87:
230:
765:
1536:
1076:
1088:
1673:
29:
249:. A variety of coordinate locations have been given for this pole. The discrepancies are due to the question of whether the "coast" is measured to the grounding line or the edges of ice shelves, the difficulty of determining the location of the "solid" coastline, the movement of ice sheets and improvements in the accuracy of survey data over the years, as well as possible topographical errors.
1791:"traditional" Eurasian PIA in Crane & Crane, 1987. Rees using the same method updated the arctic PIA by over 200 kilometers. Barnes, which improved upon the method and the dataset used, was able to improve the GC & L South American PIA by 50 kilometers, showing that bad coastline data caused an error of 57 kilometers in their reported PIA-to-coast distance.
673:. The team reached the old abandoned station on 19 January 2007, rediscovering the forgotten statue of Lenin left there by the Soviets some 48 years previously. The team found that only the bust on top of the building remained visible; the rest was buried under the snow. The explorers were picked up from the spot by a plane from
1770:
Finally, an optimization algorithm must be developed. Several works use the 2007 adaptive grid method of Garcia-Castellanos and
Lombardo. In this method, a rectangular grid of, e.g., 21×21 points is created. Each point's distance from the coastline is determined and the point farthest from the coast
391:
Using recent datasets and cross-confirmation between the adaptive gridding and B9-Hillclimbing methods discussed below, Rees et al. (2021) identify two poles of inaccessibility for
Antarctica: an "outer" pole defined by the edge of Antarctica's floating ice shelves and an "inner" pole defined by the
1663:
went from coastal Chile to the South
American Pole of Inaccessibility, becoming the first adventurers to go from the nearest coastline to the pole by foot. In 2019, it was discovered that there is a second South American pole of inaccessibility to the north, its position varying greatly between the
1790:
To date there has been no meta-study of the various works, and the algorithms and datasets they use. However, successive works have compared themselves with previous calculations and claimed improvement. For example, the GC & L article from 2007 was able to find hundred-kilometer errors in the
749:
As mentioned above, due to improvements in technology and the position of the continental edge of
Antarctica being debated, the exact position of the best estimate of the pole of inaccessibility may vary. However, for the convenience of sport expeditions, a fixed point is preferred, and the Soviet
653:
and ended at
Progress Base after more than 4,500 km (2,800 mi). This was the fastest polar journey ever achieved without mechanical aid, with an average rate of around 90 km (56 mi) per day and a maximum of 311 km (193 mi) per day, using kites as their power source.
807:
and is the place in the ocean that is farthest from land. It represents the solution to the "longest swim" problem. The problem entails finding such a place in the world ocean where, if a person fell overboard while on a ship at sea, they would be as far away from any land in any direction as
64:
is the farthest (or most difficult to reach) location in a given landmass, sea, or other topographical feature, starting from a given boundary, relative to a given criterion. A geographical criterion of inaccessibility marks a location that is the most challenging to reach according to that
609:, updated that year by the British Antarctic Survey. The team continued their journey towards the second southern pole of inaccessibility, the one that accounts for the ice shelves as well as the continental land, and they were the first expedition to reach it, on 14 December 2005, at
77:
from the shore. In these cases, a pole of inaccessibility is the center of a maximally large circle that can be drawn within an area of interest only touching but not crossing a coastline. Where a coast is imprecisely defined, the pole will be similarly imprecise.
1762:
must be determined for calculating distances between coastlines and potential Poles. Some works tended to project data onto planes or perform spherical calculations; more recently, other works have used different algorithms and high-performance computing with
844:, Antarctica) to the south. The exact coordinates of Point Nemo depend on what the exact coordinates of these three islands are, since the nature of the "longest swim" problem means that the ocean point is equally far from each.
215:. It is over 200 kilometres (120 mi) from the originally accepted position. Due to constant motion of the pack ice, no permanent structure can exist at this pole. On 12 September 2024, the French icebreaking cruise ship
1775:. A more recent method from 2019, B9-Hillclimbing by Barnes, uses a polyhedron in 3D space to find initial points evenly spaced by 100 kilometers. These points are then grouped; the more "unique" points are subject to
1771:
identified. The grid is then recentered on this point and shrunk by some factor. This process iterates until the grid becomes very small (e.g. at 100-meter precision). Some authors claim this method could sink into a
1463:
Coincidentally, the continental and oceanic poles of inaccessibility have a similar radius; the
Eurasian poles EPIA1 and EPIA2 are about 178 km (111 mi) closer to the ocean than the oceanic pole is to land.
1755:(OSM) planet dumps. The GSHHG claims 500-meter precision for 90% of identifiable coastal features, while the volunteer-build OSM give no such guarantee but nevertheless "have characteristics suggesting accuracy".
8036:
1012:
in 1992. In 2022, Lukatela recalculated the coordinates of Point Nemo using OpenStreetMap data as well as Google Maps data in order to compare those results with the coordinates he first calculated using
1053:" because hundreds of decommissioned satellites, space stations, and other spacecraft have been made to fall there upon re-entering the atmosphere, to lessen the risk of hitting inhabited locations or
86:
612:
572:
5422:
4241:
1614:
497:
101:
at a distance farthest from any landmass. The original position was wrongly believed to lie at 84°3′N 174°51′W. It is not clear who first defined this point, but it may have been Sir
1687:
435:
395:
1114:
847:
The area is so remote that, since no regular marine or air traffic routes are within 400 kilometres (250 mi), sometimes the closest human beings are astronauts aboard the
492:
253:
5356:
569:, Juan Manuel Viu, and Ignacio Oficialdegui, members of the Spanish Transantarctic Expedition, reached for the first time in history the southern pole of inaccessibility at
351:
158:
5164:
665:, embarked on an expedition to be the first to reach the historic pole of inaccessibility location without direct mechanical assistance, using a combination of traditional
299:
1562:
4893:
4303:
4548:
914:
4491:
259:
5082:
1387:, located respectively at 2,510±10 km (1,560±6 mi) and 2,514±7 km (1,562±4 mi) from the oceans. These points lie in a close triangle about the
701:
517:
5044:
1325:
as part of the oceans, and a 2007 study proposes two other locations as the ones farther from any ocean (within the uncertainty of coastline definition): EPIA1
965:
1799:
Poles of
Inaccessibility, as determined by some authors, are listed in the table below. This list is incomplete and may not capture all works done to date.
7198:
5521:
1034:. The novel was a childhood favorite of Lukatela's, and such, he named it after Captain Nemo. The general area plays a major role in the 1928 short story "
5381:
5410:
1108:
border. It is also the furthest possible point on land from the ocean, given that
Eurasia (or even merely Asia alone) is the largest continent on Earth.
6159:
5254:
1020:
The point and the areas around it have attracted literary and cultural attention, and the point itself has become known as Point Nemo, a reference to
1787:) for the farthest distance, accelerated by a 3D Cartesian point cloud. Rees (2021) shows that the two methods agree with each other to meter level.
8579:
5794:
4246:
22:
5802:
8154:
7160:
5573:
32:
Map of distance to the nearest coastline (including oceanic islands, but not lakes) with red spots marking the poles of inaccessibility of main
7751:
7349:
6937:
4578:
1457:
1030:
8543:
1177:
6489:
812:, and is equally distant from the three closest land vertices which are each roughly 2,688 km (1,670 mi) away. Those vertices are
1241:
7354:
4923:
1281:
3866:
3658:
3398:
2670:
2618:
2358:
2306:
2046:
8645:
8437:
8118:
7940:
7830:
7599:
6188:
6137:
4074:
3970:
3814:
3710:
3554:
3502:
3346:
3294:
2930:
2826:
2774:
2462:
2410:
2098:
4126:
4022:
3242:
3138:
2982:
2254:
1942:
1890:
7888:
7469:
7408:
4207:
ArcGIS personnel wrote a 2015 page with their calculations based on a flat Earth. The results are too inaccurate to be included here.
3086:
3762:
3606:
2514:
2150:
7911:
5352:
5329:
4647:
4582:
3918:
3450:
2878:
2722:
2566:
2202:
144:
in 2013. McNeill launched his own, unsuccessful attempt to reach the new position in 2006, while measuring the depth of sea-ice for
129:
7989:
3034:
1838:
229:
1599:. The pole was marked in 2021 with a marker that represents the 7 Lakota Values and the four colors of the Lakota Medicine Wheel.
8640:
8635:
8630:
5014:
4612:
1524:
4833:
3190:
1420:
8220:
8206:
8180:
8017:
6911:
5988:
5514:
5136:
779:
566:
480:
861:
8043:
8013:
6356:
6346:
5930:
5632:
4901:
4639:
4460:
4334:
484:
345:
133:
7654:
4992:
764:
7816:
7326:
6459:
1994:
1359:
1328:
1219:
5450:
1479:
904:
blocks nutrients from reaching the area, and being so far from land it gets little nutrient run-off from coastal waters.
7725:
7611:
7454:
6500:
5961:
5729:
5303:
5015:"ExWeb interview Sebastian Copeland and Eric McNair-Landry (part 1/2): The battle of body and gear across 2 South Poles"
8173:
7795:
7629:
7570:
7524:
5642:
5048:
4863:
848:
738:
southern pole of inaccessibility. They were the first to do so without resupply or mechanical support, departing from
554:. A second Russian team returned there in 1967. Today, a building still remains at this location, marked by a bust of
125:
5753:
1391:, a significant historical gateway to migration between the East and West. EPIA2 is located near a settlement called
649:. Both achievements took place within an ambitious pioneer crossing of the eastern Antarctic Plateau that started at
8533:
7258:
7232:
7225:
6965:
6676:
6577:
6569:
6552:
6170:
5716:
5568:
5507:
4236:
1164:
1014:
858:
of Point Nemo – the point on the surface of the Earth that is diametrically opposite of it – is located at roughly
141:
5322:"43° 40' 52"N 87° 19' 52" E Geographic Center of Asia – The Heart of Asia (亚洲之心) – Xinjiang (新疆), China"
8356:
7966:
7662:
7461:
7246:
7128:
6931:
6813:
6664:
6513:
6451:
6438:
6311:
6037:
5689:
5244:
4417:
Rees, Gareth; Headland, Robert; Scambos, Ted; Haran, Terry (2014). "Finding the Arctic pole of inaccessibility".
1764:
5372:"The Turner Twins on trekking to the Green Pole, avoiding disaster and 'fields of plastic stretching for miles'"
5371:
8506:
8097:
8091:
8009:
7883:
7668:
7394:
7270:
7120:
7008:
6792:
4483:
1512:
1111:
Earlier calculations suggested that it is 2,645 km (1,644 mi) from the nearest coastline, located at
746:
to complete the first East/West crossing of
Antarctica through both poles, over 4,000 km (2,500 mi).
739:
650:
5808:
5477:
1724:
920 km (570 mi) from the nearest coastline, approximately 161 km (100 miles) west-northwest of
136:
to re-establish the position using modern GPS and satellite technology. This was published as a paper in the
8236:
7389:
7263:
7183:
6692:
6519:
5721:
5472:
5376:
4643:
1535:
113:
came very close to reaching what was then considered to be the position by dogsled, but by his own account,
1405:
8511:
8077:
7344:
6009:
4748:
Barnes, Richard (2019). "Optimal orientations of discrete global grids and the Poles of
Inaccessibility".
1776:
1548:
752:
8516:
8485:
8290:
8243:
8142:
7946:
7865:
7808:
7557:
7551:
7401:
7359:
7321:
7301:
6896:
6671:
6507:
6417:
6399:
6316:
6287:
6277:
6165:
6102:
5876:
5467:
1681:
1075:
476:
217:
6557:
1400:
117:, did not make it due to the flow of sea ice. In 1986, an expedition of Soviet polar scientists led by
5192:"Determining the Areas and Geographical Centers of Pacific Ocean and its Northern and Southern Halves"
1093:
Distance to the sea in Asia, showing the two candidate locations for Eurasian pole of inaccessibility.
8370:
8362:
8305:
7893:
7757:
7738:
7683:
7675:
7475:
7415:
7374:
6987:
6978:
6849:
6844:
6748:
6612:
6369:
6331:
6148:
6143:
6126:
5938:
5708:
5676:
5620:
5600:
5494:
5418:
4953:
4371:
1747:
Poles are calculated with respect to a particular coastline dataset. Currently used datasets are the
1002:
49:
4586:
8491:
8413:
7878:
7801:
7717:
7498:
7490:
7439:
7079:
7037:
6532:
6495:
6384:
6131:
6018:
5821:
5626:
4231:
1784:
1556:
1050:
1035:
907:
To the west the region of the South Pacific Ocean is also the site of the geographic center of the
809:
149:
7649:
4931:
1453:
8212:
8104:
8085:
7624:
7166:
7060:
7024:
7000:
6891:
6738:
6713:
6709:
6699:
6605:
6583:
6562:
6443:
6433:
6180:
6068:
5996:
5669:
5660:
5652:
5563:
5543:
4815:
4765:
4434:
4326:
1733:
1224:
901:
695:
1744:
As detailed below, several factors determine how a pole is calculated using computer modeling.
8584:
8390:
8384:
8340:
8325:
8254:
8226:
8134:
8071:
7981:
7953:
7933:
7871:
7779:
7743:
7617:
7584:
7577:
7530:
7512:
7429:
7178:
7047:
6995:
6901:
6854:
6782:
6771:
6483:
6473:
6465:
6361:
6351:
6262:
6257:
6240:
6206:
6073:
6060:
5881:
5787:
5745:
5740:
5530:
5199:
4530:
4383:
4375:
4226:
4221:
1759:
1411:
1087:
687:
488:
41:
8601:
8333:
8025:
7905:
7731:
7704:
7644:
7519:
7449:
7434:
7173:
7102:
7097:
7071:
7066:
6948:
6871:
6824:
6591:
6411:
6376:
6272:
6267:
6201:
6115:
5897:
5889:
5775:
5695:
5647:
5637:
5610:
4954:"Team N2i successfully conquer the Pole of Inaccessibility by foot and kite on 19th Jan '07"
4805:
4757:
4522:
4426:
4364:
4318:
1660:
908:
821:
501:
212:
208:
196:
94:
The northern pole of inaccessibility, sometimes known as the Arctic pole, is located on the
8591:
8538:
8523:
8429:
8424:
8348:
8313:
8249:
8148:
8063:
8030:
7762:
7545:
7537:
7506:
7422:
7382:
7136:
7092:
7032:
6956:
6926:
6921:
6881:
6859:
6807:
6743:
6733:
6684:
6406:
6391:
6244:
6213:
6175:
5925:
5853:
5847:
5770:
5735:
5595:
5495:
Team N2i successfully conquer the Pole of Inaccessibility by foot and kite on 19th Jan '07
5249:
4549:"World's Only Luxury Icebreaker Becomes First Ship To Reach North Pole Of Inaccessibility"
1672:
1388:
1039:
959:
855:
841:
200:
7114:
5321:
4635:
1456:) was designated by local geography experts as the "center point of Asia" in 1992, and a
5489:
5276:
5110:
475:
The southern pole of inaccessibility is far more remote and difficult to reach than the
8565:
8548:
8501:
8460:
8450:
8419:
8278:
8268:
8160:
8110:
7975:
7925:
7898:
7843:
7639:
7634:
7483:
7336:
7190:
7152:
7109:
7042:
7016:
6970:
6943:
6916:
6886:
6829:
6787:
6777:
6657:
6650:
6547:
6527:
6339:
6299:
6230:
6026:
6001:
5956:
5920:
5914:
5906:
5866:
5861:
5835:
5815:
5583:
5462:
4526:
1215:
1007:
947:
674:
555:
246:
102:
5022:
4834:"Spaniards reach the 'second' South Pole of Inaccessibility – still no trace of Lenin"
4608:
1751:(Global Self-consistent, Hierarchical, High-resolution Geography Database) as well as
8624:
8528:
8470:
8465:
8455:
8405:
8400:
8376:
8320:
8197:
8191:
8186:
7785:
7696:
7689:
7444:
7239:
7218:
7086:
6864:
6834:
6802:
6797:
6634:
6540:
6423:
6218:
6031:
5981:
5974:
5966:
5871:
5780:
5615:
5191:
4841:
4819:
4769:
4438:
4359:
1780:
1772:
1752:
1725:
1652:
1608:
1544:
1057:. The International Space Station (ISS) is planned to crash into Point Nemo in 2031.
951:
829:
813:
678:
658:
234:
118:
110:
74:
37:
4330:
4304:"Poles of inaccessibility: A calculation algorithm for the remotest places on earth"
1046:, although this story was written 66 years before the identification of Point Nemo.
28:
8559:
8553:
8165:
8129:
7995:
7822:
7772:
7711:
7565:
7253:
7204:
7054:
6876:
6839:
6819:
6760:
6294:
6282:
6225:
6153:
6054:
5951:
5945:
5842:
5830:
5703:
5681:
5605:
5558:
1552:
1025:
955:
837:
833:
817:
95:
4761:
4452:
1449:
1152:
4982:
252:
The point commonly referred to as the pole of inaccessibility is the site of the
8596:
8496:
8444:
8262:
8049:
7837:
7212:
7144:
6906:
6765:
6728:
6628:
6620:
6428:
5764:
5165:"Point Nemo is the most remote oceanic spot – yet it's still awash with plastic"
5077:
1656:
1520:
1021:
943:
670:
662:
204:
8395:
8298:
8282:
8124:
8057:
7958:
7367:
7316:
7276:
6598:
6324:
6252:
6194:
5587:
4810:
4793:
4430:
4387:
4322:
1322:
1171:
1105:
894:
743:
666:
432:, 1,590.4 km (988.2 mi) from the ocean, and the Inner pole to be at
337:
242:
48:
are 250 km (160 mi) apart; thick lines 1,000 km (620 mi).
5203:
4141:
4128:
4089:
4076:
4037:
4024:
3985:
3972:
3933:
3920:
3881:
3868:
3829:
3816:
3777:
3764:
3725:
3712:
3673:
3660:
3621:
3608:
3569:
3556:
3517:
3504:
3465:
3452:
3413:
3400:
3361:
3348:
3309:
3296:
3257:
3244:
3205:
3192:
3153:
3140:
3101:
3088:
3049:
3036:
2997:
2984:
2945:
2932:
2893:
2880:
2841:
2828:
2789:
2776:
2737:
2724:
2685:
2672:
2633:
2620:
2581:
2568:
2529:
2516:
2477:
2464:
2425:
2412:
2373:
2360:
2321:
2308:
2269:
2256:
2217:
2204:
2165:
2152:
2113:
2100:
2061:
2048:
2009:
1996:
1957:
1944:
1905:
1892:
1853:
1840:
1703:
1689:
1630:
1616:
1578:
1564:
1494:
1481:
1435:
1422:
1374:
1361:
1343:
1330:
1297:
1283:
1257:
1243:
1193:
1179:
1130:
1116:
980:
967:
929:
916:
876:
863:
794:
781:
717:
703:
628:
614:
588:
574:
533:
519:
451:
437:
411:
397:
367:
353:
315:
301:
275:
261:
174:
160:
7917:
6754:
6306:
6089:
5397:"A Global Self-consistent, Hierarchical, High-resolution Geography Database"
5396:
4216:
1168:
682:
341:
66:
57:
4871:
4534:
1043:
7849:
5280:
5045:"Image: guinness_book_records_team_n2i_antarctic_ec1.jpg, (539 × 791 px)"
4987:
4484:"North Pole 2010: Expedition to the Pole of Inaccessibility Is Postponed"
1516:
1156:
1054:
825:
106:
98:
70:
45:
33:
1460:
was erected there in the 1990s. The site is a local tourist attraction.
8476:
7856:
6643:
6121:
6097:
6085:
1729:
1100:
The Eurasian pole of inaccessibility (EPIA) is located in northwestern
5225:
4513:
Duhaime-Ross, Arielle (15 October 2013). "A New Race to Earth's End".
6722:
6047:
4864:"Spaniards reach South Pole of Inaccessibility – but where is Lenin?"
1539:
The North-West portion of the North American Pole of Inaccessibility.
1473:
1229:
890:
559:
221:
became the first ship to reach the Northern Pole of Inaccessibility.
121:
claimed to reach the original position by foot during a polar night.
5499:
5277:"International Space Station to crash down to Earth in January 2031"
1736:, about 30 km (19 mi) to the southwest of both locations.
768:
Location of Point Nemo in relation to three closest coastline points
195:, 1,008 kilometres (626 mi) from the three closest landmasses:
4792:
Rees, Gareth; Gerrish, Laura; Fox, Adrian; Barnes, Richard (2021).
1659:, 1,504 km (935 mi) from the nearest coastline. In 2017,
392:
grounding lines of these sheets. They find the Outer pole to be at
44:, and a blue dot marking the oceanic pole of inaccessibility. Thin
6108:
1748:
1671:
1534:
1160:
1101:
763:
228:
85:
27:
1507:, 1,814 km (1,127 mi) from the coast, near the town of
750:
station has been used for this role. This has been recognized by
4379:
4302:
Garcia-Castellanos, Daniel; Lombardo, Umberto (September 2007).
344:
of 3,718 m (12,198 ft). Using different criteria, the
145:
7299:
5541:
5503:
1151:, approximately 320 km (200 mi) north of the city of
1081:
Proposed continental pole of inaccessibility at 46°17′N 86°40′E
152:
team were thwarted again by the poor condition of the sea ice.
5245:"This Is Where the International Space Station Will Go to Die"
5140:
4456:
1559:, 1,650 km (1,030 mi) from the nearest coastline at
1508:
65:
criterion. Often it refers to the most distant point from the
233:
The old Soviet Pole of Inaccessibility Station, revisited by
4366:
Across the Top of the World: The Last Great Journey on Earth
1001:
Point Nemo was first identified by Croatian survey engineer
472:, 1,179.4 km (732.8 mi) from the grounding lines.
5304:"FAQ: The International Space Station 2022 Transition Plan"
900:
Point Nemo is relatively lifeless; its location within the
897:, roughly 50 km (30 miles) SSE of the town of Shubarkuduk.
640:
British Antarctic Survey-accredited Pole of Inaccessibility
600:
British Antarctic Survey-accredited Pole of Inaccessibility
4957:
4242:
List of mainland settlements that are inaccessible by road
1803:
Poles of inaccessibility as calculated by various authors
1611:, the continental pole of inaccessibility is in Brazil at
1278:, about 20 km (12 mi) to the west, and Suluk at
4579:"Catalogue of Russian Antarctic Meteorological data 1994"
1214:, about 50 km (31 mi) to the northwest, Xazgat
241:
The southern pole of inaccessibility is the point on the
5104:
5102:
5100:
4896:[Reached the Southern Pole of Inaccessibility].
1684:, the continental pole of inaccessibility is located at
5072:
5070:
5068:
5066:
5137:"The Place Furthest from Land is Known as Point Nemo"
509:
5353:"Marking the North American Pole of Inaccessibility"
1642:
Continental Pole of Inaccessibility in South America
1547:, the continental pole of inaccessibility is on the
109:
in 1927. He was finally successful in 1928. In 1968
8277:
8008:
7595:
7335:
6708:
6239:
6084:
5582:
1321:However, the previous pole location disregards the
1042:, as holding the location of the fictional city of
772:The oceanic pole of inaccessibility, also known as
4363:
1555:about 11 km (7 mi) north of the town of
336:). This lies 1,301 km (808 mi) from the
698:and partner Eric McNair-Laundry also reached the
5196:International Journal of Oceans and Oceanography
4870:. ExplorersWeb. 12 December 2012. Archived from
4840:. ExplorersWeb. 15 December 2005. Archived from
4611:. International Polar Heritage Committee. 2016.
4572:
4570:
1715:Continental Pole of Inaccessibility of Australia
5083:National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
1167:. The nearest settlements to this location are
5198:. Research India Publications. p. 25-31.
4900:(in Spanish). 13 December 2005. Archived from
4794:"Finding Antarctica's Pole of Inaccessibility"
4743:
4741:
4739:
4737:
4735:
4733:
4731:
4729:
4727:
4725:
4723:
4721:
4719:
4717:
4715:
4713:
4711:
4709:
4707:
4705:
4703:
4701:
4699:
4697:
4695:
4693:
4691:
4689:
4687:
4685:
4609:"Historic Sites & Monuments in Antarctica"
1318:, about 10 km (6.2 mi) to the east.
5515:
5411:"Centre of Australia, States and Territories"
4894:"Alcanzado el Polo Sur de la Inaccesibilidad"
4683:
4681:
4679:
4677:
4675:
4673:
4671:
4669:
4667:
4665:
4297:
4295:
4293:
4291:
4289:
4287:
4285:
4283:
4281:
105:, who wished to traverse the Arctic Ocean by
73:from the shore, or the farthest point into a
8:
5130:
5128:
5126:
5124:
4453:"Explorer set for historic Arctic adventure"
4279:
4277:
4275:
4273:
4271:
4269:
4267:
4265:
4263:
4261:
4200:Claimed; actually 1449.9471 in GSHHG v2.3.6.
4191:Claimed; actually 1629.7740 in GSHHG v2.3.6.
1142:Proposed Continental Pole of Inaccessibility
657:On 4 December 2006, Team N2i, consisting of
5047:. Team n2i. 19 January 2007. Archived from
4787:
4785:
4783:
4781:
4779:
4182:Claimed; actually 915.6601 in GSHHG v2.3.6.
7309:
7296:
5551:
5538:
5522:
5508:
5500:
5159:
5157:
4412:
4410:
4408:
4406:
4404:
1801:
256:mentioned below, which was constructed at
4809:
463:Antarctia's Inner Pole of Inaccessibility
423:Antarctia's Outer Pole of Inaccessibility
8580:Pole of Inaccessibility research station
4247:Pole of Inaccessibility research station
756:for Team N2i's expedition in 2006–2007.
23:Pole of Inaccessibility research station
21:For the Antarctic research station, see
8155:Commonwealth Trans-Antarctic Expedition
4257:
4175:
1827:
4977:
4975:
4750:International Journal of Digital Earth
4615:from the original on 29 September 2007
1031:Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Seas
562:, and protected as a historical site.
5384:from the original on 10 January 2018.
4995:from the original on 22 November 2016
1590:Pole of Inaccessibility North America
69:, implying the farthest point into a
7:
5425:from the original on 31 October 2016
5395:Wessel, Paul; Walter, Smith (2016).
4494:from the original on 13 October 2016
1476:, the pole of inaccessibility is at
1417:Elsewhere in Xinjiang, the location
1061:Continental poles of inaccessibility
379:South Pole of Inaccessibility (SPRI)
327:South Pole of Inaccessibility (IPHC)
186:North Pole of Inaccessibility (NPRI)
7941:Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition
6138:Norse colonization of North America
5370:Paterson, Rosie (30 October 2017).
5109:Lukatela, Hrvoje (September 2022).
1049:The wider area is also known as a "
691:, a Russian polar research vessel.
7470:United States Exploring Expedition
5359:from the original on 13 July 2021.
5302:Bock, Michael (11 February 2022).
4983:"UK team makes polar trek history"
4527:10.1038/scientificamerican1113-16a
4482:Becker, Kraig (10 February 2010).
4370:. New York: G. P. Putnam. p.
2079:GSHHG v2.3.6 (L1+L6). Erroneous.
1676:Australian Pole of Inaccessibility
954:lies further north-west where the
661:, Rupert Longsdon, Rory Sweet and
565:On 11 December 2005, at 7:57 UTC,
14:
8544:Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station
7912:Australasian Antarctic Expedition
5257:from the original on 16 June 2016
5243:Stirone, Shannon (13 June 2016).
4583:World Meteorological Organization
2131:GSHHG v2.3.6 (L1+L5). Erroneous.
130:National Snow and Ice Data Center
8438:Amundsen's South Pole expedition
7831:Amundsen's South Pole expedition
5351:Henderson, Kyle (13 July 2021).
5332:from the original on 2 June 2016
4650:from the original on 28 May 2016
4463:from the original on 27 May 2006
1795:List of poles of inaccessibility
1525:Democratic Republic of the Congo
1086:
1074:
245:continent most distant from the
225:Southern pole of inaccessibility
90:Northern pole of inaccessibility
82:Northern pole of inaccessibility
5135:Davies, Ella (5 October 2016).
1448:in the southwestern suburbs of
950:. The geographic center of the
760:Oceanic pole of inaccessibility
729:Pole of Inaccessibility Station
545:Pole of Inaccessibility Station
493:Pole of Inaccessibility Station
481:3rd Soviet Antarctic Expedition
5021:. 5 March 2012. Archived from
4640:Scott Polar Research Institute
1234:
1223:
485:International Geophysical Year
346:Scott Polar Research Institute
134:Scott Polar Research Institute
1:
7817:Japanese Antarctic Expedition
7752:Scottish Antarctic Expedition
4762:10.1080/17538947.2019.1576786
4488:theadventureblog.blogspot.com
4397:– via Internet Archive.
4311:Scottish Geographical Journal
1664:two coastline datasets used.
287:Pole of Inaccessibility (WMO)
254:Soviet Union research station
8174:Soviet Antarctic Expeditions
7990:Shackleton–Rowett Expedition
7796:French Antarctic Expeditions
7726:Swedish Antarctic Expedition
7612:Belgian Antarctic Expedition
5730:Lady Franklin Bay Expedition
5328:. Confluence. 22 June 2006.
2608:Geoscience Australia (2014)
567:Ramón Hernando de Larramendi
491:, established the temporary
7259:Nuclear-powered icebreakers
6938:Austro-Hungarian Expedition
5803:Andrée's balloon expedition
5478:GPX (secondary coordinates)
3861:Pacific Ocean (Point Nemo)
3809:Pacific Ocean (Point Nemo)
3757:Pacific Ocean (Point Nemo)
1515:and close to the country's
849:International Space Station
510:
479:. On 14 December 1958, the
115:Across the Top of the World
8662:
8646:Polar regions of the Earth
6460:Franklin's lost expedition
6160:Christian IV's expeditions
4636:"Polar Information Sheets"
4237:Land and water hemispheres
1157:Xinjiang Autonomous Region
1015:Digital Chart of the World
296:(though some sources give
142:Cambridge University Press
128:asked scientists from The
20:
7312:
7308:
7295:
6814:Great Northern Expedition
6490:Rae–Richardson expedition
5690:British Arctic Expedition
5554:
5550:
5537:
5473:GPX (primary coordinates)
5448:Map all coordinates using
5224:Lukatela, Hrvoje (2022).
4811:10.1017/S0032247421000620
4431:10.1017/S003224741300051X
4323:10.1080/14702540801897809
851:when it passes overhead.
808:possible. It lies in the
505:
155:The new position lies at
8098:British Antarctic Survey
8092:Captain Arturo Prat Base
7337:Antarctic/Southern Ocean
5456:Download coordinates as:
4634:Headland, R. K. (1996).
1765:ellipsoidal calculations
1513:Central African Republic
930:47.411667°S 177.379167°E
832:) to the northeast; and
820:atoll (an island of the
776:, is located at roughly
740:Novolazarevskaya Station
651:Novolazarevskaya Station
8641:Geography of the Arctic
8636:Geography of Antarctica
8631:Extreme points of Earth
8574:Pole of inaccessibility
8237:Antarctic Treaty System
6578:2nd Grinnell expedition
5111:"Point Nemo, revisited"
4644:University of Cambridge
4577:Danilov, A. I. (1994).
1458:monument to this effect
62:pole of inaccessibility
5078:"Where is Point Nemo?"
4490:. The Adventure Blog.
1777:numerical optimization
1740:Methods of calculation
1728:. The nearest town is
1677:
1549:Pine Ridge Reservation
1540:
935:-47.411667; 177.379167
769:
753:Guinness World Records
487:research work, led by
238:
91:
53:
8244:Transglobe Expedition
8143:Operation Deep Freeze
7552:Challenger expedition
6418:Coppermine expedition
5939:Drifting ice stations
5490:How to calculate PIAs
5468:GPX (all coordinates)
1675:
1538:
1436:43.68111°N 87.33111°E
767:
694:On 27 December 2011,
629:83.84361°S 65.72500°E
589:82.88722°S 55.07500°E
477:geographic South Pole
348:locates this pole at
232:
218:Le Commandant Charcot
148:. In 2010 he and his
89:
31:
5419:Geoscience Australia
4459:. 20 February 2006.
3882:49.0273°S 123.4345°W
3830:49.0031°S 123.3920°W
3726:43.4370°N 102.0101°W
3674:43.3764°N 102.0111°W
3414:47.7347°S 100.0547°E
2686:23.1948°S 132.1727°E
2634:23.1732°S 132.2759°E
2374:85.8015°N 176.1423°E
2322:85.7911°N 176.2386°E
2114:78.2633°S 103.6340°E
2062:77.3963°S 105.3855°E
1165:Gurbantünggüt Desert
1028:from the 1870 novel
795:48.8767°S 123.3933°W
742:on their way to the
511:polyus nedostupnosti
50:Mollweide projection
8414:South magnetic pole
7080:Brusilov expedition
6189:Danish colonization
5627:North magnetic pole
5190:Tan, Arjun (2021).
4991:. 20 January 2007.
4904:on 10 November 2016
4555:. 24 September 2024
4515:Scientific American
4232:Geographical centre
4138: /
4090:10.7342°S 59.2126°W
4086: /
4034: /
3986:14.3902°S 56.9922°W
3982: /
3930: /
3887:-49.0273; -123.4345
3878: /
3835:-49.0031; -123.3920
3826: /
3774: /
3722: /
3670: /
3618: /
3570:18.2645°S 46.7003°E
3566: /
3518:18.3382°S 46.6663°E
3514: /
3462: /
3410: /
3362:47.6319°S 99.9677°E
3358: /
3310:76.0305°N 40.3902°W
3306: /
3258:75.9660°N 40.4239°W
3254: /
3202: /
3150: /
3098: /
3046: /
2998:44.6740°N 83.9694°E
2994: /
2946:44.3184°N 82.1144°E
2942: /
2890: /
2842:45.4435°N 88.3172°E
2838: /
2790:45.3413°N 88.2483°E
2786: /
2734: /
2682: /
2630: /
2578: /
2526: /
2478:24.1923°N 43.3728°W
2474: /
2426:24.1851°N 43.3704°W
2422: /
2370: /
2318: /
2266: /
2214: /
2162: /
2110: /
2058: /
2036:Soviet site (1958)
2006: /
1954: /
1902: /
1850: /
1804:
1785:simulated annealing
1699: /
1626: /
1574: /
1491: /
1432: /
1371: /
1340: /
1293: /
1253: /
1189: /
1126: /
1051:spacecraft cemetery
1036:The Call of Cthulhu
977: /
926: /
877:48.8767°N 56.6067°E
873: /
840:, off the coast of
810:South Pacific Ocean
800:-48.8767; -123.3933
791: /
713: /
634:-83.84361; 65.72500
624: /
594:-82.88722; 55.07500
584: /
558:that faces towards
529: /
506:полюс недоступности
447: /
407: /
363: /
311: /
271: /
170: /
18:Geographic location
8105:Operation Windmill
8086:Operation Highjump
7061:Rusanov expedition
6966:A. E. Nordenskiöld
6710:North East Passage
6514:McClure expedition
4934:on 11 January 2009
4924:"Ramón Larramendi"
4159:GSHHG v2.3.6 (L1)
4142:5.0537°S 65.5487°W
4095:-10.7342; -59.2126
4038:6.3248°S 63.1885°W
4003:GSHHG v2.3.6 (L1)
3991:-14.3902; -56.9922
3899:GSHHG v2.3.6 (L1)
3731:43.4370; -102.0101
3691:GSHHG v2.3.6 (L1)
3679:43.3764; -102.0111
3535:GSHHG v2.3.6 (L1)
3419:-47.7347; 100.0547
3275:GSHHG v2.3.6 (L1)
3171:GSHHG v2.3.6 (L1)
3154:52.6552°N 1.5641°W
3102:52.0141°N 0.9640°W
2963:GSHHG v2.3.6 (L1)
2807:GSHHG v2.3.6 (L1)
2691:-23.1948; 132.1727
2651:GSHHG v2.3.6 (L1)
2639:-23.1732; 132.2759
2582:23.033°S 132.167°E
2495:GSHHG v2.3.6 (L1)
2391:GSHHG v2.3.6 (L1)
2270:85.802°N 176.149°E
2119:-78.2633; 103.6340
2067:-77.3963; 105.3855
1958:5.6589°N 26.1295°E
1923:GSHHG v2.3.6 (L1)
1906:5.6413°N 26.1533°E
1802:
1734:Northern Territory
1678:
1541:
1441:43.68111; 87.33111
1399:(قىزىلقۇم) in the
1395:in a region named
902:South Pacific Gyre
893:region of western
770:
696:Sebastian Copeland
681:and taken back to
239:
237:on 19 January 2007
175:85.800°N 176.150°W
124:In 2005, explorer
92:
54:
8618:
8617:
8614:
8613:
8610:
8609:
8072:Operation Tabarin
7934:Far Eastern Party
7780:Nimrod Expedition
7291:
7290:
7287:
7286:
6850:M. Pronchishcheva
6772:Siberian Cossacks
6241:Northwest Passage
5574:Research stations
5531:Polar exploration
5283:. 3 February 2022
4960:on 16 August 2011
4227:Geographical pole
4222:Extremes on Earth
4172:
4171:
4147:-5.0537; -65.5487
4043:-6.3248; -63.1885
3575:-18.2645; 46.7003
3523:-18.3382; 46.6663
3367:-47.6319; 99.9677
3315:76.0305; -40.3902
3263:75.9660; -40.4239
2483:24.1923; -43.3728
2431:24.1851; -43.3704
2379:85.8015; 176.1423
2327:85.7911; 176.2386
2218:83.610°S 53.720°E
2166:83.904°S 64.890°E
2010:82.100°S 54.967°E
1760:distance function
1412:Burultokay County
1401:Karamgay Township
1298:46.250°N 86.833°E
1258:46.333°N 86.367°E
1194:46.567°N 85.967°E
1131:46.283°N 86.667°E
958:begin, west from
836:(near the larger
718:82.100°S 54.967°E
688:Akademik Fyodorov
534:82.100°S 54.967°E
489:Yevgeny Tolstikov
452:83.610°S 53.720°E
412:83.904°S 64.890°E
368:85.833°S 65.783°E
316:83.100°S 54.967°E
276:82.100°S 54.967°E
111:Sir Wally Herbert
42:Iberian Peninsula
8653:
8119:Ronne Expedition
7604:
7598:
7462:Dumont d'Urville
7310:
7297:
6845:V. Pronchishchev
5552:
5539:
5524:
5517:
5510:
5501:
5435:
5434:
5432:
5430:
5407:
5401:
5400:
5392:
5386:
5385:
5367:
5361:
5360:
5348:
5342:
5341:
5339:
5337:
5318:
5312:
5311:
5299:
5293:
5292:
5290:
5288:
5273:
5267:
5266:
5264:
5262:
5240:
5234:
5233:
5221:
5215:
5214:
5212:
5210:
5187:
5181:
5180:
5178:
5176:
5161:
5152:
5151:
5149:
5147:
5132:
5119:
5118:
5106:
5095:
5094:
5092:
5090:
5074:
5061:
5060:
5058:
5056:
5041:
5035:
5034:
5032:
5030:
5011:
5005:
5004:
5002:
5000:
4979:
4970:
4969:
4967:
4965:
4956:. Archived from
4950:
4944:
4943:
4941:
4939:
4930:. Archived from
4920:
4914:
4913:
4911:
4909:
4890:
4884:
4883:
4881:
4879:
4874:on 21 March 2008
4860:
4854:
4853:
4851:
4849:
4844:on 14 April 2016
4830:
4824:
4823:
4813:
4789:
4774:
4773:
4745:
4660:
4659:
4657:
4655:
4631:
4625:
4624:
4622:
4620:
4605:
4599:
4598:
4596:
4594:
4585:. Archived from
4574:
4565:
4564:
4562:
4560:
4545:
4539:
4538:
4510:
4504:
4503:
4501:
4499:
4479:
4473:
4472:
4470:
4468:
4449:
4443:
4442:
4414:
4399:
4398:
4396:
4394:
4369:
4356:
4350:
4349:
4347:
4345:
4339:
4333:. Archived from
4308:
4299:
4201:
4198:
4192:
4189:
4183:
4180:
4165:B9-Hillclimbing
4153:
4152:
4150:
4149:
4148:
4143:
4139:
4136:
4135:
4134:
4131:
4121:South America 2
4113:B9-Hillclimbing
4101:
4100:
4098:
4097:
4096:
4091:
4087:
4084:
4083:
4082:
4079:
4069:South America 2
4061:B9-Hillclimbing
4049:
4048:
4046:
4045:
4044:
4039:
4035:
4032:
4031:
4030:
4027:
4017:South America 1
4009:B9-Hillclimbing
3997:
3996:
3994:
3993:
3992:
3987:
3983:
3980:
3979:
3978:
3975:
3965:South America 1
3945:
3944:
3942:
3941:
3940:
3935:
3931:
3928:
3927:
3926:
3923:
3905:B9-Hillclimbing
3893:
3892:
3890:
3889:
3888:
3883:
3879:
3876:
3875:
3874:
3871:
3853:B9-Hillclimbing
3841:
3840:
3838:
3837:
3836:
3831:
3827:
3824:
3823:
3822:
3819:
3789:
3788:
3786:
3785:
3784:
3779:
3778:48.89°S 123.45°W
3775:
3772:
3771:
3770:
3767:
3749:B9-Hillclimbing
3737:
3736:
3734:
3733:
3732:
3727:
3723:
3720:
3719:
3718:
3715:
3697:B9-Hillclimbing
3685:
3684:
3682:
3681:
3680:
3675:
3671:
3668:
3667:
3666:
3663:
3633:
3632:
3630:
3629:
3628:
3623:
3622:43.46°N 101.97°W
3619:
3616:
3615:
3614:
3611:
3593:B9-Hillclimbing
3581:
3580:
3578:
3577:
3576:
3571:
3567:
3564:
3563:
3562:
3559:
3541:B9-Hillclimbing
3529:
3528:
3526:
3525:
3524:
3519:
3515:
3512:
3511:
3510:
3507:
3477:
3476:
3474:
3473:
3472:
3467:
3463:
3460:
3459:
3458:
3455:
3437:B9-Hillclimbing
3425:
3424:
3422:
3421:
3420:
3415:
3411:
3408:
3407:
3406:
3403:
3385:B9-Hillclimbing
3373:
3372:
3370:
3369:
3368:
3363:
3359:
3356:
3355:
3354:
3351:
3333:B9-Hillclimbing
3321:
3320:
3318:
3317:
3316:
3311:
3307:
3304:
3303:
3302:
3299:
3281:B9-Hillclimbing
3269:
3268:
3266:
3265:
3264:
3259:
3255:
3252:
3251:
3250:
3247:
3217:
3216:
3214:
3213:
3212:
3207:
3203:
3200:
3199:
3198:
3195:
3177:B9-Hillclimbing
3165:
3164:
3162:
3161:
3160:
3159:52.6552; -1.5641
3155:
3151:
3148:
3147:
3146:
3143:
3125:B9-Hillclimbing
3113:
3112:
3110:
3109:
3108:
3107:52.0141; -0.9640
3103:
3099:
3096:
3095:
3094:
3091:
3061:
3060:
3058:
3057:
3056:
3051:
3047:
3044:
3043:
3042:
3039:
3021:B9-Hillclimbing
3009:
3008:
3006:
3005:
3004:
3003:44.6740; 83.9694
2999:
2995:
2992:
2991:
2990:
2987:
2969:B9-Hillclimbing
2957:
2956:
2954:
2953:
2952:
2951:44.3184; 82.1144
2947:
2943:
2940:
2939:
2938:
2935:
2905:
2904:
2902:
2901:
2900:
2895:
2891:
2888:
2887:
2886:
2883:
2865:B9-Hillclimbing
2853:
2852:
2850:
2849:
2848:
2847:45.4435; 88.3172
2843:
2839:
2836:
2835:
2834:
2831:
2813:B9-Hillclimbing
2801:
2800:
2798:
2797:
2796:
2795:45.3413; 88.2483
2791:
2787:
2784:
2783:
2782:
2779:
2749:
2748:
2746:
2745:
2744:
2739:
2735:
2732:
2731:
2730:
2727:
2709:B9-Hillclimbing
2697:
2696:
2694:
2693:
2692:
2687:
2683:
2680:
2679:
2678:
2675:
2657:B9-Hillclimbing
2645:
2644:
2642:
2641:
2640:
2635:
2631:
2628:
2627:
2626:
2623:
2593:
2592:
2590:
2589:
2588:
2587:-23.033; 132.167
2583:
2579:
2576:
2575:
2574:
2571:
2541:
2540:
2538:
2537:
2536:
2531:
2530:23.17°S 132.27°E
2527:
2524:
2523:
2522:
2519:
2501:B9-Hillclimbing
2489:
2488:
2486:
2485:
2484:
2479:
2475:
2472:
2471:
2470:
2467:
2449:B9-Hillclimbing
2437:
2436:
2434:
2433:
2432:
2427:
2423:
2420:
2419:
2418:
2415:
2397:B9-Hillclimbing
2385:
2384:
2382:
2381:
2380:
2375:
2371:
2368:
2367:
2366:
2363:
2345:B9-Hillclimbing
2333:
2332:
2330:
2329:
2328:
2323:
2319:
2316:
2315:
2314:
2311:
2281:
2280:
2278:
2277:
2276:
2271:
2267:
2264:
2263:
2262:
2259:
2241:B9-Hillclimbing
2235:ADDv7.2 "Inner"
2229:
2228:
2226:
2225:
2224:
2219:
2215:
2212:
2211:
2210:
2207:
2189:B9-Hillclimbing
2183:ADDv7.2 "Outer"
2177:
2176:
2174:
2173:
2172:
2167:
2163:
2160:
2159:
2158:
2155:
2137:B9-Hillclimbing
2125:
2124:
2122:
2121:
2120:
2115:
2111:
2108:
2107:
2106:
2103:
2085:B9-Hillclimbing
2073:
2072:
2070:
2069:
2068:
2063:
2059:
2056:
2055:
2054:
2051:
2021:
2020:
2018:
2017:
2016:
2011:
2007:
2004:
2003:
2002:
1999:
1981:B9-Hillclimbing
1969:
1968:
1966:
1965:
1964:
1959:
1955:
1952:
1951:
1950:
1947:
1929:B9-Hillclimbing
1917:
1916:
1914:
1913:
1912:
1907:
1903:
1900:
1899:
1898:
1895:
1865:
1864:
1862:
1861:
1860:
1855:
1851:
1848:
1847:
1846:
1843:
1805:
1723:
1722:
1720:
1719:
1718:
1716:
1711:
1710:
1705:
1704:23.17°S 132.27°E
1700:
1697:
1696:
1695:
1692:
1661:the Turner Twins
1650:
1649:
1647:
1646:
1645:
1643:
1638:
1637:
1632:
1627:
1624:
1623:
1622:
1619:
1598:
1597:
1595:
1594:
1593:
1591:
1586:
1585:
1580:
1579:43.36°N 101.97°W
1575:
1572:
1571:
1570:
1567:
1506:
1505:
1503:
1502:
1501:
1496:
1492:
1489:
1488:
1487:
1484:
1447:
1446:
1444:
1443:
1442:
1437:
1433:
1430:
1429:
1428:
1425:
1409:
1386:
1385:
1383:
1382:
1381:
1376:
1372:
1369:
1368:
1367:
1364:
1355:
1354:
1352:
1351:
1350:
1345:
1341:
1338:
1337:
1336:
1333:
1317:
1316:
1314:
1313:
1312:
1310:
1305:
1304:
1299:
1294:
1291:
1290:
1289:
1286:
1277:
1276:
1274:
1273:
1272:
1270:
1265:
1264:
1259:
1254:
1251:
1250:
1249:
1246:
1236:
1227:
1213:
1212:
1210:
1209:
1208:
1206:
1201:
1200:
1195:
1190:
1187:
1186:
1185:
1182:
1150:
1149:
1147:
1146:
1145:
1143:
1138:
1137:
1132:
1127:
1124:
1123:
1122:
1119:
1090:
1078:
1055:maritime traffic
1011:
992:
991:
989:
988:
987:
982:
978:
975:
974:
973:
970:
941:
940:
938:
937:
936:
931:
927:
924:
923:
922:
919:
909:water hemisphere
888:
887:
885:
884:
883:
882:48.8767; 56.6067
878:
874:
871:
870:
869:
866:
824:) to the north;
822:Pitcairn Islands
806:
805:
803:
802:
801:
796:
792:
789:
788:
787:
784:
737:
736:
734:
733:
732:
730:
725:
724:
719:
714:
711:
710:
709:
706:
648:
647:
645:
644:
643:
641:
636:
635:
630:
625:
622:
621:
620:
617:
608:
607:
605:
604:
603:
601:
596:
595:
590:
585:
582:
581:
580:
577:
553:
552:
550:
549:
548:
546:
541:
540:
535:
530:
527:
526:
525:
522:
513:
507:
500:
471:
470:
468:
467:
466:
464:
459:
458:
453:
448:
445:
444:
443:
440:
431:
430:
428:
427:
426:
424:
419:
418:
413:
408:
405:
404:
403:
400:
387:
386:
384:
383:
382:
380:
375:
374:
369:
364:
361:
360:
359:
356:
335:
334:
332:
331:
330:
328:
323:
322:
317:
312:
309:
308:
307:
304:
295:
294:
292:
291:
290:
288:
283:
282:
277:
272:
269:
268:
267:
264:
213:Ellesmere Island
209:Severnaya Zemlya
197:Henrietta Island
194:
193:
191:
190:
189:
187:
182:
181:
180:85.800; -176.150
176:
171:
168:
167:
166:
163:
8661:
8660:
8656:
8655:
8654:
8652:
8651:
8650:
8621:
8620:
8619:
8606:
8281:
8273:
8149:McMurdo Station
8018:Modern research
8016:
8004:
7739:O. Nordenskjöld
7602:
7596:
7591:
7507:Ross expedition
7331:
7304:
7283:
6712:
6704:
6245:Northern Canada
6243:
6235:
6088:
6080:
5586:
5578:
5546:
5533:
5528:
5486:
5485:
5484:
5483:
5482:
5443:
5438:
5428:
5426:
5421:. 15 May 2014.
5409:
5408:
5404:
5394:
5393:
5389:
5369:
5368:
5364:
5350:
5349:
5345:
5335:
5333:
5320:
5319:
5315:
5301:
5300:
5296:
5286:
5284:
5275:
5274:
5270:
5260:
5258:
5250:Popular Science
5242:
5241:
5237:
5223:
5222:
5218:
5208:
5206:
5189:
5188:
5184:
5174:
5172:
5163:
5162:
5155:
5145:
5143:
5134:
5133:
5122:
5108:
5107:
5098:
5088:
5086:
5076:
5075:
5064:
5054:
5052:
5043:
5042:
5038:
5028:
5026:
5013:
5012:
5008:
4998:
4996:
4981:
4980:
4973:
4963:
4961:
4952:
4951:
4947:
4937:
4935:
4928:Tierras Polares
4922:
4921:
4917:
4907:
4905:
4892:
4891:
4887:
4877:
4875:
4862:
4861:
4857:
4847:
4845:
4832:
4831:
4827:
4791:
4790:
4777:
4747:
4746:
4663:
4653:
4651:
4633:
4632:
4628:
4618:
4616:
4607:
4606:
4602:
4592:
4590:
4576:
4575:
4568:
4558:
4556:
4547:
4546:
4542:
4512:
4511:
4507:
4497:
4495:
4481:
4480:
4476:
4466:
4464:
4451:
4450:
4446:
4416:
4415:
4402:
4392:
4390:
4358:
4357:
4353:
4343:
4341:
4340:on 29 June 2014
4337:
4306:
4301:
4300:
4259:
4255:
4213:
4205:
4204:
4199:
4195:
4190:
4186:
4181:
4177:
4146:
4144:
4140:
4137:
4132:
4129:
4127:
4125:
4124:
4094:
4092:
4088:
4085:
4080:
4077:
4075:
4073:
4072:
4042:
4040:
4036:
4033:
4028:
4025:
4023:
4021:
4020:
3990:
3988:
3984:
3981:
3976:
3973:
3971:
3969:
3968:
3938:
3936:
3934:14.05°S 56.85°W
3932:
3929:
3924:
3921:
3919:
3917:
3916:
3886:
3884:
3880:
3877:
3872:
3869:
3867:
3865:
3864:
3834:
3832:
3828:
3825:
3820:
3817:
3815:
3813:
3812:
3783:-48.89; -123.45
3782:
3780:
3776:
3773:
3768:
3765:
3763:
3761:
3760:
3730:
3728:
3724:
3721:
3716:
3713:
3711:
3709:
3708:
3678:
3676:
3672:
3669:
3664:
3661:
3659:
3657:
3656:
3626:
3624:
3620:
3617:
3612:
3609:
3607:
3605:
3604:
3574:
3572:
3568:
3565:
3560:
3557:
3555:
3553:
3552:
3522:
3520:
3516:
3513:
3508:
3505:
3503:
3501:
3500:
3470:
3468:
3466:18.33°S 46.67°E
3464:
3461:
3456:
3453:
3451:
3449:
3448:
3418:
3416:
3412:
3409:
3404:
3401:
3399:
3397:
3396:
3366:
3364:
3360:
3357:
3352:
3349:
3347:
3345:
3344:
3314:
3312:
3308:
3305:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3293:
3292:
3262:
3260:
3256:
3253:
3248:
3245:
3243:
3241:
3240:
3210:
3208:
3204:
3201:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3189:
3188:
3158:
3156:
3152:
3149:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3137:
3136:
3106:
3104:
3100:
3097:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3085:
3084:
3054:
3052:
3048:
3045:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3033:
3032:
3002:
3000:
2996:
2993:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2981:
2980:
2950:
2948:
2944:
2941:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2929:
2928:
2898:
2896:
2894:44.29°N 82.19°E
2892:
2889:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2877:
2876:
2846:
2844:
2840:
2837:
2832:
2829:
2827:
2825:
2824:
2794:
2792:
2788:
2785:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2773:
2772:
2742:
2740:
2738:45.28°N 88.14°E
2736:
2733:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2721:
2720:
2690:
2688:
2684:
2681:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2669:
2668:
2638:
2636:
2632:
2629:
2624:
2621:
2619:
2617:
2616:
2586:
2584:
2580:
2577:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2565:
2564:
2534:
2532:
2528:
2525:
2520:
2517:
2515:
2513:
2512:
2482:
2480:
2476:
2473:
2468:
2465:
2463:
2461:
2460:
2457:Atlantic Ocean
2430:
2428:
2424:
2421:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2409:
2408:
2405:Atlantic Ocean
2378:
2376:
2372:
2369:
2364:
2361:
2359:
2357:
2356:
2326:
2324:
2320:
2317:
2312:
2309:
2307:
2305:
2304:
2275:85.802; 176.149
2274:
2272:
2268:
2265:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2253:
2252:
2223:-83.610; 53.720
2222:
2220:
2216:
2213:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2201:
2200:
2171:-83.904; 64.890
2170:
2168:
2164:
2161:
2156:
2153:
2151:
2149:
2148:
2118:
2116:
2112:
2109:
2104:
2101:
2099:
2097:
2096:
2066:
2064:
2060:
2057:
2052:
2049:
2047:
2045:
2044:
2015:-82.100; 54.967
2014:
2012:
2008:
2005:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1993:
1992:
1963:5.6589; 26.1295
1962:
1960:
1956:
1953:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1941:
1940:
1911:5.6413; 26.1533
1910:
1908:
1904:
1901:
1896:
1893:
1891:
1889:
1888:
1858:
1856:
1852:
1849:
1844:
1841:
1839:
1837:
1836:
1815:
1797:
1742:
1714:
1712:
1708:
1706:
1702:
1701:
1698:
1693:
1690:
1688:
1686:
1685:
1670:
1641:
1639:
1635:
1633:
1631:14.05°S 56.85°W
1629:
1628:
1625:
1620:
1617:
1615:
1613:
1612:
1605:
1589:
1587:
1583:
1581:
1577:
1576:
1573:
1568:
1565:
1563:
1561:
1560:
1533:
1499:
1497:
1493:
1490:
1485:
1482:
1480:
1478:
1477:
1470:
1440:
1438:
1434:
1431:
1426:
1423:
1421:
1419:
1418:
1403:
1389:Dzungarian Gate
1379:
1377:
1375:45.28°N 88.14°E
1373:
1370:
1365:
1362:
1360:
1358:
1357:
1348:
1346:
1344:44.29°N 82.19°E
1342:
1339:
1334:
1331:
1329:
1327:
1326:
1308:
1306:
1302:
1300:
1296:
1295:
1292:
1287:
1284:
1282:
1280:
1279:
1268:
1266:
1262:
1260:
1256:
1255:
1252:
1247:
1244:
1242:
1240:
1239:
1204:
1202:
1198:
1196:
1192:
1191:
1188:
1183:
1180:
1178:
1176:
1175:
1141:
1139:
1135:
1133:
1129:
1128:
1125:
1120:
1117:
1115:
1113:
1112:
1098:
1097:
1096:
1095:
1094:
1091:
1083:
1082:
1079:
1068:
1063:
1040:H. P. Lovecraft
1005:
1003:Hrvoje Lukatela
999:
985:
983:
981:4.97°S 158.75°W
979:
976:
971:
968:
966:
964:
963:
960:Starbuck Island
934:
932:
928:
925:
920:
917:
915:
913:
912:
881:
879:
875:
872:
867:
864:
862:
860:
859:
842:Marie Byrd Land
799:
797:
793:
790:
785:
782:
780:
778:
777:
762:
728:
726:
723:-82.100; 54.967
722:
720:
716:
715:
712:
707:
704:
702:
700:
699:
677:base, flown to
639:
637:
633:
631:
627:
626:
623:
618:
615:
613:
611:
610:
599:
597:
593:
591:
587:
586:
583:
578:
575:
573:
571:
570:
544:
542:
539:-82.100; 54.967
538:
536:
532:
531:
528:
523:
520:
518:
516:
515:
496:
462:
460:
457:-83.610; 53.720
456:
454:
450:
449:
446:
441:
438:
436:
434:
433:
422:
420:
417:-83.904; 64.890
416:
414:
410:
409:
406:
401:
398:
396:
394:
393:
378:
376:
373:-85.833; 65.783
372:
370:
366:
365:
362:
357:
354:
352:
350:
349:
326:
324:
321:-83.100; 54.967
320:
318:
314:
313:
310:
305:
302:
300:
298:
297:
286:
284:
281:-82.100; 54.967
280:
278:
274:
273:
270:
265:
262:
260:
258:
257:
227:
201:De Long Islands
185:
183:
179:
177:
173:
172:
169:
164:
161:
159:
157:
156:
84:
26:
19:
12:
11:
5:
8659:
8657:
8649:
8648:
8643:
8638:
8633:
8623:
8622:
8616:
8615:
8612:
8611:
8608:
8607:
8605:
8604:
8599:
8594:
8589:
8588:
8587:
8582:
8570:
8569:
8568:
8566:Vostok Station
8556:
8551:
8546:
8541:
8536:
8531:
8526:
8521:
8520:
8519:
8517:Cherry-Garrard
8514:
8509:
8504:
8499:
8494:
8482:
8481:
8480:
8473:
8468:
8463:
8458:
8453:
8448:
8434:
8433:
8432:
8427:
8422:
8410:
8409:
8408:
8403:
8398:
8393:
8381:
8380:
8379:
8367:
8366:
8365:
8357:Southern Cross
8353:
8352:
8351:
8338:
8337:
8336:
8323:
8318:
8317:
8316:
8303:
8302:
8301:
8287:
8285:
8279:Farthest South
8275:
8274:
8272:
8271:
8266:
8259:
8258:
8257:
8252:
8240:
8233:
8232:
8231:
8230:
8229:
8217:
8216:
8215:
8203:
8202:
8201:
8194:
8189:
8170:
8169:
8168:
8163:
8151:
8146:
8139:
8138:
8137:
8132:
8127:
8115:
8114:
8113:
8101:
8094:
8089:
8082:
8081:
8080:
8068:
8067:
8066:
8054:
8053:
8052:
8040:
8033:
8028:
8022:
8020:
8006:
8005:
8003:
8002:
8001:
8000:
7986:
7985:
7984:
7976:Ross Sea party
7972:
7963:
7962:
7961:
7956:
7951:
7937:
7930:
7929:
7928:
7923:
7908:
7903:
7902:
7901:
7896:
7891:
7886:
7881:
7876:
7862:
7861:
7860:
7853:
7846:
7841:
7827:
7826:
7825:
7813:
7812:
7811:
7806:
7792:
7791:
7790:
7776:
7769:
7768:
7767:
7760:
7748:
7747:
7746:
7741:
7736:
7722:
7721:
7720:
7715:
7701:
7700:
7699:
7694:
7680:
7679:
7678:
7673:
7670:Southern Cross
7663:Southern Cross
7659:
7658:
7657:
7652:
7647:
7642:
7637:
7632:
7627:
7622:
7607:
7605:
7593:
7592:
7590:
7589:
7588:
7587:
7575:
7574:
7573:
7568:
7563:
7548:
7543:
7542:
7541:
7528:
7522:
7503:
7502:
7501:
7488:
7487:
7486:
7481:
7466:
7465:
7464:
7452:
7447:
7442:
7437:
7432:
7427:
7426:
7425:
7413:
7412:
7411:
7409:Bellingshausen
7399:
7392:
7387:
7386:
7385:
7372:
7371:
7370:
7357:
7352:
7347:
7341:
7339:
7333:
7332:
7330:
7329:
7324:
7319:
7313:
7306:
7305:
7300:
7293:
7292:
7289:
7288:
7285:
7284:
7282:
7281:
7280:
7279:
7268:
7256:
7251:
7244:
7237:
7236:
7235:
7223:
7222:
7221:
7209:
7208:
7207:
7195:
7194:
7193:
7181:
7176:
7171:
7170:
7169:
7157:
7156:
7155:
7141:
7140:
7139:
7117:
7112:
7107:
7106:
7105:
7100:
7095:
7090:
7076:
7075:
7074:
7069:
7057:
7052:
7051:
7050:
7045:
7040:
7035:
7021:
7020:
7019:
7005:
7004:
7003:
6998:
6993:
6975:
6974:
6973:
6968:
6953:
6952:
6951:
6946:
6934:
6929:
6924:
6919:
6914:
6909:
6904:
6899:
6894:
6889:
6884:
6879:
6874:
6869:
6868:
6867:
6862:
6857:
6852:
6847:
6842:
6837:
6832:
6827:
6822:
6810:
6805:
6800:
6795:
6790:
6785:
6780:
6775:
6768:
6763:
6758:
6751:
6746:
6741:
6736:
6731:
6726:
6718:
6716:
6714:Russian Arctic
6706:
6705:
6703:
6702:
6697:
6696:
6695:
6681:
6680:
6679:
6674:
6660:
6655:
6654:
6653:
6639:
6638:
6637:
6625:
6624:
6623:
6610:
6609:
6608:
6596:
6595:
6594:
6589:
6574:
6573:
6572:
6560:
6555:
6550:
6545:
6544:
6543:
6538:
6530:
6525:
6510:
6505:
6504:
6503:
6498:
6486:
6481:
6480:
6479:
6471:
6456:
6455:
6454:
6441:
6436:
6431:
6426:
6421:
6414:
6409:
6404:
6403:
6402:
6389:
6388:
6387:
6374:
6373:
6372:
6359:
6354:
6349:
6344:
6343:
6342:
6329:
6328:
6327:
6314:
6309:
6304:
6303:
6302:
6297:
6285:
6280:
6275:
6270:
6265:
6260:
6255:
6249:
6247:
6237:
6236:
6234:
6233:
6228:
6223:
6222:
6221:
6216:
6204:
6199:
6198:
6197:
6185:
6184:
6183:
6178:
6173:
6168:
6156:
6151:
6149:Snæbjörn galti
6146:
6141:
6134:
6129:
6124:
6119:
6112:
6105:
6100:
6094:
6092:
6082:
6081:
6079:
6078:
6077:
6076:
6071:
6066:
6051:
6044:
6034:
6029:
6024:
6016:
6006:
6005:
6004:
5999:
5985:
5978:
5971:
5970:
5969:
5964:
5959:
5954:
5942:
5935:
5934:
5933:
5928:
5923:
5911:
5910:
5909:
5895:
5886:
5885:
5884:
5879:
5874:
5869:
5864:
5850:
5845:
5840:
5839:
5838:
5833:
5818:
5813:
5812:
5811:
5799:
5798:
5797:
5785:
5784:
5783:
5778:
5773:
5768:
5750:
5749:
5748:
5743:
5738:
5726:
5725:
5724:
5719:
5714:
5706:
5701:
5686:
5685:
5684:
5679:
5674:
5657:
5656:
5655:
5650:
5645:
5640:
5635:
5623:
5618:
5613:
5608:
5603:
5598:
5592:
5590:
5584:Farthest North
5580:
5579:
5577:
5576:
5571:
5566:
5561:
5555:
5548:
5547:
5542:
5535:
5534:
5529:
5527:
5526:
5519:
5512:
5504:
5498:
5497:
5492:
5481:
5480:
5475:
5470:
5465:
5459:
5453:
5446:
5445:
5444:
5442:
5441:External links
5439:
5437:
5436:
5402:
5387:
5362:
5343:
5326:confluence.org
5313:
5294:
5268:
5235:
5216:
5182:
5153:
5120:
5096:
5062:
5051:on 14 May 2016
5036:
5025:on 29 May 2016
5006:
4971:
4945:
4915:
4885:
4855:
4825:
4775:
4756:(7): 803–816.
4661:
4626:
4600:
4589:on 13 May 2016
4566:
4553:Marine Insight
4540:
4505:
4474:
4444:
4400:
4360:Herbert, Wally
4351:
4317:(3): 227–233.
4256:
4254:
4251:
4250:
4249:
4244:
4239:
4234:
4229:
4224:
4219:
4212:
4209:
4203:
4202:
4193:
4184:
4174:
4173:
4170:
4169:
4168:Barnes (2019)
4166:
4163:
4160:
4157:
4154:
4122:
4118:
4117:
4116:Barnes (2019)
4114:
4111:
4108:
4107:OpenStreetMap
4105:
4102:
4070:
4066:
4065:
4064:Barnes (2019)
4062:
4059:
4056:
4055:OpenStreetMap
4053:
4050:
4018:
4014:
4013:
4012:Barnes (2019)
4010:
4007:
4004:
4001:
3998:
3966:
3962:
3961:
3960:Garcia (2007)
3958:
3957:Adaptive Grid
3955:
3952:
3949:
3946:
3939:-14.05; -56.85
3914:
3913:South America
3910:
3909:
3908:Barnes (2019)
3906:
3903:
3900:
3897:
3894:
3862:
3858:
3857:
3856:Barnes (2019)
3854:
3851:
3848:
3847:OpenStreetMap
3845:
3842:
3810:
3806:
3805:
3804:Garcia (2007)
3802:
3801:Adaptive Grid
3799:
3796:
3793:
3790:
3758:
3754:
3753:
3752:Barnes (2019)
3750:
3747:
3744:
3743:OpenStreetMap
3741:
3738:
3706:
3705:North America
3702:
3701:
3700:Barnes (2019)
3698:
3695:
3692:
3689:
3686:
3654:
3653:North America
3650:
3649:
3648:Garcia (2007)
3646:
3645:Adaptive Grid
3643:
3640:
3637:
3634:
3627:43.46; -101.97
3602:
3601:North America
3598:
3597:
3596:Barnes (2019)
3594:
3591:
3588:
3587:OpenStreetMap
3585:
3582:
3550:
3546:
3545:
3544:Barnes (2019)
3542:
3539:
3536:
3533:
3530:
3498:
3494:
3493:
3492:Garcia (2007)
3490:
3489:Adaptive Grid
3487:
3484:
3481:
3478:
3446:
3442:
3441:
3440:Barnes (2019)
3438:
3435:
3432:
3429:
3426:
3394:
3390:
3389:
3388:Barnes (2019)
3386:
3383:
3380:
3379:OpenStreetMap
3377:
3374:
3342:
3338:
3337:
3336:Barnes (2019)
3334:
3331:
3328:
3327:OpenStreetMap
3325:
3322:
3290:
3286:
3285:
3284:Barnes (2019)
3282:
3279:
3276:
3273:
3270:
3238:
3234:
3233:
3232:Garcia (2007)
3230:
3229:Adaptive Grid
3227:
3224:
3221:
3218:
3206:76.50°N 41.0°W
3186:
3182:
3181:
3180:Barnes (2019)
3178:
3175:
3172:
3169:
3166:
3134:
3133:Great Britain
3130:
3129:
3128:Barnes (2019)
3126:
3123:
3120:
3119:OpenStreetMap
3117:
3114:
3082:
3081:Great Britain
3078:
3077:
3076:Garcia (2007)
3074:
3073:Adaptive Grid
3071:
3068:
3065:
3062:
3050:52.65°N 1.56°W
3030:
3029:Great Britain
3026:
3025:
3024:Barnes (2019)
3022:
3019:
3016:
3015:OpenStreetMap
3013:
3010:
2978:
2974:
2973:
2972:Barnes (2019)
2970:
2967:
2964:
2961:
2958:
2926:
2922:
2921:
2920:Garcia (2007)
2918:
2917:Adaptive Grid
2915:
2912:
2909:
2906:
2874:
2870:
2869:
2868:Barnes (2019)
2866:
2863:
2860:
2859:OpenStreetMap
2857:
2854:
2822:
2818:
2817:
2816:Barnes (2019)
2814:
2811:
2808:
2805:
2802:
2770:
2766:
2765:
2764:Garcia (2007)
2762:
2761:Adaptive Grid
2759:
2756:
2753:
2750:
2718:
2714:
2713:
2712:Barnes (2019)
2710:
2707:
2704:
2703:OpenStreetMap
2701:
2698:
2666:
2662:
2661:
2660:Barnes (2019)
2658:
2655:
2652:
2649:
2646:
2614:
2610:
2609:
2606:
2603:
2600:
2597:
2594:
2562:
2558:
2557:
2556:Garcia (2007)
2554:
2553:Adaptive Grid
2551:
2548:
2545:
2542:
2535:-23.17; 132.27
2510:
2506:
2505:
2504:Barnes (2019)
2502:
2499:
2496:
2493:
2490:
2458:
2454:
2453:
2452:Barnes (2019)
2450:
2447:
2444:
2443:OpenStreetMap
2441:
2438:
2406:
2402:
2401:
2400:Barnes (2019)
2398:
2395:
2392:
2389:
2386:
2354:
2350:
2349:
2348:Barnes (2019)
2346:
2343:
2340:
2339:OpenStreetMap
2337:
2334:
2302:
2298:
2297:
2294:
2293:Adaptive Grid
2291:
2288:
2285:
2282:
2250:
2246:
2245:
2242:
2239:
2236:
2233:
2230:
2198:
2194:
2193:
2190:
2187:
2184:
2181:
2178:
2146:
2142:
2141:
2140:Barnes (2019)
2138:
2135:
2132:
2129:
2126:
2094:
2090:
2089:
2088:Barnes (2019)
2086:
2083:
2080:
2077:
2074:
2042:
2038:
2037:
2034:
2031:
2028:
2027:? Traditional
2025:
2022:
1990:
1986:
1985:
1984:Barnes (2019)
1982:
1979:
1976:
1975:OpenStreetMap
1973:
1970:
1938:
1934:
1933:
1932:Barnes (2019)
1930:
1927:
1924:
1921:
1918:
1886:
1882:
1881:
1880:Garcia (2007)
1878:
1877:Adaptive Grid
1875:
1872:
1869:
1866:
1854:5.65°N 26.17°E
1834:
1830:
1829:
1826:
1823:
1820:
1817:
1812:
1809:
1796:
1793:
1741:
1738:
1709:-23.17; 132.27
1669:
1666:
1636:-14.05; -56.85
1604:
1601:
1584:43.36; -101.97
1532:
1529:
1495:5.65°N 26.17°E
1469:
1466:
1303:46.250; 86.833
1263:46.333; 86.367
1235:Xiàzīgài xiāng
1199:46.567; 85.967
1136:46.283; 86.667
1092:
1085:
1084:
1080:
1073:
1072:
1071:
1070:
1069:
1067:
1064:
1062:
1059:
998:
995:
986:-4.97; -158.75
948:Bounty Islands
761:
758:
556:Vladimir Lenin
247:Southern Ocean
226:
223:
103:Hubert Wilkins
83:
80:
17:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8658:
8647:
8644:
8642:
8639:
8637:
8634:
8632:
8629:
8628:
8626:
8603:
8600:
8598:
8595:
8593:
8590:
8586:
8583:
8581:
8578:
8577:
8576:
8575:
8571:
8567:
8564:
8563:
8562:
8561:
8557:
8555:
8552:
8550:
8547:
8545:
8542:
8540:
8537:
8535:
8532:
8530:
8527:
8525:
8522:
8518:
8515:
8513:
8510:
8508:
8505:
8503:
8500:
8498:
8495:
8493:
8490:
8489:
8488:
8487:
8483:
8479:
8478:
8474:
8472:
8469:
8467:
8464:
8462:
8459:
8457:
8454:
8452:
8449:
8447:
8446:
8442:
8441:
8440:
8439:
8435:
8431:
8428:
8426:
8423:
8421:
8418:
8417:
8416:
8415:
8411:
8407:
8404:
8402:
8399:
8397:
8394:
8392:
8389:
8388:
8387:
8386:
8382:
8378:
8375:
8374:
8373:
8372:
8368:
8364:
8361:
8360:
8359:
8358:
8354:
8350:
8347:
8346:
8345:
8344:
8339:
8335:
8332:
8331:
8330:
8329:
8324:
8322:
8319:
8315:
8312:
8311:
8310:
8309:
8304:
8300:
8297:
8296:
8295:
8294:
8289:
8288:
8286:
8284:
8280:
8276:
8270:
8267:
8265:
8264:
8260:
8256:
8253:
8251:
8248:
8247:
8246:
8245:
8241:
8239:
8238:
8234:
8228:
8225:
8224:
8223:
8222:
8218:
8214:
8211:
8210:
8209:
8208:
8204:
8200:
8199:
8195:
8193:
8190:
8188:
8185:
8184:
8183:
8182:
8178:
8177:
8176:
8175:
8171:
8167:
8164:
8162:
8159:
8158:
8157:
8156:
8152:
8150:
8147:
8145:
8144:
8140:
8136:
8133:
8131:
8128:
8126:
8123:
8122:
8121:
8120:
8116:
8112:
8109:
8108:
8107:
8106:
8102:
8100:
8099:
8095:
8093:
8090:
8088:
8087:
8083:
8079:
8076:
8075:
8074:
8073:
8069:
8065:
8062:
8061:
8060:
8059:
8055:
8051:
8048:
8047:
8046:
8045:
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5171:. 18 May 2018
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2497:
2494:
2491:
2487:
2459:
2456:
2455:
2451:
2448:
2445:
2442:
2439:
2435:
2407:
2404:
2403:
2399:
2396:
2393:
2390:
2387:
2383:
2355:
2352:
2351:
2347:
2344:
2341:
2338:
2335:
2331:
2303:
2300:
2299:
2295:
2292:
2289:
2286:
2283:
2279:
2251:
2248:
2247:
2243:
2240:
2237:
2234:
2231:
2227:
2199:
2196:
2195:
2191:
2188:
2185:
2182:
2179:
2175:
2147:
2144:
2143:
2139:
2136:
2133:
2130:
2127:
2123:
2095:
2092:
2091:
2087:
2084:
2081:
2078:
2075:
2071:
2043:
2040:
2039:
2035:
2032:
2029:
2026:
2023:
2019:
1991:
1988:
1987:
1983:
1980:
1977:
1974:
1971:
1967:
1939:
1936:
1935:
1931:
1928:
1925:
1922:
1919:
1915:
1887:
1884:
1883:
1879:
1876:
1873:
1870:
1867:
1863:
1835:
1832:
1831:
1824:
1821:
1818:
1814:Distance from
1813:
1810:
1807:
1806:
1800:
1794:
1792:
1788:
1786:
1782:
1781:hill climbing
1778:
1774:
1773:local minimum
1768:
1766:
1761:
1756:
1754:
1753:OpenStreetMap
1750:
1745:
1739:
1737:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1726:Alice Springs
1721:
1683:
1674:
1667:
1665:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1648:
1610:
1609:South America
1603:South America
1602:
1600:
1596:
1558:
1554:
1551:in southwest
1550:
1546:
1545:North America
1537:
1531:North America
1530:
1528:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1504:
1475:
1467:
1465:
1461:
1459:
1455:
1454:Ürümqi County
1451:
1445:
1415:
1413:
1407:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1384:
1353:
1324:
1319:
1315:
1275:
1237:
1231:
1226:
1221:
1217:
1211:
1173:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1148:
1109:
1107:
1103:
1089:
1077:
1065:
1060:
1058:
1056:
1052:
1047:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1032:
1027:
1023:
1018:
1016:
1009:
1004:
996:
994:
990:
961:
957:
953:
952:Pacific Ocean
949:
945:
939:
910:
905:
903:
898:
896:
892:
886:
857:
852:
850:
845:
843:
839:
835:
831:
830:Easter Island
828:(adjacent to
827:
823:
819:
815:
814:Pandora Islet
811:
804:
775:
766:
759:
757:
755:
754:
747:
745:
741:
735:
697:
692:
690:
689:
684:
680:
679:Progress Base
676:
672:
668:
664:
660:
659:Henry Cookson
655:
652:
646:
606:
568:
563:
561:
557:
551:
512:
503:
499:
494:
490:
486:
482:
478:
473:
469:
429:
389:
385:
347:
343:
339:
333:
293:
255:
250:
248:
244:
236:
231:
224:
222:
220:
219:
214:
210:
206:
202:
198:
192:
153:
151:
147:
143:
139:
135:
131:
127:
122:
120:
119:Dmitry Shparo
116:
112:
108:
104:
100:
97:
88:
81:
79:
76:
75:body of water
72:
68:
63:
59:
51:
47:
43:
39:
38:Great Britain
35:
30:
24:
16:
8573:
8572:
8560:Pole of Cold
8558:
8484:
8475:
8443:
8436:
8412:
8383:
8369:
8363:Borchgrevink
8355:
8342:
8327:
8307:
8292:
8261:
8242:
8235:
8219:
8205:
8196:
8179:
8172:
8153:
8141:
8117:
8103:
8096:
8084:
8070:
8056:
8042:
8035:
7996:
7988:
7974:
7967:
7965:
7947:
7939:
7932:
7919:
7910:
7872:
7864:
7855:
7848:
7836:
7829:
7815:
7803:Pourquoi-Pas
7802:
7794:
7786:
7778:
7773:Orcadas Base
7771:
7763:
7750:
7744:C. A. Larsen
7732:
7724:
7710:
7703:
7690:
7682:
7676:Borchgrevink
7669:
7661:
7618:
7610:
7585:C. A. Larsen
7578:
7559:
7550:
7532:
7514:
7505:
7492:
7477:
7468:
7455:
7416:
7402:
7395:
7376:
7361:
7271:
7264:
7247:
7240:
7226:
7211:
7197:
7184:
7159:
7145:
7143:
7129:
7127:
7121:
7119:
7085:
7078:
7059:
7025:
7023:
7009:
7007:
6989:
6979:
6977:
6957:
6955:
6936:
6812:
6770:
6753:
6721:
6685:
6683:
6663:
6662:
6642:
6641:
6627:
6614:
6599:
6585:
6576:
6563:
6534:
6522:Investigator
6521:
6512:
6488:
6475:
6467:
6458:
6445:
6416:
6393:
6378:
6363:
6333:
6318:
6288:
6207:
6187:
6158:
6154:Erik the Red
6136:
6114:
6107:
6064:submersibles
6061:
6055:Arktika 2007
6053:
6046:
6039:
6036:
6020:
6011:
6008:
5989:
5987:
5980:
5973:
5944:
5937:
5913:
5899:
5898:
5890:
5888:
5854:
5852:
5823:
5820:
5809:S. A. Andrée
5801:
5788:
5763:
5755:
5752:
5728:
5710:
5697:
5688:
5670:
5661:
5659:
5625:
5455:
5454:
5447:
5427:. Retrieved
5414:
5405:
5390:
5377:Country Life
5375:
5365:
5346:
5334:. Retrieved
5325:
5316:
5307:
5297:
5285:. Retrieved
5271:
5259:. Retrieved
5248:
5238:
5230:lukatela.com
5229:
5226:"Point Nemo"
5219:
5207:. Retrieved
5195:
5185:
5173:. Retrieved
5169:The Guardian
5168:
5144:. Retrieved
5115:lukatela.com
5114:
5087:. Retrieved
5081:
5053:. Retrieved
5049:the original
5039:
5027:. Retrieved
5023:the original
5019:ExplorersWeb
5018:
5009:
4997:. Retrieved
4986:
4962:. Retrieved
4958:the original
4948:
4936:. Retrieved
4932:the original
4927:
4918:
4906:. Retrieved
4902:the original
4897:
4888:
4876:. Retrieved
4872:the original
4868:ThePoles.com
4867:
4858:
4846:. Retrieved
4842:the original
4838:ThePoles.com
4837:
4828:
4804:(e40): 1–6.
4801:
4798:Polar Record
4797:
4753:
4749:
4652:. Retrieved
4629:
4617:. Retrieved
4603:
4591:. Retrieved
4587:the original
4559:24 September
4557:. Retrieved
4552:
4543:
4518:
4514:
4508:
4496:. Retrieved
4487:
4477:
4465:. Retrieved
4447:
4422:
4419:Polar Record
4418:
4391:. Retrieved
4365:
4354:
4342:. Retrieved
4335:the original
4314:
4310:
4206:
4196:
4187:
4178:
3211:76.50; -41.0
3055:52.65; -1.56
2899:44.29; 82.19
2743:45.28; 88.14
2596:not claimed
2353:Arctic Pole
2301:Arctic Pole
2296:Rees (2014)
2249:Arctic Pole
2244:Rees (2021)
2192:Rees (2021)
1798:
1789:
1769:
1757:
1746:
1743:
1679:
1606:
1553:South Dakota
1542:
1471:
1462:
1416:
1396:
1393:K̂as K̂îr Su
1392:
1380:45.28; 88.14
1349:44.29; 82.19
1320:
1233:
1110:
1099:
1048:
1029:
1026:Captain Nemo
1019:
1000:
956:Line Islands
906:
899:
853:
846:
838:Siple Island
834:Maher Island
818:Ducie Island
773:
771:
751:
748:
693:
686:
656:
564:
474:
390:
251:
240:
216:
154:
138:Polar Record
137:
123:
114:
96:Arctic Ocean
93:
61:
55:
15:
8263:Lake Vostok
8213:Tryoshnikov
8135:Schlossbach
8026:Christensen
7968:James Caird
7889:E. R. Evans
7655:Dobrowolski
7625:de Gerlache
7327:Expeditions
7213:Aviaarktika
7167:Samoylovich
7038:Kolomeitsev
6932:Middendorff
6892:Gedenshtrom
6312:I. Fyodorov
6074:Chilingarov
5962:E. Fyodorov
5569:Expeditions
5429:10 November
5336:10 November
5261:10 November
5055:10 November
5029:10 November
4999:10 November
4938:10 November
4908:10 November
4878:10 November
4848:10 November
4654:10 November
4619:10 November
4593:10 November
4498:10 November
4467:10 November
4344:10 November
4156:1,476.4901
4145: /
4104:1,467.2206
4093: /
4052:1,511.6636
4041: /
4000:1,490.5321
3989: /
3951:GSHHS 1996
3937: /
3896:2,704.7991
3885: /
3873:123°26′04″W
3844:2,701.1721
3833: /
3821:123°23′31″W
3795:GSHHS 1996
3781: /
3740:1,643.7562
3729: /
3717:102°00′36″W
3688:1,639.6549
3677: /
3665:102°00′40″W
3639:GSHHS 1996
3625: /
3573: /
3549:Madagascar
3521: /
3497:Madagascar
3483:GSHHS 1996
3469: /
3445:Madagascar
3428:1,943.3848
3417: /
3405:100°03′17″E
3376:1,940.8913
3365: /
3313: /
3261: /
3223:GSHHS 1996
3209: /
3157: /
3105: /
3067:GSHHS 1996
3053: /
3012:2,505.2134
3001: /
2960:2,509.9685
2949: /
2911:GSHHS 1996
2897: /
2856:2,509.9536
2845: /
2804:2,513.9415
2793: /
2755:GSHHS 1996
2741: /
2689: /
2677:132°10′22″E
2637: /
2625:132°16′33″E
2605:Planar map
2585: /
2547:GSHHS 1996
2533: /
2492:2,033.5187
2481: /
2440:2,033.8849
2429: /
2388:1,007.6777
2377: /
2365:176°08′32″E
2336:1,008.9112
2325: /
2313:176°14′19″E
2287:GSHHG 2014
2273: /
2261:176°08′56″E
2221: /
2197:Antarctica
2169: /
2145:Antarctica
2128:1,273.2928
2117: /
2105:103°38′02″E
2093:Antarctica
2076:1,136.2129
2065: /
2053:105°23′08″E
2041:Antarctica
2013: /
1989:Antarctica
1972:1,815.4150
1961: /
1920:1,814.5158
1909: /
1871:GSHHS 1996
1859:5.65; 26.17
1857: /
1822:Projection
1816:coast (km)
1707: /
1657:Mato Grosso
1634: /
1582: /
1521:South Sudan
1500:5.65; 26.17
1498: /
1439: /
1404: [
1378: /
1347: /
1301: /
1261: /
1197: /
1134: /
1104:, near the
1022:Jules Verne
1006: [
984: /
944:New Zealand
933: /
921:177°22′45″E
880: /
798: /
721: /
671:kite skiing
667:man hauling
663:Paul Landry
632: /
592: /
537: /
455: /
415: /
371: /
319: /
279: /
205:Arctic Cape
178: /
150:Ice Warrior
126:Jim McNeill
8625:Categories
8486:Terra Nova
8391:Shackleton
8334:J. C. Ross
8293:Resolution
8283:South Pole
8058:New Swabia
7982:Mackintosh
7954:Shackleton
7873:Terra Nova
7866:Terra Nova
7600:Heroic Age
7560:Challenger
7520:J. C. Ross
7430:Bransfield
7362:Resolution
7277:icebreaker
7241:Chelyuskin
6982:expedition
6960:Expedition
6902:Matyushkin
6860:Kh. Laptev
6855:Chelyuskin
6749:Heemskerck
6739:Chancellor
6734:Willoughby
6729:Koch boats
6672:Stefansson
6606:McClintock
6570:Inglefield
6412:J. C. Ross
6319:Resolution
6171:Cunningham
6069:Sagalevich
5758:expedition
5717:Stephenson
5677:C. F. Hall
5664:expedition
5638:J. C. Ross
5601:Heemskerck
5588:North Pole
5287:3 February
4521:(16): 16.
4388:1023774535
4253:References
4133:65°32′55″W
4081:59°12′45″W
4078:10°44′03″S
4029:63°11′19″W
3977:56°59′32″W
3974:14°23′25″S
3870:49°01′38″S
3818:49°00′11″S
3714:43°26′13″N
3662:43°22′35″N
3561:46°42′01″E
3558:18°15′52″S
3509:46°39′59″E
3506:18°20′18″S
3402:47°44′05″S
3353:99°58′04″E
3350:47°37′55″S
3301:40°23′25″W
3298:76°01′50″N
3289:Greenland
3249:40°25′26″W
3246:75°57′58″N
3237:Greenland
3185:Greenland
3142:52°39′19″N
3090:52°00′51″N
2989:83°58′10″E
2986:44°40′26″N
2977:Eurasia 2
2937:82°06′52″E
2934:44°19′06″N
2925:Eurasia 2
2873:Eurasia 2
2833:88°19′02″E
2830:45°26′37″N
2821:Eurasia 1
2781:88°14′54″E
2778:45°20′29″N
2769:Eurasia 1
2717:Eurasia 1
2674:23°11′41″S
2665:Australia
2622:23°10′24″S
2613:Australia
2561:Australia
2509:Australia
2469:43°22′22″W
2466:24°11′32″N
2417:43°22′13″W
2414:24°11′06″N
2362:85°48′05″N
2310:85°47′28″N
2258:85°48′07″N
2209:53°43′12″E
2206:83°36′36″S
2157:64°53′24″E
2154:83°54′14″S
2102:78°15′48″S
2050:77°23′47″S
1949:26°07′46″E
1897:26°09′12″E
1828:Reference
1713: (
1653:Arenápolis
1640: (
1588: (
1427:87°19′52″E
1424:43°40′52″N
1397:K̂îzîlk̂um
1356:and EPIA2
1323:Gulf of Ob
1307: (
1267: (
1203: (
1140: (
1106:Kazakhstan
918:47°24′42″S
895:Kazakhstan
786:123°23.6′W
774:Point Nemo
744:South Pole
727: (
638: (
619:65°43′30″E
616:83°50′37″S
598: (
576:82°53′14″S
543: (
461: (
442:53°43′12″E
439:83°36′36″S
421: (
402:64°53′24″E
399:83°54′14″S
377: (
338:South Pole
325: (
285: (
184: (
40:, and the
34:landmasses
8585:Tolstikov
8371:Discovery
8341:HMS
8326:HMS
8308:Adventure
8306:HMS
8291:HMS
8227:Tolstikov
7948:Endurance
7733:Antarctic
7718:Drygalski
7691:Discovery
7684:Discovery
7645:Arctowski
7558:HMS
7531:HMS
7525:Abernethy
7513:HMS
7491:USS
7478:Vincennes
7476:USS
7456:Astrolabe
7396:San Telmo
7377:Adventure
7375:HMS
7360:HMS
7355:Kerguelen
7317:Continent
7302:Antarctic
7179:Urvantsev
7137:Vilkitsky
6990:Jeannette
6988:USS
6980:Jeannette
6944:Weyprecht
6922:Pakhtusov
6872:Chichagov
6865:D. Laptev
6808:Permyakov
6783:Stadukhin
6778:Perfilyev
6755:Mangazeya
6693:H. Larsen
6658:Rasmussen
6613:HMS
6584:USS
6533:HMS
6520:HMS
6484:Collinson
6474:HMS
6466:HMS
6444:HMS
6392:HMS
6377:HMS
6362:HMS
6347:Mackenzie
6334:Discovery
6332:HMS
6317:HMS
6289:Discovery
6268:Frobisher
6231:Rasmussen
6144:Gunnbjörn
6090:Greenland
6019:USS
6010:USS
5882:Ellsworth
5824:Roosevelt
5754:Nansen's
5711:Discovery
5709:HMS
5696:HMS
5643:Abernethy
5611:Marmaduke
5415:ga.gov.au
5204:0973-2667
5089:1 January
4964:16 August
4820:239011407
4770:134622203
4439:140637055
4425:: 86–91.
4393:19 August
4217:Antipodes
4130:5°03′13″S
4026:6°19′29″S
3584:264.0657
3532:259.5957
3431:GSHHG L1
3324:474.2257
3272:471.9905
3168:108.0925
3145:1°33′51″W
3116:114.4462
3093:0°57′50″W
2700:921.9290
2648:925.4459
2232:1,179.40
2180:1,590.36
1946:5°39′32″N
1894:5°38′29″N
1811:Location
1682:Australia
1668:Australia
1205:Hoxtolgay
1169:Hoxtolgay
1163:, in the
1155:, in the
889:, in the
868:56°36.4′E
865:48°52.6′N
783:48°52.6′S
683:Cape Town
579:55°4′30″E
498:‹See Tfd›
342:elevation
243:Antarctic
211:, and on
67:coastline
58:geography
8597:A. Fuchs
8554:V. Fuchs
8534:McKinley
8497:E. Evans
8456:Bjaaland
8451:Amundsen
8401:Marshall
8314:Furneaux
8166:V. Fuchs
8130:E. Ronne
8125:F. Ronne
8064:Ritscher
7918:SY
7906:Filchner
7850:Framheim
7844:Amundsen
7650:Racoviță
7635:Amundsen
7630:Lecointe
7499:Ringgold
7493:Porpoise
7383:Furneaux
7219:Shevelev
7174:Begichev
7153:Amundsen
7115:Nagórski
7093:Brusilov
7087:Sv. Anna
7001:Melville
6971:Palander
6927:Tsivolko
6887:Sannikov
6882:Billings
6825:Chirikov
6744:Barentsz
6686:St. Roch
6677:Bartlett
6651:Amundsen
6635:Sverdrup
6535:Resolute
6424:Franklin
6352:Kotzebue
6219:Sverdrup
6202:Scoresby
6176:Lindenov
6027:Plaisted
6012:Nautilus
5957:Shirshov
5931:Belyakov
5926:Baydukov
5900:Nautilus
5862:Amundsen
5822:SS
5781:Sverdrup
5776:Johansen
5746:Brainard
5741:Lockwood
5596:Barentsz
5423:Archived
5382:Archived
5357:Archived
5330:Archived
5281:BBC News
5255:Archived
4993:Archived
4988:BBC News
4898:Barrabes
4648:Archived
4613:Archived
4535:24283006
4492:Archived
4461:Archived
4380:70136800
4362:(1971).
4331:55876083
4211:See also
3769:123°27′W
3613:101°58′W
2599:SF53-13
2573:132°10′E
2521:132°16′E
1819:Dataset
1758:Next, a
1694:132°16′E
1569:101°58′W
1523:and the
1517:tripoint
1216:Township
972:158°45′W
856:antipode
826:Motu Nui
340:, at an
235:Team N2i
107:aircraft
99:pack ice
71:landmass
46:isolines
8602:Messner
8549:Hillary
8529:Balchen
8477:Polheim
8471:Wisting
8349:Crozier
8321:Weddell
8299:J. Cook
8269:Kapitsa
8250:Fiennes
8192:Klenova
8161:Hillary
8111:Ketchum
8037:BANZARE
8012:·
7857:Polheim
7823:Shirase
7809:Charcot
7619:Belgica
7538:Crozier
7450:Morrell
7445:Weddell
7423:Lazarev
7368:J. Cook
7322:History
7272:Arktika
7248:Krassin
7233:Voronin
7205:Schmidt
7191:Ushakov
7130:Vaygach
7098:Albanov
7067:Rusanov
7048:Kolchak
7043:Matisen
7017:Makarov
6996:De Long
6897:Wrangel
6877:Lyakhov
6830:Malygin
6788:Dezhnev
6615:Pandora
6586:Advance
6553:Kennedy
6548:Belcher
6541:Kellett
6528:McClure
6452:Beechey
6446:Blossom
6439:Simpson
6407:Crozier
6400:Hoppner
6357:J. Ross
6325:J. Cook
6273:Gilbert
6166:J. Hall
6132:Ingólfr
6122:Naddodd
6116:Vikings
6103:Brendan
6098:Pytheas
6086:Iceland
6040:Arktika
6032:Herbert
5997:Badygin
5967:Krenkel
5952:Papanin
5921:Chkalov
5907:Wilkins
5872:Wisting
5816:F. Cook
5722:Markham
5682:Bessels
5671:Polaris
5662:Polaris
5633:J. Ross
5616:Carolus
5564:History
5209:18 July
5175:24 July
5146:24 July
4372:177–178
3954:Sphere
3925:56°51′W
3922:14°03′S
3798:Sphere
3766:48°53′S
3642:Sphere
3610:43°28′N
3486:Sphere
3457:46°40′E
3454:18°20′S
3226:Sphere
3197:41°00′W
3194:76°30′N
3070:Sphere
3038:52°39′N
2914:Sphere
2885:82°11′E
2882:44°17′N
2758:Sphere
2729:88°08′E
2726:45°17′N
2550:Sphere
2518:23°10′S
2001:54°58′E
1998:82°06′S
1937:Africa
1885:Africa
1874:Sphere
1845:26°10′E
1833:Africa
1825:Method
1730:Papunya
1691:23°10′S
1651:, near
1621:56°51′W
1618:14°03′S
1566:43°22′N
1511:in the
1486:26°10′E
1366:88°08′E
1363:45°17′N
1335:82°11′E
1332:44°17′N
1288:86°50′E
1285:46°15′N
1248:86°22′E
1245:46°20′N
1220:Chinese
1184:85°58′E
1181:46°34′N
1121:86°40′E
1118:46°17′N
1066:Eurasia
997:History
816:of the
708:54°58′E
685:on the
524:54°58′E
502:Russian
358:65°47′E
355:85°50′S
306:54°58′E
266:54°58′E
199:in the
165:176°9′W
162:85°48′N
8512:Bowers
8507:Wilson
8466:Hassel
8461:Helmer
8430:Mackay
8420:Mawson
8385:Nimrod
8343:Terror
8328:Erebus
8255:Burton
8050:Rymill
7926:Mawson
7920:Aurora
7899:Lashly
7884:Wilson
7787:Nimrod
7764:Scotia
7571:Murray
7546:Cooper
7533:Terror
7515:Erebus
7484:Wilkes
7435:Palmer
7403:Vostok
7350:Bouvet
7274:-class
7254:Gakkel
7122:Taymyr
7103:Konrad
7072:Kuchin
7010:Yermak
6917:Lavrov
6835:Ovtsyn
6820:Bering
6798:Ivanov
6761:Hudson
6723:Pomors
6700:Cowper
6665:Karluk
6564:Isabel
6558:Bellot
6508:Austin
6476:Terror
6468:Erebus
6364:Griper
6340:Clerke
6300:Baffin
6283:Hudson
6214:Nansen
6127:Garðar
6048:Barneo
5915:ANT-25
5891:Italia
5867:Nobile
5836:Henson
5795:Amedeo
5771:Nansen
5736:Greely
5606:Hudson
5544:Arctic
5202:
4818:
4768:
4533:
4437:
4386:
4378:
4329:
4162:WGS84
4110:WGS84
4058:WGS84
4006:WGS84
3948:1,517
3902:WGS84
3850:WGS84
3792:2,690
3746:WGS84
3694:WGS84
3636:1,639
3590:WGS84
3538:WGS84
3434:WGS84
3382:WGS84
3330:WGS84
3278:WGS84
3174:WGS84
3122:WGS84
3041:1°34′W
3018:WGS84
2966:WGS84
2908:2,510
2862:WGS84
2810:WGS84
2752:2,514
2706:WGS84
2654:WGS84
2570:23°2′S
2498:WGS84
2446:WGS84
2394:WGS84
2342:WGS84
2290:WGS84
2284:1,008
2238:WGS84
2186:WGS84
2134:WGS84
2082:WGS84
2024:1,301
1978:WGS84
1926:WGS84
1868:1,814
1842:5°39′N
1483:5°39′N
1474:Africa
1468:Africa
1450:Ürümqi
1269:Xazgat
1232::
1230:pinyin
1222::
1153:Ürümqi
1044:R'lyeh
1017:data.
969:4°58′S
891:Aktobe
705:82°6′S
675:Vostok
560:Moscow
521:82°6′S
303:83°6′S
263:82°6′S
8592:Crary
8539:Dufek
8502:Oates
8492:Scott
8425:David
8406:Adams
8377:Barne
8198:Mirny
8187:Somov
7997:Quest
7894:Crean
7879:Scott
7758:Bruce
7712:Gauss
7705:Gauss
7579:Jason
7566:Nares
7440:Davis
7417:Mirny
7390:Smith
7345:Roché
7265:Lenin
7185:Sadko
7110:Wiese
7055:Sedov
7026:Zarya
6949:Payer
6912:Litke
6907:Anjou
6840:Minin
6803:Vagin
6793:Popov
6766:Poole
6621:Young
6434:Dease
6379:Hecla
6370:Parry
6295:Bylot
6278:Davis
6253:Cabot
6226:Peary
6208:Jason
6195:Egede
6109:Papar
6021:Skate
6002:Wiese
5982:NP-37
5975:NP-36
5855:Norge
5843:Sedov
5831:Peary
5789:Jason
5704:Nares
5698:Alert
5653:Hayes
5621:Parry
5559:Ocean
4816:S2CID
4766:S2CID
4435:S2CID
4338:(PDF)
4327:S2CID
4307:(PDF)
1808:Pole
1749:GSHHG
1557:Allen
1519:with
1408:]
1309:Suluk
1238:) at
1161:China
1102:China
1038:" by
1010:]
942:near
911:, at
514:) at
203:, at
8524:Byrd
8445:Fram
8396:Wild
8078:Marr
8044:BGLE
8031:Byrd
7959:Wild
7838:Fram
7640:Cook
7161:AARI
7146:Maud
7033:Toll
6958:Vega
6644:Gjøa
6629:Fram
6592:Kane
6429:Back
6394:Fury
6385:Lyon
6307:Munk
5946:NP-1
5848:Byrd
5765:Fram
5756:Fram
5648:Kane
5431:2016
5338:2016
5308:NASA
5289:2022
5263:2016
5211:2022
5200:ISSN
5177:2019
5148:2019
5091:2023
5057:2016
5031:2016
5001:2016
4966:2011
4940:2016
4910:2016
4880:2016
4850:2016
4656:2016
4621:2016
4595:2016
4561:2024
4531:PMID
4500:2016
4469:2010
4395:2024
4384:OCLC
4376:LCCN
4346:2016
3480:260
3220:469
3064:108
2544:928
1225:夏孜盖乡
1172:Town
854:The
669:and
483:for
146:NASA
132:and
60:, a
8221:3rd
8207:2nd
8181:1st
8014:IGY
8010:IPY
6600:Fox
6496:Rae
6062:Mir
6038:NS
5463:KML
5141:BBC
4806:doi
4758:doi
4523:doi
4519:309
4457:BBC
4427:doi
4319:doi
4315:123
1680:In
1607:In
1543:In
1509:Obo
1472:In
1174:at
1159:of
1024:'s
962:at
946:'s
207:on
56:In
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7126:/
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4802:57
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4752:.
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4260:^
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