927:
892:
351:
2181:
880:
915:
868:
164:
687:
944:
29:
255:. The mitochondria are needed in order to supply the energy for the active transport of sodium ions out of the cells to create a concentration gradient which allows more sodium ions to enter the cell from the luminal side. Water passively follows the sodium out of the cell along its concentration gradient.
2201:
284:
Based on its appearance at low magnification, the proximal tubule can be divided into two sections: the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT), and the proximal straight tubule (PST). Differences in cell outlines exist between these segments, and therefore presumably in function too.
891:
258:
Cuboidal epithelial cells lining the proximal tubule have extensive lateral interdigitations between neighboring cells, which lend an appearance of having no discrete cell margins when viewed with a light microscope.
122:. At this location, the glomerular parietal epithelial cells (PECs) lining bowman’s capsule abruptly transition to proximal tubule epithelial cells (PTECs). The proximal tubule can be further classified into the
593:
Paracellular fluid reabsorption sweeps some urea with it via solvent drag. As water leaves the lumen, the concentration of urea increases, which facilitates diffusion in the late proximal tubule.
404:. They terminate at a remarkably uniform level and it is their line of termination that establishes the boundary between the inner and outer stripes of the outer zone of the renal medulla.
460:. Paracellular transport increases transport efficiency, as determined by oxygen consumed per unit of Na reabsorbed, thus playing a part in maintaining renal oxygen homeostasis.
420:
The proximal tubule efficiently regulates the pH of the filtrate by secreting hydrogen ions (acid) into the tubule and reabsorbing approximately 80% of the filtered bicarbonate.
853:
514:
Mass movement of sodium occurs through the cells, by secondary active transport on the apical membrane, followed by active resorption across the basolateral membrane via the
269:
surrounding the tubule often leads to disturbance of the cellular morphology of the proximal tubule cells, including the ejection of cell nuclei into the tubule lumen.
1641:
240:
function as well as putative flow sensing within the lumen. The microvilli are composed of actin filament bundles that have been visualized using confocal microscopy.
926:
1572:
2104:
251:, which are largely found in the basal region within the infoldings of the basal plasma membrane. The high quantity of mitochondria gives the cells an
2099:
1315:
GarcĂa, NĂ©stor H.; Ramsey, Carla R.; Knox, Franklyn G. (February 1998). "Understanding the Role of
Paracellular Transport in the Proximal Tubule".
1580:
674:
and the conversion of glutamate to alpha-ketoglutarate. The alpha-ketoglutarate generated in this process is then further broken down to form two
763:(proximal type) (Fanconi syndrome) occurs when the PTECs are unable to properly reabsorb glomerular filtrate so that there is increased loss of
272:
This has led some observers to describe the lumen of proximal tubules as occluded or "dirty-looking", in contrast to the "clean" appearance of
381:
Some investigators on the basis of particular functional differences have divided the convoluted part into two segments designated S1 and S2.
1475:
1440:
1137:
1109:
1075:
1634:
1367:
621:
into the blood, the responses to PTH cancel each other out, and the serum concentration of phosphate remains approximately the same.
374:
In relation to the morphology of the kidney as a whole, the convoluted segments of the proximal tubules are confined entirely to the
203:
457:
1901:
897:
522:, in that the osmotic potential of the fluid leaving the proximal tubule is the same as that of the initial glomerular filtrate.
181:
1266:
Pei L, Solis G, Nguyen MT, Kamat N, Magenheimer L, Zhuo M, Li J, Curry J, McDonough AA, Fields TA, Welch WJ, Yu AS (July 2016).
2141:
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anions, which are pumped out of the basolateral portion of the tubule cell by co-transport with sodium ions.
2206:
1794:
1728:
494:
424:
350:
2180:
670:. This takes place in two steps, each of which generates an ammonium anion: the conversion of glutamine to
2019:
1923:
1706:
1608:
1600:
1019:"Identification and classification of epithelial cells in nephron segments by actin cytoskeleton patterns"
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815:
791:
760:
744:
573:
447:
252:
85:
953:
2121:
1774:
407:
As a logical extension of the nomenclature described above, this segment is sometimes designated as S3.
1588:
1983:
795:
729:
432:
49:
442:– 60–70% of the filtered sodium load is reabsorbed in the proximal tubule through active transport,
2146:
2091:
1848:
1843:
1779:
1764:
1604:
1401:
698:
667:
606:
115:
1575:- Comparative Organology at University of California, Davis – "Mammal, kidney cortex (LM, Medium)"
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999:
799:
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756:
1432:
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708:
Proximal tubular epithelial cells (PTECs) have a pivotal role in kidney disease. Two mammalian
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33:
Scheme of renal tubule and its vascular supply. (1st convoluted tubule labeled at center top.)
1613:
713:
354:
Proximal tubule cell showing pumps involved in acid base balance, left is the lumen of tubule
2040:
1863:
1809:
1536:
1463:
1324:
1287:
1279:
1232:
1187:
1171:
1070:. Study smart with student consult (3rd ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier. p. 727.
1038:
1030:
983:
527:
450:
225:
1223:
Aronson PS (2002). "Ion exchangers mediating NaCl transport in the renal proximal tubule".
2202:
Knowledge (XXG) articles incorporating text from the 20th edition of Gray's
Anatomy (1918)
2058:
2029:
1835:
1723:
1513:
1328:
233:
811:
489:
Mass movement of water and occurs both through the cells and between them, passively via
798:. In these situations, PTECs may be directly affected by protein (e.g., proteinuria in
613:
in the proximal tubules, but, because it also enhances the uptake of phosphate from the
2185:
2158:
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2136:
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1933:
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1940:
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1679:
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Fluid in the filtrate entering the proximal convoluted tubule is reabsorbed into the
401:
265:
resorption of the proximal tubular contents after interruption of circulation in the
119:
1556:
1493:
1344:
1268:"Paracellular epithelial sodium transport maximizes energy efficiency in the kidney"
1252:
1003:
662:
that is excreted in the urine is formed in the proximal tubule via the breakdown of
1978:
1960:
1883:
1804:
1754:
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548:
519:
266:
163:
1789:
1718:
1596:
1540:
1467:
974:
Wang T (September 2006). "Flow-activated transport events along the nephron".
823:
782:
PTECs also participate in the progression of tubulointerstitial injury due to
748:
709:
686:
535:
454:
221:
217:
44:
1183:
555:, and some other solutes are resorbed via secondary active transport through
1988:
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occurs when PTECs are directly damaged by toxins such as antibiotics (e.g.,
671:
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552:
490:
244:
1548:
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1301:
1244:
1201:
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1485:
427:. This is driven by sodium transport from the lumen into the blood by the
146:
The most distinctive characteristic of the proximal tubule is its luminal
1858:
827:
787:
717:
659:
397:(Latin "straight part") is the following straight (descending) portion.
91:
2078:
1826:
1733:
1034:
830:; undergoing epithelial mesenchymal trans-differentiation; necrosis or
803:
768:
626:
544:
531:
262:
188: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
107:
2011:
1659:
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111:
220:
cells of this segment of the nephron is covered with densely packed
28:
685:
349:
61:
1593:– "The Nephron: Proximal Tubule, Pars Convoluta & Pars Recta"
818:). There are several ways in which PTECs may respond: producing
702:
618:
585:
1623:
634:
Acidosis increases absorption. Alkalosis decreases absorption.
157:
371:(Latin "convoluted part") is the initial convoluted portion.
712:
are commonly used as models of the proximal tubule: porcine
1462:. Archives of Toxicology. Vol. 18. pp. 173–83.
453:. Active transport is mainly through the sodium/hydrogen
236:
surface area of the cells, presumably facilitating their
900:
of negatively stained proximal convoluted tubule of Rat
1102:
Medical
Physiology: A Cellular And Molecular Approaoch
2169:
1527:
Tomita Y (February 2006). "Early renal cell cancer".
1456:
Kruidering M, van de Water B, Nagelkerke JF (1996).
1358:
Lote, Christopher J. (2012). "The
Proximal Tubule".
904:
tissue at a magnification of ~55,000x and 80KV with
2077:
2028:
2010:
1969:
1882:
1834:
1825:
1742:
1667:
1658:
1066:Boron, Walter F.; Boulpaep, Emile L., eds. (2017).
854:
List of distinct cell types in the adult human body
72:
60:
55:
43:
38:
21:
1424:
1160:"Acid-Base Transport by the Renal Proximal Tubule"
873:Distribution of blood vessels in cortex of kidney.
572:Most of the filtered potassium is resorbed by two
438:Sodium reabsorption is primarily driven by this
232:its name. The microvilli greatly increase the
976:Current Opinion in Nephrology and Hypertension
932:Diagram outlining movement of ions in nephron.
1635:
1573:Anatomy photo: Urinary/mammal/cortex1/cortex6
1431:. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins. p.
1381:
1379:
1164:Journal of the American Society of Nephrology
557:co-transporters driven by the sodium gradient
497:) and between cells through tight junctions (
8:
1418:
1416:
1414:
1427:Renal pathophysiology : the essentials
224:forming a border readily visible under the
1831:
1664:
1642:
1628:
1620:
1529:International Journal of Clinical Oncology
1095:
1093:
1091:
1089:
1087:
67:tubulus proximalis, pars tubuli proximalis
27:
1291:
1191:
1042:
400:Straight segments descend into the outer
292:, it can be divided into three segments,
276:, which have quite different properties.
204:Learn how and when to remove this message
1362:(5th ed.). New York, NY: Springer.
462:
297:
114:which begins from the renal pole of the
2176:
1153:
1151:
1149:
966:
863:
1509:
1499:
1132:. Wolters Kluwer Health. p. 702.
1017:Kumaran GK, Hanukoglu I (March 2020).
948:This article incorporates text in the
736:, arises from the convoluted tubules.
89:
18:
1329:10.1152/physiologyonline.1998.13.1.38
1272:The Journal of Clinical Investigation
649:are secreted in the proximal tubule.
7:
1386:Boron WF, Boulpaep EL, eds. (2005).
1123:
1121:
1100:Boron WF, Boulpaep EL, eds. (2005).
247:of the cells is densely packed with
186:adding citations to reliable sources
1459:Methods for studying renal toxicity
1158:Boron, Walter F. (September 2006).
1104:. Elsevier/Saunders. p. 743.
988:10.1097/01.mnh.0000242180.46362.c4
14:
1402:Hypocitraturia~overview#aw2aab6b5
2179:
1225:Cell Biochemistry and Biophysics
942:
925:
913:
890:
878:
866:
755:) and sepsis (e.g., mediated by
162:
759:from gram-negative bacteria).
173:needs additional citations for
1994:Extraglomerular mesangial cell
1874:Intraglomerular mesangial cell
1585:Essentials of Human Physiology
1360:Principles of renal physiology
1:
16:Segment of nephron in kidneys
1854:Glomerular basement membrane
691:Immunohistochemical staining
653:Drugs secreted in the kidney
359:Proximal convoluted tubule (
1423:Rose BD, Rennke HG (1994).
956:of the 20th edition of
518:. The solutes are absorbed
216:The luminal surface of the
2223:
1892:Proximal convoluted tubule
1581:"Section 7/7ch03/7ch03p14"
1130:Histology A TEXT AND ATLAS
1128:Wojciech, Pawlina (2016).
732:, the most common form of
385:Proximal straight tubule (
124:proximal convoluted tubule
2087:Internal urethral orifice
2064:Median umbilical ligament
1971:Juxtaglomerular apparatus
1541:10.1007/s10147-005-0551-4
1468:10.1007/978-3-642-61105-6
435:of the epithelial cells.
335:
331:
328:
317:
314:
84:
26:
1919:Distal convoluted tubule
609:reduces reabsorption of
511:approximately two-thirds
486:approximately two-thirds
472:% of filtrate reabsorbed
307:Ultrastructure divisions
132:proximal straight tubule
1795:Peritubular capillaries
810:), or cytokines (e.g.,
794:, vascular injury, and
495:transcellular transport
425:peritubular capillaries
324:Higher cell complexity
2020:Ureteropelvic junction
1924:Collecting duct system
1707:medullary interstitium
1237:10.1385/CBB:36:2-3:147
1176:10.1681/ASN.2006060620
816:tumor necrosis factors
792:interstitial nephritis
761:Renal tubular acidosis
745:Acute tubular necrosis
705:
580:and simple diffusion.
355:
344:Lower cell complexity
253:acidophilic appearance
106:is the segment of the
86:Anatomical terminology
1984:Juxtaglomerular cells
689:
682:Clinical significance
353:
1614:turinary/urinhaute02
796:diabetic nephropathy
730:renal cell carcinoma
716:cells and marsupial
559:out of the nephron.
433:basolateral membrane
182:improve this article
118:to the beginning of
50:Metanephric blastema
2147:Lacunae of Morgagni
2092:Urethral sphincters
1390:(Updated ed.).
751:), pigments (e.g.,
668:alpha-ketoglutarate
607:Parathyroid hormone
530:solutes (primarily
1388:Medical Physiology
1068:Medical physiology
1035:10.1111/febs.15088
800:glomerulonephritis
784:glomerulonephritis
757:lipopolysaccharide
706:
695:convoluted tubules
356:
2167:
2166:
2006:
2005:
2002:
2001:
1929:Connecting tubule
1579:Nosek, Thomas M.
1477:978-3-642-64696-6
1442:978-0-683-07354-6
1139:978-1-4698-8931-3
1111:978-1-4160-2328-9
1077:978-0-323-42796-8
860:Additional images
808:diabetes mellitus
651:Further reading:
638:
637:
603:approximately 80%
590:approximately 50%
569:approximately 65%
348:
347:
230:brush border cell
214:
213:
206:
154:Brush border cell
100:
99:
95:
2214:
2184:
2183:
2175:
2041:Vesical arteries
1864:Filtration slits
1849:Bowman's capsule
1832:
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1637:
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1621:
1597:Swiss embryology
1592:
1587:. Archived from
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1284:10.1172/JCI83942
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1195:
1170:(9): 2368–2382.
1155:
1144:
1143:
1125:
1116:
1115:
1097:
1082:
1081:
1063:
1057:
1056:
1046:
1029:(6): 1176–1194.
1014:
1008:
1007:
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946:
945:
929:
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894:
882:
870:
463:
451:electrodiffusion
315:Proximal tubule
298:
226:light microscope
209:
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116:Bowman's capsule
92:edit on Wikidata
31:
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2142:navicular fossa
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2059:Detrusor muscle
2024:
1998:
1965:
1912:Thick ascending
1878:
1836:Renal corpuscle
1821:
1738:
1724:Cortical lobule
1654:
1650:Anatomy of the
1648:
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304:Gross divisions
294:S1, S2, and S3.
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104:proximal tubule
96:
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22:Proximal tubule
17:
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2207:Kidney anatomy
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2159:Urinary meatus
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2051:Vaginal artery
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1934:Papillary duct
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1907:Thin ascending
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1652:urinary system
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1594:
1591:on 2016-03-24.
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1567:External links
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1510:|journal=
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959:Gray's Anatomy
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2093:
2090:
2088:
2085:
2084:
2082:
2080:
2076:
2070:
2067:
2065:
2062:
2060:
2057:
2052:
2049:
2047:
2046:Vesical veins
2044:
2042:
2039:
2038:
2036:
2035:
2033:
2031:
2027:
2021:
2018:
2017:
2015:
2013:
2009:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1976:
1974:
1972:
1968:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1949:
1947:
1946:Renal papilla
1944:
1942:
1941:Tubular fluid
1939:
1935:
1932:
1930:
1927:
1926:
1925:
1922:
1920:
1917:
1913:
1910:
1908:
1905:
1903:
1900:
1899:
1898:
1897:Loop of Henle
1895:
1893:
1890:
1889:
1887:
1885:
1881:
1875:
1872:
1870:
1867:
1865:
1862:
1860:
1857:
1855:
1852:
1850:
1847:
1845:
1842:
1841:
1839:
1837:
1833:
1830:
1828:
1824:
1816:
1813:
1811:
1808:
1806:
1803:
1801:
1798:
1796:
1793:
1791:
1788:
1787:
1785:
1781:
1778:
1776:
1773:
1771:
1768:
1766:
1763:
1761:
1758:
1756:
1753:
1752:
1750:
1749:
1747:
1745:
1741:
1735:
1732:
1730:
1729:Medullary ray
1727:
1725:
1722:
1720:
1717:
1715:
1712:
1708:
1705:
1703:
1700:
1699:
1698:
1695:
1691:
1688:
1687:
1686:
1683:
1681:
1678:
1676:
1673:
1672:
1670:
1666:
1663:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1645:
1640:
1638:
1633:
1631:
1626:
1625:
1622:
1616:
1615:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1595:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1577:
1574:
1571:
1570:
1566:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1523:
1520:
1515:
1503:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1460:
1452:
1449:
1444:
1438:
1434:
1429:
1428:
1419:
1417:
1415:
1411:
1408:
1404:
1403:
1397:
1394:
1389:
1382:
1380:
1376:
1371:
1365:
1361:
1354:
1351:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1311:
1308:
1303:
1299:
1294:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1262:
1259:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1219:
1216:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1194:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1154:
1152:
1150:
1146:
1141:
1135:
1131:
1124:
1122:
1118:
1113:
1107:
1103:
1096:
1094:
1092:
1090:
1088:
1084:
1079:
1073:
1069:
1062:
1059:
1054:
1050:
1045:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1013:
1010:
1005:
1001:
997:
993:
989:
985:
981:
977:
970:
967:
964:
963:
960:
957:
955:
951:
950:public domain
937:
928:
923:
916:
911:
907:
903:
899:
893:
888:
881:
876:
869:
864:
859:
855:
852:
850:
847:
845:
842:
841:
837:
835:
833:
829:
825:
821:
817:
813:
809:
805:
801:
797:
793:
789:
785:
780:
778:
774:
770:
766:
762:
758:
754:
750:
746:
739:
737:
735:
734:kidney cancer
731:
723:
721:
719:
715:
711:
704:
700:
696:
692:
688:
681:
679:
677:
673:
669:
665:
661:
656:
655:
654:
648:
640:
633:
631:70%–90%
630:
628:
625:
624:
620:
616:
612:
608:
605:
602:
600:
597:
596:
592:
589:
587:
584:
583:
579:
576:mechanisms –
575:
571:
568:
566:
563:
562:
558:
554:
550:
546:
543:
540:
537:
533:
529:
526:
525:
521:
517:
513:
510:
508:
505:
504:
500:
496:
492:
488:
485:
482:
481:
478:
475:
473:
470:
468:
465:
464:
461:
459:
456:
452:
449:
445:
441:
440:P-type ATPase
436:
434:
430:
426:
421:
415:
410:
408:
405:
403:
398:
396:
388:
384:
382:
379:
377:
372:
370:
362:
358:
352:
343:
340:
339:
334:
327:
323:
320:
313:
309:
306:
303:
300:
299:
296:
295:
291:
286:
279:
277:
275:
270:
268:
264:
260:
256:
254:
250:
246:
241:
239:
235:
231:
227:
223:
219:
208:
205:
197:
194:February 2021
187:
183:
177:
176:
171:This section
169:
165:
160:
159:
153:
151:
149:
141:
139:
137:
133:
129:
125:
121:
120:loop of Henle
117:
113:
109:
105:
93:
87:
83:
80:
77:
75:
71:
68:
65:
63:
59:
54:
51:
48:
46:
42:
37:
30:
25:
20:
2132:intermediate
2037:Circulation
1979:Macula densa
1961:Renal pelvis
1884:Renal tubule
1775:interlobular
1755:Renal artery
1612:
1589:the original
1584:
1532:
1528:
1522:
1458:
1451:
1426:
1400:
1396:
1387:
1359:
1353:
1323:(1): 38–43.
1320:
1316:
1310:
1275:
1271:
1261:
1228:
1224:
1218:
1167:
1163:
1129:
1101:
1067:
1061:
1026:
1022:
1012:
982:(5): 530–6.
979:
975:
969:
961:
947:
941:
849:Brush border
844:Urinary pole
812:interferon-Îł
781:
743:
727:
707:
694:
658:Most of the
657:
650:
644:
578:solvent drag
574:paracellular
551:, inorganic
520:isotonically
499:paracellular
476:
471:
466:
448:paracellular
444:solvent drag
437:
422:
419:
406:
399:
394:
392:
386:
380:
376:renal cortex
373:
368:
366:
360:
310:Description
293:
287:
283:
271:
261:
257:
249:mitochondria
242:
238:reabsorptive
215:
200:
191:
180:Please help
175:verification
172:
148:brush border
145:
135:
131:
127:
123:
103:
101:
66:
1956:Major calyx
1951:Minor calyx
1744:Circulation
1535:(1): 22–7.
885:Glomerulus.
773:amino acids
765:bicarbonate
676:bicarbonate
647:medications
549:amino acids
536:amino acids
516:Na/K-ATPase
429:Na/K-ATPase
318:convoluted
267:capillaries
228:giving the
56:Identifiers
2196:Categories
1902:Descending
1844:Glomerulus
1810:interlobar
1800:Vasa recta
1790:Renal vein
1765:interlobar
1317:Physiology
938:References
824:chemokines
749:gentamicin
710:cell lines
491:aquaporins
455:antiporter
416:Absorption
395:pars recta
387:pars recta
222:microvilli
218:epithelial
130:) and the
2127:prostatic
2096:External
1989:Mesangium
1869:Mesangium
1760:segmental
1751:Arteries
1512:ignored (
1502:cite book
1407:eMedicine
1184:1046-6673
954:page 1223
832:apoptosis
820:cytokines
777:phosphate
753:myoglobin
699:glomeruli
672:glutamate
664:glutamine
641:Secretion
615:intestine
611:phosphate
599:phosphate
565:potassium
553:phosphate
467:Substance
411:Functions
336:straight
288:Based on
280:Divisions
245:cytoplasm
142:Structure
45:Precursor
2112:Internal
2053:(female)
1859:Podocyte
1815:efferent
1780:afferent
1702:pyramids
1557:28183020
1549:16508725
1494:27034550
1345:29602556
1337:11390757
1302:27214555
1253:24141102
1245:12139400
1202:21170887
1053:31605441
1004:42761720
996:16914967
838:See also
828:collagen
788:ischemia
718:OK cells
660:ammonium
477:Comments
2186:Anatomy
2079:Urethra
2069:Trigone
2030:Bladder
2012:Ureters
1827:Nephron
1805:arcuate
1770:arcuate
1734:Nephron
1697:Medulla
1680:Capsule
1660:Kidneys
1486:8678793
1293:4922683
1210:3122791
1193:4699187
1044:7384063
804:glucose
769:glucose
714:LLC-PK1
693:of the
627:citrate
545:Glucose
532:glucose
528:organic
431:in the
402:medulla
301:Segment
234:luminal
112:kidneys
108:nephron
79:D007687
39:Details
2172:Portal
2137:spongy
2105:female
1786:Veins
1690:column
1685:Cortex
1675:Fascia
1668:Layers
1607:, and
1599:(from
1555:
1547:
1492:
1484:
1474:
1439:
1366:
1343:
1335:
1300:
1290:
1251:
1243:
1208:
1200:
1190:
1182:
1136:
1108:
1074:
1051:
1041:
1023:FEBS J
1002:
994:
962:(1918)
902:kidney
826:, and
775:, and
724:Cancer
507:sodium
446:, and
263:Agonal
1714:Sinus
1553:S2CID
1490:S2CID
1341:S2CID
1249:S2CID
1206:S2CID
1000:S2CID
952:from
740:Other
728:Most
701:with
619:bones
483:water
90:[
62:Latin
2100:male
1719:Lobe
1545:PMID
1514:help
1482:PMID
1472:ISBN
1437:ISBN
1364:ISBN
1333:PMID
1298:PMID
1241:PMID
1198:PMID
1180:ISSN
1134:ISBN
1106:ISBN
1072:ISBN
1049:PMID
992:PMID
814:and
806:(in
703:CD10
697:and
617:and
586:urea
541:100%
534:and
458:NHE3
393:The
367:The
243:The
102:The
74:MeSH
1537:doi
1464:doi
1433:132
1405:at
1325:doi
1288:PMC
1280:doi
1276:126
1233:doi
1188:PMC
1172:doi
1039:PMC
1031:doi
1027:287
984:doi
898:TEM
802:),
666:to
501:).
329:S2
321:S1
184:by
138:).
136:PST
128:PCT
110:in
2198::
1611:)
1609:UF
1605:UB
1603:,
1601:UL
1583:.
1551:.
1543:.
1533:11
1531:.
1506::
1504:}}
1500:{{
1488:.
1480:.
1470:.
1435:.
1413:^
1378:^
1339:.
1331:.
1321:13
1319:.
1296:.
1286:.
1274:.
1270:.
1247:.
1239:.
1229:36
1227:.
1204:.
1196:.
1186:.
1178:.
1168:17
1166:.
1162:.
1148:^
1120:^
1086:^
1047:.
1037:.
1025:.
1021:.
998:.
990:.
980:15
978:.
834:.
822:,
790:,
786:,
779:.
771:,
767:,
720:.
547:,
378:.
341:S3
150:.
2174::
1643:e
1636:t
1629:v
1559:.
1539::
1516:)
1496:.
1466::
1445:.
1372:.
1347:.
1327::
1304:.
1282::
1255:.
1235::
1212:.
1174::
1142:.
1114:.
1080:.
1055:.
1033::
1006:.
986::
908:.
538:)
493:(
389:)
363:)
207:)
201:(
196:)
192:(
178:.
134:(
126:(
94:]
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