Pluricentric language - Knowledge (XXG)

2164:. When Hebrew was revived as a spoken language, there was a discussion about which pronunciation should be used. Ultimately, the Sephardi pronunciation was chosen even though most of the speakers at the time were of Ashkenazi background, because it was considered more authentic. The standard Israeli pronunciation of today is not Identical to the Sephardi, but is somewhat of a merger with Ashkenazi influences and interpretation. The Ashkenazi pronunciation is still used in Israel by 1985:, with the literary variant used in books, poetry, speeches and news broadcasts while the spoken variant is used in everyday speech, online messaging and movies. While there are significant differences in the standard spoken forms of the different countries, the literary register is mostly uniform, with some differences in semantics that are not perceived by native speakers. There has been no attempt to compile a dictionary of Sri Lankan Tamil. 1711:. "Lexical differences between the ethnic variants are extremely limited, even when compared with those between closely related Slavic languages (such as standard Czech and Slovak, Bulgarian and Macedonian), and grammatical differences are even less pronounced. More importantly, complete understanding between the ethnic variants of the standard language makes translation and second language teaching impossible." 2178:, the situation in Thailand is in stark contrast to Laos where the Lao language is actively promoted as a language of national unity. Laotian Lao people are very conscious of their distinct, non-Thai language and although influenced by Thai-language media and culture, strive to maintain 'good Lao'. Although spelling has changed, the Lao speakers in Laos continue to use a modified form of the 2017: 1007: 486: 89: 1459:. Thus, both lects have the same dialectal basis, and linguistic sources still tend to treat the standards as different forms of a single language. In popular parlance, however, the two varieties are often thought of as distinct tongues in their own rights due to the growing divergence between them and for political reasons. Nevertheless, they retain a high degree of 1171:, Canada, has many words no longer used in modern France, much of it having roots in the 17th century, and a distinct intonation. Québécois, the largest of the dialects, has a distinct pronunciation that is not found in Europe in any measure and a greater difference in vowel pronunciation, and syntax tends to vary greatly. 1325:(but by no means identical to them), by specific cultural traditions (e.g. in culinary vocabulary, which differs markedly across the German-speaking area of Europe), and by different terminology employed in law and administration. A list of Austrian terms for certain food items has even been incorporated into 931:

Due to globalization and the resulting spread of the language in recent decades, English is becoming increasingly decentralized, with daily use and statewide study of the language in schools growing in most regions of the world. However, in the global context, the number of native speakers of English

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has some distinctions not found in Canada in that there is more vocabulary derived from both local Native American and African dialects and a pronunciation of the letter r that has disappeared in France entirely. It is rolled, and with heavier contact with the English language than any of the above

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systems. The result is that communication between the two varieties of the language without previous exposure can be occasionally difficult, although speakers of European Portuguese tend to understand Brazilian Portuguese better than vice versa, due to the heavy exposure to music, soap operas etc.

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have their own well-established varieties of English which are the standard within those countries but are far more rarely taught overseas to second language learners. (Standard English in Australia and New Zealand is related to British English in its common pronunciation and vocabulary; a similar

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Although the three standards remain close, they have diverged to some extent. Most Mandarin speakers in Taiwan and Singapore came from the southeast coast of China, where the local dialects lack the retroflex initials /tʂ tʂʰ ʂ/ found in northern dialects, so that many speakers in those places do

1889:

which, alongside Finnish, is the other official language of Finland. There are differences in vocabulary and grammar, with the variety used in Finland remaining a little more conservative. The most marked differences are in pronunciation and intonation: Whereas Swedish speakers usually pronounce

1942:. Some of them have a standardized orthography, but the Swedish government has not granted any of them official recognition as regional languages and continues to look upon them as dialects of Swedish. Most of them are severely endangered and spoken by elderly people in the countryside. 904:

in pronunciation, vocabulary, spelling, etc., between each of the constituent countries of the United Kingdom, North America, the Caribbean, Ireland, English-speaking African countries, Singapore, India, and Oceania. Educated native English speakers using their version of one of the

2151:

did not have a center. The grammar and lexicon were dominated by the canonical texts, but when the pronunciation was standardised for the first time, its users were already scattered. Therefore, three main forms of pronunciations developed, particularly for the purpose of prayer:

928:, while British English is the standard.) In contrast, American English tends to dominate instruction in Latin America, Liberia, and East Asia (In Latin America, British English is taught in schools with British curriculum in countries with descendants of British settlers.) 1992:, Indian Tamil tends to avoid loanwords to a greater extent than Sri Lankan Tamil. Coinages of new technical terms also differ between the two. Tamil policy in Singapore and Malaysia tends to follow that of Tamil Nadu regarding linguistic purism and technical coinages. 1798:

in total number of speakers (L1 and L2 speakers). A report said there are 41 million L1 Spanish speakers and another 11.6 million L2 speakers in the U.S. This puts the US ahead of Colombia (48 million) and Spain (46 million) and second only to Mexico (121 million).

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politicians and citizens tend to claim. As of 2021, the hypothesis that Eastern South Slavic, 'Greater Bulgarian', 'Bulgaro-Macedonian', or simply 'Bulgarian', is a pluricentric language with several mutually intelligible official standards in the same way that

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Wechselbeziehungen zwischen slawischen Sprachen, Literaturen und Kulturen in Vergangenheit und Gegenwart : Akten der Tagung aus Anlaß des 25jährigen Bestehens des Instituts für Slawistik an der Universität Innsbruck, Innsbruck, 25. – 27. Mai

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that is used in theatres, and, nowadays to a lesser extent, in radio and television news all across German-speaking countries, this is not true for the standards applied at public occasions in Austria, South Tyrol and Switzerland, which differ in

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is much smaller than the number of non-native speakers of English of reasonable competence. In 2018, it was estimated that for every native speaker of English, there are six non-native speakers of reasonable competence, raising the questions of

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the pronunciation has shifted to harder sounding consonants in the 20th century. Cajun French equally has been an oral language for generations and it is only recently that its syntax and features been adapted to French orthography.

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There are dialects that could be considered different languages due to long periods of isolation and geographical separation from the central dialects of Svealand and Götaland that came to constitute the base for the standard

1914:; in addition, the two tones that are characteristic of Swedish (and Norwegian) are absent from most Finnish dialects of Swedish, which have an intonation reminiscent of Finnish and thus sound more monotonous when compared to 865:). Politicians and nationalists from Bulgaria are likely to refer to this entire grouping as 'Bulgarian', and to be particularly hostile to the notion that Macedonian is an autonomous language separate from Bulgarian, which 3872:

Mar-Molinero, Clare. "The European linguistic legacy in a global era: Linguistic imperialism, Spanish and the Instituto Cervantes." In Language Ideologies, Policies and Practices, pp. 76–88. Palgrave Macmillan UK,

1187:, with particular influence of Germanic languages on grammar and vocabulary, sometimes through the influence of local dialects. In Belgium, for example, various Germanic influences in spoken French are evident in 595:, created in 1998. However, this institution recognizes that Catalan and Valencian are varieties of the same language. For their part, there are specific varieties in the two major Balearic islands, Mallorcan ( 2283:, displaying a significant degree of variation in phonetics and sometimes vocabulary. The Spanish subdivision of Sardinia into two administrative areas led to the emergence of two separate orthographies, 2375:

believed by some to be an attempt to artificially similarize Belarusian and Russian languages. Originally, these standards differed only in written form, but due to Taraškievica being widely used among

2204:, "book language", based on Danish (Danish and Norwegian Bokmål are mutually intelligible languages with significant differences primarily in pronunciation rather than vocabulary or grammar), and 1120:

languages, were neglected. Controversy still remains in France over the fact that the government recognizes them as languages of France, but provides no monetary support for them nor has the

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Daneš, František (1988). "Herausbildung und Reform von Standardsprachen" [Development and Reform of Standard Languages]. In Ammon, Ulrich; Dittmar, Norbert; Mattheier, Klaus J (eds.).

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for all the varieties (including a limited number of words with dual spelling) has been approved by the national legislatures of the Portuguese-speaking countries and is now official; see

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between the 17th and 18th centuries. In many cases, it contains vocabulary and dialectal quirks not found in Standard Parisian French owing to history: most of the original settlers of

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has a growing influence on the language across the globe through music, culture and television produced using the language of the largely bilingual speech community of US Latinos.

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are based on the standard European dialect, but have undergone their own phonetic and grammatical developments, sometimes reminiscent of the spoken Brazilian variant. A number of

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Bunčić, Daniel (2008). "Die (Re-)Nationalisierung der serbokroatischen Standards" [The (Re-)Nationalisation of Serbo-Croatian Standards]. In Kempgen, Sebastian (ed.).

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Until the early 20th century, the French language was highly variable in pronunciation and vocabulary within France, with varying dialects and degrees of intelligibility, the

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or ring road. Also, in Belgium and Switzerland, there are noted differences in the number system when compared to standard Parisian or Canadian French, notably in the use of

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whatever might be claimed by other centres, such as Valladolid, it was educated varieties of Madrid Spanish that were mostly regularly reflected in the written standard.

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has both national and regional linguistic norms, which vary in terms of vocabulary, grammar, and pronunciation, but all varieties are mutually intelligible and the same

4480:"Is Dutch a pluricentric language with two centres of standardization? An overview of the differences between Netherlandic and Belgian Dutch from a Flemish perspective" 2196:

displaying a great deal of variation in pronunciation and (to a somewhat lesser extent) vocabulary, with no officially recognized "standard spoken Norwegian" (but see

895: 2923: 31:, often corresponding to different countries. Many examples of such languages can be found worldwide among the most-spoken languages, including but not limited to 1321:, a German state with a strong separate cultural identity. The varieties of Standard German used in those regions are to some degree influenced by the respective 2863:

Timothy J. Riney, Naoyuki Takagi & Kumiko Inutsuka. "Phonetic Parameters and Perceptual Judgments of Accent in English by American and Japanese Listeners."

1329:, even though it is clearly incomplete. Scholarly scepticism in German dialectology about the pluricentric status of German has led some linguists to detect a 584:. One reason for this is political (see Serbo-Croatian for a similar situation), but this variant does have its own literary tradition that dates back to the 1963: 2356:. Gheg is spoken to the north and Tosk spoken to the south of the Shkumbin river. Standard Albanian is a standardised form of spoken Albanian based on Tosk. 3398:

Pohl, Hans-Dieter (1996). "Serbokroatisch – Rückblick und Ausblick" [Serbo-Croatian – Looking backward and forward]. In Ohnheiser, Ingeborg (ed.).

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are almost completely mutually intelligible, but non-standard forms present significant dialectal variations, and are marked by reduced intelligibility.

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Although mutually intelligible with other varieties of Catalan, Valencian has lexical peculiarities and its own spelling rules, which are set out by the

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is a pluricentric language with varying branches correlating with different regions where Arabic is spoken and the type of communities speaking it. The

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Kircher, Ruth (2012). "How pluricentric is the French language? An investigation of attitudes towards Quebec French compared to European French".

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used to be, has not yet been fully developed in linguistics; it is a popular idea in Bulgarian politics, but an unpopular one in North Macedonia.

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In the modern era, Catalan is a pluricentric language with differences in pronunciation and vocabulary. This language is internationally known as

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in France, Canada, and elsewhere. The converse case is a monocentric language, which has only one formally standardized version. Examples include

409:, which have developed as separate literary languages since the eighteenth century. Prior to this, almost all Armenian literature was written in 3882:

Mar-Molinero, C. (2008). Subverting Cervantes: language authority in global Spanish. International Multilingual Research Journal, 2(1–2), 27–47.

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Mar‐Molinero, C., & Paffey, D. (2011). Linguistic imperialism: who owns global Spanish?. The handbook of Hispanic sociolinguistics, 747–764.

916:. British English tends to predominate in Europe and the former British colonies of the West Indies, Africa, and Asia, where English is not the 4532: 2038: 1028: 662: 507: 106: 3730:[Bosnian, Croatian, Serbian – How do people really speak in Bosnia-Herzegovina?]. In Henn-Memmesheimer, Beate; Franz, Joachim (eds.). 3697: 1163:

with far fewer speaking the dialect of Paris. This, plus isolation from developments in France, most notably the drive for standardization by

4439: 4412: 4329: 4237: 3999: 3783: 3529: 3456: 3358: 3297: 3215: 3154: 2766: 2720: 2687: 2659: 2634: 2372: 1768: 4265: 3484: 1112:. However, government policy made it so that the dialect of Paris would be the method of instruction in schools, and other dialects, like 592: 2738: 673:

in English after the officials. Knowledge of this language was thus essential for an official career, but it was never formally defined.

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Sprache und Politik : Sprachpolitik und Sprachnationalismus in der Republik Indien und dem sozialistischen Jugoslawien (1945-1991)

1883:(literally "Realm Swedish", also less commonly known as "Högsvenska", 'High Swedish' in Finland), the official language of Sweden, and 2595: 624: 465: 1640:

for additional details. Formal written standards remain grammatically close to each other, despite some minor syntactic differences.

4171: 4140: 4124: 4106: 4076: 4045: 4022: 3823: 3739: 3408: 3114: 2798: 2064: 1975: 1054: 533: 172: 153: 2924:"Protokoll Nr. 10 über die Verwendung spezifisch österreichischer Ausdrücke der deutschen Sprache im Rahmen der Europäischen Union" 1703:

dialect, major differences in intelligibility are identified not on the basis of standardised varieties, but rather dialects, like

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Language and Policy: Language Policy and Linguistic Nationalism in the Republic of India and the Socialist Yugoslavia (1945–1991)

1909: 1764: 1422: 1121: 4365: 3403:. Innsbrucker Beiträge zur Kulturwissenschaft, Slavica aenipontana ; vol. 4 (in German). Innsbruck: Non Lieu. p. 219. 3102: 3573:[Serbo-Croatian (Bosnian, Croatian, Montenegrin, Serbian): from the study of a language to the identity of languages]. 1570: 912:

British and American English are the two most commonly taught varieties in the education systems where English is taught as a

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is often considered dominant, mostly because of the sheer number of its speakers and their frequent lack of awareness of the

1032: 511: 453: 132: 110: 4159: 3631: 3570: 3079:]. Arbejdspapirer ; vol. 1 (in Danish). Århus: Slavisk Institut, Århus Universitet. p. unpaginated (Preface). 4511: 4135:. Handbücher zur Sprach- und Kommunikationswissenschaft 3.2. Berlin & New York: Mouton de Gruyter. pp. 1506–1516. 421:

into which the various non-standard dialects of Armenian are categorized. Eastern Armenian is the official language of the

2931: 750: 696: 3771: 2405: 1959: 942:(which is predominantly spoken as a second language) has been primarily influenced by American English. The rise of the 830: 139: 39:

in the United States, United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Ireland, South Africa, India, and elsewhere; and

4537: 2926:[Protocol number 10 on the usage of specific Austrian terms of the German language within the European Union] 2239:

include a great variety of dialects, some mutually unintelligible, and various written standards unrecognised both by

1647: 986: 891: 887: 846: 457: 392: 2027: 1017: 496: 3969: 3024: 2144:, spoken by some Kurds, are occasionally considered to be Kurdish as well, despite not being mutually intelligible. 933: 677: 3518:

Das Serbokroatische zwischen Linguistik und Politik: mit einer Bibliographie zum postjugoslavischen Sprachenstreit

2141: 2046: 2031: 1036: 1021: 515: 500: 121: 99: 4542: 4392: 2622: 2269:

in Romania and that in Moldova during the Soviet era, but nowadays, Romania and Moldova use the same standard of

1330: 3005: 2955:

Shaban, Abdul. "Urdu and Urdu Medium Schools in Maharashtra." Economic & Political Weekly 50.29 (2015): 47.

2675: 2312: 1772: 1620:"). Both varieties have undergone significant and divergent developments in phonology and the grammar of their 1285: 925: 924:, a British territory off the southeast coast of South America with English as its native language, have their 1577:, which remains the most widely used system today. Attempts to reintroduce the Perso-Arabic script were made. 1164: 4166:. Contributions to the sociology of language 62. Berlin & New York: Mouton de Gruyter. pp. 381–400. 4017:. Contributions to the sociology of language 62. Berlin & New York: Mouton de Gruyter. pp. 261–303. 3109:. Contributions to the sociology of language 62. Berlin & New York: Mouton de Gruyter. pp. 347–380. 460:

Armenian orthography. The former is used by practically all speakers of Western Armenian and by Armenians in

3013: 2236: 2000: 1495: 862: 786: 72: 4395:(1968) . "A Sociolinguistic Typology for Describing National Multilingualism". In Fishman, Joshua A (ed.). 3778:. Contributions to the sociology of language 62. Berlin & New York: Mouton de Gruyter. pp. 45–70. 3571:"Le serbo-croate (bosniaque, croate, monténégrin, serbe): de l'étude d'une langue à l'identité des langues" 3522:

Serbo-Croatian Between Linguistics and Politics: With a Bibliography of the Post-Yugoslav Language Dispute

3451:. Die Welt der Slaven, Sammelbände – Sborniki, Band 31 (in German). Munich: Otto Sagner. pp. 93–102. 2450: 2200:). All Norwegian dialects are mutually intelligible to a certain extent. There are two written standards: 1891: 1696: 1680: 1566: 1460: 1281: 800: 376: 1679:

is a pluricentric language with four standards (Bosnian, Croatian, Montenegrin, and Serbian) promoted in

2460: 2435: 2109: 1671: 1377:, as well as recently established standard languages based on what were once considered Hindi dialects: 1289: 875: 796: 792: 4290: 4213: 3627: 3436: 3322: 3185: 1829:, (from Rio de la Plata (River Plate)) and is distinguishable from other standard Spanish dialects by 4034:

Die deutsche Sprache in Deutschland, Österreich und der Schweiz: das Problem der nationalen Varietäten

3513: 2197: 2105: 1978:. Other parts of the world have Tamil-speaking populations, but are not loci of planned development. 1907: 1899: 1609: 1386: 818: 766: 642: 636: 257: 196: 4369: 3689: 3598: 3098: 2410: 2377: 2360: 2288: 1989: 1931: 1826: 1729: 1613: 1605: 1436: 1350: 1132: 1068: 978: 962: 842: 770: 577: 469: 351: 191: 146: 60: 1431:

has many local dialects and creolized versions, but it has two main normative varieties which are

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Language Attitudes and language conceptions in non-dominating varieties of pluricentric languages

4466: 4343: 4217: 4201: 4071:]. Beiträge zur Südasienforschung ; vol. 192 (in German). Würzburg: Ergon. p. 200. 3667: 3440: 3380: 3245: 2981: 2316: 2296: 2284: 2280: 2276: 2189: 2091: 1788: 1752: 1643: 1432: 1152: 982: 974: 958: 939: 854: 822: 782: 774: 734: 733:) are typically avoided in Taiwan and Singapore. There are also differences in vocabulary, with 676:

In the early years of the 20th century, Literary Chinese was replaced as the written standard by

581: 410: 311: 56: 3524:]. Lincom Studies in Slavic Linguistics 34 (in German). Munich: Lincom Europa. p. 451. 3318: 4377: 3815: 3286:

Eine Analyse der Metaphern in der kroatischen Linguistikfachzeitschrift Jezik von 1991 bis 1997

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is used for both Farsi (Iranian) and Dari (Afghan). Traditionally, Tajiki is also written with

1239:

for the numbers 70, 80 and 90. In other standards of French, these numbers are usually denoted

695:, but with vocabulary also drawn from other northern varieties. After the establishment of the 4435: 4408: 4356: 4351: 4335: 4325: 4255: 4251: 4243: 4233: 4225: 4177: 4167: 4146: 4136: 4120: 4102: 4082: 4072: 4051: 4041: 4018: 3995: 3819: 3779: 3745: 3735: 3679: 3675: 3659: 3651: 3590: 3582: 3543: 3535: 3525: 3474: 3470: 3462: 3452: 3414: 3404: 3372: 3364: 3354: 3303: 3293: 3229: 3221: 3211: 3160: 3150: 3120: 3110: 3080: 3012:" section dedicated to documenting Malaysian, Indonesian and Bruneian official terminologies: 2794: 2788: 2762: 2756: 2735: 2716: 2683: 2655: 2630: 2601: 2591: 2455: 2415: 2345: 2270: 2266: 2256: 1842: 1784: 1748: 1378: 1346: 858: 746: 708: 446: 442: 438: 426: 418: 398: 215: 44: 28: 3727: 3189: 2850:

Yuko Goto Butler. "How Are Nonnative-English-Speaking Teachers Perceived by Young Learners?"

2712: 2705: 4491: 4458: 4400: 4317: 4305: 4260: 3807: 3684: 3643: 3479: 3346: 3312: 3254: 3203: 2248: 2129: 2101: 1756: 1740: 1725: 1601: 1554: 1515: 1479: 1204: 1156: 1094: 990: 966: 951: 921: 913: 906: 834: 724: 685: 681: 650: 646: 596: 569: 553: 547: 434: 406: 402: 301: 286: 48: 36: 32: 4101:. Contributions to the sociology of language 62. Berlin & New York: Mouton de Gruyter. 3973: 3892: 3849: 3551: 3237: 2965: 2742: 2227: 2223: 2161: 2123: 2115: 2083: 1999:

to write loanwords and foreign names in Sri Lanka, Singapore and Malaysia. The Tamil Nadu

1939: 1885: 1874: 1776: 1651: 1589: 1585: 1499: 1483: 1390: 1374: 1277: 1272: 1256: 1160: 1090: 1078: 1074: 973:

English was historically pluricentric when it was used across the independent kingdoms of

947: 866: 692: 414: 368: 363: 343: 338: 328: 318: 306: 52: 40: 2368: 1629:. Word ordering can be dramatically different between European and Brazilian Portuguese. 1167:, make North American dialects of the language quite distinct. Acadian French, spoken in 3990:

Annamalai, E. (1992). "Chinese as a pluricentric language". In Clyne, Michael G. (ed.).

3292:]. Studien zur Slavistik ; 41 (in German). Hamburg: Dr. Kovač. pp. 20–21. 2208:, "New Norwegian", based primarily on rural Western and rural inland Norwegian dialects. 4301: 3634:[Serbo-Croatian nowadays: between political aspirations and linguistic facts]. 3290:

An analysis of the metaphors in the Croatian linguistic journal Jezik from 1991 to 1997

2465: 2322: 2300: 2215: 2165: 2153: 2079: 1996: 1951: 1780: 1760: 1676: 1659: 1574: 1562: 1558: 1539: 1535: 1487: 1428: 1414: 1382: 1260: 1180: 1113: 1102: 1098: 1086: 917: 871: 754: 356: 4038:

German Language in Germany, Austria and Switzerland: The Problem of National Varieties

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Sociolinguistics: An International Handbook of the Science of Language and Society II

4094: 4010: 3808: 3671: 3384: 3249: 2445: 2440: 2364: 2175: 2157: 2097: 2087: 1858: 1846: 1803: 1655: 1617: 1581: 1527: 1369:. Additionally, there are historical literary standards, such as the closely related 1358: 1298: 1293: 1168: 1155:

came from Northern and Northwest France, and would have spoken dialects like Norman,

1082: 742: 691:(國語, literally "national language") was adopted, with its pronunciation based on the 333: 296: 279: 220: 4432:

The Pluricentricity Debate: On Austrian German and other Germanic Standard Varieties

3728:"Bosnisch, Kroatisch, Serbisch – Wie spricht man eigentlich in Bosnien-Herzegowina?" 2387: 2363:

features two orthographic standards: official Belarusian, sometimes referred to as

2183: 2171: 1818: 1794:

The United States is now the world's second-largest Spanish-speaking country after

1464: 1448: 1398: 1394: 1184: 1172: 850: 826: 658: 654: 572:, probably due to the prestige of the Central Catalan dialect spoken in and around 261: 241: 232: 226: 3632:"Le serbo-croate aujourd'hui: entre aspirations politiques et faits linguistiques" 1938:

all differ as much, or more, from standard Swedish than the standard varieties of

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In the modern era, there are several major loci of the French language, including

2585: 2380:, it grew some distinct orthoepic features, as well as differences in vocabulary. 4189: 3338: 2338: 2252: 2244: 2104:

language spoken in northeastern European Russia, has official standards for its

2016: 1895: 1879: 1873:

Two varieties exist, though only one written standard remains (regulated by the

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varieties. Although there is a uniform stage pronunciation based on a manual by

1117: 1006: 761:

Eastern South Slavic (Bulgarian–Macedonian–Torlakian (Gorani)–Paulician (Banat))

738: 585: 485: 237: 88: 4518:

International working group on Non-Dominant Varieties of pluricentric languages

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Bosnisch – Kroatisch – Serbisch als Fremdsprachen an den Universitäten der Welt

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Lexical layers of identity: words, meaning, and culture in the Slavic languages

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are also influenced by local languages. New Caledonian French is influenced by

4462: 4404: 4339: 3693: 3602: 3376: 3307: 2193: 1955: 1845:(a name for the dialect of Bogotá) is valued for its clear pronunciation. The 1822: 1700: 1688: 1621: 1531: 1342: 1302: 645:. These varieties had diverged widely from the written form used by scholars, 557: 208: 4321: 4247: 4150: 3749: 3663: 3655: 3594: 3586: 3547: 3466: 3418: 3233: 3202:. Rotulus Universitas (in Serbo-Croatian). Zagreb: Durieux. pp. 69–168. 3164: 3084: 2605: 1482:

is officially recognized, but there are other standardized varieties such as

379:

in education and formal settings. Therefore, in Arabic-speaking communities,

4361: 4313: 4295:"Ideology Against Language: The Current Situation in South Slavic Countries" 4181: 4086: 4055: 3647: 3555: 3241: 3124: 2430: 2425: 2420: 2383: 1982: 1971: 1967: 1927: 1810: 1708: 1704: 1475: 1440: 1148: 1136: 712: 573: 561: 380: 4496: 4479: 4117:

Pluricentric languages in an immigrant context: Spanish, Arabic and Chinese

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Abd-el-Jawad, Hassan R.S. (1992). "Is Arabic a pluricentric language?". In

2304: 2201: 51:. In some cases, the different standards of a pluricentric language may be 4040:] (in German). Berlin & New York: Walter de Gruyter. p. 575. 3350: 2678:(1992). "Chinese as a pluricentric language". In Clyne, Michael G. (ed.). 954:

to make them more closely resemble the accents of their client countries.

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is a pluricentric language with historically more than one written form.

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in standard French) is a common word in the three national languages for

1188: 810: 703:(普通话/普通話, literally "common speech"), but was defined in the same way as 604: 430: 4517: 4205: 3147:

Deutsche Beiträge zum 14. Internationalen Slavistenkongress, Ohrid, 2008

1995:

There are some spelling differences, particularly in the greater use of

1954:

speakers reside in southern India, where it is the official language of

4282: 3713: 3614: 3500: 3423: 3169: 2391: 2334: 2260: 2205: 1935: 1814: 1699:. Rather, as all four standardised varieties are based on the prestige 1684: 1616:(also known as "Lusitanian Portuguese", "Standard Portuguese" or even " 1322: 1318: 1317:

as its replacement.) Sometimes this even applies to news broadcasts in

1306: 1252: 1224: 711:

now governing Taiwan. It also became one of the official languages of

641:

Until the mid-20th century, most Chinese people spoke only their local

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Die Ordnung des Standard und die Differenzierung der Diskurse; Teil 1

2308: 2263:

orthographies exist, with varying degrees of territorial specificity.

2211: 2148: 2137: 1862: 1795: 1744: 1692: 1626: 1389:, are often considered distinct languages but have no standard form. 1326: 1144: 1140: 814: 290: 245: 204: 3845:"US now has more Spanish speakers than Spain – only Mexico has more" 2878: 2090:

can be viewed as three standards arisen through divergence from the

970:

relationship exists between Canadian English and American English.)

3539: 3368: 3225: 2240: 2219: 1832: 1736: 1654:

of Portuguese have developed in African countries, for example in

1543: 1456: 1402: 1362: 729: 620: 253: 64: 2371:, also known as "classical orthography". The division stems from 452:

Additionally, Armenian is written in two standard orthographies:

3149:. Welt der Slaven (in German). Munich: Otto Sagner. p. 93. 2353: 2349: 2003:

has been accepted in Singapore and Malaysia, but not Sri Lanka.

1519: 1366: 1310: 461: 273: 269: 265: 68: 3000:

An example of equal treatment of Malaysian and Indonesian: the

2218:, which is the most prestigious standard dialect (also used in 2118:: North and South (to some extent—differences are growing; see 1974:, and is used as the medium of instruction in government-aided 661:

dynasties carried out the administration of the empire using a

417:. Eastern and Western Armenian can also refer to the two major 3044:

Wetzels, W. Leo; Menuzzi, Sergio; Costa, João (7 April 2016).

2010: 1463:

despite a number of differences in vocabulary (including many

1000: 838: 479: 82: 4312:. Routledge Histories of Central and Eastern Europe. London: 3965:

Session VI of the People's Supreme Assembly, II Legislature.

1865:

and elsewhere; it is usually considered a separate language.

449:, especially in the Middle East, France, the US, and Canada. 4164: