoscience Letters
1430:
1407:Artificial islands
1327:
1317:Threats to islands
1281:
1203:
1056:
1044:
927:
897:Indonesian islands
876:Humans and islands
820:pygmy hippopotamus
792:
756:large ground finch
737:adaptive radiation
733:
715:Adaptive radiation
658:
609:
581:since the time of
485:
432:seafloor spreading
420:
346:
159:are threatened by
87:Artificial islands
43:
4794:Fluvial landforms
4771:
4770:
4599:Wave-cut platform
4512:Marine regression
4056:Continental shelf
4046:Coastal waterfall
3955:Coastal geography
3900:Media related to
3849:978-0-12-396977-4
3713:978-1-009-32583-7
3622:. pp. 15, 42
3412:978-0-313-34493-0
3150:(6683): 580–584.
3087:978-0-8248-1582-0
2968:978-0-12-003110-8
2520:(23): 9322–9327.
2013:(17): 3548–3580.
2007:Molecular Ecology
1728:978-1-894838-24-5
1413:Artificial island
1344:tropical cyclones
1342:, more dangerous
1307:social inequality
1299:built environment
989:indigenous people
965:in the East, and
851:Galápagos Islands
847:natural selection
725:Galapagos Islands
671:oceanic dispersal
636:, which promotes
634:genetic diversity
630:carrying capacity
605:Galapagos penguin
571:natural selection
440:continental shelf
393:, still being an
359:volcanic hotspots
177:tropical cyclones
141:industrialization
111:natural selection
4811:
4761:
4760:
4522:Raised shoreline
4497:Ingression coast
4492:Graded shoreline
4467:Cuspate foreland
4299:
4292:
4243:Submarine canyon
4103:Freshwater marsh
3948:
3941:
3934:
3925:
3915:
3899:
3883:
3882:
3880:
3878:
3863:
3854:
3853:
3833:
3824:
3823:
3821:
3819:
3804:
3789:
3788:
3786:
3784:
3769:
3760:
3759:
3758:
3735:Science Advances
3730:
3724:
3723:
3722:
3720:
3687:
3674:
3673:
3641:
3632:
3631:
3629:
3627:
3611:
3602:
3601:
3599:
3597:
3582:
3576:
3575:
3527:
3521:
3520:
3518:
3516:
3502:
3496:
3495:
3493:
3491:
3486:. March 18, 2014
3476:
3467:
3466:
3448:
3442:
3441:
3439:
3437:
3423:
3417:
3416:
3396:
3390:
3389:
3387:
3385:
3370:
3361:
3360:
3358:
3356:
3341:
3332:
3331:
3313:
3304:
3298:
3297:
3287:
3263:
3248:
3247:
3237:
3189:
3183:
3182:
3180:
3178:
3135:
3118:
3117:
3115:
3113:
3098:
3092:
3091:
3071:
3065:
3064:
3054:
3045:
3044:
3042:
3040:
3025:
3014:
3013:
2985:
2979:
2978:
2977:
2975:
2942:
2919:
2918:
2916:
2914:
2899:
2893:
2892:
2890:
2888:
2873:
2864:
2863:
2861:
2859:
2844:
2838:
2837:
2835:
2833:
2818:
2809:
2808:
2806:
2804:
2769:
2763:
2762:
2760:
2758:
2743:
2732:
2731:
2691:
2685:
2684:
2682:
2680:
2665:
2659:
2658:
2656:
2654:
2640:
2627:
2626:
2614:
2605:
2592:
2591:
2581:
2572:
2566:
2565:
2555:
2537:
2505:
2499:
2498:
2488:
2457:Annals of Botany
2448:
2442:
2441:
2431:
2383:
2377:
2376:
2336:
2319:
2318:
2278:
2272:
2271:
2269:
2267:
2252:
2246:
2245:
2243:
2241:
2227:
2221:
2220:
2218:
2216:
2202:
2196:
2195:
2178:(231): 343–352.
2169:
2160:
2151:
2150:
2148:
2146:
2131:
2125:
2124:
2122:
2120:
2105:
2099:
2098:
2088:
2056:
2047:
2046:
1998:
1989:
1988:
1956:
1947:
1946:
1936:
1896:
1883:
1882:
1842:
1833:
1832:
1830:
1828:
1805:
1799:
1798:
1780:
1774:
1773:
1771:
1769:10.24043/isj.305
1747:
1741:
1740:
1712:
1706:
1705:
1703:
1701:
1687:
1678:
1677:
1675:
1673:
1668:on July 16, 2019
1664:. Archived from
1654:
1648:
1647:
1645:
1643:
1622:
1585:
1564:
1494:Lists of islands
1459:in Qatar or the
1434:land reclamation
1389:invasive species
1352:invasive species
1250:Marshall Islands
1183:French Polynesia
863:circumnavigation
824:insular dwarfism
804:island gigantism
744:Darwin's finches
729:Darwin's finches
622:species richness
387:Hawaiian Islands
340:rises into the
199:of a particular
173:Marshall Islands
157:island countries
149:invasive species
91:land reclamation
73:, and form from
36:Hawaiian Islands
4819:
4818:
4814:
4813:
4812:
4810:
4809:
4808:
4774:
4773:
4772:
4767:
4749:
4725:Intertidal zone
4651:
4618:
4507:Longshore drift
4452:Coastal erosion
4423:
4383:
4319:Beach evolution
4300:
4294:
4293:
4284:
3971:Anchialine pool
3957:
3952:
3892:
3887:
3886:
3876:
3874:
3865:
3864:
3857:
3850:
3835:
3834:
3827:
3817:
3815:
3806:
3805:
3792:
3782:
3780:
3771:
3770:
3763:
3732:
3731:
3727:
3718:
3716:
3714:
3692:"Small Islands"
3689:
3688:
3677:
3643:
3642:
3635:
3625:
3623:
3613:
3612:
3605:
3595:
3593:
3584:
3583:
3579:
3536:Economic Botany
3529:
3528:
3524:
3514:
3512:
3504:
3503:
3499:
3489:
3487:
3478:
3477:
3470:
3463:
3450:
3449:
3445:
3435:
3433:
3425:
3424:
3420:
3413:
3398:
3397:
3393:
3383:
3381:
3372:
3371:
3364:
3354:
3352:
3343:
3342:
3335:
3311:
3306:
3305:
3301:
3265:
3264:
3251:
3191:
3190:
3186:
3176:
3174:
3137:
3136:
3121:
3111:
3109:
3100:
3099:
3095:
3088:
3073:
3072:
3068:
3056:
3055:
3048:
3038:
3036:
3027:
3026:
3017:
3010:
2987:
2986:
2982:
2973:
2971:
2969:
2944:
2943:
2922:
2912:
2910:
2901:
2900:
2896:
2886:
2884:
2875:
2874:
2867:
2857:
2855:
2846:
2845:
2841:
2831:
2829:
2820:
2819:
2812:
2802:
2800:
2771:
2770:
2766:
2756:
2754:
2752:All About Birds
2745:
2744:
2735:
2693:
2692:
2688:
2678:
2676:
2667:
2666:
2662:
2652:
2650:
2642:
2641:
2630:
2612:
2607:
2606:
2595:
2579:
2574:
2573:
2569:
2507:
2506:
2502:
2450:
2449:
2445:
2385:
2384:
2380:
2338:
2337:
2322:
2280:
2279:
2275:
2265:
2263:
2254:
2253:
2249:
2239:
2237:
2229:
2228:
2224:
2214:
2212:
2204:
2203:
2199:
2167:
2162:
2161:
2154:
2144:
2142:
2133:
2132:
2128:
2118:
2116:
2107:
2106:
2102:
2058:
2057:
2050:
2000:
1999:
1992:
1958:
1957:
1950:
1898:
1897:
1886:
1871:10.1139/p63-094
1844:
1843:
1836:
1826:
1824:
1807:
1806:
1802:
1795:
1782:
1781:
1777:
1749:
1748:
1744:
1729:
1714:
1713:
1709:
1699:
1697:
1689:
1688:
1681:
1671:
1669:
1656:
1655:
1651:
1641:
1639:
1624:
1623:
1616:
1611:
1606:
1583:
1562:
1489:
1473:South China Sea
1438:Solomon Islands
1415:
1409:
1356:Hurricane Maria
1348:coral bleaching
1333:
1319:
1286:
1246:self-governance
1191:
1179:weapons testing
1147:
1141:
1065:Rapa Nui people
1061:
1021:
951:Solomon Islands
889:
883:
878:
840:
780:
778:The island rule
708:
691:freshwater fish
646:
632:also have more
597:
591:
547:
545:Life on islands
504:
488:Barrier islands
361:, areas of the
351:
323:
299:false etymology
229:
189:
79:barrier islands
59:plate tectonics
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4817:
4815:
4807:
4806:
4801:
4796:
4791:
4786:
4776:
4775:
4769:
4768:
4766:
4765:
4754:
4751:
4750:
4748:
4747:
4742:
4737:
4732:
4727:
4722:
4721:
4720:
4715:
4710:
4705:
4700:
4695:
4690:
4685:
4680:
4670:
4665:
4659:
4657:
4653:
4652:
4650:
4649:
4644:
4639:
4634:
4628:
4626:
4620:
4619:
4617:
4616:
4611:
4606:
4601:
4596:
4591:
4586:
4581:
4576:
4571:
4566:
4561:
4556:
4555:
4554:
4544:
4539:
4534:
4529:
4524:
4519:
4514:
4509:
4504:
4499:
4494:
4489:
4484:
4479:
4474:
4469:
4464:
4459:
4454:
4449:
4444:
4439:
4433:
4431:
4425:
4424:
4422:
4421:
4420:
4419:
4414:
4404:
4399:
4393:
4391:
4385:
4384:
4382:
4381:
4376:
4371:
4366:
4361:
4356:
4351:
4346:
4341:
4336:
4331:
4326:
4321:
4316:
4310:
4308:
4302:
4301:
4287:
4285:
4283:
4282:
4275:
4270:
4265:
4260:
4255:
4250:
4245:
4240:
4235:
4230:
4225:
4220:
4215:
4210:
4205:
4200:
4195:
4190:
4185:
4180:
4175:
4170:
4165:
4160:
4155:
4150:
4145:
4140:
4135:
4130:
4125:
4120:
4115:
4110:
4105:
4100:
4095:
4090:
4085:
4080:
4079:
4078:
4068:
4063:
4058:
4053:
4048:
4043:
4038:
4033:
4028:
4023:
4018:
4016:Brackish marsh
4013:
4008:
4003:
3998:
3996:Barrier island
3993:
3988:
3983:
3978:
3973:
3967:
3965:
3959:
3958:
3953:
3951:
3950:
3943:
3936:
3928:
3922:
3921:
3909:
3891:
3890:External links
3888:
3885:
3884:
3855:
3848:
3825:
3790:
3761:
3725:
3712:
3675:
3633:
3603:
3577:
3542:(2): 290–324.
3522:
3497:
3468:
3461:
3443:
3418:
3411:
3391:
3362:
3333:
3299:
3249:
3184:
3119:
3093:
3086:
3066:
3046:
3015:
3009:978-0470016176
3008:
2980:
2967:
2920:
2894:
2865:
2839:
2810:
2784:(3): 299–311.
2764:
2733:
2686:
2675:. May 18, 2021
2660:
2628:
2593:
2567:
2500:
2463:(2): 207–214.
2443:
2378:
2351:(4): 323–335.
2320:
2273:
2262:. May 18, 2021
2247:
2222:
2197:
2152:
2126:
2100:
2048:
1990:
1971:(9): 811–823.
1948:
1884:
1857:(6): 863–870.
1834:
1800:
1793:
1775:
1762:(2): 259–276.
1742:
1727:
1707:
1679:
1649:
1631:Dictionary.com
1613:
1612:
1610:
1607:
1605:
1604:
1598:
1592:
1586:
1577:
1574:Private island
1571:
1568:Phantom island
1565:
1559:Island hopping
1556:
1551:
1546:
1541:
1536:
1531:
1526:
1521:
1516:
1511:
1506:
1501:
1496:
1490:
1488:
1485:
1411:Main article:
1408:
1405:
1367:dependent on.
1340:sea level rise
1336:Climate change
1318:
1315:
1285:
1282:
1242:decolonization
1190:
1187:
1145:Island country
1140:
1137:
1060:
1057:
1025:island studies
1020:
1017:
1009:Atlantic Ocean
993:Spanish Empire
985:Canary Islands
882:
879:
877:
874:
843:Charles Darwin
839:
836:
808:giant tortoise
779:
776:
707:
704:
696:southern beech
645:
642:
593:Main article:
590:
587:
583:Charles Darwin
575:Island ecology
546:
543:
521:Bananal Island
508:fluvial island
503:
500:
496:severe weather
410:Charles Darwin
395:active volcano
350:
347:
322:
319:
270:is actually a
237:Middle English
228:
225:
201:tectonic plate
188:
185:
165:Sea level rise
161:climate change
155:. Islands and
137:self-governing
133:Decolonization
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4816:
4805:
4802:
4800:
4797:
4795:
4792:
4790:
4787:
4785:
4782:
4781:
4779:
4764:
4756:
4755:
4752:
4746:
4743:
4741:
4738:
4736:
4733:
4731:
4730:Littoral zone
4728:
4726:
4723:
4719:
4716:
4714:
4711:
4709:
4706:
4704:
4701:
4699:
4696:
4694:
4691:
4689:
4686:
4684:
4681:
4679:
4676:
4675:
4674:
4671:
4669:
4666:
4664:
4663:Bulkhead line
4661:
4660:
4658:
4654:
4648:
4645:
4643:
4640:
4638:
4635:
4633:
4630:
4629:
4627:
4625:
4621:
4615:
4612:
4610:
4607:
4605:
4604:Wave shoaling
4602:
4600:
4597:
4595:
4592:
4590:
4587:
4585:
4582:
4580:
4579:Surge channel
4577:
4575:
4572:
4570:
4567:
4565:
4562:
4560:
4557:
4553:
4550:
4549:
4548:
4545:
4543:
4540:
4538:
4535:
4533:
4530:
4528:
4525:
4523:
4520:
4518:
4515:
4513:
4510:
4508:
4505:
4503:
4500:
4498:
4495:
4493:
4490:
4488:
4485:
4483:
4480:
4478:
4475:
4473:
4470:
4468:
4465:
4463:
4460:
4458:
4455:
4453:
4450:
4448:
4445:
4443:
4442:Cliffed coast
4440:
4438:
4435:
4434:
4432:
4430:
4426:
4418:
4415:
4413:
4410:
4409:
4408:
4405:
4403:
4400:
4398:
4395:
4394:
4392:
4390:
4386:
4380:
4377:
4375:
4372:
4370:
4369:Shingle beach
4367:
4365:
4362:
4360:
4357:
4355:
4352:
4350:
4347:
4345:
4342:
4340:
4337:
4335:
4332:
4330:
4327:
4325:
4322:
4320:
4317:
4315:
4312:
4311:
4309:
4307:
4303:
4298:
4291:
4281:
4280:
4276:
4274:
4271:
4269:
4266:
4264:
4261:
4259:
4256:
4254:
4251:
4249:
4246:
4244:
4241:
4239:
4236:
4234:
4231:
4229:
4226:
4224:
4221:
4219:
4216:
4214:
4211:
4209:
4206:
4204:
4201:
4199:
4196:
4194:
4191:
4189:
4186:
4184:
4181:
4179:
4176:
4174:
4171:
4169:
4166:
4164:
4161:
4159:
4156:
4154:
4151:
4149:
4146:
4144:
4141:
4139:
4136:
4134:
4131:
4129:
4126:
4124:
4121:
4119:
4116:
4114:
4111:
4109:
4106:
4104:
4101:
4099:
4096:
4094:
4091:
4089:
4086:
4084:
4081:
4077:
4074:
4073:
4072:
4069:
4067:
4064:
4062:
4059:
4057:
4054:
4052:
4049:
4047:
4044:
4042:
4041:Coastal plain
4039:
4037:
4034:
4032:
4029:
4027:
4024:
4022:
4019:
4017:
4014:
4012:
4009:
4007:
4004:
4002:
3999:
3997:
3994:
3992:
3989:
3987:
3984:
3982:
3979:
3977:
3974:
3972:
3969:
3968:
3966:
3964:
3960:
3956:
3949:
3944:
3942:
3937:
3935:
3930:
3929:
3926:
3919:
3914:
3910:
3907:
3903:
3898:
3894:
3893:
3889:
3873:
3869:
3862:
3860:
3856:
3851:
3845:
3841:
3840:
3832:
3830:
3826:
3814:
3810:
3803:
3801:
3799:
3797:
3795:
3791:
3779:
3775:
3768:
3766:
3762:
3757:
3752:
3748:
3744:
3740:
3736:
3729:
3726:
3715:
3709:
3705:
3701:
3697:
3693:
3686:
3684:
3682:
3680:
3676:
3671:
3667:
3663:
3659:
3655:
3651:
3647:
3640:
3638:
3634:
3621:
3617:
3610:
3608:
3604:
3592:
3588:
3581:
3578:
3573:
3569:
3565:
3561:
3557:
3553:
3549:
3545:
3541:
3537:
3533:
3526:
3523:
3511:
3507:
3501:
3498:
3485:
3481:
3475:
3473:
3469:
3464:
3462:0-86638-140-6
3458:
3454:
3447:
3444:
3432:
3428:
3422:
3419:
3414:
3408:
3404:
3403:
3395:
3392:
3380:
3376:
3369:
3367:
3363:
3351:. May 8, 2024
3350:
3346:
3340:
3338:
3334:
3329:
3325:
3321:
3317:
3310:
3303:
3300:
3295:
3291:
3286:
3281:
3277:
3273:
3269:
3262:
3260:
3258:
3256:
3254:
3250:
3245:
3241:
3236:
3231:
3227:
3223:
3219:
3215:
3211:
3207:
3203:
3199:
3195:
3188:
3185:
3173:
3169:
3165:
3161:
3157:
3153:
3149:
3145:
3141:
3134:
3132:
3130:
3128:
3126:
3124:
3120:
3107:
3103:
3097:
3094:
3089:
3083:
3079:
3078:
3070:
3067:
3062:
3061:
3060:The Raft Book
3053:
3051:
3047:
3034:
3030:
3024:
3022:
3020:
3016:
3011:
3005:
3001:
2997:
2993:
2992:
2984:
2981:
2970:
2964:
2960:
2956:
2952:
2948:
2941:
2939:
2937:
2935:
2933:
2931:
2929:
2927:
2925:
2921:
2909:
2905:
2898:
2895:
2883:
2879:
2872:
2870:
2866:
2854:
2850:
2843:
2840:
2828:
2824:
2817:
2815:
2811:
2799:
2795:
2791:
2787:
2783:
2779:
2775:
2768:
2765:
2753:
2749:
2742:
2740:
2738:
2734:
2729:
2725:
2721:
2720:10.1038/26886
2717:
2713:
2709:
2706:(6702): 556.
2705:
2701:
2697:
2690:
2687:
2674:
2670:
2664:
2661:
2648:
2645:
2639:
2637:
2635:
2633:
2629:
2624:
2620:
2619:
2611:
2604:
2602:
2600:
2598:
2594:
2589:
2585:
2578:
2571:
2568:
2563:
2559:
2554:
2549:
2545:
2541:
2536:
2531:
2527:
2523:
2519:
2515:
2511:
2504:
2501:
2496:
2492:
2487:
2482:
2478:
2474:
2470:
2466:
2462:
2458:
2454:
2447:
2444:
2439:
2435:
2430:
2425:
2421:
2417:
2413:
2409:
2405:
2401:
2397:
2393:
2389:
2382:
2379:
2374:
2370:
2366:
2362:
2358:
2354:
2350:
2346:
2342:
2335:
2333:
2331:
2329:
2327:
2325:
2321:
2316:
2312:
2308:
2304:
2300:
2296:
2292:
2288:
2284:
2277:
2274:
2261:
2257:
2251:
2248:
2236:
2232:
2226:
2223:
2211:
2207:
2201:
2198:
2193:
2189:
2185:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2172:Geomorphology
2166:
2159:
2157:
2153:
2141:
2137:
2130:
2127:
2115:
2111:
2104:
2101:
2096:
2092:
2087:
2082:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2055:
2053:
2049:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2004:
1997:
1995:
1991:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1955:
1953:
1949:
1944:
1940:
1935:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1895:
1893:
1891:
1889:
1885:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1848:
1841:
1839:
1835:
1827:September 22,
1822:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1804:
1801:
1796:
1794:0-19-928413-X
1790:
1786:
1779:
1776:
1770:
1765:
1761:
1757:
1753:
1746:
1743:
1738:
1734:
1730:
1724:
1720:
1719:
1711:
1708:
1696:
1692:
1686:
1684:
1680:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1653:
1650:
1637:
1633:
1632:
1627:
1621:
1619:
1615:
1608:
1602:
1599:
1596:
1593:
1590:
1587:
1581:
1580:Desert island
1578:
1575:
1572:
1569:
1566:
1560:
1557:
1555:
1552:
1550:
1547:
1545:
1542:
1540:
1537:
1535:
1532:
1530:
1527:
1525:
1522:
1520:
1517:
1515:
1512:
1510:
1507:
1505:
1502:
1500:
1497:
1495:
1492:
1491:
1486:
1484:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1453:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1414:
1406:
1404:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1380:
1378:
1373:
1368:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1332:
1323:
1316:
1314:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1295:
1291:
1283:
1278:
1274:
1269:
1265:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1238:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1200:
1197:Residents of
1195:
1188:
1186:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1168:
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459:coral islands
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433:
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4482:Feeder bluff
4389:River mouths
4354:Raised beach
4349:Pocket beach
4277:
4248:Tidal island
4238:Strand plain
4183:Natural arch
4152:
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1666:the original
1661:
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1629:
1589:Tidal island
1461:Palm Islands
1457:Pearl Island
1454:
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1381:
1369:
1334:
1297:economy and
1287:
1239:
1237:of the U.S.
1204:
1199:Bikini Atoll
1189:Colonization
1167:oil deposits
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618:conservation
614:biodiversity
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355:archipelagos
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129:colonization
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4745:River plume
4559:Steep coast
4532:Rocky shore
4527:Rip current
4407:River delta
4379:Wash margin
4374:Storm beach
4364:Shell beach
4329:Beach wrack
4324:Beach ridge
4314:Beach cusps
4263:Tied island
4253:Tidal marsh
3976:Archipelago
3813:www.bbc.com
3431:www.bbc.com
3204:(1): 8220.
3033:www.pbs.org
2827:www.pbs.org
2673:www.bbc.com
1658:"Continent"
1393:apple snail
1385:Agriculture
1303:foreign aid
1277:Philippines
1207:Micronesian
1175:naval bases
1083:as well as
1052:staple food
1013:East Indies
967:New Zealand
935:Polynesians
913:land bridge
893:Paleolithic
478:Outer Banks
455:coral reefs
444:New Zealand
363:lithosphere
342:lithosphere
265:Old English
246:Old English
118:land bridge
71:coral reefs
4778:Categories
4673:Grain size
4647:Submersion
4624:Management
4609:Wind fetch
4569:Surf break
4487:Flat coast
4417:regressive
4203:Salt marsh
4061:Coral reef
3484:Geriatrics
2260:WorldAtlas
1609:References
1595:Rock fever
1442:Lau Lagoon
1401:Gulf Coast
1364:extinction
1273:Malapascua
1262:capitalist
1101:breadfruit
947:New Guinea
885:See also:
859:HMS Beagle
855:naturalist
812:Seychelles
638:speciation
559:extinction
365:where the
303:Old French
193:continents
187:Definition
181:extinction
4632:Accretion
4614:Wind wave
4574:Surf zone
4429:Processes
4402:Mouth bar
4359:Recession
4339:Beachrock
4258:Tide pool
4188:Peninsula
4076:cliff-top
3963:Landforms
3778:Earth.Org
3670:1750-6182
3564:0013-0001
3294:2366-1003
3278:(1): 12.
3226:2045-2322
2728:1476-4687
2544:0027-8424
2477:0305-7364
2420:2045-2322
2373:0376-8929
2307:0036-8075
2095:2196-4092
2035:0962-1083
1925:0962-8436
1879:0008-4204
1819:(6): 66.
1446:revetment
1294:airplanes
1258:radiation
1217:in under
1151:fisheries
1117:fermented
1113:irrigated
1089:stingrays
1019:Lifestyle
828:predators
683:Caribbean
644:Dispersal
555:evolution
525:Tocantins
448:Zealandia
408:Map from
371:volcanoes
336:from the
305:loanword
294:(water).
231:The word
227:Etymology
221:high tide
55:continent
4763:Category
4589:Undertow
4542:Sea foam
4537:Sea cave
4437:Blowhole
4279:Windwatt
4138:Headland
3986:Avulsion
3906:category
3877:July 11,
3818:July 11,
3596:July 13,
3515:July 13,
3436:July 13,
3384:July 13,
3328:18364332
3244:31209234
3177:June 29,
3172:38330134
3112:June 26,
3039:June 28,
2913:July 14,
2887:July 14,
2858:July 11,
2832:July 13,
2803:July 13,
2798:11230531
2757:July 13,
2679:July 13,
2653:July 11,
2618:Elsevier
2584:Phelsuma
2562:19470638
2495:28064195
2438:31406123
2315:28860356
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2266:June 28,
2240:June 28,
2215:June 27,
2145:June 28,
2119:July 13,
2071:(1): 7.
2043:19674312
1943:18768382
1821:Archived
1811:(1855).
1737:70884504
1700:July 13,
1691:"Island"
1672:June 26,
1642:March 5,
1636:Archived
1626:"Island"
1487:See also
1477:low tide
1397:aquarium
1360:droughts
1040:Malaysia
978:seabirds
949:and the
931:colonize
762:prefers
700:Gondwana
679:Anguilla
595:Endemism
589:Endemism
563:richness
535:glaciers
480:off the
412:'s 1842
197:landmass
171:and the
75:sediment
63:volcanic
4784:Islands
4713:shingle
4693:granule
4678:boulder
4656:Related
4552:peresyp
4462:Current
4397:Debouch
4306:Beaches
4273:Waituna
4268:Tombolo
4178:Mudflat
4173:Machair
4163:Isthmus
4083:Estuary
4026:Channel
3918:Islands
3783:July 9,
3756:5656423
3719:July 9,
3626:July 8,
3572:4256429
3544:Bibcode
3490:July 8,
3355:July 5,
3235:6579762
3206:Bibcode
3152:Bibcode
3144:Science
2974:July 3,
2708:Bibcode
2647:Animals
2553:2685248
2522:Bibcode
2486:5321063
2429:6690940
2400:Bibcode
2353:Bibcode
2287:Science
2180:Bibcode
2073:Bibcode
2015:Bibcode
1973:Bibcode
1934:2607379
1859:Bibcode
1450:caisson
1290:tourism
1284:Tourism
1223:Pohnpei
1215:Oceania
1171:tourism
1109:coconut
1029:fishing
857:on the
810:of the
800:rodents
772:warbler
748:tanager
681:in the
675:iguanas
579:ecology
523:in the
512:erosion
430:due to
428:Eurasia
321:Geology
276:Swedish
272:cognate
244:, from
153:tourism
122:tourism
4703:pebble
4698:gravel
4688:cobble
4233:Strait
4213:Skerry
4168:Lagoon
4153:Island
4108:Fundus
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2231:"Lake"
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1372:Tuvalu
1275:, the
1163:nickel
1161:, and
1155:copper
1129:barley
1125:molars
1105:banana
1085:sharks
1075:, and
939:Tahiti
909:Honshu
901:Flores
561:, and
463:lagoon
391:Hawaii
383:eroded
373:whose
367:mantle
338:mantle
315:insula
283:German
251:(from
249:igland
233:island
211:, and
205:rivers
169:Tuvalu
151:, and
102:animal
67:atolls
47:island
4584:Swash
4547:Shoal
4228:Stack
4218:Sound
4208:Shoal
4158:Islet
4143:Inlet
4133:Hapua
4098:Fjord
4093:Fjard
4088:Firth
4036:Coast
4031:Cliff
4006:Bight
3981:Atoll
3741:(3),
3568:JSTOR
3312:(PDF)
2613:(PDF)
2580:(PDF)
2168:(PDF)
1426:Osaka
1133:goats
1121:ferns
1069:Spear
997:trade
959:Samoa
905:Timor
764:cacti
752:beaks
663:birds
567:model
531:Lakes
492:waves
467:atoll
334:Magma
313:word
311:Latin
261:-land
241:iland
213:lakes
98:plant
69:from
4718:silt
4708:sand
4683:clay
4412:mega
4223:Spit
4193:Reef
4123:Gulf
4071:Dune
4066:Cove
4021:Cape
3991:Ayre
3879:2024
3844:ISBN
3820:2024
3785:2024
3721:2024
3708:ISBN
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3407:ISBN
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3357:2024
3324:PMID
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3240:PMID
3222:ISSN
3179:2024
3168:PMID
3114:2024
3082:ISBN
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3004:ISBN
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2434:PMID
2416:ISSN
2369:ISSN
2311:PMID
2303:ISSN
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2217:2024
2147:2024
2121:2024
2091:ISSN
2039:PMID
2031:ISSN
1939:PMID
1921:ISSN
1875:ISSN
1829:2018
1789:ISBN
1733:OCLC
1723:ISBN
1702:2024
1674:2024
1644:2007
1309:and
1240:The
1231:Guam
1159:gold
1097:taro
1087:and
1081:tuna
1073:line
1059:Diet
957:and
955:Fiji
903:and
788:Dodo
667:bats
652:The
603:The
514:and
375:lava
307:isle
291:aqua
281:and
209:seas
100:and
51:isle
34:The
4198:Ria
4128:Gut
4118:Geo
4113:Gat
4001:Bay
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3743:doi
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3658:doi
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3230:PMC
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
