631:
1334:
1239:
701:
875:
1494:
1534:
36:
1508:
1278:
652:
1322:
174:(AOA) at a receiving station can be determined by the use of a directional antenna, or by differential time of arrival at an array of antennas with known location. AOA information may be combined with distance estimates from the techniques previously described to establish the location of a transmitter or backscatterer. Alternatively, the AOA at two receiving stations of known location establishes the position of the transmitter. The use of multiple receivers to locate a transmitter is known as
1294:
1466:
1563:
1310:
1632:
1452:
1251:
726:
1889:
198:
about 10 GHz, but becomes important at multi-GHz frequencies where rotational molecular states can be excited. Refraction is important at long ranges (tens to hundreds of kilometers) due to gradients in moisture content and temperature in the atmosphere. In urban, mountainous, or indoor environments, obstruction by intervening obstacles and reflection from nearby surfaces are very common, and contribute to
861:
1438:
495:
1899:
610:
1546:
676:
844:
216:
regions of the radio spectrum, emission over such a broad bandwidth is not allowed by the relevant regulatory authorities, in order to avoid interference with other narrowband users of the spectrum. In the United States, unlicensed transmission is allowed in several bands, such as the 902-928 MHz and 2.4-2.483 GHz
Industrial, Scientific, and Medical
1520:
1480:
751:
207:. The dependence of signal strength on position of transmitter and receiver becomes complex and often non-monotonic, making single-receiver estimates of position inaccurate and unreliable. Multilateration using many receivers is often combined with calibration measurements ("fingerprinting") to improve accuracy.
980:
In order to improve harmonisation in spectrum utilisation, the majority of service-allocations stipulated in this document were incorporated in national Tables of
Frequency Allocations and Utilisations which is within the responsibility of the appropriate national administration. The allocation might
215:
theory shows that in order to change amplitude or phase on a short time scale, a signal must use a broad bandwidth. For example, to create a pulse of about 1 ns duration, roughly sufficient to identify location to within 0.3 m (1 foot), a bandwidth of roughly 1 GHz is required. In many
210:
TOA and AOA measurements are also subject to multipath errors, particularly when the direct path from the transmitter to receiver is blocked by an obstacle. Time of arrival measurements are also most accurate when the signal has distinct time-dependent features on the scale of interest—for example,
197:
of the distance for distances large compared to a wavelength and compared to the object to be located, but in most real environments, a number of impairments can occur: absorption, refraction, shadowing, and reflection. Absorption is negligible for radio propagation in air at frequencies less than
192:
Use of RSSI to locate a transmitter from a single receiver requires that both the transmitted (or backscattered) power from the object to be located are known, and that the propagation characteristics of the intervening region are known. In empty space, signal strength decreases as the
1266:
170:(TOA), when the time of transmission and speed of propagation are known. Combining TOA data from several receivers at different known locations (time difference of arrival, TDOA) can provide an estimate of position even in the absence of knowledge of the time of transmission. The
224:
transmission over GHz or multi-GHz bandwidths, with constraints on transmitted power to minimize interference with other spectrum users. UWB pulses can be very narrow in time, and often provide accurate estimates of TOA in urban or indoor environments.
1109:
202:
distortion: that is, reflected and delayed replicates of the transmitted signal are combined at the receiver. Signals from different paths can add constructively or destructively: such variations in amplitude are known as
630:
228:
Radiolocation is employed in a wide variety of industrial and military activities. Radar systems often use a combination of TOA and AOA to determine a backscattering object's position using a single receiver. In
1599:
1333:
2121:“Outdoor/Indoor Propagation Modeling for Wireless Communications Systems”, M. Iskander, Z. Yun, and Z. Zhang, IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society, AP-S International Symposium (Digest) v 2 2001. p 150-153
241:
rather than location (though it helps determine future location). Real Time
Location Systems RTLS using calibrated RTLS, and TDOA, are commercially available. The widely used Global Positioning System (
1788:
166:
One technique measures a distance by using the difference in the power of the received signal strength (RSSI) as compared to the originating signal strength. Another technique uses the
1238:
1507:
700:
1784:
147:
An object can be located by measuring the characteristics of received radio waves. The radio waves may be transmitted by the object to be located, or they may be
1005:
1621:
1631:
1792:
874:
1309:
1562:
1293:
1493:
651:
538:
for the purpose of radiolocation", where radiolocation is defined as: "radiodetermination used for purposes other than those of radionavigation."
1250:
390:
tend to use handset-based radiolocation technologies, which are technically more similar to radionavigation. GPS is one of those technologies.
1357:
1277:
1152:
779:
527:
129:, but radiolocation usually refers to passively seeking a distant object rather than actively finding one's own position; both are types of
1836:
789:
1321:
57:
1832:
725:
675:
1533:
431:
79:
181:
Estimates are improved when the transmission characteristics of the medium is factored into the calculations. For RSSI this means
1808:
1776:
1614:
937:
571:
421:
182:
1992:
1465:
1952:
ITU Radio
Regulations, CHAPTER II – Frequencies, ARTICLE 5 Frequency allocations, Section IV – Table of Frequency Allocations
1760:
1728:
1676:
1406:
1201:
860:
443:
361:
186:
411:
1820:
1768:
1764:
1412:
1213:
1207:
588:
2134:
1892:
1265:
276:
50:
44:
319:, except that it is the networks that determine the time difference and therefore distance from each tower (as with
1804:
1772:
1756:
1740:
1668:
1607:
1437:
1399:
1395:
1378:
1194:
1190:
1173:
594:
558:
548:
535:
451:
136:
1545:
609:
294:) requires at least two towers, locating the caller at the point where the lines along the angles from each tower
1828:
1708:
685:
342:
61:
1902:
1876:
1451:
1993:"Signal Processing Techniques in Network-Aided Positioning: A Survey of State-of-the-Art Positioning Designs"
220:, but high-power transmission cannot extend outside of these bands. However, several jurisdictions now allow
1800:
1584:
843:
1519:
2015:
1856:
1748:
1552:
689:
479:
295:
272:
470:. Mobile phone users may have the option to permit the location information gathered to be sent to other
1796:
1640:
1369:
1361:
1164:
1156:
783:
531:
254:
199:
337:(such as multipath) which mobile phone signals are known to exhibit at different locations in each cell
2061:
2007:
1868:
1780:
1752:
1736:
1684:
1680:
1570:
986:
907:
2020:
330:
1716:
1712:
1704:
1664:
1594:
664:
1898:
2085:
2045:
Patwari, N.; Ash, J. N.; Kyperountas, S.; Hero, A. O.; Moses, R. L.; Correal, N. S. (July 2005).
2033:
1852:
1724:
1700:
1692:
1589:
957:
455:
260:
131:
1479:
2046:
2077:
1860:
851:
792:
used for the purpose of radiolocation. This (radiocommunication) service may also include the
710:
640:
619:
212:
2110:
2069:
2025:
1744:
507:
425:
383:
171:
120:
415:
1974:
ITU Radio
Regulations, Section IV. Radio Stations and Systems – Article 1.89, definition:
1962:
ITU Radio
Regulations, Section IV. Radio Stations and Systems – Article 1.90, definition:
1939:
ITU Radio
Regulations, Section IV. Radio Stations and Systems – Article 1.49, definition:
1927:
ITU Radio
Regulations, Section IV. Radio Stations and Systems – Article 1.48, definition:
1844:
661:
316:
175:
167:
125:
104:
17:
2065:
2011:
1864:
1660:
1656:
1256:
447:
194:
2128:
1840:
1816:
1672:
1636:
1365:
1300:
1284:
1160:
912:
828:
463:
268:
234:
230:
221:
2089:
2037:
1824:
1732:
1720:
1696:
1688:
494:
471:
467:
397:
264:
1372:
intended to be used while in motion or during halts at unspecified points." Each
1872:
793:
373:
320:
156:
148:
1513:
Nike
Hercules IFC radars LOPAR and the tracking radars (MTR, TTR, TRR) f.l.t.r.
2098:
1848:
714:
503:
405:
387:
353:
160:
116:
108:
2081:
2073:
2029:
2047:"Locating the nodes: cooperative localization in wireless sensor networks"
922:
756:
401:
369:
346:
238:
217:
927:
735:
483:
478:
networks, so that it can help people who are simply lost or want other
442:
Initially, the purpose of any of these in mobile phones is so that the
393:
Composite solutions, needing both the handset and the network include:
349:
334:
280:
819:
For example military radar sensors in earth satellites operate in the
2114:
952:
204:
1108:
750:
1812:
942:
435:
112:
245:) is based on TOA of signals from satellites at known positions.
475:
459:
379:
152:
1603:
482:. By default, this selection is usually turned off, to protect
1339:
Skyguide radar, Hochwacht in
Boppelsen on Lägern (Switzerland)
1020:
365:
242:
29:
27:
Process of finding the location of something using radio waves
1991:
Sun, Guolin; Chen, Jie; Guo, Wei; Liu, K. J. R. (July 2005).
973:
The allocation of radio frequencies is provided according to
1409:(article 1.87) of the radionavigation service (article 1.42)
1315:
Intelligence-gathering phased array radar FPS-108 COBRA DANE
1204:(article 1.87) of the radionavigation service (article 1.42)
761:(space radio station of the radiolocation-satellite service)
1789:
Satellite emergency position-indicating radiobeacon station
1014: Region 3
1011: Region 2
1216:(article 1.89) of the radiolocation service (article 1.48)
211:
when it is composed of short pulses of known duration—but
159:
uses radiolocation when it uses radio waves rather than
947:
radar reconnaissance and optoelectronic reconnaissance
454:
can know where the caller is and exactly where to send
1259:(ARPA Long-Range Tracking and Instrumentation Radar)
111:. It generally refers to passive uses, particularly
1647:
932:military radar (imaging) reconnaissance satellite
917:military radar (imaging) reconnaissance satellite
591:land-mobile, air-mobile, sea-mobile (article 1.89)
1785:Emergency position-indicating radiobeacon station
1382:in which it operates permanently or temporarily.
1177:in which it operates permanently or temporarily.
1167:not intended to be used while in motion." Each
995:
981:be primary, secondary, exclusive, and shared.
1615:
1415:(article 1.88) of the radionavigation service
1210:(article 1.88) of the radionavigation service
977:of the ITU Radio Regulations (edition 2012).
8:
1569:Air borne radar „Lichtenstein SN-2“ in the
115:—as well as detecting buried cables,
1793:Standard frequency and time signal station
1622:
1608:
1600:
345:, which can be difficult or impossible in
2019:
422:Timing Advance/Network Measurement Report
80:Learn how and when to remove this message
1107:
996:
993:
886:
749:
493:
237:is also taken into account, determining
43:This article includes a list of general
1920:
1433:
1358:International Telecommunication Union's
1234:
1153:International Telecommunication Union's
894:
839:
780:International Telecommunication Union's
605:
528:International Telecommunication Union's
2099:"The indoor radio propagation channel"
1244:German Radar Wurzburg Riese (FuMG 65)
962:Radar Ocean Reconnaissance SATellite
641:Fire control radar FuMG 39 „Würzburg“
139:(RTLS) for tracking valuable assets.
7:
1299:50 Feet dish Antenna of a 3 kW
790:radiodetermination-satellite service
356:. Location signatures actually work
1635:
1526:APAR-radar Fregatte Hamburg (F 220)
1500:MIM-104 Patriot in Japanese service
458:. This ability is known within the
412:Advanced Forward Link Trilateration
267:. Most often, this is done through
1327:Phased array radar AN/FPQ-16 PARCS
1271:NASA Wallops Flight Facility Radar
49:it lacks sufficient corresponding
25:
552:is classified in accordance with
432:Enhanced Observed Time Difference
1897:
1888:
1887:
1630:
1561:
1544:
1532:
1518:
1506:
1492:
1478:
1464:
1450:
1436:
1393:might be classified as follows:
1332:
1320:
1308:
1292:
1276:
1264:
1249:
1237:
1188:might be classified as follows:
873:
859:
842:
724:
699:
674:
650:
629:
608:
408:) allows use of GPS even indoors
283:can be determined several ways:
135:. Radiolocation is also used in
107:of something through the use of
103:, is the process of finding the
34:
2054:IEEE Signal Processing Magazine
2000:IEEE Signal Processing Magazine
1941:radiolocation-satellite service
1829:Instrument landing system (ILS)
1777:Radio direction-finding station
1639:and systems in accordance with
1444:Air Surveillance Radars TRML-3D
833:radiolocation-satellite service
821:radiolocation-satellite service
803:radiolocation-satellite service
768:Radiolocation-satellite service
572:Radiolocation-satellite service
1761:Radionavigation mobile station
1729:On-board communication station
1677:High altitude platform station
1407:Radionavigation mobile station
1202:Radionavigation mobile station
867:"NRO Lacrosse" radar satellite
259:Radiolocation is also used in
151:waves (as in radar or passive
1:
1427:radiolocation mobile stations
444:public safety answering point
360:in these conditions however.
1976:radiolocation mobile station
1809:Ship's emergency transmitter
1769:Radiolocation mobile station
1765:Radionavigation land station
1419:Radiolocation mobile station
1413:Radionavigation land station
1350:Radiolocation mobile station
1214:Radiolocation mobile station
1208:Radionavigation land station
1003:
1002:
589:Radiolocation mobile station
183:electromagnetic permeability
1376:shall be classified by the
1228:radiolocation land stations
1171:shall be classified by the
796:necessary for its operation
2151:
1964:radiolocation land station
1805:Experimental radio station
1773:Radiolocation land station
1757:Radiodetermination station
1741:Aeronautical earth station
1400:radiodetermination service
1396:Radiodetermination station
1379:radiocommunication service
1220:Radiolocation land station
1195:radiodetermination service
1191:Radiodetermination station
1174:radiocommunication service
1145:radiolocation land station
595:Radiolocation land station
559:Radiodetermination service
549:radiocommunication service
536:radiodetermination service
452:emergency telephone number
341:The first two depend on a
301:time difference of arrival
252:
137:real-time locating systems
18:Radiolocation land station
1883:
1709:Land mobile earth station
1389:(article 1) this type of
1184:(article 1) this type of
1068:
1044:
1018:
1008:
1004:
805:distinguishes basically
686:Active Phased Array Radar
2074:10.1109/MSP.2005.1458287
2030:10.1109/MSP.2005.1458273
1877:Emergency locator beacon
888:List of radar-satellites
738:Air Surveillance Radar )
584:distinguishes basically
556:(article 1) as follows:
490:International regulation
2103:Proceedings of the IEEE
1801:Radio astronomy station
1585:Radio direction finding
1486:German radar sensor LĂśR
1054:RADIOLOCATION-SATELLITE
881:"ROSAR" radar satellite
480:location-based services
64:more precise citations.
1749:Aircraft earth station
1669:Survival craft station
1553:Sea-based x-band radar
1398:(article 1.86) of the
1193:(article 1.86) of the
1140:
998:Allocation to services
764:
516:Radiolocation service
512:
333:" to store and recall
275:. The location of the
185:; for TOA it may mean
1929:radiolocation service
1641:ITU Radio Regulations
1472:RAAF radar, AN/TPS-77
1387:ITU Radio Regulations
1374:radiolocation station
1370:radiolocation service
1364:(RR) – defined as "A
1362:ITU Radio Regulations
1182:ITU Radio Regulations
1169:radiolocation station
1165:radiolocation service
1159:(RR) – defined as "a
1157:ITU Radio Regulations
1111:
753:
582:radiolocation service
566:Radiolocation service
554:ITU Radio Regulations
534:(RR) – defined as "A
500:Remote Radar Post 358
497:
446:(PSAP) which answers
255:Mobile phone tracking
2097:Hashemi, H. (1993).
1869:Multi-satellite link
1825:Radar beacon (racon)
1781:Radio beacon station
1753:Broadcasting station
1737:Aeronautical station
1685:Mobile earth station
1539:Weapon control radar
987:frequency allocation
969:Frequency allocation
815:Space radio stations
809:Earth radio stations
774:) is – according to
522:) is – according to
2066:2005ISPM...22...54P
2012:2005ISPM...22...12S
1717:Coast earth station
1705:Land mobile station
1657:Terrestrial station
1595:Lightning detection
1385:In accordance with
1180:In accordance with
892:
665:early warning radar
123:. It is similar to
2135:Radiodetermination
1725:Ship earth station
1701:Base earth station
1693:Land earth station
1590:Real time locating
1352:is – according to
1147:is – according to
1141:
958:Russian Federation
887:
786:(RR) – defined as
765:
732:Land-mobile radar
513:
456:emergency services
327:location signature
261:cellular telephony
132:radiodetermination
1911:
1910:
1861:Satellite network
1458:High finder radar
1096:
1095:
966:
965:
891:
852:space-based radar
784:Radio Regulations
762:
739:
718:
711:Boeing E-3 Sentry
707:Air-mobile radar
693:
682:Sea-mobile radar
668:
644:
623:
620:parabolic antenna
532:Radio Regulations
382:networks such as
368:networks such as
213:Fourier transform
187:non-line-of-sight
90:
89:
82:
16:(Redirected from
2142:
2118:
2115:10.1109/5.231342
2093:
2051:
2041:
2023:
1997:
1978:
1972:
1966:
1960:
1954:
1949:
1943:
1937:
1931:
1925:
1901:
1891:
1890:
1857:Satellite system
1745:Aircraft station
1652:
1634:
1624:
1617:
1610:
1601:
1565:
1548:
1536:
1522:
1510:
1496:
1482:
1468:
1454:
1440:
1402:(article 1.40 )
1336:
1324:
1312:
1296:
1280:
1268:
1253:
1241:
1197:(article 1.40 )
1135:
1129:
1123:
1117:
1080:(Earth-to-space)
1077:FIXED-SATELLITE
1059:(Earth-to-space)
1033:(Earth-to-space)
1030:FIXED-SATELLITE
994:
893:
889:
877:
863:
846:
823:n this service.
812:Feeder links and
760:
733:
728:
708:
703:
683:
678:
659:
654:
638:
633:
617:
612:
508:German Air Force
384:Verizon Wireless
288:angle of arrival
172:angle of arrival
143:Basic principles
121:public utilities
101:radiopositioning
95:, also known as
85:
78:
74:
71:
65:
60:this article by
51:inline citations
38:
37:
30:
21:
2150:
2149:
2145:
2144:
2143:
2141:
2140:
2139:
2125:
2124:
2096:
2049:
2044:
2021:10.1.1.319.3989
1995:
1990:
1987:
1985:Further reading
1982:
1981:
1973:
1969:
1961:
1957:
1950:
1946:
1938:
1934:
1926:
1922:
1917:
1912:
1907:
1879:
1845:Radio altimeter
1821:Secondary radar
1797:Amateur station
1650:
1648:
1643:
1628:
1581:
1574:
1573:
1566:
1557:
1556:
1549:
1540:
1537:
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1514:
1511:
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1501:
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1304:
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1281:
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1269:
1260:
1254:
1245:
1242:
1189:
1139:
1137:
1131:
1125:
1119:
1113:
1106:
1101:
1085:INTER-SATELLITE
1050:INTER-SATELLITE
1038:INTER-SATELLITE
971:
883:
882:
878:
869:
868:
864:
855:
854:
847:
763:
748:
741:
740:
729:
720:
719:
704:
695:
694:
690:Frigate Hamburg
679:
670:
669:
655:
646:
645:
634:
625:
624:
613:
604:
568:(article 1.48)
561:(article 1.40)
557:
544:
511:
492:
317:multilateration
309:time of arrival
257:
251:
176:multilateration
168:time of arrival
145:
126:radionavigation
86:
75:
69:
66:
56:Please help to
55:
39:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2148:
2146:
2138:
2137:
2127:
2126:
2123:
2122:
2119:
2109:(7): 943–968.
2094:
2042:
1986:
1983:
1980:
1979:
1967:
1955:
1944:
1932:
1919:
1918:
1916:
1913:
1909:
1908:
1906:
1905:
1895:
1884:
1881:
1880:
1865:Satellite link
1863: |
1837:ILS glide path
1767: |
1681:Mobile station
1655:
1653:
1645:
1644:
1637:Radio stations
1629:
1627:
1626:
1619:
1612:
1604:
1598:
1597:
1592:
1587:
1580:
1577:
1576:
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1443:
1442:
1435:
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1431:
1429:
1422:
1421:
1416:
1410:
1346:
1345:Mobile station
1343:
1342:
1341:
1338:
1331:
1329:
1326:
1319:
1317:
1314:
1307:
1305:
1298:
1291:
1289:
1283:Antenna radar
1282:
1275:
1273:
1270:
1263:
1261:
1255:
1248:
1246:
1243:
1236:
1233:
1232:
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1043:
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1036:
1035:
1034:
1028:
1016:
1015:
1012:
1009:
1001:
1000:
992:
991:
989:
970:
967:
964:
963:
960:
955:
949:
948:
945:
940:
934:
933:
930:
925:
919:
918:
915:
910:
904:
903:
900:
897:
890:(not complete)
885:
884:
880:
879:
872:
870:
866:
865:
858:
856:
849:
848:
841:
838:
837:
835:
829:radio stations
817:
816:
813:
810:
754:
747:
744:
743:
742:
731:
730:
723:
721:
713:with rotating
706:
705:
698:
696:
681:
680:
673:
671:
657:
656:
649:
647:
636:
635:
628:
626:
615:
614:
607:
603:
600:
599:
598:
597:(article 1.90)
592:
578:
577:
576:
575:
574:(article 1.49)
543:
542:Classification
540:
498:
491:
488:
466:) as wireless
440:
439:
429:
419:
409:
339:
338:
331:fingerprinting
324:
315:) works using
298:
253:Main article:
250:
247:
195:inverse square
144:
141:
88:
87:
42:
40:
33:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2147:
2136:
2133:
2132:
2130:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2083:
2079:
2075:
2071:
2067:
2063:
2059:
2055:
2048:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2022:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1994:
1989:
1988:
1984:
1977:
1971:
1968:
1965:
1959:
1956:
1953:
1948:
1945:
1942:
1936:
1933:
1930:
1924:
1921:
1914:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1894:
1886:
1885:
1882:
1878:
1875: |
1874:
1871: |
1870:
1867: |
1866:
1862:
1859: |
1858:
1855: |
1854:
1851: |
1850:
1847: |
1846:
1843: |
1842:
1841:Marker beacon
1839: |
1838:
1835: |
1834:
1833:ILS localizer
1831: |
1830:
1827: |
1826:
1823: |
1822:
1819: |
1818:
1817:Primary radar
1815: |
1814:
1811: |
1810:
1807: |
1806:
1803: |
1802:
1799: |
1798:
1795: |
1794:
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1790:
1787: |
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1726:
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1722:
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1718:
1715: |
1714:
1713:Coast station
1711: |
1710:
1707: |
1706:
1703: |
1702:
1699: |
1698:
1695: |
1694:
1691: |
1690:
1687: |
1686:
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1682:
1679: |
1678:
1675: |
1674:
1673:Fixed station
1671: |
1670:
1667: |
1666:
1665:Space station
1663: |
1662:
1661:Earth station
1659: |
1658:
1654:
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1411:
1408:
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1404:
1403:
1401:
1397:
1392:
1391:radio station
1388:
1383:
1381:
1380:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1366:radio station
1363:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1344:
1335:
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1323:
1318:
1311:
1306:
1302:
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1192:
1187:
1186:radio station
1183:
1178:
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1175:
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1166:
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1161:radio station
1158:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1134:
1128:
1122:
1116:
1110:
1103:
1098:
1087:
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1032:
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1026:
1025:
1024:
1023:
1022:
1017:
1013:
1010:
1007:
999:
990:
988:
984:
983:
982:
978:
976:
968:
961:
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956:
954:
951:
950:
946:
944:
941:
939:
936:
935:
931:
929:
926:
924:
921:
920:
916:
914:
911:
909:
906:
905:
901:
898:
895:
876:
871:
862:
857:
853:
845:
840:
836:
834:
830:
826:
825:
824:
822:
814:
811:
808:
807:
806:
804:
799:
797:
795:
791:
785:
781:
777:
773:
769:
759:
758:
752:
745:
737:
727:
722:
716:
712:
702:
697:
691:
687:
677:
672:
666:
663:
653:
648:
642:
632:
627:
621:
611:
606:
601:
596:
593:
590:
587:
586:
585:
583:
573:
570:
569:
567:
564:
563:
562:
560:
555:
551:
550:
541:
539:
537:
533:
529:
525:
521:
517:
509:
505:
501:
496:
489:
487:
485:
481:
477:
473:
472:phone numbers
469:
465:
464:North America
461:
457:
453:
449:
445:
437:
433:
430:
427:
423:
420:
417:
413:
410:
407:
403:
399:
396:
395:
394:
391:
389:
385:
381:
377:
375:
371:
367:
363:
359:
355:
351:
348:
344:
343:line-of-sight
336:
332:
328:
325:
322:
318:
314:
310:
306:
302:
299:
297:
293:
289:
286:
285:
284:
282:
278:
274:
270:
269:trilateration
266:
265:base stations
262:
256:
249:Mobile phones
248:
246:
244:
240:
236:
235:Doppler shift
232:
231:Doppler radar
226:
223:
222:ultrawideband
219:
214:
208:
206:
201:
196:
190:
188:
184:
179:
177:
173:
169:
164:
162:
158:
154:
150:
149:backscattered
142:
140:
138:
134:
133:
128:
127:
122:
118:
114:
110:
106:
102:
98:
97:radiolocating
94:
93:Radiolocation
84:
81:
73:
70:February 2019
63:
59:
53:
52:
46:
41:
32:
31:
19:
2106:
2102:
2057:
2053:
2003:
1999:
1975:
1970:
1963:
1958:
1951:
1947:
1940:
1935:
1928:
1923:
1853:Space system
1733:Port station
1721:Ship station
1697:Base station
1689:Land station
1426:
1418:
1390:
1386:
1384:
1377:
1373:
1354:article 1.89
1353:
1349:
1348:
1227:
1219:
1185:
1181:
1179:
1172:
1168:
1149:article 1.90
1148:
1144:
1142:
1132:
1126:
1120:
1114:
1104:Land station
1069:24.65-24.75
1058:
1053:
1045:24.65-24.75
1019:24.65-24.75
997:
979:
974:
972:
832:
827:Examples of
820:
818:
802:
800:
794:feeder links
787:
776:Article 1.49
775:
771:
767:
766:
755:
581:
579:
565:
553:
547:
545:
524:Article 1.48
523:
519:
515:
514:
499:
468:enhanced 911
441:
398:assisted GPS
392:
378:
357:
340:
326:
321:seismometers
312:
308:
304:
300:
291:
287:
273:radio towers
258:
227:
209:
191:
189:receptions.
180:
165:
146:
130:
124:
119:, and other
100:
96:
92:
91:
76:
67:
48:
1873:Feeder link
1287:TAR Finland
985:Example of
658:Land radar
637:Land radar
616:Land radar
354:skyscrapers
347:mountainous
157:stud finder
117:water mains
109:radio waves
62:introducing
1915:References
1849:Radiosonde
1571:ME Bf 110G
1425:Selection
1226:Selection
746:Satellites
715:radar dome
388:Sprint PCS
376:use TDOA.
352:or around
161:ultrasound
45:references
2082:1053-5888
2060:(4): 54.
2016:CiteSeerX
2006:(4): 12.
1138:Principle
1124:etection
975:Article 5
902:Sensoric
662:AN/FPQ-16
296:intersect
218:ISM bands
200:multipath
2129:Category
1893:Category
1579:See also
1555:underway
1099:Stations
1006:Region 1
923:SAR-Lupe
908:Lacrosse
850:"ORS-2"
831:in the
770:(short:
757:SAR-Lupe
602:Examples
518:(short:
402:wireless
374:T-Mobile
370:Cingular
335:patterns
307:) resp.
271:between
239:velocity
105:location
2090:3259841
2062:Bibcode
2038:4093889
2008:Bibcode
1649:desig-
1356:of the
1151:of the
928:Germany
899:Country
778:of the
736:TRML-3D
526:of the
506:of the
504:RRP 117
484:privacy
350:terrain
281:handset
58:improve
2088:
2080:
2036:
2018:
1903:Portal
1651:nation
1360:(ITU)
1301:C band
1285:L band
1257:ALTAIR
1155:(ITU)
1136:anging
1088:MOBILE
953:RORSAT
782:(ITU)
530:(ITU)
450:to an
426:TA/NMR
358:better
329:uses "
277:Caller
233:, the
205:fading
155:). A
47:, but
2086:S2CID
2050:(PDF)
2034:S2CID
1996:(PDF)
1813:Radar
1303:Radar
1074:FIXED
1027:FIXED
943:Japan
546:This
448:calls
436:E-OTD
416:A-FLT
113:radar
2078:ISSN
1118:dio
896:Name
801:The
772:RLSS
580:The
476:data
460:NANP
386:and
380:CDMA
372:and
364:and
362:TDMA
305:TDOA
263:via
153:RFID
2111:doi
2070:doi
2026:doi
1368:in
1163:in
1130:nd
1021:GHz
938:IGS
913:USA
798:.»
788:«A
688:on
520:RLS
474:or
404:or
366:GSM
313:TOA
292:AOA
279:or
243:GPS
99:or
2131::
2107:81
2105:.
2101:.
2084:.
2076:.
2068:.
2058:22
2056:.
2052:.
2032:.
2024:.
2014:.
2004:22
2002:.
1998:.
1143:A
1115:RA
486:.
406:TV
178:.
163:.
2117:.
2113::
2092:.
2072::
2064::
2040:.
2028::
2010::
1623:e
1616:t
1609:v
1133:R
1127:A
1121:D
734:(
717:)
709:(
692:)
684:(
667:)
660:(
643:)
639:(
622:)
618:(
510:)
502:(
462:(
438:)
434:(
428:)
424:(
418:)
414:(
400:(
323:)
311:(
303:(
290:(
83:)
77:(
72:)
68:(
54:.
20:)
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