Printing press - Knowledge (XXG)

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A woollen blanket or two with a few sheets of paper are placed between these, the whole thus forming a thin elastic pad, on which the sheet to be printed is laid. The frisket is a slender frame-work, covered with coarse paper, on which an impression is first taken; the whole of the printed part is then cut out, leaving apertures exactly corresponding with the pages of type on the carriage of the press. The frisket when folded on to the tympans, and both turned down over the forme of types and run in under the platten, preserves the sheet from contact with any thing but the inked surface of the types, when the pull, which brings down the screw and forces the platten to produce the impression, is made by the pressman who works the lever,—to whom is facetiously given the title of "the practitioner at the bar.".

666: 1118: 927: 1254: 1761: 1732: 121: 1705: 1693: 1369: 1475: 1567:, letterheads, business cards, and envelopes. Jobbing presses were capable of quick setup (average setup time for a small job was under 15 minutes) and quick production (even on treadle-powered jobbing presses it was considered normal to get 1,000 impressions per hour with one pressman, with speeds of 1,500 iph often attained on simple envelope work). Job printing emerged as a reasonably cost-effective duplicating solution for commerce at this time. 1242: 726: 2546:, pp. 7f.: "Despite all that has been said above, even the strongest supporters of papyrus would not deny that parchment of good quality is the finest writing material ever devised by man. It is immensely strong, remains flexible indefinitely under normal conditions, does not deteriorate with age, and possesses a smooth, even surface which is both pleasant to the eye and provides unlimited scope for the finest writing and illumination." 1720: 1066:, pads mounted on handles. The balls were made of dog skin leather, because it has no pores, and stuffed with sheep's wool and were inked. This ink was then applied to the text evenly. One damp piece of paper was then taken from a heap of paper and placed on the tympan. The paper was damp as this lets the type 'bite' into the paper better. Small pins hold the paper in place. The paper is now held between a 1552:, ultimately allowed millions of copies of a page in a single day. Mass production of printed works flourished after the transition to rolled paper, as continuous feed allowed the presses to run at a much faster pace. Hoe's original design operated at up to 2,000 revolutions per hour where each revolution deposited 4 page images, giving the press a throughput of 8,000 pages per hour. By 1891, The 1045: 801: 980: 2917:(not copies) as of 8 January 2008, which however includes some print items from the 16th century (retrieved 11 March 2010). According to Bettina Wagner: "Das Second-Life der Wiegendrucke. Die Inkunabelsammlung der Bayerischen Staatsbibliothek", in: Griebel, Rolf; Ceynowa, Klaus (eds.): "Information, Innovation, Inspiration. 450 Jahre Bayerische Staatsbibliothek", K G Saur, München 2008, 4358: 2534:, p. 419: "In the West, the only inhibiting expense in the production of writings for an increasingly literate market was the manual labor of the scribe himself. With his mechanization by movable-type printing in the 1440s, the manufacture of paper, until then relatively confined, began to spread very widely. The Paper Revolution of the thirteenth century thus entered a new era." 722:. At the same time, a number of medieval products and technological processes had reached a level of maturity which allowed their potential use for printing purposes. Gutenberg took up these far-flung strands, combined them into one complete and functioning system, and perfected the printing process through all its stages by adding a number of inventions and innovations of his own: 1033: 1086:

springiness of the paper, frisket, and tympan caused the bar to spring back and raise the platen, the windlass turned again to move the bed back to its original position, the tympan and frisket raised and opened, and the printed sheet removed. Such presses were always worked by hand. After around 1800, iron presses were developed, some of which could be operated by

38: 2446:, pp. 1, 38–67, 75: "The most momentous development in the history of the book until the invention of printing was the replacement of the roll by the codex; this we may define as a collection of sheets of any material, folded double and fastened together at the back or spine, and usually protected by covers." (p. 1) 1395:

became more meaningful and profitable. It was suddenly important who had said or written what, and what the precise formulation and time of composition was. This allowed the exact citing of references, producing the rule, "One Author, one work (title), one piece of information" (Giesecke, 1989; 325).

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this sketch represents a press in its completed form, with tympans attached to the end of the carriage, and with the frisket above the tympans. The tympans, inner and outer, are thin iron frames, one fitting into the other, on each of which is stretched a skin of parchment or a breadth of fine cloth.

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A second outgrowth of this popularization of knowledge was the decline of Latin as the language of most published works, to be replaced by the vernacular language of each area, increasing the variety of published works. The printed word also helped to unify and standardize the spelling and syntax of

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A printing press, in its classical form, is a standing mechanism, ranging from 5 to 7 feet (1.5 to 2.1 m) long, 3 feet (0.91 m) wide, and 7 feet (2.1 m) tall. The small individual metal letters known as type would be set up by a compositor into the desired lines of text. Several lines

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In Italy, a center of early printing, print shops had been established in 77 cities and towns by 1500. At the end of the following century, 151 locations in Italy had seen at one time printing activities, with a total of nearly three thousand printers known to be active. Despite this proliferation,

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in Italy. However, the various techniques employed (imprinting, punching and assembling individual letters) did not have the refinement and efficiency needed to become widely accepted. Tsuen-Hsuin and Needham, and Briggs and Burke suggest that the movable-type printing in China and Korea was rarely

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became common, though they previously had not been unknown. The process of reading also changed, gradually moving over several centuries from oral readings to silent, private reading. Over the next 200 years, the wider availability of printed materials led to a dramatic rise in the adult literacy

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occurred when the spread of the printing press facilitated the wide circulation of information and ideas, acting as an "agent of change" through the societies that it reached. Demand for bibles and other religious literature was one of the main drivers of the very rapid initial expansion of

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Two ideas altered the design of the printing press radically: First, the use of steam power for running the machinery, and second the replacement of the printing flatbed with the rotary motion of cylinders. Both elements were for the first time successfully implemented by the German printer

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mechanism. A small rotating handle called the 'rounce' is used to do this, and the impression is made with a screw that transmits pressure through the platen. To turn the screw the long handle attached to it is turned. This is known as the bar or 'Devil's Tail.' In a well-set-up press, the

1155:, which was critical for producing durable type that produced high-quality printed books and proved to be much better suited for printing than all other known materials. To create these lead types, Gutenberg used what is considered one of his most ingenious inventions, a special 1470:

which reduced the force required by 90%, while doubling the size of the printed area. With a capacity of 480 pages per hour, the Stanhope press doubled the output of the old style press. Nonetheless, the limitations inherent to the traditional method of printing became obvious.

518:), thereby transferring the ink. It marked a dramatic improvement on earlier printing methods in which the cloth, paper, or other medium was brushed or rubbed repeatedly to achieve the transfer of ink and accelerated the process. Typically used for texts, the invention and 946:, the first certain evidence of which dates to 1282, allowed for a massive expansion of production and replaced the laborious handcraft characteristic of both Chinese and Muslim papermaking. Papermaking centres began to multiply in the late 13th century in 1743: 1515:

in 1814, capable of 1,100 impressions per hour. The first edition so printed was on 28 November 1814. They went on to perfect the early model so that it could print on both sides of a sheet at once. This began the long process of making

966:. After much experimentation, Gutenberg managed to overcome the difficulties which traditional water-based inks caused by soaking the paper, and found the formula for an oil-based ink suitable for high-quality printing with metal type. 1423:

had been reprinted and widely promulgated throughout Europe (Eisenstein, 1969; 52). More people had access to knowledge both new and old, more people could discuss these works. Book production became more commercialised, and the first

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Gutenberg adopted the basic design, thereby mechanizing the printing process. Printing, however, put a demand on the machine quite different from pressing. Gutenberg adapted the construction so that the pressing power exerted by the

2422:, p. 208: "Gutenberg's invention took full advantage of the degree of abstraction in representing language forms that was offered by the alphabet and by the Western forms of script that were current in the fifteenth century." 1265:, Germany, printing had spread to no less than around 270 cities in Central, Western and Eastern Europe by the end of the 15th century. As early as 1480, there were printers active in 110 different places in Germany, Italy, 1462:, the mechanics of the hand-operated Gutenberg-style press were still essentially unchanged, although new materials in its construction, amongst other innovations, had gradually improved its printing efficiency. By 1800, 1308:

By 1500, the printing presses in operation throughout Western Europe had already produced more than twenty million copies. In the following century, their output rose tenfold to an estimated 150 to 200 million copies.

838:, and a book dating to 1193 recorded the first copper movable type. However this received limited use compared to woodblock printing. Nevertheless, the technology spread outside China, as the oldest printed book using 796:

on the paper was now applied both evenly and with the required sudden elasticity. To speed up the printing process, he introduced a movable undertable with a plane surface on which the sheets could be swiftly changed.

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in large quantities. His two inventions, the hand mould and the movable-type printing press, together drastically reduced the cost of printing books and other documents in Europe, particularly for shorter print runs.

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A third consequence of popularization of printing was on the economy. The printing press was associated with higher levels of city growth. The publication of trade-related manuals and books teaching techniques like

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At the same time, then, as the printing press in the physical, technological sense was invented, 'the press' in the extended sense of the word also entered the historical stage. The phenomenon of publishing was

1062:. Once the correct number of pages were composed, the galleys would be laid face up in a frame, also known as a forme, which itself is placed onto a flat stone, 'bed,' or 'coffin.' The text is inked using two 580:

had already produced more than 20 million volumes. In the 16th century, with presses spreading further afield, their output rose tenfold to an estimated 150 to 200 million copies. By the mid-17th century, the

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The outstanding difference between the two ends of the Old World was the absence of screw-presses from China, but this is only another manifestation of the fact that this basic mechanism was foreign to that

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Chinese paper was suitable only for calligraphy or block-printing; there were no screw-based presses in the east, because they were not wine-drinkers, didn't have olives, and used other means to dry their

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from 1568 shows the left printer removing a page from the press while the one at right inks the text-blocks. Such a duo could reach 14,000 hand movements per working day, printing ca. 3,600 pages in the

819:, the idea of creating a text by reusing individual characters, was known and had been cropping up since the 12th century and possibly before (the oldest known application dating back as far as the 957:

Despite this it appears that the final breakthrough of paper depended just as much on the rapid spread of movable-type printing. Codices of parchment, which in terms of quality is superior to any other

2458:, pp. 45–53. Technically speaking, a scroll could be written on its back side, too, but the very few ancient specimens found indicate that this was never considered a viable option. (p. 46) 3395:

Buringh, Eltjo; van Zanden, Jan Luiten (2009), "Charting the "Rise of the West": Manuscripts and Printed Books in Europe, A Long-Term Perspective from the Sixth through Eighteenth Centuries",

761:. The device was also used from very early on in urban contexts as a cloth press for printing patterns. Gutenberg may have also been inspired by the paper presses which had spread through the 745:

which allowed direct pressure to be applied on a flat plane was already of great antiquity in Gutenberg's time and was used for a wide range of tasks. Introduced in the 1st century AD by the

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these vernaculars, in effect 'decreasing' their variability. This rise in importance of national languages as opposed to pan-European Latin is cited as one of the causes of the rise of

604:, which permanently altered the structure of society. The relatively unrestricted circulation of information and (revolutionary) ideas transcended borders, captured the masses in the 1323:'s work, at least 750,000 copies were sold during his lifetime alone (1469–1536). In the early days of the Reformation, the revolutionary potential of bulk printing took princes and 1139:

Having previously worked as a professional goldsmith, Gutenberg made skillful use of the knowledge of metals he had learned as a craftsman. He was the first to make type from an

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and other religious literature. The operation of a press became synonymous with the enterprise of printing and lent its name to a new medium of expression and communication, "

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From old price tables it can be deduced that the capacity of a printing press around 1600, assuming a fifteen-hour workday, was between 3.200 and 3.600 impressions per day.

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500). The codex holds considerable practical advantages over the scroll format: it is more convenient to read (by turning pages), more compact, and less costly, and both

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increasingly made its impact on medieval modes of production, fostering economic thinking and improving the efficiency of traditional work processes. The sharp rise of

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The invention of mechanical movable type printing led to a huge increase of printing activities across Europe within only a few decades. From a single print shop in

576:, the movable-type printing press spread within several decades to over 200 cities in a dozen European countries. By 1500, printing presses in operation throughout 3919: 1136:

against Gutenberg that an official record existed; witnesses' testimony discussed Gutenberg's types, an inventory of metals (including lead), and his type molds.

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Needham, Joseph: "Science and Civilisation in China", Physics and Physical Technology (Vol. 4), Mechanical Engineering (Part 2), Cambridge University Press, 1965

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made in Paris would not be exactly identical to one made in Bologna. For many works prior to the printing press, the name of the author has been entirely lost.

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Lucas, Adam Robert (2005), "Industrial Milling in the Ancient and Medieval Worlds. A Survey of the Evidence for an Industrial Revolution in Medieval Europe",

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in Europe created favorable intellectual and technological conditions for Gutenberg's improved version of the printing press: the entrepreneurial spirit of

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which suited printing purposes so well that it is still used today. The mass production of metal letters was achieved by his key invention of a special

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through newspapers, pamphlets and bulletins. The advent of the printing press brought with it issues involving censorship and freedom of the press.

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laws were passed. On the other hand, the printing press was criticized for allowing the dissemination of information that may have been incorrect.

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and secured financial support for his project in 1807. Patented in 1810, Koenig had designed a steam press "much like a hand press connected to a

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Lipinsky, Angelo (1986), "La pala argentea del Patriarca Pellegrino nella Collegiata di Cividale e le sue iscrizioni con caratteri mobili",

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Boruchoff, David A. (2012), "The Three Greatest Inventions of Modern Times: An Idea and Its Public", in Klaus Hock; Gesa Mackenthun (eds.),

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who could easily communicate their discoveries through the establishment of widely disseminated scholarly journals, helping to bring on the

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alike by surprise. In the period from 1518 to 1524, the publication of books in Germany alone skyrocketed sevenfold; between 1518 and 1520,

3368: 3342: 911:. Considered the most important advance in the history of the book prior to printing itself, the codex had completely replaced the ancient 788:

era, the printing technique was adopted reproducing texts on paper strips by hand and supplying them in various copies to meet the demand.

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This method almost doubled the printing speed and produced more than 40 copies a day. Printing technology reached its peak at this point.

1128:'s work on the printing press began in approximately 1436 when he partnered with Andreas Dritzehn—a man who had previously instructed in 1710: 1612: 1463: 1232: 853: 519: 942:

A fourth development was the early success of medieval papermakers at mechanizing paper manufacture. The introduction of water-powered

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European printing presses of around 1600 were capable of producing between 1,500 and 3,600 impressions per workday. By comparison,

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The second necessary element was the concept of the printing press itself, an idea that had never been conceived in the Far East.

1498:." The first production trial of this model occurred in April 1811. He produced his machine with assistance from German engineer 1924: 1891: 3397: 1236: 997: 3009: 3779:

Gerhardt, Claus W. (1971), "Warum wurde die Gutenberg-Presse erst nach über 350 Jahren durch ein besseres System abgelöst?",

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printing. Much later, printed literature played a major role in rallying support, and opposition, during the lead-up to the

1186:, Gutenberg made a trial of colour printing for a few of the page headings, present only in some copies. A later work, the 3896: 1719: 900:, it allowed the type-setter to represent any text with a theoretical minimum of only around two dozen different letters. 701: 43: 2906: 2742: 4702: 1935: 1416: 1334:

The rapidity of typographical text production, as well as the sharp fall in unit costs, led to the issuing of the first

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printing, where the back of the paper was manually rubbed to the page, did not exceed an output of forty pages per day.

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This article is about the historical device created by Johannes Gutenberg. For the modern technology of printing, see

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and Philadelphia Item were operating presses producing either 90,000 4-page sheets per hour or 48,000 8-page sheets.

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is estimated to have contained around 290 separate letter boxes, most of which were required for special characters,

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European book output rose from a few million to around one billion copies within a span of less than four centuries.

4712: 4126:, Science and Civilisation in China, Chemistry and Chemical Technology (Vol. 5, Part 1), Cambridge University Press 3032: 2390: 692:

led to an increased demand for books which the time-consuming hand-copying method fell far short of accommodating.

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In East Asia, both woodblock and movable type printing were manual reproduction techniques, that is hand printing.

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increased the reliability of trade and led to the decline of merchant guilds and the rise of individual traders.

432: 3337:. Boston: Northeastern University Press (Originally published: Worcester, Mass.: American Antiquarian Society). 1815: 1750: 1441: 387: 3094:

I Live in the Future & Here's How It Works: Why Your World, Work, and Brain Are Being Creatively Disrupted

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available to a mass audience (which in turn helped spread literacy), and from the 1820s changed the nature of

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which was more durable than the previously used water-based inks. As printing material he used both paper and

3033:"Copyright Timeline: A History of Copyright in the United States | Association of Research Libraries® | ARL®" 4411: 3425: 2673: 1805: 1499: 1490:

in a series of press designs devised between 1802 and 1818. Having moved to London in 1804, Koenig soon met

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These are folded down, so that the paper lies on the surface of the inked type. The bed is rolled under the

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Die Prüfeninger Weihinschrift von 1119. Eine paläographisch-typographische Untersuchung (brief summary)

3613:(1995), "Eine weitere Spur einer typographischen Werkstatt beim Kloster Prüfening im 12. Jahrhundert", 2591:

RIND Survey (The Press Institute of India- Research Institute for Newspaper Development) June 2015, p14

2365:. Science and Civilisation in China. Vol. 5 part 1. Cambridge University Press. pp. 158, 201. 1905: 1403:

Because the printing process ensured that the same information fell on the same pages, page numbering,

3845:(1980), "Europe, the Middle East and the Shift in Power: Reflections on a Theme by Marshall Hodgson", 3277:

The International Cyclopædia A Compendium of Human Knowledge, Revised with Large Additions · Volume 12

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are surviving pre-16th century print works which are collected by many of the libraries in Europe and

4583: 4406: 4328: 4255: 4239: 4216: 4095: 4019: 1529: 1525: 1363: 1164: 1112: 297: 737:, used in Europe for a wide range of uses, provided Gutenberg with the model for his printing press. 120: 4588: 4401: 4250: 1453: 1216: 1207: 1094: 705: 685: 669: 660: 645: 632:. In the 19th century, the replacement of the hand-operated Gutenberg-style press by steam-powered 541: 337: 112: 1368: 815:

The concept of movable type existed prior to 15th century Europe; sporadic evidence that the

4542: 4396: 4391: 4162: 4111: 4077: 3968: 3929: 3862: 3792: 3781: 3634: 3615: 3601: 3590: 3414: 3149: 2989: 2805: 2797: 1850: 1825: 1597: 1408: 1340: 1125: 769: 754: 715: 601: 533: 137: 78: 47: 2153: 1474: 616:. Across Europe, the increasing cultural self-awareness of its peoples led to the rise of proto- 4687: 4297: 4062: 4036: 4002: 3984: 3913: 3900: 3878: 3832: 3815: 3737: 3694: 3676: 3654: 3610: 3562: 3526: 3505: 3493: 3480: 3472: 3455: 3437: 3382: 3364: 3338: 3236: 3180: 3098: 3064: 2918: 2621: 2354: 2246: 2242: 2157: 2096: 2045: 1404: 1220: 1212: 1195: 1168: 1156: 889: 762: 746: 612:

broke the monopoly of the literate elite on education and learning and bolstered the emerging

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movable-type printing press could produce up to 3,600 pages per workday, compared to forty by

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Hellinga, Lotte (2007), "The Gutenberg Revolutions", in Eliot, Simon; Rose, Jonathan (eds.),

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The Life Millennium : the 100 most important events & people of the past 1000 years

1845: 1627: 1487: 1478: 1344:) which opened up an entirely new field for conveying up-to-date information to the public. 1190:

of 1453, presumably designed by Gutenberg but published under the imprint of his successors

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Meggs, Philip B. A History of Graphic Design. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 1998. (pp 58–69)

1297:. From that time on, it is assumed that "the printed book was in universal use in Europe". 1241: 4625: 4566: 4459: 4386: 4050: 3228: 2910: 2738: 1939: 1928: 1895: 1865: 1840: 1560: 1183: 920: 808: 750: 377: 317: 267: 207: 3256: 1946:

describes his invention as having made a practically unparalleled cultural impact in the

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as two separate work steps. A goldsmith by profession, he created his type pieces from a

776:, embracing the Chinese craft of paper making, developed it and adopted it widely in the 608:, and threatened the power of political and religious authorities. The sharp increase in 4099: 3927:

Lehmann-Haupt, Hellmut (1940), "Englische Holzstempelalphabete des XIII. Jahrhunderts",

3540: 3010:"Howard Rheingold, "Moblogs Seen as a Crystal Ball for a New Era in Online Journalism", 1575:

The table lists the maximum number of pages which the various press designs could print

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The Gutenberg Revolution: The Story of a Genius and an Invention that Changed the World

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enabling the quick and precise molding of new type blocks from a uniform template. His

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Another factor conducive to printing arose from the book existing in the format of the

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magazine picked Gutenberg's invention as the most important of the second millennium

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Weber, Johannes (2006), "Strassburg, 1605: The Origins of the Newspaper in Europe",

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printing centres soon emerged; thus, one third of the Italian printers published in

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American colonial printing as determined by contemporary cultural forces, 1639–1763

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Gerhardt, Claus W. (1978), "Besitzt Gutenbergs Erfindung heute noch einen Wert?",

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Comunidades Imaginadas. Reflexiones sobre el origen y la difusión del nacionalismo

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Comunidades Imaginadas. Reflexiones sobre el origen y la difusión del nacionalismo

1044: 800: 3350: 3275: 3058: 4666: 4661: 4656: 4366: 4292: 2336:, p. 213. Lipinsky surmises that this typographical technique was known in 1860: 1820: 1433: 1313: 1282: 1274: 1191: 1087: 979: 869: 765:

since the late 14th century and which worked on the same mechanical principles.

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Literaturbericht zur mittelalterlichen und neuzeitlichen Epigraphik (1985–1991)

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Gutenberg. Aventur und Kunst: Vom Geheimunternehmen zur ersten Medienrevolution

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The ratio between paper and parchment copies is estimated at around 150 to 30 (

1132:—and Andreas Heilmann, owner of a paper mill. However, it was not until a 1439 1058:

of text would be arranged at once and were placed in a wooden frame known as a

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and then falling further; papermaking centers reached Germany a century later.

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Onken, Björn (2009), "Presses", in Cancik, Hubert; Schneider, Helmuth (eds.),

3858: 3410: 3127:"Information technology and economic change: The impact of the printing press" 2903: 2734: 1922:

1,000 Years, 1,000 People: Ranking The Men and Women Who Shaped The Millennium

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Also, in the middle of the 19th century, there was a separate development of

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is still one of the world's largest manufacturers of printing presses today.

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Technologies preceding the press that led to the press's invention included:

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Widmann, Hans (1974), "Der koreanische Buchdruck und Gutenbergs Erfindung",

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Bolza, Hans (1967), "Friedrich Koenig und die Erfindung der Druckmaschine",

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The printing press was also a factor in the establishment of a community of

1347: 1335: 1160: 1032: 951: 839: 590: 530: 422: 197: 4202: 3964: 3150:"How the Postal System and the Printing Press Transformed European Markets" 1419:. Within 50 or 60 years of the invention of the printing press, the entire 3673:

Europäische Technik im Mittelalter. 800 bis 1400. Tradition und Innovation

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proved to be an enormous advantage in the process because, in contrast to

780:, which led to a major increase in the production of manuscript texts. In 753:

for wine and olives for oil, both of which formed an integral part of the

37: 4537: 3831:, Houghton Mifflin Co. 1935 (in USA), reprinted Dover Publications, 1963 1790: 1564: 1420: 1152: 1129: 1082: 1063: 897: 873: 831: 609: 507: 217: 68: 20: 3715: 2780:

Pollak, Michael (1972). "The performance of the wooden printing press".

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Paper Before Print: The History and Impact of Paper in the Islamic World

4508: 4436: 4416: 4208: 3648: 3629: 2801: 1320: 1290: 1286: 1278: 1133: 1067: 1049: 1004: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 785: 526: 182: 58: 4513: 4503: 4205:− a film from the Prelinger Archives explaining the printing industry 2341: 1512: 1392: 1324: 1302: 1294: 1266: 1179: 1078: 1071: 912: 849: 793: 557: 4027:

Encyclopædia Britannica 2006: "Printing". Retrieved 27 November 2006

2793: 1910:. Life Books, Time Inc.; Distributed by Bulfinch Press. p. 166 4323: 4075:

Schulte, Alfred (1939), "Papierpresse, Druckerpresse und Kelter",

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Der kunstreiche Johannes Gutenberg und die Frühzeit der Druckkunst

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Entangled Knowledge: Scientific Discourses and Cultural Difference

1920:; the same did four prominent US journalists in their 1998 resume 1524:

production, forcing a greater standardization in titles and other

1473: 1367: 1270: 1262: 1252: 1246: 1240: 1140: 1116: 1043: 1031: 947: 931: 925: 904: 881: 844: 799: 781: 724: 664: 625: 586: 573: 515: 511: 3667:

Burns, Robert I. (1996), "Paper comes to the West, 800–1400", in

1174:

Gutenberg is also credited with the introduction of an oil-based

522:

was one of the most influential events in the second millennium.

1563:, small presses capable of printing small-format pieces such as 1521: 1144: 923:

sides could be used for writing or printing, unlike the scroll.

877: 772:, Arab Muslims were printing texts, including passages from the 596:

The spread of mechanical movable type printing in Europe in the

4212: 4086:

Thompson, Susan (1978), "Paper Manufacturing and Early Books",

3653:, Regensburg: Scriptorium Verlag für Kultur und Wissenschaft, 3542:

Prelude To Independence The Newspaper War On Britain 1764 1776

2966:"Google's Total Library: Putting The World's Books On The Web" 1175: 1148: 973: 962:, still had a substantial share in Gutenberg's edition of the 503: 3675:(4th ed.), Berlin: Gebr. Mann Verlag, pp. 413–422, 2377:

A Social History of the Media: From Gutenberg to the Internet

2005: 2003: 1889:

Gutenberg no. 1 on their "People of the Millennium" countdown

1375:, commemorating Gutenberg's invention on the occasion of the 4199:

and the Gutenberg Bible (1455) (archived 28 September 2007)

3801:

Hanebutt-Benz, Eva-Maria (2000), "Gutenbergs Erfindungen",

3630:"Das typographische Prinzip. Versuch einer Begriffsklärung" 3235:(Third ed.). John Wiley & Sons, Inc. p. 147. 749:, it was commonly employed in agricultural production for 2040:. London: New Left Books. Quoted in: Anderson, Benedict. 3477:

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3257:"Richard March Hoe | American inventor and manufacturer" 2038:

The Coming of the Book: The Impact of Printing 1450–1800

4059:

The Cambridge Economic History of the Greco-Roman World

3588:

Borsa, Gedeon (1976), "Druckorte in Italien vor 1601",

2950:

Peck, Josh. "The State of Publishing: Literacy Rates."

1396:

Before, the author was less important, since a copy of

3772:

L'aventure du livre: Du manuscrit medieval a nos jours

1331:'s tracts were distributed in 300,000 printed copies. 564:

made possible the precise and rapid creation of metal

3599:

Borsa, Gedeon (1977), "Drucker in Italien vor 1601",

1415:

The printing press was an important step towards the

676:

The rapid economic and socio-cultural development of

3734:

The Printing Press. Transforming Power of Technology

2152:(1st ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 1093:

The function of the printing press was described by

4618: 4551: 4525: 4496: 4487: 4445: 4374: 4365: 4311: 4273: 4264: 3899:: Hilfsmittel, vol. 14, München, p. 213, 3523:

The Gutenberg Galaxy: The Making of Typographic Man

2605:. Ceylon: Government Printer, Colombo. p. 122. 1505:Koenig and Bauer sold two of their first models to 868:Gutenberg greatly improved the process by treating 502:is a mechanical device for applying pressure to an 451: 441: 431: 421: 406: 396: 386: 376: 366: 356: 346: 336: 326: 316: 306: 296: 286: 276: 266: 256: 246: 236: 226: 216: 206: 196: 181: 166: 156: 146: 136: 84: 74: 64: 54: 30: 3497: 3454:(2nd, rev. ed.), Cambridge University Press, 3429: 2145: 583:first printing presses arrived in colonial America 3211: 3209: 3207: 3194: 3192: 3179:. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 1998. (pp 130–133) 2721: 1985: 1983: 1981: 1979: 4061:, Cambridge University Press, pp. 144–171, 3331:Bailyn, Bernard; Hench, John B., eds. (1981) . 3171: 3169: 3167: 2853: 2846: 2833: 2823: 2340:from the 10th to the 12th century and that the 2077: 2010: 1993: 1198:, had elaborate red and blue printed initials. 1099: 3452:The Printing Revolution in Early Modern Europe 2954:. McSweeney, 5 July 2011. Web. 28 August 2014. 1074:(two frames covered with paper or parchment). 950:, reducing the price of paper to one-sixth of 4224: 3875:Johannes Gutenberg. The Man and his Invention 3720:(6th ed.). The Houghton Mifflin Company/ 3525:(1st ed.), University of Toronto Press, 2616: 2614: 2612: 2556: 2321: 2241:. New Haven: Yale University Press. pp. 1766:A Miehle flat-bed cylinder press in operation 479: 8: 4049:Schneider, Helmuth (2007), "Technology", in 2994:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 2964:SPIEGEL, Malte Herwig, DER (28 March 2007). 2929:lists 28,107 editions published before 1501. 2543: 2527: 2455: 2443: 2431: 2294:sfn error: no target: CITEREFWilkinson2012 ( 2128: 2044:. Fondo de cultura económica, Mexico, 1993. 1967: 1245:Spread of printing in the 15th century from 651:Economic conditions and intellectual climate 620:and accelerated the development of European 3693:, Minneapolis: Twenty-First Century Books, 2148:The Cambridge Illustrated History of France 2095:, Fondo de cultura económica, Mexico 1993, 2036:Febvre, Lucien; Martin, Henri-Jean (1976). 1227:Mass production and spread of printed books 1036:Printing press, engraving by W Lowry after 4493: 4371: 4270: 4231: 4217: 4209: 4175:(1st ed.), Frankfurt/Main: Interprint 4088:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 3918:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 3847:Comparative Studies in Society and History 3814:, Blackwell Publishing, pp. 207–220, 3736:, Philadelphia: Chelsea House Publishers, 3063:. Cambridge University Press. p. 20. 3057:Julia C. Crick; Alexandra Walsham (2004). 2938: 2852:Encyclopædia Britannica 2006: "Printing": 2124: 1963: 486: 472: 119: 103: 36: 3750:Duchesne, Ricardo (2006), "Asia First?", 3691:Johannes Gutenberg and the Printing Press 3097:. Random House Digital, Inc. p. 53. 2568: 2415: 2403: 2289: 2208: 2196: 1020:Learn how and when to remove this message 636:allowed printing on an industrial scale. 585:in response to the increasing demand for 4031:Roberts, Colin H.; Skeat, T. C. (1983), 3559:Gutenberg et l'invention de l'imprimerie 3432:The Printing Press as an Agent of Change 2878: 2838: 2499: 2479: 2419: 2329: 2112: 1581: 852:era. Other notable examples include the 807:sorted in a letter case and loaded in a 3829:An Introduction to a History of Woodcut 3706:Ch'on Hye-bong: "Typography in Korea", 3334:The Press & the American Revolution 3280:. Dodd, Mead & Company. p. 168 3060:The uses of script and print, 1300–1700 2829: 2220: 1959: 1876: 1725:Imprenta Press V John Sherwin from 1860 1688: 1121:Johannes Gutenberg, 1904 reconstruction 111: 3911: 3812:A Companion to the History of the Book 3805:, Mainz: Stadt Mainz, pp. 158–189 3710:, Vol. 7, No. 2 (1993), pp. 10–19 3381:, Münster: Waxmann, pp. 133–163, 2987: 2866: 2636: 2379:, Polity, Cambridge, pp. 15–23, 61–73. 2325: 2317: 2313: 2309: 1781:Early American publishers and printers 1737:Reliance Printing Press from the 1890s 848:, printed in Korea in 1377 during the 133: 27: 16:Mechanism that applies ink to a medium 3752:The Journal of the Historical Society 3310: 3298: 3215: 3198: 2890: 2767: 2763: 2531: 2515: 2503: 2487: 2483: 2467: 2375:Briggs, Asa and Burke, Peter (2002). 2192: 2188: 2073: 544:. Modelled on the design of existing 7: 3325:On the effects of the printing press 2976:from the original on 28 January 2012 2660: 2648: 2333: 2277: 2265: 2176: 1989: 1481:'s 1814 steam-powered printing press 1358:Circulation of information and ideas 1002:adding citations to reliable sources 4035:, London: Oxford University Press, 3983:, Los Angeles: Getty Publications, 2842: 2132: 1971: 1233:Global spread of the printing press 915:at the onset of the Middle Ages (AD 520:global spread of the printing press 42:A recreated Gutenberg press at the 4187:Centre for the History of the Book 4108:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1978.tb47791.x 3357:Berthold, Arthur Benedict (1970), 2745:from the original on 12 March 2011 2735:"Incunabula Short Title Catalogue" 1466:had built a press completely from 540:printing press, which started the 14: 4203:Internet Archive: Printing (1947) 3732:Crompton, Samuel Willard (2004), 3450:Eisenstein, Elizabeth L. (2005), 3091:Nick Bilton (14 September 2010). 2061: 1391:. Because of the printing press, 1182:(high-quality parchment). In the 4356: 4001:, Norderstedt: Books on Demand, 3774:, Paris: Bibliothèque de l'image 3764:10.1111/j.1540-5923.2006.00168.x 2927:Incunabula Short Title Catalogue 2904:Incunabula Short Title Catalogue 2709: 2685: 2144:Jones, Colin (20 October 1994). 1759: 1742: 1730: 1718: 1703: 1691: 1373:"Modern Book Printing" sculpture 978: 3398:The Journal of Economic History 3363:, New York : B. Franklin, 3016:. 9 August 2003. Archived from 2697: 2344:received it from there (p. 78). 1237:List of early modern newspapers 989:needs additional citations for 834:in the 11th century during the 3436:, Cambridge University Press, 3274:Peck, Harry Thurston. (1895). 1904:Friedman, Robert, ed. (1998). 907:, which had originated in the 1: 3897:Monumenta Germaniae Historica 3717:Encyclopedia of World History 2952:McSweeney's Internet Tendency 2722:Buringh & van Zanden 2009 1618: 1603: 702:History of Western typography 412: 187: 172: 44:International Printing Museum 3770:Fontaine, Jean-Paul (1999), 2009:Ch'on Hye-bong 1993, p. 12: 1417:democratization of knowledge 560:. Gutenberg's newly devised 4173:Geschichte der Druckpressen 4155:, London: Thames and Hudson 4122:Tsien, Tsuen-Hsuin (1985), 3647:Brekle, Herbert E. (2005), 3628:Brekle, Herbert E. (1997), 3504:, London: Headline Review, 3233:A History of Graphic Design 3177:A History of Graphic Design 2925:, pp. 207–224 (207f.), the 1448:Industrial printing presses 898:logographic writing systems 862:Altarpiece of Pellegrino II 4729: 4171:Wolf, Hans-Jürgen (1974), 4153:Greek and Roman Technology 4057:; Saller, Richard (eds.), 1883:For example, in 1999, the 1544:, invented in 1843 in the 1451: 1361: 1230: 1110: 699: 654: 643: 18: 4644: 4354: 4246: 4145:10.1191/0266355406gh380oa 3859:10.1017/s001041750000949x 3714:Stearns, Peter N. (ed.). 3689:Childress, Diana (2008), 3411:10.1017/s0022050709000837 1650: 1643: 1636: 1626: 1611: 1596: 1594: 1589: 1586: 688:and literacy amongst the 433:Thermal-transfer printing 90: (584 years ago) 35: 3426:Eisenstein, Elizabeth L. 3012:Online Journalism Review 2544:Roberts & Skeat 1983 2528:Febvre & Martin 1997 2456:Roberts & Skeat 1983 2444:Roberts & Skeat 1983 2432:Roberts & Skeat 1983 2233:Bloom, Jonathan (2001). 2129:Febvre & Martin 1997 1968:Febvre & Martin 1997 1816:Columbian Printing Press 1754:newspaper printing press 1698:Printing press from 1811 1442:double-entry bookkeeping 1412:rate throughout Europe. 938:, Gutenberg's major work 308:Photostat and rectigraph 4708:15th-century inventions 3997:Mahnke, Helmut (2009), 3981:Books: A Living History 3539:—— (1958). 3261:Encyclopedia Britannica 2601:Skeen, William (1872). 2391:Encyclopædia Britannica 2320:, p. 25; England: 1500:Andreas Friedrich Bauer 1202:The Printing Revolution 817:typographical principle 506:surface resting upon a 107:Part of a series on the 4189:(archived 6 June 2016) 4033:The Birth of the Codex 3979:Lyons, Martyn (2011), 3965:10.1353/tech.2005.0026 3953:Technology and Culture 3551:Technology of printing 2913:gives 29,777 separate 2857: 2851: 2837: 2832:, p. 34, fn. 14: 2828: 2822:Needham 1965, p. 211: 2724:, p. 417, table 2 2082: 2014: 1997: 1894:29 August 2010 at the 1806:Adana Printing Presses 1590:Steam-powered presses 1587:Hand-operated presses 1482: 1380: 1258: 1250: 1215:, and later still the 1122: 1104: 1054: 1041: 939: 812: 738: 714:, development of ink, 712:manufacturing of paper 673: 624:, to the detriment of 600:introduced the era of 158:Intaglio (printmaking) 4584:Golding & Company 4447:Hot metal typesetting 4151:White, K. D. (1984), 3891:Koch, Walter (1994), 3877:, Aldershot: Scolar, 3873:Kapr, Albert (1996), 2909:12 March 2011 at the 2782:The Library Quarterly 2328:, p. 62; Italy: 1944:Catholic Encyclopedia 1938:14 April 2008 at the 1856:Electronic publishing 1660:Impressions per hour 1542:rotary printing press 1530:Koenig & Bauer AG 1477: 1460:Industrial Revolution 1389:Scientific Revolution 1371: 1256: 1244: 1120: 1106: 1047: 1035: 970:Function and approach 929: 854:Prüfening inscription 803: 728: 696:Technological factors 678:late medieval society 668: 657:History of capitalism 278:Hot metal typesetting 4589:Chandler & Price 4329:Logographic printing 4240:Letterpress printing 3557:Bechtel, G. (1992), 2902:The British Library 2845:, pp. 112–115: 2559:, pp. 158–189). 2490:, p. 28, fn. 70 2091:Anderson, Benedict: 1927:3 March 2012 at the 1826:Vertical print press 1364:The Gutenberg Galaxy 1113:Letterpress printing 998:improve this article 298:Daisy wheel printing 4703:Textual scholarship 4251:History of printing 4100:1978NYASA.314..167T 3020:on 14 October 2012. 1458:At the dawn of the 1454:History of printing 1208:Printing Revolution 718:, and invention of 706:Medieval technology 682:emerging capitalism 670:Medieval university 661:Medieval university 646:History of printing 542:Printing Revolution 529:, around 1440, the 338:Dot matrix printing 113:History of printing 4698:1445 introductions 4693:Johannes Gutenberg 4543:Composition roller 4375:Manual typesetting 4193:Gutenberg printing 4163:Gutenberg-Jahrbuch 4124:Paper and Printing 4078:Gutenberg-Jahrbuch 3930:Gutenberg-Jahrbuch 3793:Gutenberg-Jahrbuch 3782:Gutenberg-Jahrbuch 3635:Gutenberg-Jahrbuch 3616:Gutenberg-Jahrbuch 3611:Brekle, Herbert E. 3602:Gutenberg-Jahrbuch 3591:Gutenberg-Jahrbuch 3473:Martin, Henri-Jean 3125:Jeremiah Dittmar. 2557:Hanebutt-Benz 2000 2530:, pp. 41–44; 2506:, pp. 414–417 2418:, pp. 51–55; 2363:Paper and Printing 2332:, pp. 75–80, 2324:, pp. 93–97, 2322:Lehmann-Haupt 1940 2312:, pp. 23–26, 2199:, pp. 156–159 2195:, pp. 31ff.; 1851:Desktop publishing 1831:Other inventions: 1801:Printing presses: 1540:The steam-powered 1483: 1405:tables of contents 1381: 1259: 1251: 1221:French Revolutions 1126:Johannes Gutenberg 1123: 1055: 1042: 940: 840:metal movable type 813: 770:Islamic Golden Age 739: 716:woodblock printing 674: 602:mass communication 534:Johannes Gutenberg 423:Solid ink printing 138:Woodblock printing 79:Johannes Gutenberg 48:Carson, California 4713:German inventions 4675: 4674: 4614: 4613: 4483: 4482: 4470:Intertype Machine 4352: 4351: 4312:Blocks and plates 4068:978-0-521-78053-7 4042:978-0-19-726024-1 4021:Brill's New Pauly 4008:978-3-8370-5041-7 3990:978-1-60606-083-4 3906:978-3-88612-114-4 3884:978-1-85928-114-7 3827:Hind, Arthur M., 3821:978-1-4051-2765-3 3743:978-0-7910-7451-0 3700:978-0-7613-4024-9 3682:978-3-7861-1748-3 3660:978-3-937527-06-2 3577:Technikgeschichte 3568:978-2-213-02865-1 3561:, Paris: Fayard, 3545:. Alfred A.Knopf. 3532:978-0-8020-6041-9 3519:McLuhan, Marshall 3511:978-0-7472-4504-9 3486:978-1-85984-108-2 3479:, London: Verso, 3461:978-0-521-60774-2 3443:978-0-521-29955-8 3388:978-3-8309-2729-7 3242:978-0-471-29198-5 3175:Meggs, Philip B. 3104:978-0-307-59111-1 3070:978-0-521-81063-0 2923:978-3-598-11772-5 2770:, p. 166−169 2674:Eisenstein (1980) 2580:Lyons 2011, p. 59 2486:, p. 68−73; 2355:Tsien Tsuen-Hsuin 2163:978-0-521-43294-8 2101:978-968-16-3867-2 2064:, pp. 20, 26, 39, 2050:978-968-16-3867-2 1992:, pp. 67f.: 1682: 1681: 1655: 1648: 1641: 1634: 1624: 1609: 1571:Printing capacity 1213:English Civil War 1169:punctuation marks 1107:Gutenberg's press 1030: 1029: 1022: 860:from England and 686:medieval learning 496: 495: 461: 460: 328:Spirit duplicator 238:Chromolithography 102: 101: 4720: 4552:Types of presses 4497:Parts of a press 4494: 4475:Paige Compositor 4465:Ludlow Typograph 4455:Linotype machine 4372: 4360: 4271: 4233: 4226: 4219: 4210: 4176: 4167: 4156: 4147: 4127: 4118: 4082: 4071: 4051:Scheidel, Walter 4045: 4024: 4011: 3993: 3975: 3947: 3934: 3923: 3917: 3909: 3887: 3869: 3824: 3806: 3797: 3786: 3775: 3766: 3746: 3728: 3703: 3685: 3663: 3643: 3624: 3606: 3595: 3584: 3571: 3546: 3535: 3514: 3503: 3489: 3464: 3446: 3435: 3421: 3391: 3373: 3370:978-0-8337-02616 3348: 3344:978-0-9303-50307 3314: 3308: 3302: 3296: 3290: 3289: 3287: 3285: 3271: 3265: 3264: 3253: 3247: 3246: 3229:Meggs, Philip B. 3225: 3219: 3213: 3202: 3196: 3187: 3173: 3162: 3161: 3159: 3157: 3145: 3139: 3138: 3136: 3134: 3122: 3116: 3115: 3113: 3111: 3088: 3082: 3081: 3079: 3077: 3054: 3048: 3047: 3045: 3043: 3028: 3022: 3021: 3006: 3000: 2999: 2993: 2985: 2983: 2981: 2961: 2955: 2948: 2942: 2936: 2930: 2900: 2894: 2893:, pp. 387f. 2888: 2882: 2876: 2870: 2864: 2858: 2820: 2814: 2813: 2777: 2771: 2761: 2755: 2754: 2752: 2750: 2731: 2725: 2719: 2713: 2707: 2701: 2695: 2689: 2683: 2677: 2670: 2664: 2658: 2652: 2646: 2640: 2634: 2628: 2618: 2607: 2606: 2603:Early Typography 2598: 2592: 2587: 2581: 2578: 2572: 2566: 2560: 2553: 2547: 2541: 2535: 2525: 2519: 2513: 2507: 2497: 2491: 2477: 2471: 2465: 2459: 2453: 2447: 2441: 2435: 2434:, pp. 24–30 2429: 2423: 2413: 2407: 2406:, pp. 51–55 2401: 2395: 2386: 2380: 2373: 2367: 2366: 2351: 2345: 2306: 2300: 2299: 2287: 2281: 2280:, pp. 39–46 2275: 2269: 2268:, pp. 39ff. 2263: 2257: 2256: 2240: 2230: 2224: 2218: 2212: 2206: 2200: 2186: 2180: 2179:, pp. 21–35 2174: 2168: 2167: 2151: 2141: 2135: 2122: 2116: 2110: 2104: 2089: 2083: 2071: 2065: 2059: 2053: 2034: 2015: 2007: 1998: 1987: 1974: 1957: 1951: 1933:Johann Gutenberg 1919: 1917: 1915: 1881: 1846:Computer printer 1763: 1746: 1734: 1722: 1707: 1695: 1653: 1646: 1639: 1632: 1623: 1620: 1617: 1608: 1605: 1602: 1582: 1528:. Their company 1488:Friedrich Koenig 1171:, and so forth. 1025: 1018: 1014: 1011: 1005: 982: 974: 960:writing material 918: 829:Chinese engineer 827:was invented by 510:medium (such as 488: 481: 474: 453:Digital printing 417: 414: 408:Thermal printing 368:Phototypesetting 192: 189: 177: 174: 134: 123: 104: 98: 96: 91: 40: 28: 4728: 4727: 4723: 4722: 4721: 4719: 4718: 4717: 4678: 4677: 4676: 4671: 4640: 4626:Folding machine 4619:Other equipment 4610: 4547: 4521: 4479: 4460:Monotype system 4441: 4387:Composing stick 4361: 4348: 4307: 4266: 4260: 4242: 4237: 4183: 4170: 4159: 4150: 4130: 4121: 4085: 4074: 4069: 4048: 4043: 4030: 4017: 4009: 3996: 3991: 3978: 3950: 3937: 3926: 3910: 3907: 3890: 3885: 3872: 3843:Issawi, Charles 3841: 3822: 3809: 3800: 3789: 3778: 3769: 3749: 3744: 3731: 3713: 3701: 3688: 3683: 3666: 3661: 3646: 3627: 3609: 3598: 3587: 3574: 3569: 3556: 3538: 3533: 3517: 3512: 3492: 3487: 3467: 3462: 3449: 3444: 3424: 3394: 3389: 3376: 3371: 3356: 3345: 3330: 3322: 3317: 3309: 3305: 3297: 3293: 3283: 3281: 3273: 3272: 3268: 3255: 3254: 3250: 3243: 3227: 3226: 3222: 3214: 3205: 3197: 3190: 3174: 3165: 3155: 3153: 3147: 3146: 3142: 3132: 3130: 3124: 3123: 3119: 3109: 3107: 3105: 3090: 3089: 3085: 3075: 3073: 3071: 3056: 3055: 3051: 3041: 3039: 3030: 3029: 3025: 3008: 3007: 3003: 2986: 2979: 2977: 2963: 2962: 2958: 2949: 2945: 2939:Eisenstein 1980 2937: 2933: 2911:Wayback Machine 2901: 2897: 2889: 2885: 2877: 2873: 2865: 2861: 2821: 2817: 2779: 2778: 2774: 2766:, p. 314; 2762: 2758: 2748: 2746: 2739:British Library 2733: 2732: 2728: 2720: 2716: 2708: 2704: 2696: 2692: 2684: 2680: 2671: 2667: 2659: 2655: 2647: 2643: 2635: 2631: 2619: 2610: 2600: 2599: 2595: 2588: 2584: 2579: 2575: 2567: 2563: 2554: 2550: 2542: 2538: 2526: 2522: 2514: 2510: 2502:, p. 169; 2498: 2494: 2482:, p. 169; 2478: 2474: 2466: 2462: 2454: 2450: 2442: 2438: 2430: 2426: 2414: 2410: 2402: 2398: 2387: 2383: 2374: 2370: 2353: 2352: 2348: 2307: 2303: 2293: 2288: 2284: 2276: 2272: 2264: 2260: 2253: 2232: 2231: 2227: 2219: 2215: 2207: 2203: 2187: 2183: 2175: 2171: 2164: 2143: 2142: 2138: 2125:Eisenstein 1980 2123: 2119: 2111: 2107: 2090: 2086: 2076:, p. 387: 2072: 2068: 2060: 2056: 2035: 2018: 2008: 2001: 1988: 1977: 1964:Eisenstein 1980 1958: 1954: 1940:Wayback Machine 1929:Wayback Machine 1913: 1911: 1903: 1896:Wayback Machine 1885:A&E Network 1882: 1878: 1874: 1866:Offset printing 1841:Composing stick 1774: 1767: 1764: 1755: 1747: 1738: 1735: 1726: 1723: 1714: 1713:press from 1842 1708: 1699: 1696: 1687: 1652: 1645: 1638: 1631: 1621: 1616: 1606: 1601: 1573: 1561:jobbing presses 1538: 1456: 1450: 1421:classical canon 1366: 1360: 1239: 1229: 1204: 1184:Gutenberg Bible 1115: 1109: 1026: 1015: 1009: 1006: 995: 983: 972: 921:recto and verso 916: 809:composing stick 751:pressing grapes 708: 698: 663: 653: 648: 642: 492: 463: 462: 415: 388:Dye-sublimation 378:Inkjet printing 318:Screen printing 268:Offset printing 208:Relief printing 190: 175: 131: 94: 92: 89: 50: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 4726: 4724: 4716: 4715: 4710: 4705: 4700: 4695: 4690: 4680: 4679: 4673: 4672: 4670: 4669: 4664: 4659: 4654: 4649: 4645: 4642: 4641: 4639: 4638: 4633: 4628: 4622: 4620: 4616: 4615: 4612: 4611: 4609: 4608: 4603: 4601:Cylinder press 4598: 4597: 4596: 4591: 4586: 4576: 4575: 4574: 4569: 4564: 4555: 4553: 4549: 4548: 4546: 4545: 4540: 4535: 4529: 4527: 4523: 4522: 4520: 4519: 4516: 4511: 4506: 4500: 4498: 4491: 4489:Printing press 4485: 4484: 4481: 4480: 4478: 4477: 4472: 4467: 4462: 4457: 4451: 4449: 4443: 4442: 4440: 4439: 4434: 4429: 4424: 4419: 4414: 4409: 4404: 4399: 4394: 4389: 4384: 4378: 4376: 4369: 4363: 4362: 4355: 4353: 4350: 4349: 4347: 4346: 4341: 4336: 4334:Wood engraving 4331: 4326: 4321: 4315: 4313: 4309: 4308: 4306: 4305: 4300: 4295: 4290: 4285: 4279: 4277: 4268: 4262: 4261: 4259: 4258: 4253: 4247: 4244: 4243: 4238: 4236: 4235: 4228: 4221: 4213: 4207: 4206: 4200: 4190: 4182: 4181:External links 4179: 4178: 4177: 4168: 4157: 4148: 4139:(3): 387–412, 4133:German History 4128: 4119: 4094:(1): 167–176, 4083: 4072: 4067: 4046: 4041: 4028: 4025: 4015: 4012: 4007: 3994: 3989: 3976: 3948: 3935: 3924: 3905: 3888: 3883: 3870: 3853:(4): 487–504, 3839: 3825: 3820: 3807: 3798: 3787: 3776: 3767: 3747: 3742: 3729: 3711: 3704: 3699: 3686: 3681: 3664: 3659: 3644: 3625: 3607: 3596: 3585: 3572: 3567: 3548: 3547: 3536: 3531: 3515: 3510: 3490: 3485: 3469:Febvre, Lucien 3465: 3460: 3447: 3442: 3422: 3405:(2): 409–445, 3392: 3387: 3374: 3369: 3354: 3343: 3321: 3318: 3316: 3315: 3303: 3291: 3266: 3248: 3241: 3220: 3203: 3188: 3163: 3140: 3117: 3103: 3083: 3069: 3049: 3023: 3001: 2956: 2943: 2931: 2895: 2883: 2871: 2869:, pp. 492 2859: 2841:, p. 83; 2815: 2794:10.1086/620028 2788:(2): 218–264. 2772: 2756: 2726: 2714: 2702: 2690: 2678: 2665: 2653: 2641: 2629: 2608: 2593: 2582: 2573: 2569:Childress 2008 2561: 2548: 2536: 2520: 2508: 2492: 2472: 2460: 2448: 2436: 2424: 2416:Childress 2008 2408: 2404:Childress 2008 2396: 2381: 2368: 2359:Joseph Needham 2346: 2338:Constantinople 2316:, p. 62, 2301: 2292:, p. 911. 2290:Wilkinson 2012 2282: 2270: 2258: 2251: 2225: 2213: 2209:Schneider 2007 2201: 2197:Schneider 2007 2181: 2169: 2162: 2136: 2117: 2105: 2084: 2066: 2054: 2016: 1999: 1975: 1952: 1875: 1873: 1870: 1869: 1868: 1863: 1858: 1853: 1848: 1843: 1838: 1836:Color printing 1829: 1828: 1823: 1818: 1813: 1808: 1799: 1798: 1793: 1788: 1783: 1773: 1770: 1769: 1768: 1765: 1758: 1756: 1748: 1741: 1739: 1736: 1729: 1727: 1724: 1717: 1715: 1709: 1702: 1700: 1697: 1690: 1686: 1683: 1680: 1679: 1676: 1673: 1670: 1667: 1664: 1661: 1657: 1656: 1649: 1642: 1635: 1625: 1610: 1595: 1592: 1591: 1588: 1585: 1572: 1569: 1554:New York World 1550:Richard M. Hoe 1537: 1534: 1492:Thomas Bensley 1449: 1446: 1377:2006 World Cup 1359: 1356: 1228: 1225: 1203: 1200: 1196:Peter Schöffer 1108: 1105: 1038:John Farey Jr. 1028: 1027: 986: 984: 977: 971: 968: 894:Latin alphabet 856:from Germany, 697: 694: 652: 649: 644:Main article: 641: 638: 634:rotary presses 578:Western Europe 500:printing press 494: 493: 491: 490: 483: 476: 468: 465: 464: 459: 458: 455: 449: 448: 445: 439: 438: 435: 429: 428: 425: 419: 418: 410: 404: 403: 400: 398:Laser printing 394: 393: 390: 384: 383: 380: 374: 373: 370: 364: 363: 360: 358:Spark printing 354: 353: 350: 344: 343: 340: 334: 333: 330: 324: 323: 320: 314: 313: 310: 304: 303: 300: 294: 293: 290: 284: 283: 280: 274: 273: 270: 264: 263: 260: 254: 253: 250: 244: 243: 240: 234: 233: 230: 224: 223: 220: 214: 213: 210: 204: 203: 200: 194: 193: 185: 179: 178: 170: 168:Printing press 164: 163: 160: 154: 153: 150: 144: 143: 140: 132: 129: 128: 125: 124: 116: 115: 109: 108: 100: 99: 86: 82: 81: 76: 72: 71: 66: 62: 61: 56: 55:Classification 52: 51: 41: 33: 32: 31:Printing press 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4725: 4714: 4711: 4709: 4706: 4704: 4701: 4699: 4696: 4694: 4691: 4689: 4686: 4685: 4683: 4668: 4665: 4663: 4660: 4658: 4655: 4653: 4650: 4647: 4646: 4643: 4637: 4636:Addressograph 4634: 4632: 4629: 4627: 4624: 4623: 4621: 4617: 4607: 4604: 4602: 4599: 4595: 4594:Colt's Armory 4592: 4590: 4587: 4585: 4582: 4581: 4580: 4579:Jobbing press 4577: 4573: 4570: 4568: 4565: 4563: 4560: 4559: 4557: 4556: 4554: 4550: 4544: 4541: 4539: 4536: 4534: 4531: 4530: 4528: 4524: 4517: 4515: 4512: 4510: 4507: 4505: 4502: 4501: 4499: 4495: 4492: 4490: 4486: 4476: 4473: 4471: 4468: 4466: 4463: 4461: 4458: 4456: 4453: 4452: 4450: 4448: 4444: 4438: 4435: 4433: 4430: 4428: 4425: 4423: 4420: 4418: 4415: 4413: 4410: 4408: 4405: 4403: 4400: 4398: 4395: 4393: 4390: 4388: 4385: 4383: 4380: 4379: 4377: 4373: 4370: 4368: 4364: 4359: 4345: 4342: 4340: 4337: 4335: 4332: 4330: 4327: 4325: 4322: 4320: 4317: 4316: 4314: 4310: 4304: 4301: 4299: 4296: 4294: 4291: 4289: 4286: 4284: 4281: 4280: 4278: 4276: 4272: 4269: 4263: 4257: 4254: 4252: 4249: 4248: 4245: 4241: 4234: 4229: 4227: 4222: 4220: 4215: 4214: 4211: 4204: 4201: 4198: 4194: 4191: 4188: 4185: 4184: 4180: 4174: 4169: 4165: 4164: 4158: 4154: 4149: 4146: 4142: 4138: 4134: 4129: 4125: 4120: 4117: 4113: 4109: 4105: 4101: 4097: 4093: 4089: 4084: 4080: 4079: 4073: 4070: 4064: 4060: 4056: 4052: 4047: 4044: 4038: 4034: 4029: 4026: 4023: 4022: 4016: 4013: 4010: 4004: 4000: 3995: 3992: 3986: 3982: 3977: 3974: 3970: 3966: 3962: 3958: 3954: 3949: 3945: 3941: 3940:Ateneo Veneto 3936: 3932: 3931: 3925: 3921: 3915: 3908: 3902: 3898: 3894: 3889: 3886: 3880: 3876: 3871: 3868: 3864: 3860: 3856: 3852: 3848: 3844: 3840: 3838: 3837:0-486-20952-0 3834: 3830: 3826: 3823: 3817: 3813: 3808: 3804: 3799: 3795: 3794: 3788: 3784: 3783: 3777: 3773: 3768: 3765: 3761: 3757: 3753: 3748: 3745: 3739: 3735: 3730: 3727: 3723: 3719: 3718: 3712: 3709: 3705: 3702: 3696: 3692: 3687: 3684: 3678: 3674: 3670: 3669:Lindgren, Uta 3665: 3662: 3656: 3652: 3651: 3645: 3641: 3637: 3636: 3631: 3626: 3622: 3618: 3617: 3612: 3608: 3604: 3603: 3597: 3593: 3592: 3586: 3582: 3578: 3573: 3570: 3564: 3560: 3555: 3554: 3553: 3552: 3544: 3543: 3537: 3534: 3528: 3524: 3520: 3516: 3513: 3507: 3502: 3501: 3495: 3491: 3488: 3482: 3478: 3474: 3470: 3466: 3463: 3457: 3453: 3448: 3445: 3439: 3434: 3433: 3427: 3423: 3420: 3416: 3412: 3408: 3404: 3400: 3399: 3393: 3390: 3384: 3380: 3375: 3372: 3366: 3362: 3361: 3355: 3352: 3346: 3340: 3336: 3335: 3329: 3328: 3327: 3326: 3319: 3312: 3307: 3304: 3300: 3295: 3292: 3279: 3278: 3270: 3267: 3262: 3258: 3252: 3249: 3244: 3238: 3234: 3230: 3224: 3221: 3217: 3212: 3210: 3208: 3204: 3200: 3195: 3193: 3189: 3186: 3185:0-471-29198-6 3182: 3178: 3172: 3170: 3168: 3164: 3151: 3148:Prateek Raj. 3144: 3141: 3128: 3121: 3118: 3106: 3100: 3096: 3095: 3087: 3084: 3072: 3066: 3062: 3061: 3053: 3050: 3038: 3034: 3027: 3024: 3019: 3015: 3013: 3005: 3002: 2997: 2991: 2975: 2971: 2967: 2960: 2957: 2953: 2947: 2944: 2940: 2935: 2932: 2928: 2924: 2920: 2916: 2912: 2908: 2905: 2899: 2896: 2892: 2887: 2884: 2880: 2879:Duchesne 2006 2875: 2872: 2868: 2863: 2860: 2856: 2850: 2844: 2840: 2839:Duchesne 2006 2836: 2831: 2827: 2819: 2816: 2811: 2807: 2803: 2799: 2795: 2791: 2787: 2783: 2776: 2773: 2769: 2765: 2760: 2757: 2744: 2740: 2736: 2730: 2727: 2723: 2718: 2715: 2711: 2710:Duniway, 1906 2706: 2703: 2699: 2694: 2691: 2687: 2686:Newgass, 1958 2682: 2679: 2675: 2669: 2666: 2663:, p. 203 2662: 2657: 2654: 2651:, p. 172 2650: 2645: 2642: 2639:, p. 290 2638: 2633: 2630: 2627: 2626:0-471-29198-6 2623: 2617: 2615: 2613: 2609: 2604: 2597: 2594: 2590: 2586: 2583: 2577: 2574: 2570: 2565: 2562: 2558: 2552: 2549: 2545: 2540: 2537: 2533: 2529: 2524: 2521: 2518:, p. 417 2517: 2512: 2509: 2505: 2501: 2500:Thompson 1978 2496: 2493: 2489: 2485: 2481: 2480:Thompson 1978 2476: 2473: 2470:, p. 418 2469: 2464: 2461: 2457: 2452: 2449: 2445: 2440: 2437: 2433: 2428: 2425: 2421: 2420:Hellinga 2007 2417: 2412: 2409: 2405: 2400: 2397: 2393: 2392: 2385: 2382: 2378: 2372: 2369: 2364: 2360: 2356: 2350: 2347: 2343: 2339: 2335: 2331: 2330:Lipinsky 1986 2327: 2323: 2319: 2315: 2311: 2305: 2302: 2297: 2291: 2286: 2283: 2279: 2274: 2271: 2267: 2262: 2259: 2254: 2252:0-300-08955-4 2248: 2244: 2239: 2238: 2229: 2226: 2222: 2217: 2214: 2211:, p. 158 2210: 2205: 2202: 2198: 2194: 2190: 2185: 2182: 2178: 2173: 2170: 2165: 2159: 2155: 2150: 2149: 2140: 2137: 2134: 2130: 2126: 2121: 2118: 2115:, p. 217 2114: 2113:Gerhardt 1978 2109: 2106: 2102: 2098: 2094: 2088: 2085: 2081: 2075: 2070: 2067: 2063: 2062:Bertold, 1970 2058: 2055: 2051: 2047: 2043: 2039: 2033: 2031: 2029: 2027: 2025: 2023: 2021: 2017: 2013: 2006: 2004: 2000: 1996: 1991: 1986: 1984: 1982: 1980: 1976: 1973: 1969: 1965: 1961: 1956: 1953: 1949: 1948:Christian era 1945: 1942:entry of the 1941: 1937: 1934: 1930: 1926: 1923: 1909: 1908: 1901: 1897: 1893: 1890: 1886: 1880: 1877: 1871: 1867: 1864: 1862: 1859: 1857: 1854: 1852: 1849: 1847: 1844: 1842: 1839: 1837: 1834: 1833: 1832: 1827: 1824: 1822: 1819: 1817: 1814: 1812: 1809: 1807: 1804: 1803: 1802: 1797: 1794: 1792: 1789: 1787: 1784: 1782: 1779: 1778: 1777: 1771: 1762: 1757: 1753: 1752: 1745: 1740: 1733: 1728: 1721: 1716: 1712: 1706: 1701: 1694: 1689: 1684: 1677: 1674: 1671: 1668: 1665: 1662: 1659: 1658: 1651:Koenig press 1644:Koenig press 1637:Koenig press 1629: 1614: 1599: 1593: 1584: 1583: 1580: 1578: 1570: 1568: 1566: 1562: 1557: 1555: 1551: 1547: 1546:United States 1543: 1535: 1533: 1531: 1527: 1523: 1519: 1514: 1510: 1509: 1503: 1501: 1497: 1493: 1489: 1480: 1476: 1472: 1469: 1465: 1464:Lord Stanhope 1461: 1455: 1447: 1445: 1443: 1437: 1435: 1429: 1427: 1422: 1418: 1413: 1410: 1406: 1401: 1399: 1394: 1390: 1386: 1378: 1374: 1370: 1365: 1357: 1355: 1353: 1352:North America 1349: 1345: 1343: 1342: 1337: 1332: 1330: 1326: 1322: 1317: 1315: 1310: 1306: 1304: 1298: 1296: 1292: 1288: 1284: 1280: 1276: 1272: 1268: 1264: 1255: 1248: 1243: 1238: 1234: 1226: 1224: 1222: 1218: 1214: 1209: 1201: 1199: 1197: 1193: 1189: 1188:Mainz Psalter 1185: 1181: 1177: 1172: 1170: 1166: 1162: 1158: 1154: 1150: 1146: 1142: 1137: 1135: 1131: 1127: 1119: 1114: 1103: 1098: 1096: 1095:William Skeen 1091: 1089: 1084: 1080: 1075: 1073: 1069: 1065: 1061: 1051: 1046: 1039: 1034: 1024: 1021: 1013: 1003: 999: 993: 992: 987:This section 985: 981: 976: 975: 969: 967: 965: 964:42-line Bible 961: 955: 953: 949: 945: 937: 936:42-line Bible 933: 928: 924: 922: 914: 910: 906: 901: 899: 895: 891: 887: 883: 879: 875: 871: 866: 863: 859: 855: 851: 847: 846: 841: 837: 833: 830: 826: 823:). 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Retrieved 3276: 3269: 3260: 3251: 3232: 3223: 3218:, p. 88 3201:, p. 80 3176: 3154:. Retrieved 3143: 3131:. Retrieved 3120: 3108:. Retrieved 3093: 3086: 3074:. Retrieved 3059: 3052: 3040:. Retrieved 3036: 3031:Eshgh, Amy. 3026: 3018:the original 3011: 3004: 2978:. Retrieved 2969: 2959: 2951: 2946: 2934: 2914: 2898: 2886: 2881:, p. 83 2874: 2862: 2854: 2847: 2834: 2830:Widmann 1974 2824: 2818: 2785: 2781: 2775: 2759: 2747:. Retrieved 2729: 2717: 2705: 2698:Bailyn, 1981 2693: 2681: 2668: 2656: 2644: 2632: 2602: 2596: 2585: 2576: 2571:, p. 60 2564: 2551: 2539: 2523: 2511: 2495: 2475: 2463: 2451: 2439: 2427: 2411: 2399: 2389: 2388:"Printing". 2384: 2376: 2371: 2362: 2349: 2304: 2285: 2273: 2261: 2245:–10, 42–45. 2236: 2228: 2223:, p. 56 2221:Schulte 1939 2216: 2204: 2184: 2172: 2147: 2139: 2120: 2108: 2092: 2087: 2078: 2069: 2057: 2041: 2037: 2011: 1994: 1960:McLuhan 1962 1955: 1912:. 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Evonomics 3037:www.arl.org 2980:11 February 2970:Der Spiegel 2867:Issawi 1980 2712:, pp. 54–56 2688:, pp. 32–33 2637:Mahnke 2009 2326:Brekle 1997 2318:Brekle 2005 2314:Brekle 1997 2310:Brekle 1995 2103:, pp. 63–76 1898:. In 1997, 1861:Lithography 1821:Flexography 1622: 1800 1607: 1600 1436:in Europe. 1434:nationalism 1314:Far Eastern 1283:Switzerland 1275:Netherlands 1192:Johann Fust 1130:gem-cutting 1088:steam power 944:paper mills 870:typesetting 784:during the 768:During the 743:screw press 622:vernaculars 618:nationalism 606:Reformation 598:Renaissance 550:Renaissance 548:, a single 443:3D printing 416: 1972 228:Lithography 191: 1515 176: 1440 65:Application 4682:Categories 4652:Typography 4533:Offset ink 4319:Stereotype 4288:Type metal 4197:Incunabula 3583:(1): 79–89 3311:Bolza 1967 3299:Bolza 1967 3216:Bolza 1967 3199:Bolza 1967 3042:16 January 2891:Weber 2006 2768:Borsa 1977 2764:Borsa 1976 2532:Burns 1996 2516:Burns 1996 2504:Burns 1996 2488:Lucas 2005 2484:Tsien 1985 2468:Burns 1996 2193:White 1984 2189:Onken 2009 2074:Weber 2006 2052:. pp. 58f. 1796:Typography 1786:Imprimatur 1518:newspapers 1452:See also: 1393:authorship 1385:scientists 1379:in Germany 1362:See also: 1336:newspapers 1231:See also: 1111:See also: 1081:, using a 1010:April 2020 886:hand mould 865:employed. 731:wine press 720:eyeglasses 700:See also: 655:See also: 562:hand mould 348:Xerography 288:Mimeograph 258:Hectograph 130:Techniques 4567:Columbian 4412:Furniture 4382:Type case 4303:Wood type 3973:109564224 3867:143805644 3796:: 212–217 3605:: 166–169 3594:: 311–314 3494:Man, John 3419:154362112 2990:cite news 2810:144726990 2700:, pp. 1–3 2661:Kapr 1996 2649:Kapr 1996 2342:Venetians 2334:Koch 1994 2308:Germany: 2278:Wolf 1974 2266:Wolf 1974 2177:Wolf 1974 1990:Wolf 1974 1900:Time–Life 1776:General: 1598:Gutenberg 1565:billheads 1508:The Times 1468:cast iron 1426:copyright 1398:Aristotle 1348:Incunable 1249:, Germany 1165:ligatures 1161:type case 1097:in 1872: 952:parchment 591:the press 531:goldsmith 198:Mezzotint 4688:Printing 4562:Stanhope 4538:Ink ball 4116:85153174 3914:citation 3726:Citation 3521:(1962), 3496:(2002), 3475:(1997), 3428:(1980), 3231:(1998). 3156:3 August 3133:3 August 3110:25 March 3076:25 March 2974:Archived 2915:editions 2907:Archived 2843:Man 2002 2826:culture. 2743:Archived 2361:(1985). 2133:Man 2002 1972:Man 2002 1936:Archived 1925:Archived 1914:20 March 1892:Archived 1791:Printing 1772:See also 1711:Stanhope 1613:Stanhope 1577:per hour 1526:metadata 1341:Relation 1217:American 1153:antimony 1083:windlass 1053:process. 930:A paper 874:printing 842:was the 832:Bi Sheng 610:literacy 218:Aquatint 85:Invented 75:Inventor 69:Printing 21:printing 4509:Frisket 4437:Hellbox 4417:Leading 4256:Printer 4166:: 32–34 4096:Bibcode 4081:: 52–56 3946:: 75–80 3933:: 93–97 3785:: 43–57 3708:Koreana 3671:(ed.), 3642:: 58–63 3623:: 23–26 3284:28 June 3129:. 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