1840:
1000:
2310:
900:
2346:
2434:
1416:
948:
936:
1428:
888:
2362:
1520:
1454:
2078:
751:
988:
1480:
1442:
976:
5843:
2406:
1468:
876:
2420:
1978:
49:
924:
912:
739:
727:
1506:
1494:
960:
1532:
1325:
698:, permanently frozen after great lengths of time. He supported this idea by saying that quartz is found near glaciers in the Alps, but not on volcanic mountains, and that large quartz crystals were fashioned into spheres to cool the hands. This idea persisted until at least the 17th century. He also knew of the ability of quartz to split light into a
2309:
2993:
Morgado, Antonio; Lozano, JosĂ© Antonio; GarcĂa SanjuĂĄn, Leonardo; Triviño, Miriam Luciañez; Odriozola, Carlos P.; Irisarri, Daniel
Lamarca; Flores, Ălvaro FernĂĄndez (December 2016). "The allure of rock crystal in Copper Age southern Iberia: Technical skill and distinguished objects from Valencina de
1347:. Common colored varieties include citrine, rose quartz, amethyst, smoky quartz, milky quartz, and others. These color differentiations arise from the presence of impurities which change the molecular orbitals, causing some electronic transitions to take place in the visible spectrum causing colors.
868:
tetrahedra in the present case). The transformation between α- and ÎČ-quartz only involves a comparatively minor rotation of the tetrahedra with respect to one another, without a change in the way they are linked. However, there is a significant change in volume during this transition, and this can
2294:
is a familiar device using the mineral. Warren
Marrison created the first quartz oscillator clock based on the work of Cady and Pierce in 1927. The resonant frequency of a quartz crystal oscillator is changed by mechanically loading it, and this principle is used for very accurate measurements of
2249:
disrupted the supplies from Brazil, so nations attempted to synthesize quartz on a commercial scale. German mineralogist
Richard Nacken (1884â1971) achieved some success during the 1930s and 1940s. After the war, many laboratories attempted to grow large quartz crystals. In the United States, the
2258:
of
Cleveland, Ohio to synthesize crystals following Nacken's lead. (Prior to World War II, Brush Development produced piezoelectric crystals for record players.) By 1948, Brush Development had grown crystals that were 1.5 inches (3.8 cm) in diameter, the largest at that time. By the 1950s,
2056:
As quartz is a form of silica, it is a possible cause for concern in various workplaces. Cutting, grinding, chipping, sanding, drilling, and polishing natural and manufactured stone products can release hazardous levels of very small, crystalline silica dust particles into the air that workers
1547:
is a form of quartz that ranges from a bright vivid violet to a dark or dull lavender shade. The world's largest deposits of amethysts can be found in Brazil, Mexico, Uruguay, Russia, France, Namibia, and
Morocco. Sometimes amethyst and citrine are found growing in the same crystal. It is then
3119:, Steno states his law of constancy of interfacial angles: "Figures 5 and 6 belong to the class of those which I could present in countless numbers to prove that in the plane of the axis both the number and the length of the sides are changed in various ways without changing the angles; ⊠"
536:. The transformation from α-quartz to ÎČ-quartz takes place abruptly at 573 °C (846 K; 1,063 °F). Since the transformation is accompanied by a significant change in volume, it can easily induce microfracturing of ceramics or rocks passing through this temperature threshold.
1015:
Although many of the varietal names historically arose from the color of the mineral, current scientific naming schemes refer primarily to the microstructure of the mineral. Color is a secondary identifier for the cryptocrystalline minerals, although it is a primary identifier for the
1744:
is a gray, translucent version of quartz. It ranges in clarity from almost complete transparency to a brownish-gray crystal that is almost opaque. Some can also be black. The translucency results from natural irradiation acting on minute traces of aluminum in the crystal structure.
4746:( 5) There formed from water in which I had dissolved freshly precipitated silicic acid in a Papin pot , after just 8 days of evaporating, crystals, which albeit were microscopic but consisted of very easily recognizable six-sided prisms with their usual pyramids.)
4743:
Bildeten sich aus Wasser, in welchen ich im
Papinianischen Topfe frisch gefÀllte KieselsÀure aufgelöst hatte, beym Verdampfen schon nach 8 Tagen Krystalle, die zwar mikroscopisch, aber sehr wohl erkenntlich aus sechseitigen Prismen mit derselben gewöhnlichen Pyramide
869:
result in significant microfracturing in ceramics during firing, in ornamental stone after a fire and in rocks of the Earth's crust exposed to high temperatures, thereby damaging materials containing quartz and degrading their physical and mechanical properties.
2202:, and extravagant vessels. The tradition continued to produce objects that were very highly valued until the mid-19th century, when it largely fell from fashion except in jewelry. Cameo technique exploits the bands of color in onyx and other varieties.
802:
are particularly fine examples. The crystals are attached at one end to the enclosing rock, and only one termination pyramid is present. However, doubly terminated crystals do occur where they develop freely without attachment, for instance, within
2096:
Prasiolite, an olive colored material, is produced by heat treatment; natural prasiolite has also been observed in Lower
Silesia in Poland. Although citrine occurs naturally, the majority is the result of heat-treating amethyst or smoky quartz.
1779:, is a variety of quartz that is green in color. The green is caused by iron ions. It is a rare mineral in nature and is typically found with amethyst; most "prasiolite" is not natural â it has been artificially produced by heating of amethyst.
2345:
1839:
2598:
Antao, S. M.; Hassan, I.; Wang, J.; Lee, P. L.; Toby, B. H. (1 December 2008). "State-Of-The-Art High-Resolution Powder X-Ray
Diffraction (HRPXRD) Illustrated with Rietveld Structure Refinement of Quartz, Sodalite, Tremolite, and Meionite".
2381:
Almost all the industrial demand for quartz crystal (used primarily in electronics) is met with synthetic quartz produced by the hydrothermal process. However, synthetic crystals are less prized for use as gemstones. The popularity of
787:(with twin right-handed and left-handed quartz crystals), distorted, or so intergrown with adjacent crystals of quartz or other minerals as to only show part of this shape, or to lack obvious crystal faces altogether and appear
2217:
Elemental impurity incorporation strongly influences the ability to process and utilize quartz. Naturally occurring quartz crystals of extremely high purity, necessary for the crucibles and other equipment used for growing
2205:
Efforts to synthesize quartz began in the mid-nineteenth century as scientists attempted to create minerals under laboratory conditions that mimicked the conditions in which the minerals formed in nature: German geologist
3875:
FridrichovĂĄ, Jana; BaÄĂk, Peter; IllĂĄĆĄovĂĄ, Äœudmila; KozĂĄkovĂĄ, Petra; Ć koda, Radek; PuliĆĄovĂĄ, Zuzana; Fiala, Anton (July 2016). "Raman and optical spectroscopic investigation of gem-quality smoky quartz crystals".
4528:
Groman-Yaroslavski, Iris; Bar-Yosef Mayer, Daniella E. (June 2015). "Lapidary technology revealed by functional analysis of carnelian beads from the early
Neolithic site of Nahal Hemar Cave, southern Levant".
1612:. However, a heat-treated amethyst will have small lines in the crystal, as opposed to a natural citrine's cloudy or smoky appearance. It is nearly impossible to differentiate between cut citrine and yellow
2229:
industry, are expensive and rare. These high-purity quartz are defined as containing less than 50 ppm of impurity elements. A major mining location for high purity quartz is the Spruce Pine Gem Mine in
1592:
sometimes also are present. "Dumortierite quartz" (sometimes called "blue quartz") will sometimes feature contrasting light and dark color zones across the material. "Blue quartz" is a minor gemstone.
899:
864:
These space groups are truly chiral (they each belong to the 11 enantiomorphous pairs). Both α-quartz and ÎČ-quartz are examples of chiral crystal structures composed of achiral building blocks (SiO
3280:
Knapek, Michal; HĂșlan, TomĂĄĆĄ; MinĂĄrik, Peter; DobroĆ, Patrik; Ć tubĆa, Igor; StrĂĄskĂĄ, Jitka; ChmelĂk, FrantiĆĄek (January 2016). "Study of microcracking in illite-based ceramics during firing".
1366:
of crystals visible only under high magnification). The cryptocrystalline varieties are either translucent or mostly opaque, while the transparent varieties tend to be macrocrystalline.
1963:
are used to remove soil and clay and expose quartz veins, which are then worked using hand tools. Care must be taken to avoid sudden temperature changes that may damage the crystals.
1943:, Brazil; it measured approximately 6.1 m Ă 1.5 m Ă 1.5 m (20 ft Ă 5 ft Ă 5 ft) and weighed over 39,900 kg (88,000 lb).
3061:
999:
2263:
techniques were producing synthetic quartz crystals on an industrial scale, and today virtually all the quartz crystal used in the modern electronics industry is synthetic.
2361:
420:
4894:
Nacken, R. (1950) "Hydrothermal
Synthese als Grundlage fĂŒr ZĂŒchtung von Quarz-Kristallen" (Hydrothermal synthesis as a basis for the production of quartz crystals),
5031:
Brush Development's team of scientists included: Danforth R. Hale, Andrew R. Sobek, and Charles Baldwin Sawyer (1895â1964). The company's U.S. patents included:
2093:
to induce color where it would not otherwise have occurred naturally. Susceptibility to such treatments depends on the location from which the quartz was mined.
1725:, Brazil. The crystals found are more transparent and euhedral, due to the impurities of phosphate and aluminium that formed crystalline rose quartz, unlike the
1701:
Additionally, there is a rare type of pink quartz (also frequently called crystalline rose quartz) with color that is thought to be caused by trace amounts of
5901:
5896:
2884:
5183:
5407:
5205:
5562:
5101:
935:
4489:"Green to blue-green quartz from Rakowice Wielkie (Sudetes, south-western Poland) â a re-examination of prasiolite-related color varieties of quartz"
5886:
4693:
947:
3309:"Thermal effect of high temperatures on the physical and mechanical properties of a granite used in UNESCO World Heritage sites in north Portugal"
3832:
2968:
3785:
5397:
4394:
3767:
2796:
2503:
2245:
By the 1930s, the electronics industry had become dependent on quartz crystals. The only source of suitable crystals was Brazil; however,
1382:. Other opaque gemstone varieties of quartz, or mixed rocks including quartz, often including contrasting bands or patterns of color, are
3734:
3624:
3478:
3112:
3058:
3413:
2493:
4422:
1670:
Rose quartz is a type of quartz that exhibits a pale pink to rose red hue. The color is usually considered as due to trace amounts of
5422:
5123:
Pierce, G. W. (1923). "Piezoelectric crystal resonators and crystal oscillators applied to the precision calibration of wavemeters".
4647:
4637:
4279:
4103:
4068:
4015:
3714:
3597:
3038:
2769:
2582:
1655:
of gas, liquid, or both, trapped during crystal formation, making it of little value for optical and quality gemstone applications.
5356:
3443:
2012:
found in some meteorite impact sites and in metamorphic rocks formed at pressures greater than those typical of the Earth's crust.
108:
5926:
5881:
2856:
1993:
1636:. Citrine has been referred to as the "merchant's stone" or "money stone", due to a superstition that it would bring prosperity.
2712:
1902:" rock, since it indicates the rock has been heavily reworked and quartz was the primary mineral that endured heavy weathering.
713:. He discovered that regardless of a quartz crystal's size or shape, its long prism faces always joined at a perfect 60° angle.
4847:
2136:
887:
5058:; filed: 27 March 1959; issued: 19 December 1961. (This patent was assigned to Sawyer Research Products of Eastlake, Ohio.)
2182:
America, in Europe and the Middle East the different varieties of quartz were the most commonly used for the various types of
1600:
Citrine is a variety of quartz whose color ranges from pale yellow to brown due to a submicroscopic distribution of colloidal
5463:
5454:
4764:
4197:
4134:
3173:
2706:
1617:
491:
292:
1415:
5906:
5555:
5284:
1336:
1329:
325:
829:
21 (space group 152 or 154 resp.) depending on the chirality. Above 573 °C (846 K; 1,063 °F), α-quartz in
5916:
1664:
3976:
2300:
2296:
2231:
4987:
2739:
2207:
4873:
3810:
1981:
Pressure-temperature diagram showing the stability ranges for the two forms of quartz and some other forms of silica
5921:
5891:
3555:
3106:
The Prodromus of Nicolaus Steno's Dissertation Concerning a Solid Body Enclosed by Process of Nature Within a Solid
1891:
875:
122:
3307:
TomĂĄs, R.; Cano, M.; PulgarĂn, L. F.; BrotĂłns, V.; Benavente, D.; Miranda, T.; Vasconcelos, G. (1 November 2021).
1651:
Milk quartz or milky quartz is the most common variety of crystalline quartz. The white color is caused by minute
987:
5911:
5239:
3686:
2673:
2255:
1375:
4151:
5548:
4731:: im Verlage der königlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften, in Commission der Franz'schen Buchhandlung: 577â584.
4430:
4032:
2881:
2210:(1803â1890) was the first person to synthesize quartz when in 1845 he created microscopic quartz crystals in a
1910:
1899:
1709:. The color in crystals is apparently photosensitive and subject to fading. The first crystals were found in a
1275:
768:
440:
147:
5191:
4035:[Development, via compression, of electric polarization in hemihedral crystals with inclined faces].
3190:
2089:
Not all varieties of quartz are naturally occurring. Some clear quartz crystals can be treated using heat or
975:
5415:
5411:
5213:
5209:
5187:
5105:
3930:"On the Color and Genesis of Prase (Green Quartz) and Amethyst from the Island of Serifos, Cyclades, Greece"
3241:
Johnson, Scott E.; Song, Won Joon; Cook, Alden C.; Vel, Senthil S.; Gerbi, Christopher C. (1 January 2021).
2320:
2219:
1639:
Citrine was first appreciated as a golden-yellow gemstone in Greece between 300 and 150 BC, during the
1427:
923:
764:
142:
98:
31:
5109:
4595:
4381:
3704:
2108:, synthetic quartz is produced for use in industry. Large, flawless, single crystals are synthesized in an
5392:
4716:
3928:
Klemme, S.; Berndt, J.; Mavrogonatos, C.; Flemetakis, S.; Baziotis, I.; Voudouris, P.; Xydous, S. (2018).
3356:
Johnson, Scott E.; Song, Won Joon; Cook, Alden C.; Vel, Senthil S.; Gerbi, Christopher C. (January 2021).
3242:
2839:
2260:
2113:
2109:
2082:
1632:". Sometimes citrine and amethyst can be found together in the same crystal, which is then referred to as
559:
1643:. Yellow quartz was used prior to that to decorate jewelry and tools but it was not highly sought after.
959:
5447:
5427:
4689:
4663:
2439:
1691:
452:
282:
272:
4717:"Die neuesten geologischen Hypothesen und ihr VerhĂ€ltniĂ zur Naturwissenschaft ĂŒberhaupt (Fortsetzung)"
4033:"Développement par compression de l'électricité polaire dans les cristaux hémiÚdres à faces inclinées"
911:
5876:
5752:
5252:
5043:
Sobek, Andrew R. and Hale, Danforth R. "Method and apparatus for growing single crystals of quartz",
4921:
4794:
4538:
4500:
4057:"Développement, par pression, de l'électricité polaire dans les cristaux hémiÚdres à faces inclinées"
3941:
3509:
3369:
3003:
2952:
2910:
2690:
Anthony, John W.; Bideaux, Richard A.; Bladh, Kenneth W.; Nichols, Monte C., eds. (29 January 1990).
2635:
2532:
2387:
2214:. However, the quality and size of the crystals that were produced by these early efforts were poor.
2120:
2090:
1395:
532:
Quartz exists in two forms, the normal α-quartz and the high-temperature ÎČ-quartz, both of which are
4719:[The latest geological hypotheses and their relation to science in general (continuation)].
4447:
4330:
Hazard Alert - Worker Exposure to Silica during Countertop Manufacturing, Finishing and Installation
3836:
3219:
Crystal Data, Determinative Tables, ACA Monograph No. 5, American Crystallographic Association, 1963
2937:
1078:
Yellow quartz ranging to reddish-orange or brown (Madeira citrine), and occasionally greenish yellow
5227:
3782:
2222:
2152:
2148:
1687:
1561:
1519:
1453:
1363:
1279:
1217:
1105:
750:
593:
315:
305:
247:
6-sided prism ending in 6-sided pyramid (typical), drusy, fine-grained to microcrystalline, massive
1620:. Brazil is the leading producer of citrine, with much of its production coming from the state of
543:. Since antiquity, varieties of quartz have been the most commonly used minerals in the making of
5276:
5150:
4979:
4820:
4618:
4223:
3533:
3387:
3308:
3087:
2550:
2462:
2279:
2275:
2271:
2066:
1820:
1816:
619:
589:
262:
3998:
Saigusa, Y. (2017). "Chapter 5 â Quartz-Based Piezoelectric Materials". In Uchino, Kenji (ed.).
3589:
2701:. Vol. III (Halides, Hydroxides, Oxides). Chantilly, VA: Mineralogical Society of America.
4355:
3647:
5742:
5635:
5582:
5364:
5268:
5011:
4937:
4812:
4760:
4732:
4643:
4390:
4275:
4130:
4011:
3763:
3730:
3710:
3620:
3593:
3525:
3466:
3338:
3262:
3169:
3109:
3034:
2792:
2765:
2702:
2578:
2499:
2367:
2287:
2199:
2187:
2179:
2164:
1621:
1359:
1340:
548:
522:
448:
202:
4768:
3757:
5813:
5423:
Terminology used to describe the characteristics of quartz crystals when used as oscillators
5329:
5260:
5140:
5132:
5083:
4971:
4929:
4802:
4610:
4573:
4546:
4508:
4462:
4044:
4003:
3949:
3885:
3517:
3405:
3377:
3373:
3328:
3320:
3289:
3254:
3011:
2960:
2918:
2651:
2643:
2608:
2540:
2452:
2352:
2211:
2105:
1883:
1859:
1812:
1652:
1355:
1269:
1036:
966:
784:
776:
563:
506:
495:
444:
356:
348:
335:
252:
81:
74:
4417:
2626:
Kihara, K. (1990). "An X-ray study of the temperature dependence of the quartz structure".
2077:
1604:
hydroxide impurities. Natural citrines are rare; most commercial citrines are heat-treated
1479:
1441:
5871:
5847:
5668:
5571:
5317:
Apart from Prague and Florence, the main Renaissance centre for crystal cutting was Milan.
5248:
4426:
4002:. Woodhead Publishing in Materials (2nd ed.). Woodhead Publishing. pp. 197â233.
3789:
3690:
3358:"The quartz αâÎČ phase transition: Does it drive damage and reaction in continental crust?"
3243:"The quartz αâÎČ phase transition: Does it drive damage and reaction in continental crust?"
3116:
3065:
2888:
2843:
2743:
2677:
2411:
2383:
2235:
2195:
2139:. It is found regularly in passage tomb cemeteries in Europe in a burial context, such as
2029:
1972:
1952:
1894:
and consequently it is very common as a residual mineral in stream sediments and residual
1640:
1344:
795:
710:
691:
597:
579:
499:
483:
456:
54:
4091:
4056:
5256:
4925:
4798:
4542:
4504:
3945:
3513:
3435:
3007:
2956:
2914:
2639:
2536:
1955:. Miners occasionally use explosives to expose deep pockets of quartz. More frequently,
5823:
5702:
5681:
4690:"Driscoll, Killian. 2010. Understanding quartz technology in early prehistoric Ireland"
4577:
4007:
3759:
Gemstones: A Complete Color Reference for Precious and Semiprecious Stones of the World
3582:
3293:
2472:
2425:
2025:
1913:
1714:
1585:
1240:
1203:
Opaque cryptocrystalline quartz, typically red to brown but often used for other colors
1158:
634:
609:
136:
114:
4389:(100C ed.). International Agency for Research on Cancer. 2012. pp. 355â397.
4250:
2860:
1924:
minerals like gold, silver and copper. Large crystals of quartz are found in magmatic
1122:
The term is often used for white, cloudy, or lightly colored material intergrown with
682:
is sometimes used as an alternative name for transparent coarsely crystalline quartz.
5865:
5440:
5280:
4824:
3391:
2758:
2691:
2554:
2226:
1824:
1788:
1120:
Fibrous, variously translucent, cryptocrystalline quartz occurring in many varieties.
788:
772:
706:
650:
510:
396:
376:
242:
154:
128:
4983:
4839:
3537:
3104:
Nicolaus Steno (Latinized name of Niels Steensen) with John Garrett Winter, trans.,
2812:
2085:, about 19 centimetres (7.5 in) long and weighing about 127 grams (4.5 oz)
1977:
5818:
5595:
5300:(NB. This was partially presented at Physikertagung in Heidelberg in October 1957.)
5145:
4622:
2964:
2922:
2457:
2447:
2419:
2386:
has increased the demand for natural quartz crystals, which are now often mined in
2291:
2283:
2246:
2191:
1989:
1855:
1828:
1741:
1730:
1722:
1695:
1609:
1589:
1581:
1577:
1296:
1227:
1091:
A mix of amethyst and citrine with hues of purple/violet and yellow or orange/brown
780:
673:
669:
406:
221:
4957:"The evolution of time measurement, Part 2: Quartz clocks [Recalibration]"
4596:"Hydrothermal growth of quartz crystals in industry. Present status and evolution"
4182:
3889:
3521:
1467:
48:
5432:
5310:
4933:
4328:
3015:
2786:
2174:
has been since earliest times the most prized semi-precious stone for carving in
1335:
Pure quartz, traditionally called rock crystal or clear quartz, is colorless and
539:
There are many different varieties of quartz, several of which are classified as
237:
Colorless, pink, orange, white, green, yellow, blue, purple, dark brown, or black
5747:
2467:
2391:
2336:
1796:
1565:
811:
665:
476:
386:
166:
5232:"Verwendung von Schwingquarzen zur WĂ€gung dĂŒnner Schichten und zur MikrowĂ€gung"
5231:
4094:[On electric polarization in hemihedral crystals with inclined faces].
3382:
3357:
3324:
3258:
2647:
1753:
Prase is a green variety of quartz. The green color is caused by inclusions of
5828:
5757:
5724:
5643:
5620:
5615:
5505:
5169:
5054:
5045:
5036:
4550:
4466:
4129:(4th ed.). Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Pearson Prentice Hall. p. 130.
2891:, Queensland University of Technology. Mineralatlas.com. Retrieved 2013-03-07.
2736:
2401:
2267:
2156:
2144:
2058:
2013:
1936:
1887:
1772:
1766:
1367:
1256:
1246:
1148:
1115:
414:
5368:
5272:
4975:
4816:
3342:
3266:
2612:
1694:
studies suggest that the color is due to thin microscopic fibers of possibly
5785:
5737:
5676:
5625:
4048:
3500:
Lehmann, G.; Moore, W. J. (20 May 1966). "Color Center in Amethyst Quartz".
2251:
2183:
2175:
2140:
2098:
2062:
2041:
1985:
1956:
1925:
1879:
1863:
1754:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1679:
1387:
1135:
544:
402:
5087:
4941:
4736:
4513:
4488:
3972:
3529:
2270:
pickups. One of the most common piezoelectric uses of quartz today is as a
1505:
1493:
738:
726:
17:
5393:
Quartz varieties, properties, crystal morphology. Photos and illustrations
4956:
4614:
4564:
Walker, A. C. (August 1953). "Hydrothermal Synthesis of Quartz Crystals".
2656:
1324:
494:, with each oxygen being shared between two tetrahedra, giving an overall
5808:
5803:
5605:
5523:
5493:
4869:
4092:"Sur l'électricité polaire dans les cristaux hémiÚdres à faces inclinées"
3802:
2332:
2239:
2160:
2021:
1671:
1633:
1605:
1549:
1544:
1379:
1123:
1086:
1060:
699:
540:
526:
208:
5154:
4807:
4782:
3551:
3333:
3091:
2545:
2520:
2131:
Quartz is the most common material identified as the mystical substance
1531:
5780:
5600:
5590:
5574:
5529:
5499:
5487:
5264:
4303:
4152:"The genesis of pegmatites: I. Occurrence and origin of giant crystals"
3954:
3929:
3903:
2005:
2001:
1960:
1848:
678:
555:
514:
479:
3683:
2670:
1580:
within quartz pieces often result in silky-appearing splotches with a
732:
Crystal structure of α-quartz (red balls are oxygen, grey are silicon)
5658:
5481:
5136:
4728:
3850:
3406:"Quartz Gemstone and Jewelry Information: Natural Quartz â GemSelect"
2328:
2324:
2057:
breathe. Crystalline silica of respirable size is a recognized human
1917:
1875:
1871:
1852:
1800:
1792:
1784:
1683:
1629:
1601:
1399:
1371:
1283:
1198:
804:
659:
644:
533:
58:
5071:
5034:
Sobek, Andrew R. "Apparatus for growing single crystals of quartz",
618:("hard"). Some sources, however, attribute the word's origin to the
5357:"Dark crystals: the brutal reality behind a booming wellness craze"
2101:
has been heat-treated to deepen its color since prehistoric times.
1552:. Amethyst derives its color from traces of iron in its structure.
588:, which had the same form in the first half of the 14th century in
5732:
5707:
5653:
5648:
5540:
5517:
2316:
2132:
2076:
2033:
1976:
1940:
1906:
1867:
1838:
1718:
1613:
1383:
1350:
The most important distinction between types of quartz is that of
1323:
1187:
1168:
799:
518:
1245:
Fibrous gold, red-brown or bluish colored chalcedony, exhibiting
5772:
5762:
5686:
5475:
4383:
Arsenic, Metals, Fibres and Dusts. A Review of Human Carcinogens
2171:
2045:
1929:
1895:
1726:
1675:
1391:
1181:
1173:
Multi-colored, curved or concentric banded chalcedony (cf. Onyx)
1154:
5544:
5436:
3467:"Structure and Chemistry of the low-pressure silica polymorphs"
2836:
2266:
An early use of the piezoelectricity of quartz crystals was in
1935:
The largest documented single crystal of quartz was found near
566:
method for determining the hardness of a material to abrasion.
2901:
Tomkeieff, S.I. (1942). "On the origin of the name 'quartz'".
1928:. Well-formed crystals may reach several meters in length and
1921:
695:
4362:. California Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment
3078:
Tutton, A.E. (1910). "Rock crystal: its structure and uses".
2351:
Synthetic quartz crystals produced in the autoclave shown in
653:
638:
5410:. The Lemelson Center, National Museum of American History,
5208:. The Lemelson Center, National Museum of American History,
5186:. The Lemelson Center, National Museum of American History,
5104:. The Lemelson Center, National Museum of American History,
3135:
3133:
3131:
3129:
3127:
3125:
2370:
ewer in carved rock crystal (clear quartz) with gold lid,
4781:
Götze, Jens; Pan, Yuanming; MĂŒller, Axel (October 2021).
1628:
which means "yellow" and is also the origin of the word "
1354:(individual crystals visible to the unaided eye) and the
5125:
Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
5052:
Sawyer, Charles B. "Production of artificial crystals",
4912:
Hale, D. R. (1948). "The Laboratory Growing of Quartz".
2788:
Geomorphology: The Mechanics and Chemistry of Landscapes
1374:
consisting of fine intergrowths of both quartz, and its
486:). The atoms are linked in a continuous framework of SiO
4487:
Platonov, Alexej N.; Szuszkiewicz, Adam (1 June 2015).
3191:"Doubly terminated quartz crystals occurring in gypsum"
1823:. Quartz's piezoelectric properties were discovered by
1682:
in the material. Some rose quartz contains microscopic
30:
This article is about the mineral. For other uses, see
4783:"Mineralogy and mineral chemistry of quartz: A review"
4589:
4587:
3436:"Quartz: The gemstone Quartz information and pictures"
1905:
While the majority of quartz crystallizes from molten
1795:. Naturally occurring prasiolite is also found in the
1783:, almost all natural prasiolite has come from a small
810:α-quartz crystallizes in the trigonal crystal system,
798:(a layer of crystals lining a void), of which quartz
505:. Quartz is, therefore, classified structurally as a
300:
7 â lower in impure varieties (defining mineral)
5173:, filed: 25 February 1924; issued: 18 October 1938.
4639:
Gems: Their Sources, Descriptions and Identification
3835:. California Institute of Technology. Archived from
2390:
using primitive mining methods, sometimes involving
2061:
and may lead to other diseases of the lungs such as
2016:
is a yet denser and higher-pressure polymorph of SiO
5794:
5771:
5723:
5716:
5695:
5667:
5634:
5581:
4636:Robert Webster, Michael O'Donoghue (January 2006).
3923:
3921:
3168:. Princeton, N.J.: Van Nostrand. pp. 443â447.
2319:workshop from the second half of the 16th century,
905:
Sceptered quartz (as aggregates: "Elestial quartz")
771:above 573 °C (846 K; 1,063 °F). The
463:
435:
427:
at 400 °C and 500 lb/in to 2600 ppm
413:
395:
385:
375:
355:
344:
334:
324:
314:
304:
291:
281:
271:
261:
251:
241:
233:
220:
215:
201:
165:
153:
135:
121:
107:
97:
80:
70:
65:
41:
5184:"The Quartz Watch â George Washington Pierce"
4448:"Review of some current coloured quartz varieties"
3581:
3033:. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 205.
2785:Anderson, Robert S.; Anderson, Suzanne P. (2010).
2757:
1898:. Generally a high presence of quartz suggests a "
1663:"Rose Quartz" redirects here. For other uses, see
783:at each end. In nature, quartz crystals are often
5428:Quartz use as prehistoric stone tool raw material
4441:
4439:
1232:Light to dark gray, sometimes with a brownish hue
5049:; filed: 11 April 1950; issued: 13 April 1954.
3703:Webster, Richard (8 September 2012). "Citrine".
3693:. Mindat.org (2013-03-01). Retrieved 2013-03-07.
3671:
2315:Rock crystal jug with cut festoon decoration by
4964:IEEE Instrumentation & Measurement Magazine
3108:(New York, New York: Macmillan Co., 1916). On
2756:Hurlbut, Cornelius S.; Klein, Cornelis (1985).
1909:, quartz also chemically precipitates from hot
5040:; filed: 11 April 1950; issued: 6 April 1954.
4769:Chapter 2: History of Hydrothermal Technology
4037:Bulletin de la Société minéralogique de France
3057:, Book 37, Chapter 9. Available on-line at:
2857:"Quartz | Definition of quartz by Lexico"
2573:Deer, W. A.; Howie, R.A.; Zussman, J. (1966).
2498:. Oxford University Press. 19 September 2013.
257:Common Dauphine law, Brazil law, and Japan law
5556:
5448:
2234:, United States. Quartz may also be found in
1186:Multi-colored, straight banded chalcedony or
1153:Quartz with tiny aligned inclusions (usually
8:
5102:"The Quartz Watch â Walter Guyton Cady"
4127:Principles of sedimentology and stratigraphy
3139:
2575:An introduction to the rock-forming minerals
709:'s study of quartz paved the way for modern
602:
583:
340:2.65; variable 2.59â2.63 in impure varieties
4755:Byrappa, K. and Yoshimura, Masahiro (2001)
4715:von SchafhÀutl, Karl Emil (10 April 1845).
2791:. Cambridge University Press. p. 187.
1560:Blue quartz contains inclusions of fibrous
1339:or translucent and has often been used for
613:
5720:
5563:
5549:
5541:
5455:
5441:
5433:
5315:. Studio Vista Limited. 1972. p. 78.
4870:"Caldoveiro Mine, Tameza, Asturias, Spain"
3967:
3965:
2837:Digitales Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache
2495:A Dictionary of Geology and Earth Sciences
2355:'s pilot hydrothermal quartz plant in 1959
1624:. The name is derived from the Latin word
1018:
47:
5206:"The Quartz Watch â Warren Marrison"
5144:
4806:
4759:. Norwich, New York: Noyes Publications.
4594:Buisson, X.; Arnaud, R. (February 1994).
4512:
3953:
3756:Hurrell, Karen; Johnson, Mary L. (2016).
3381:
3332:
2655:
2544:
2159:; both vein quartz and rock crystal were
794:Well-formed crystals typically form as a
672:) understood the mineral to be a form of
310:Vitreous â waxy to dull when massive
5398:Gilbert Hart, "Nomenclature of Silica",
3575:
3573:
2081:A synthetic quartz crystal grown by the
1843:Quartz vein in sandstone, North Carolina
837:21 becomes the more symmetric hexagonal
779:terminating with six-sided pyramid-like
5167:Pierce, George W. "Electrical system",
4566:Journal of the American Ceramic Society
3282:Journal of the European Ceramic Society
2746:. Webmineral.com. Retrieved 2013-03-07.
2484:
2305:
2250:U.S. Army Signal Corps contracted with
2155:, as well as many other countries, for
1128:Otherwise more specific names are used.
1011:Varieties (according to microstructure)
871:
4446:Henn, U.; Schultz-GĂŒttler, R. (2012).
4090:Curie, Jacques; Curie, Pierre (1880).
4055:Curie, Jacques; Curie, Pierre (1880).
4031:Curie, Jacques; Curie, Pierre (1880).
3792:. Galleries.com. Retrieved 2013-03-07.
3471:Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry
2568:
2566:
2564:
2020:found in some meteorite impact sites.
1886:. Quartz has the lowest potential for
1485:Citrine quartz (heat-altered amethyst)
953:Dauphine quartz (single dominant face)
845:22 (space group 181), and α-quartz in
38:
5290:from the original on 26 February 2019
4876:from the original on 12 February 2018
4290:
4274:"Mineral Science" by Cornelis Klein;
3558:from the original on 24 February 2017
3228:
3151:
2974:from the original on 4 September 2015
2577:. New York: Wiley. pp. 340â355.
513:. Quartz is the second most abundant
161:ÎČ-quartz: trapezohedral (class 6 2 2)
7:
4106:from the original on 5 December 2012
4071:from the original on 5 December 2012
2938:"On the origin of the name 'quartz'"
2521:"IMAâCNMNC approved mineral symbols"
2278:or resonator was first developed by
1847:Quartz is a defining constituent of
159:α-quartz: trapezohedral (class 3 2)
5408:"The Quartz Watch â Inventors"
5355:McClure, Tess (17 September 2019).
5312:The International Antiques Yearbook
4757:Handbook of Hydrothermal Technology
4433:website. Retrieved 22 December 2014
4203:from the original on 25 August 2013
3737:from the original on 18 August 2017
3446:from the original on 27 August 2017
3416:from the original on 29 August 2017
3362:Earth and Planetary Science Letters
3247:Earth and Planetary Science Letters
2680:. Mindat.org. Retrieved 2013-03-07.
2119:Like other crystals, quartz may be
2073:Synthetic and artificial treatments
941:Twinned quartz (known as Japan law)
664:) meaning "icy cold", because some
5902:Minerals in space group 180 or 181
5897:Minerals in space group 152 or 154
4850:from the original on 5 August 2009
4664:"How is Aura Rainbow Quartz Made?"
4578:10.1111/j.1151-2916.1953.tb12877.x
4356:"Silica (crystalline, respirable)"
4249:Eleanor McKenzie (25 April 2017).
4008:10.1016/B978-0-08-102135-4.00005-9
3833:"Quartz and its colored varieties"
3294:10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2015.09.004
431:at 500 °C and 1500 lb/in
27:Mineral made of silicon and oxygen
25:
4696:from the original on 25 June 2017
4531:Journal of Archaeological Science
4230:. Central Arkansas Library System
3979:from the original on 13 July 2011
3975:. quarzpage.de. 28 October 2009.
3813:from the original on 1 April 2009
3783:Milky quartz at Mineral Galleries
3706:The Encyclopedia of Superstitions
3481:from the original on 24 July 2011
2994:la ConcepciĂłn (Seville, Spain)".
2718:from the original on 1 April 2010
1211:
551:, especially in Europe and Asia.
5841:
5022:(2) : 148 (February 1949).
4993:from the original on 27 May 2013
4840:"Silicon Valley's secret recipe"
4000:Advanced Piezoelectric Materials
2432:
2418:
2404:
2360:
2344:
2327:. The city of Milan, apart from
2308:
2123:to give it an attractive sheen.
2104:Because natural quartz is often
1870:. It is a common constituent of
1733:fibers that formed rose quartz.
1530:
1518:
1504:
1492:
1478:
1466:
1452:
1440:
1426:
1414:
1176:Semi-translucent to translucent
1099:
998:
986:
974:
958:
946:
934:
922:
910:
898:
886:
874:
767:at room temperature, and to the
749:
737:
725:
5887:Symbols of Georgia (U.S. state)
4419:Treating Quartz to Create Color
3627:from the original on 6 May 2017
3313:Journal of Building Engineering
2295:very small mass changes in the
2137:Australian Aboriginal mythology
1370:is a cryptocrystalline form of
1295:Contains large amounts of blue
1065:Purple to violet colored quartz
558:defining the value of 7 on the
455:(hence optically active if not
5464:Mohs scale of mineral hardness
5402:, Volume 12, pp. 383â395. 1927
3672:Deer, Howie & Zussman 1966
2965:10.1180/minmag.1942.026.176.04
2923:10.1180/minmag.1942.026.176.04
2817:Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary
2628:European Journal of Mineralogy
1320:Varieties (according to color)
1:
5072:"The piezoelectric resonator"
4838:Nelson, Sue (2 August 2009).
3890:10.1016/j.vibspec.2016.03.028
3522:10.1126/science.152.3725.1061
2371:
1787:mine, but it is also seen in
1690:in transmitted light. Recent
1616:visually, but they differ in
1328:Quartz crystal demonstrating
744:Crystal structure of ÎČ-quartz
4934:10.1126/science.107.2781.393
3016:10.1016/j.quaint.2015.08.004
2301:thin-film thickness monitors
2167:of the prehistoric peoples.
2008:is a denser polymorph of SiO
1815:properties; they develop an
1665:Rose Quartz (disambiguation)
1073:
1016:macrocrystalline varieties.
694:believed quartz to be water
660:
645:
330:Transparent to nearly opaque
3648:"THE GEMSTONE DUMORTIERITE"
3621:"The Gemstone Dumortierite"
2339:centre for crystal cutting.
2297:quartz crystal microbalance
2232:Spruce Pine, North Carolina
2024:is a monoclinic polymorph.
1193:Semi-translucent to opaque
717:Crystal habit and structure
608:, which corresponds to the
5943:
4251:"How Is Quartz Extracted?"
4150:Jahns, Richard H. (1953).
3762:. Book Sales. p. 97.
3588:. Firefly Books. pp.
3383:10.1016/j.epsl.2020.116622
3325:10.1016/j.jobe.2021.102823
3259:10.1016/j.epsl.2020.116622
3031:Introduction to mineralogy
3029:Nesse, William D. (2000).
2288:quartz crystal oscillators
2151:. Quartz was also used in
2000:that occur in high-silica
1970:
1892:Goldich dissolution series
1764:
1662:
1576:Inclusions of the mineral
1020:Major varieties of quartz
654:
639:
509:and compositionally as an
507:framework silicate mineral
29:
5837:
5470:
4642:. Butterworth-Heinemann.
4603:Le Journal de Physique IV
4551:10.1016/j.jas.2015.03.030
4467:10.15506/JoG.2012.33.1.29
4431:International Gem Society
4336:. DHHS (NIOSH). p. 2
3580:Oldershaw, Cally (2003).
3465:Heaney, Peter J. (1994).
2601:The Canadian Mineralogist
2256:Brush Development Company
1951:Quartz is extracted from
1140:Reddish orange chalcedony
756:A chiral pair of α-quartz
46:
4976:10.1109/MIM.2011.6041381
4425:23 December 2014 at the
4228:Encyclopedia of Arkansas
4181:Rickwood, P. C. (1981).
3878:Vibrational Spectroscopy
3788:19 December 2008 at the
3164:Sinkankas, John (1964).
3140:Hurlbut & Klein 1985
3115:4 September 2015 at the
2996:Quaternary International
2936:Tomkeieff, S.I. (1942).
2887:4 September 2007 at the
2742:12 November 2006 at the
2676:14 December 2005 at the
2613:10.3749/canmin.46.5.1501
2284:George Washington Pierce
2208:Karl Emil von SchafhÀutl
2121:coated with metal vapors
1819:upon the application of
1765:Not to be confused with
1473:Citrine quartz (natural)
929:Tessin or tapered quartz
881:Common, prismatic quartz
769:hexagonal crystal system
596:and which came from the
5927:Symbols of South Dakota
5882:Piezoelectric materials
5412:Smithsonian Institution
5210:Smithsonian Institution
5188:Smithsonian Institution
5146:2027/inu.30000089308260
5106:Smithsonian Institution
4049:10.3406/bulmi.1880.1564
3374:2021E&PSL.55316622J
3166:Mineralogy for amateurs
3064:9 November 2012 at the
2842:1 December 2017 at the
1967:Related silica minerals
1932:hundreds of kilograms.
1858:. It is very common in
853:21 goes to space group
765:trigonal crystal system
32:Quartz (disambiguation)
5240:Zeitschrift fĂŒr Physik
5228:Sauerbrey, GĂŒnter Hans
5088:10.1103/PhysRev.17.508
4787:Mineralogical Magazine
4514:10.1515/mipo-2016-0004
4183:"The largest crystals"
2945:Mineralogical Magazine
2903:Mineralogical Magazine
2764:(20 ed.). Wiley.
2699:Handbook of Mineralogy
2525:Mineralogical Magazine
2286:designed and patented
2261:hydrothermal synthesis
2086:
1982:
1844:
1332:
1235:Translucent to opaque
1222:Translucent to opaque
1163:Translucent to opaque
763:Quartz belongs to the
637:referred to quartz as
614:
603:
584:
560:Mohs scale of hardness
5400:American Mineralogist
5330:"Hydrothermal Quartz"
5170:U.S. patent 2,133,642
5055:U.S. patent 3,013,867
5046:U.S. patent 2,675,303
5037:U.S. patent 2,674,520
4955:Lombardi, M. (2011).
4190:American Mineralogist
4156:American Mineralogist
3584:Firefly Guide to Gems
3195:American Mineralogist
2440:Earth sciences portal
2080:
1992:are high-temperature
1980:
1842:
1811:Quartz crystals have
1686:needles that produce
1327:
1028:Color and description
705:In the 17th century,
676:ice. Today, the term
436:Other characteristics
381:+0.009 (B-G interval)
211:, c = 5.4053 Ă
; Z = 3
109:Strunz classification
5907:Luminescent minerals
5070:Cady, W. G. (1921).
3646:Friedman, Herschel.
2760:Manual of Mineralogy
2648:10.1127/ejm/2/1/0063
2388:developing countries
2114:hydrothermal process
1157:) that shimmer with
578:is derived from the
482:composed of silica (
5917:Industrial minerals
5848:Minerals portal
5257:1959ZPhy..155..206S
5216:on 25 January 2009.
4926:1948Sci...107..393H
4808:10.1180/mgm.2021.72
4799:2021MinM...85..639G
4741:From page 578: 5)
4615:10.1051/jp4:1994204
4609:(C2): C2â25âC2-32.
4543:2015JArSc..58...77G
4505:2015Miner..46...19P
4293:, pp. 201â202.
4125:Boggs, Sam (2006).
3946:2018Mine....8..487K
3514:1966Sci...152.1061L
3508:(3725): 1061â1062.
3189:Tarr, W. A (1929).
3055:The Natural History
3008:2016QuInt.424..232M
2957:1942MinM...26..172T
2915:1942MinM...26..172T
2640:1990EJMin...2...63K
2546:10.1180/mgm.2021.43
2537:2021MinM...85..291W
2519:Warr, L.N. (2021).
2153:Prehistoric Ireland
2083:hydrothermal method
2040:which is formed by
1698:within the quartz.
1572:Dumortierite quartz
1562:magnesio-riebeckite
1459:Dumortierite quartz
1292:Dumortierite quartz
1216:White, may display
1021:
773:ideal crystal shape
649:) derived from the
594:East Central German
405:); 1713 °C (ÎČ
123:Dana classification
5418:on 7 January 2009.
5265:10.1007/BF01337937
5194:on 4 January 2009.
5112:on 4 January 2009.
3955:10.3390/min8110487
3733:. 7 January 2016.
3689:2 May 2010 at the
3154:, p. 202â204.
2863:on 1 December 2017
2463:Quartz reef mining
2280:Walter Guyton Cady
2272:crystal oscillator
2200:rock crystal vases
2087:
2067:pulmonary fibrosis
2044:strikes in quartz
1983:
1845:
1817:electric potential
1341:hardstone carvings
1333:
1104:Pink, may display
1019:
917:Bipyramidal quartz
590:Middle High German
549:hardstone carvings
345:Optical properties
5922:Silica polymorphs
5892:Trigonal minerals
5859:
5858:
5855:
5854:
5743:Chrome chalcedony
5717:Notable varieties
5636:Cryptocrystalline
5538:
5537:
4920:(2781): 393â394.
4721:Gelehrte Anzeigen
4396:978-92-832-1320-8
4222:McMillen, Allen.
4196:: 885â907 (903).
3769:978-0-7858-3498-4
3731:"Citrine Meaning"
3410:www.gemselect.com
3059:Perseus.Tufts.edu
3053:Pliny the Elder,
2798:978-1-139-78870-0
2505:978-0-19-965306-5
2276:quartz oscillator
2252:Bell Laboratories
2188:hardstone carving
2165:lithic technology
2091:gamma-irradiation
1920:, sometimes with
1884:metamorphic rocks
1860:sedimentary rocks
1821:mechanical stress
1692:X-ray diffraction
1622:Rio Grande do Sul
1360:cryptocrystalline
1317:
1316:
690:Roman naturalist
523:continental crust
470:
469:
267:{0110} Indistinct
16:(Redirected from
5934:
5912:Quartz gemstones
5846:
5845:
5844:
5814:Herkimer diamond
5721:
5565:
5558:
5551:
5542:
5457:
5450:
5443:
5434:
5419:
5414:. Archived from
5380:
5379:
5377:
5375:
5352:
5346:
5345:
5343:
5341:
5326:
5320:
5319:
5307:
5301:
5299:
5297:
5295:
5289:
5236:
5224:
5218:
5217:
5212:. Archived from
5202:
5196:
5195:
5190:. Archived from
5180:
5174:
5172:
5165:
5159:
5158:
5148:
5137:10.2307/20026061
5120:
5114:
5113:
5108:. Archived from
5098:
5092:
5091:
5067:
5061:
5057:
5048:
5039:
5029:
5023:
5012:"Record crystal"
5009:
5003:
5002:
5000:
4998:
4992:
4961:
4952:
4946:
4945:
4909:
4903:
4902: : 745â749.
4896:Chemiker Zeitung
4892:
4886:
4885:
4883:
4881:
4866:
4860:
4859:
4857:
4855:
4835:
4829:
4828:
4810:
4778:
4772:
4753:
4747:
4740:
4712:
4706:
4705:
4703:
4701:
4686:
4680:
4679:
4677:
4675:
4660:
4654:
4653:
4633:
4627:
4626:
4600:
4591:
4582:
4581:
4561:
4555:
4554:
4525:
4519:
4518:
4516:
4484:
4478:
4477:
4475:
4473:
4452:
4443:
4434:
4414:
4408:
4407:
4405:
4403:
4388:
4378:
4372:
4371:
4369:
4367:
4352:
4346:
4345:
4343:
4341:
4335:
4325:
4319:
4318:
4316:
4314:
4304:"Lechatelierite"
4300:
4294:
4288:
4282:
4272:
4266:
4265:
4263:
4261:
4246:
4240:
4239:
4237:
4235:
4219:
4213:
4212:
4210:
4208:
4202:
4187:
4178:
4172:
4171:
4169:
4167:
4147:
4141:
4140:
4122:
4116:
4115:
4113:
4111:
4087:
4081:
4080:
4078:
4076:
4053:. Reprinted in:
4052:
4028:
4022:
4021:
3995:
3989:
3988:
3986:
3984:
3969:
3960:
3959:
3957:
3925:
3916:
3915:
3913:
3911:
3900:
3894:
3893:
3872:
3866:
3865:
3863:
3861:
3847:
3841:
3840:
3839:on 19 July 2011.
3829:
3823:
3822:
3820:
3818:
3799:
3793:
3780:
3774:
3773:
3753:
3747:
3746:
3744:
3742:
3727:
3721:
3720:
3700:
3694:
3681:
3675:
3669:
3663:
3662:
3660:
3658:
3643:
3637:
3636:
3634:
3632:
3623:. Minerals.net.
3617:
3611:
3610:
3608:
3606:
3587:
3577:
3568:
3567:
3565:
3563:
3548:
3542:
3541:
3497:
3491:
3490:
3488:
3486:
3462:
3456:
3455:
3453:
3451:
3440:www.minerals.net
3432:
3426:
3425:
3423:
3421:
3402:
3396:
3395:
3385:
3353:
3347:
3346:
3336:
3304:
3298:
3297:
3277:
3271:
3270:
3238:
3232:
3226:
3220:
3217:
3211:
3210:
3208:
3206:
3186:
3180:
3179:
3161:
3155:
3149:
3143:
3137:
3120:
3102:
3096:
3095:
3075:
3069:
3051:
3045:
3044:
3026:
3020:
3019:
2990:
2984:
2983:
2981:
2979:
2973:
2951:(176): 172â178.
2942:
2933:
2927:
2926:
2909:(176): 172â178.
2898:
2892:
2879:
2873:
2872:
2870:
2868:
2859:. Archived from
2853:
2847:
2834:
2828:
2827:
2825:
2823:
2809:
2803:
2802:
2782:
2776:
2775:
2763:
2753:
2747:
2734:
2728:
2727:
2725:
2723:
2717:
2696:
2687:
2681:
2668:
2662:
2661:
2659:
2623:
2617:
2616:
2607:(6): 1501â1509.
2595:
2589:
2588:
2570:
2559:
2558:
2548:
2516:
2510:
2509:
2489:
2453:List of minerals
2442:
2437:
2436:
2435:
2428:
2423:
2422:
2414:
2409:
2408:
2407:
2376:
2373:
2364:
2353:Western Electric
2348:
2312:
1807:Piezoelectricity
1782:
1775:, also known as
1729:and microscopic
1653:fluid inclusions
1534:
1522:
1508:
1496:
1482:
1470:
1456:
1444:
1430:
1418:
1356:microcrystalline
1352:macrocrystalline
1270:Rutilated quartz
1037:Herkimer diamond
1022:
1002:
990:
978:
967:Herkimer diamond
962:
950:
938:
926:
914:
902:
893:Sceptered quartz
890:
878:
753:
741:
729:
663:
657:
656:
648:
642:
641:
617:
606:
587:
562:, a qualitative
496:chemical formula
449:triboluminescent
401:1670 °C (ÎČ
357:Refractive index
336:Specific gravity
297:
228:
87:
86:(repeating unit)
75:Silicate mineral
51:
39:
21:
5942:
5941:
5937:
5936:
5935:
5933:
5932:
5931:
5862:
5861:
5860:
5851:
5842:
5840:
5833:
5790:
5767:
5712:
5691:
5663:
5630:
5577:
5569:
5539:
5534:
5466:
5461:
5406:
5389:
5384:
5383:
5373:
5371:
5354:
5353:
5349:
5339:
5337:
5336:. GemSelect.com
5328:
5327:
5323:
5309:
5308:
5304:
5293:
5291:
5287:
5249:Springer-Verlag
5234:
5230:(April 1959) .
5226:
5225:
5221:
5204:
5203:
5199:
5182:
5181:
5177:
5168:
5166:
5162:
5122:
5121:
5117:
5100:
5099:
5095:
5076:Physical Review
5069:
5068:
5064:
5053:
5044:
5035:
5030:
5026:
5016:Popular Science
5010:
5006:
4996:
4994:
4990:
4959:
4954:
4953:
4949:
4911:
4910:
4906:
4893:
4889:
4879:
4877:
4868:
4867:
4863:
4853:
4851:
4837:
4836:
4832:
4780:
4779:
4775:
4754:
4750:
4714:
4713:
4709:
4699:
4697:
4688:
4687:
4683:
4673:
4671:
4662:
4661:
4657:
4650:
4635:
4634:
4630:
4598:
4593:
4592:
4585:
4563:
4562:
4558:
4527:
4526:
4522:
4486:
4485:
4481:
4471:
4469:
4450:
4445:
4444:
4437:
4427:Wayback Machine
4416:Liccini, Mark,
4415:
4411:
4401:
4399:
4397:
4386:
4380:
4379:
4375:
4365:
4363:
4354:
4353:
4349:
4339:
4337:
4333:
4327:
4326:
4322:
4312:
4310:
4302:
4301:
4297:
4289:
4285:
4273:
4269:
4259:
4257:
4248:
4247:
4243:
4233:
4231:
4224:"Quartz Mining"
4221:
4220:
4216:
4206:
4204:
4200:
4185:
4180:
4179:
4175:
4165:
4163:
4149:
4148:
4144:
4137:
4124:
4123:
4119:
4109:
4107:
4089:
4088:
4084:
4074:
4072:
4054:
4030:
4029:
4025:
4018:
3997:
3996:
3992:
3982:
3980:
3971:
3970:
3963:
3927:
3926:
3919:
3909:
3907:
3902:
3901:
3897:
3874:
3873:
3869:
3859:
3857:
3855:The Quartz Page
3849:
3848:
3844:
3831:
3830:
3826:
3816:
3814:
3801:
3800:
3796:
3790:Wayback Machine
3781:
3777:
3770:
3755:
3754:
3750:
3740:
3738:
3729:
3728:
3724:
3717:
3702:
3701:
3697:
3691:Wayback Machine
3682:
3678:
3670:
3666:
3656:
3654:
3645:
3644:
3640:
3630:
3628:
3619:
3618:
3614:
3604:
3602:
3600:
3579:
3578:
3571:
3561:
3559:
3550:
3549:
3545:
3499:
3498:
3494:
3484:
3482:
3464:
3463:
3459:
3449:
3447:
3434:
3433:
3429:
3419:
3417:
3404:
3403:
3399:
3355:
3354:
3350:
3306:
3305:
3301:
3279:
3278:
3274:
3240:
3239:
3235:
3227:
3223:
3218:
3214:
3204:
3202:
3188:
3187:
3183:
3176:
3163:
3162:
3158:
3150:
3146:
3138:
3123:
3117:Wayback Machine
3103:
3099:
3077:
3076:
3072:
3066:Wayback Machine
3052:
3048:
3041:
3028:
3027:
3023:
2992:
2991:
2987:
2977:
2975:
2971:
2940:
2935:
2934:
2930:
2900:
2899:
2895:
2889:Wayback Machine
2880:
2876:
2866:
2864:
2855:
2854:
2850:
2844:Wayback Machine
2835:
2831:
2821:
2819:
2811:
2810:
2806:
2799:
2784:
2783:
2779:
2772:
2755:
2754:
2750:
2744:Wayback Machine
2735:
2731:
2721:
2719:
2715:
2709:
2694:
2689:
2688:
2684:
2678:Wayback Machine
2669:
2665:
2625:
2624:
2620:
2597:
2596:
2592:
2585:
2572:
2571:
2562:
2518:
2517:
2513:
2506:
2491:
2490:
2486:
2481:
2438:
2433:
2431:
2424:
2417:
2412:Minerals portal
2410:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2384:crystal healing
2377:
2374:
2365:
2356:
2349:
2340:
2335:, was the main
2321:National Museum
2313:
2236:Caldoveiro Peak
2212:pressure cooker
2163:as part of the
2129:
2075:
2054:
2039:
2019:
2011:
1999:
1975:
1973:Silica minerals
1969:
1949:
1837:
1809:
1780:
1770:
1763:
1751:
1739:
1668:
1661:
1649:
1641:Hellenistic Age
1598:
1584:hue. Shades of
1574:
1558:
1548:referred to as
1542:
1541:
1540:
1539:
1538:
1535:
1527:
1526:
1523:
1514:
1513:
1512:
1509:
1501:
1500:
1497:
1488:
1487:
1486:
1483:
1475:
1474:
1471:
1462:
1461:
1460:
1457:
1449:
1448:
1445:
1436:
1435:
1434:
1431:
1423:
1422:
1419:
1408:
1345:Lothair Crystal
1322:
1127:
1121:
1013:
1006:
1003:
994:
993:Granular quartz
991:
982:
979:
970:
963:
954:
951:
942:
939:
930:
927:
918:
915:
906:
903:
894:
891:
882:
879:
867:
860:
852:
844:
836:
828:
820:
775:is a six-sided
761:
760:
759:
758:
757:
754:
746:
745:
742:
734:
733:
730:
719:
711:crystallography
692:Pliny the Elder
688:
572:
503:
490:siliconâoxygen
489:
484:silicon dioxide
430:
426:
370:
366:
364:
295:
226:
194:
186:
180:
176:
160:
145:
93:
85:
84:
61:
55:crystal cluster
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5940:
5938:
5930:
5929:
5924:
5919:
5914:
5909:
5904:
5899:
5894:
5889:
5884:
5879:
5874:
5864:
5863:
5857:
5856:
5853:
5852:
5838:
5835:
5834:
5832:
5831:
5826:
5824:Shocked quartz
5821:
5816:
5811:
5806:
5800:
5798:
5792:
5791:
5789:
5788:
5783:
5777:
5775:
5769:
5768:
5766:
5765:
5760:
5755:
5750:
5745:
5740:
5735:
5729:
5727:
5718:
5714:
5713:
5711:
5710:
5705:
5699:
5697:
5693:
5692:
5690:
5689:
5684:
5682:Lechatelierite
5679:
5673:
5671:
5665:
5664:
5662:
5661:
5656:
5651:
5646:
5640:
5638:
5632:
5631:
5629:
5628:
5623:
5618:
5613:
5608:
5603:
5598:
5593:
5587:
5585:
5579:
5578:
5570:
5568:
5567:
5560:
5553:
5545:
5536:
5535:
5533:
5532:
5526:
5520:
5514:
5508:
5502:
5496:
5490:
5484:
5478:
5471:
5468:
5467:
5462:
5460:
5459:
5452:
5445:
5437:
5431:
5430:
5425:
5420:
5404:
5395:
5388:
5387:External links
5385:
5382:
5381:
5347:
5321:
5302:
5219:
5197:
5175:
5160:
5115:
5093:
5062:
5060:
5059:
5050:
5041:
5024:
5004:
4947:
4904:
4887:
4872:. mindat.org.
4861:
4830:
4793:(5): 639â664.
4773:
4748:
4707:
4681:
4655:
4648:
4628:
4583:
4572:(8): 250â256.
4556:
4520:
4499:(1â2): 19â28.
4479:
4435:
4409:
4395:
4373:
4347:
4320:
4295:
4283:
4267:
4241:
4214:
4173:
4162:(7â8): 563â598
4142:
4135:
4117:
4096:Comptes rendus
4082:
4061:Comptes rendus
4023:
4016:
3990:
3961:
3917:
3895:
3867:
3842:
3824:
3794:
3775:
3768:
3748:
3722:
3715:
3709:. p. 59.
3695:
3676:
3674:, p. 350.
3664:
3638:
3612:
3598:
3569:
3554:. Mindat.org.
3543:
3492:
3457:
3427:
3397:
3348:
3299:
3288:(1): 221â226.
3272:
3233:
3231:, p. 201.
3221:
3212:
3181:
3174:
3156:
3144:
3121:
3097:
3070:
3046:
3039:
3021:
2985:
2928:
2893:
2874:
2848:
2829:
2804:
2797:
2777:
2770:
2748:
2729:
2707:
2682:
2663:
2657:2027.42/146327
2618:
2590:
2583:
2560:
2531:(3): 291â320.
2511:
2504:
2483:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2476:
2475:
2473:Shocked quartz
2470:
2465:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2444:
2443:
2429:
2426:Geology portal
2415:
2399:
2396:
2379:
2378:
2366:
2359:
2357:
2350:
2343:
2341:
2314:
2307:
2128:
2125:
2074:
2071:
2053:
2050:
2037:
2026:Lechatelierite
2017:
2009:
1997:
1968:
1965:
1953:open pit mines
1948:
1945:
1836:
1833:
1808:
1805:
1762:
1759:
1750:
1747:
1738:
1735:
1660:
1657:
1648:
1645:
1610:smoky quartzes
1597:
1594:
1573:
1570:
1557:
1554:
1536:
1529:
1528:
1524:
1517:
1516:
1515:
1510:
1503:
1502:
1498:
1491:
1490:
1489:
1484:
1477:
1476:
1472:
1465:
1464:
1463:
1458:
1451:
1450:
1446:
1439:
1438:
1437:
1432:
1425:
1424:
1420:
1413:
1412:
1411:
1410:
1409:
1407:
1404:
1343:, such as the
1321:
1318:
1315:
1314:
1311:
1308:
1304:
1303:
1300:
1293:
1289:
1288:
1286:
1278:(needle-like)
1272:
1266:
1265:
1262:
1259:
1253:
1252:
1250:
1243:
1237:
1236:
1233:
1230:
1224:
1223:
1220:
1214:
1208:
1207:
1204:
1201:
1195:
1194:
1191:
1184:
1178:
1177:
1174:
1171:
1165:
1164:
1161:
1159:aventurescence
1151:
1145:
1144:
1141:
1138:
1132:
1131:
1129:
1118:
1112:
1111:
1108:
1102:
1096:
1095:
1092:
1089:
1083:
1082:
1079:
1076:
1070:
1069:
1066:
1063:
1057:
1056:
1053:
1050:
1046:
1045:
1042:
1039:
1033:
1032:
1029:
1026:
1012:
1009:
1008:
1007:
1005:Massive quartz
1004:
997:
995:
992:
985:
983:
980:
973:
971:
964:
957:
955:
952:
945:
943:
940:
933:
931:
928:
921:
919:
916:
909:
907:
904:
897:
895:
892:
885:
883:
880:
873:
865:
861:22 (no. 180).
858:
850:
842:
834:
826:
818:
755:
748:
747:
743:
736:
735:
731:
724:
723:
722:
721:
720:
718:
715:
687:
684:
635:Ancient Greeks
628:cross-vein ore
571:
568:
554:Quartz is the
501:
487:
468:
467:
465:
461:
460:
437:
433:
432:
428:
424:
417:
411:
410:
399:
393:
392:
389:
383:
382:
379:
373:
372:
368:
365:= 1.543â1.545
362:
359:
353:
352:
346:
342:
341:
338:
332:
331:
328:
322:
321:
318:
312:
311:
308:
302:
301:
298:
289:
288:
285:
279:
278:
275:
269:
268:
265:
259:
258:
255:
249:
248:
245:
239:
238:
235:
231:
230:
224:
218:
217:
216:Identification
213:
212:
205:
199:
198:
192:
184:
174:
169:
163:
162:
157:
151:
150:
139:
137:Crystal system
133:
132:
129:tectosilicates
125:
119:
118:
111:
105:
104:
101:
95:
94:
91:
88:
78:
77:
72:
68:
67:
63:
62:
52:
44:
43:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5939:
5928:
5925:
5923:
5920:
5918:
5915:
5913:
5910:
5908:
5905:
5903:
5900:
5898:
5895:
5893:
5890:
5888:
5885:
5883:
5880:
5878:
5875:
5873:
5870:
5869:
5867:
5850:
5849:
5836:
5830:
5827:
5825:
5822:
5820:
5817:
5815:
5812:
5810:
5807:
5805:
5802:
5801:
5799:
5797:
5793:
5787:
5784:
5782:
5779:
5778:
5776:
5774:
5770:
5764:
5761:
5759:
5756:
5754:
5751:
5749:
5746:
5744:
5741:
5739:
5736:
5734:
5731:
5730:
5728:
5726:
5722:
5719:
5715:
5709:
5706:
5704:
5701:
5700:
5698:
5696:Miscellaneous
5694:
5688:
5685:
5683:
5680:
5678:
5675:
5674:
5672:
5670:
5666:
5660:
5657:
5655:
5652:
5650:
5647:
5645:
5642:
5641:
5639:
5637:
5633:
5627:
5624:
5622:
5619:
5617:
5614:
5612:
5609:
5607:
5604:
5602:
5599:
5597:
5594:
5592:
5589:
5588:
5586:
5584:
5580:
5576:
5573:
5566:
5561:
5559:
5554:
5552:
5547:
5546:
5543:
5531:
5527:
5525:
5521:
5519:
5515:
5513:
5509:
5507:
5503:
5501:
5497:
5495:
5491:
5489:
5485:
5483:
5479:
5477:
5473:
5472:
5469:
5465:
5458:
5453:
5451:
5446:
5444:
5439:
5438:
5435:
5429:
5426:
5424:
5421:
5417:
5413:
5409:
5405:
5403:
5401:
5396:
5394:
5391:
5390:
5386:
5370:
5366:
5362:
5358:
5351:
5348:
5335:
5331:
5325:
5322:
5318:
5314:
5313:
5306:
5303:
5286:
5282:
5278:
5274:
5270:
5266:
5262:
5258:
5254:
5250:
5246:
5243:(in German).
5242:
5241:
5233:
5229:
5223:
5220:
5215:
5211:
5207:
5201:
5198:
5193:
5189:
5185:
5179:
5176:
5171:
5164:
5161:
5156:
5152:
5147:
5142:
5138:
5134:
5131:(4): 81â106.
5130:
5126:
5119:
5116:
5111:
5107:
5103:
5097:
5094:
5089:
5085:
5081:
5077:
5073:
5066:
5063:
5056:
5051:
5047:
5042:
5038:
5033:
5032:
5028:
5025:
5021:
5017:
5013:
5008:
5005:
4989:
4985:
4981:
4977:
4973:
4969:
4965:
4958:
4951:
4948:
4943:
4939:
4935:
4931:
4927:
4923:
4919:
4915:
4908:
4905:
4901:
4897:
4891:
4888:
4875:
4871:
4865:
4862:
4849:
4845:
4841:
4834:
4831:
4826:
4822:
4818:
4814:
4809:
4804:
4800:
4796:
4792:
4788:
4784:
4777:
4774:
4770:
4766:
4762:
4758:
4752:
4749:
4745:
4738:
4734:
4730:
4726:
4722:
4718:
4711:
4708:
4695:
4691:
4685:
4682:
4669:
4665:
4659:
4656:
4651:
4649:9780750658560
4645:
4641:
4640:
4632:
4629:
4624:
4620:
4616:
4612:
4608:
4604:
4597:
4590:
4588:
4584:
4579:
4575:
4571:
4567:
4560:
4557:
4552:
4548:
4544:
4540:
4536:
4532:
4524:
4521:
4515:
4510:
4506:
4502:
4498:
4494:
4490:
4483:
4480:
4468:
4464:
4460:
4456:
4449:
4442:
4440:
4436:
4432:
4428:
4424:
4421:
4420:
4413:
4410:
4398:
4392:
4385:
4384:
4377:
4374:
4361:
4357:
4351:
4348:
4332:
4331:
4324:
4321:
4309:
4305:
4299:
4296:
4292:
4287:
4284:
4281:
4280:0-471-25177-1
4277:
4271:
4268:
4256:
4255:sciencing.com
4252:
4245:
4242:
4229:
4225:
4218:
4215:
4199:
4195:
4191:
4184:
4177:
4174:
4161:
4157:
4153:
4146:
4143:
4138:
4132:
4128:
4121:
4118:
4105:
4101:
4097:
4093:
4086:
4083:
4070:
4066:
4062:
4058:
4050:
4046:
4042:
4038:
4034:
4027:
4024:
4019:
4017:9780081021354
4013:
4009:
4005:
4001:
3994:
3991:
3978:
3974:
3968:
3966:
3962:
3956:
3951:
3947:
3943:
3939:
3935:
3931:
3924:
3922:
3918:
3905:
3899:
3896:
3891:
3887:
3883:
3879:
3871:
3868:
3856:
3852:
3851:"Pink Quartz"
3846:
3843:
3838:
3834:
3828:
3825:
3812:
3808:
3804:
3803:"Rose Quartz"
3798:
3795:
3791:
3787:
3784:
3779:
3776:
3771:
3765:
3761:
3760:
3752:
3749:
3736:
3732:
3726:
3723:
3718:
3716:9780738725611
3712:
3708:
3707:
3699:
3696:
3692:
3688:
3685:
3680:
3677:
3673:
3668:
3665:
3653:
3649:
3642:
3639:
3626:
3622:
3616:
3613:
3601:
3599:9781552978146
3595:
3591:
3586:
3585:
3576:
3574:
3570:
3557:
3553:
3552:"Blue Quartz"
3547:
3544:
3539:
3535:
3531:
3527:
3523:
3519:
3515:
3511:
3507:
3503:
3496:
3493:
3480:
3476:
3472:
3468:
3461:
3458:
3445:
3441:
3437:
3431:
3428:
3415:
3411:
3407:
3401:
3398:
3393:
3389:
3384:
3379:
3375:
3371:
3367:
3363:
3359:
3352:
3349:
3344:
3340:
3335:
3330:
3326:
3322:
3318:
3314:
3310:
3303:
3300:
3295:
3291:
3287:
3283:
3276:
3273:
3268:
3264:
3260:
3256:
3252:
3248:
3244:
3237:
3234:
3230:
3225:
3222:
3216:
3213:
3200:
3196:
3192:
3185:
3182:
3177:
3171:
3167:
3160:
3157:
3153:
3148:
3145:
3141:
3136:
3134:
3132:
3130:
3128:
3126:
3122:
3118:
3114:
3111:
3107:
3101:
3098:
3093:
3089:
3085:
3081:
3074:
3071:
3067:
3063:
3060:
3056:
3050:
3047:
3042:
3040:9780195106916
3036:
3032:
3025:
3022:
3017:
3013:
3009:
3005:
3001:
2997:
2989:
2986:
2970:
2966:
2962:
2958:
2954:
2950:
2946:
2939:
2932:
2929:
2924:
2920:
2916:
2912:
2908:
2904:
2897:
2894:
2890:
2886:
2883:
2882:Mineral Atlas
2878:
2875:
2862:
2858:
2852:
2849:
2845:
2841:
2838:
2833:
2830:
2818:
2814:
2808:
2805:
2800:
2794:
2790:
2789:
2781:
2778:
2773:
2771:0-471-80580-7
2767:
2762:
2761:
2752:
2749:
2745:
2741:
2738:
2733:
2730:
2714:
2710:
2704:
2700:
2693:
2686:
2683:
2679:
2675:
2672:
2667:
2664:
2658:
2653:
2649:
2645:
2641:
2637:
2633:
2629:
2622:
2619:
2614:
2610:
2606:
2602:
2594:
2591:
2586:
2584:0-582-44210-9
2580:
2576:
2569:
2567:
2565:
2561:
2556:
2552:
2547:
2542:
2538:
2534:
2530:
2526:
2522:
2515:
2512:
2507:
2501:
2497:
2496:
2488:
2485:
2478:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2466:
2464:
2461:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2446:
2445:
2441:
2430:
2427:
2421:
2416:
2413:
2402:
2397:
2395:
2393:
2389:
2385:
2369:
2363:
2358:
2354:
2347:
2342:
2338:
2334:
2330:
2326:
2322:
2318:
2311:
2306:
2304:
2302:
2298:
2293:
2290:in 1923. The
2289:
2285:
2281:
2277:
2273:
2269:
2264:
2262:
2257:
2254:and with the
2253:
2248:
2243:
2241:
2237:
2233:
2228:
2227:semiconductor
2224:
2221:
2215:
2213:
2209:
2203:
2201:
2197:
2193:
2192:engraved gems
2189:
2185:
2181:
2180:Pre-Columbian
2177:
2173:
2168:
2166:
2162:
2158:
2154:
2150:
2146:
2142:
2138:
2134:
2126:
2124:
2122:
2117:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2102:
2100:
2094:
2092:
2084:
2079:
2072:
2070:
2068:
2064:
2060:
2051:
2049:
2047:
2043:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2015:
2007:
2003:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1979:
1974:
1966:
1964:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1946:
1944:
1942:
1938:
1933:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1912:
1908:
1903:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1856:igneous rocks
1854:
1850:
1841:
1834:
1832:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1813:piezoelectric
1806:
1804:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1789:Lower Silesia
1786:
1778:
1774:
1768:
1760:
1758:
1756:
1748:
1746:
1743:
1736:
1734:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1721:, US, and in
1720:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1699:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1666:
1658:
1656:
1654:
1646:
1644:
1642:
1637:
1635:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1595:
1593:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1579:
1571:
1569:
1567:
1563:
1555:
1553:
1551:
1546:
1533:
1521:
1507:
1495:
1481:
1469:
1455:
1443:
1429:
1417:
1405:
1403:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1348:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1331:
1326:
1319:
1312:
1309:
1306:
1305:
1301:
1298:
1294:
1291:
1290:
1287:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1271:
1268:
1267:
1263:
1260:
1258:
1255:
1254:
1251:
1248:
1244:
1242:
1239:
1238:
1234:
1231:
1229:
1226:
1225:
1221:
1219:
1215:
1213:
1210:
1209:
1205:
1202:
1200:
1197:
1196:
1192:
1189:
1185:
1183:
1180:
1179:
1175:
1172:
1170:
1167:
1166:
1162:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1150:
1147:
1146:
1142:
1139:
1137:
1134:
1133:
1130:
1125:
1119:
1117:
1114:
1113:
1109:
1107:
1103:
1101:
1098:
1097:
1093:
1090:
1088:
1085:
1084:
1080:
1077:
1075:
1072:
1071:
1067:
1064:
1062:
1059:
1058:
1054:
1051:
1048:
1047:
1043:
1040:
1038:
1035:
1034:
1031:Transparency
1030:
1027:
1024:
1023:
1017:
1010:
1001:
996:
989:
984:
977:
972:
968:
961:
956:
949:
944:
937:
932:
925:
920:
913:
908:
901:
896:
889:
884:
877:
872:
870:
862:
856:
848:
840:
832:
824:
816:
813:
808:
806:
801:
797:
792:
790:
786:
782:
781:rhombohedrons
778:
774:
770:
766:
752:
740:
728:
716:
714:
712:
708:
707:Nicolas Steno
703:
701:
697:
693:
686:Early studies
685:
683:
681:
680:
675:
671:
667:
662:
652:
651:Ancient Greek
647:
636:
631:
629:
625:
624:Querkluftertz
621:
616:
611:
607:
605:
600:dialect term
599:
595:
591:
586:
581:
577:
569:
567:
565:
561:
557:
552:
550:
546:
542:
537:
535:
530:
528:
524:
520:
516:
512:
511:oxide mineral
508:
504:
497:
493:
485:
481:
478:
474:
466:
462:
458:
454:
450:
446:
445:piezoelectric
442:
438:
434:
422:
419:Insoluble at
418:
416:
412:
408:
404:
400:
398:
397:Melting point
394:
390:
388:
384:
380:
378:
377:Birefringence
374:
371:= 1.552â1.554
360:
358:
354:
350:
347:
343:
339:
337:
333:
329:
327:
323:
319:
317:
313:
309:
307:
303:
299:
294:
290:
286:
284:
280:
276:
274:
270:
266:
264:
260:
256:
254:
250:
246:
244:
243:Crystal habit
240:
236:
232:
225:
223:
219:
214:
210:
206:
204:
200:
196:
189:(no. 180) or
188:
178:
170:
168:
164:
158:
156:
155:Crystal class
152:
149:
144:
140:
138:
134:
130:
127:75.01.03.01 (
126:
124:
120:
116:
112:
110:
106:
102:
100:
96:
89:
83:
79:
76:
73:
69:
64:
60:
56:
50:
45:
40:
37:
33:
19:
5839:
5819:Smoky quartz
5795:
5610:
5596:Cristobalite
5511:
5416:the original
5399:
5374:25 September
5372:. Retrieved
5361:The Guardian
5360:
5350:
5338:. Retrieved
5333:
5324:
5316:
5311:
5305:
5292:. Retrieved
5244:
5238:
5222:
5214:the original
5200:
5192:the original
5178:
5163:
5128:
5124:
5118:
5110:the original
5096:
5079:
5075:
5065:
5027:
5019:
5015:
5007:
4995:. Retrieved
4970:(5): 41â48.
4967:
4963:
4950:
4917:
4913:
4907:
4899:
4895:
4890:
4878:. Retrieved
4864:
4854:16 September
4852:. Retrieved
4843:
4833:
4790:
4786:
4776:
4756:
4751:
4742:
4724:
4720:
4710:
4698:. Retrieved
4684:
4672:. Retrieved
4667:
4658:
4638:
4631:
4606:
4602:
4569:
4565:
4559:
4534:
4530:
4523:
4496:
4492:
4482:
4470:. Retrieved
4458:
4454:
4418:
4412:
4400:. Retrieved
4382:
4376:
4364:. Retrieved
4359:
4350:
4338:. Retrieved
4329:
4323:
4311:. Retrieved
4307:
4298:
4286:
4270:
4258:. Retrieved
4254:
4244:
4232:. Retrieved
4227:
4217:
4205:. Retrieved
4193:
4189:
4176:
4164:. Retrieved
4159:
4155:
4145:
4126:
4120:
4108:. Retrieved
4099:
4095:
4085:
4073:. Retrieved
4064:
4060:
4043:(4): 90â93.
4040:
4036:
4026:
3999:
3993:
3981:. Retrieved
3973:"Prasiolite"
3937:
3933:
3908:. Retrieved
3906:. mindat.org
3898:
3881:
3877:
3870:
3858:. Retrieved
3854:
3845:
3837:the original
3827:
3815:. Retrieved
3806:
3797:
3778:
3758:
3751:
3739:. Retrieved
3725:
3705:
3698:
3679:
3667:
3655:. Retrieved
3652:Minerals.net
3651:
3641:
3629:. Retrieved
3615:
3603:. Retrieved
3583:
3560:. Retrieved
3546:
3505:
3501:
3495:
3483:. Retrieved
3474:
3470:
3460:
3448:. Retrieved
3439:
3430:
3418:. Retrieved
3409:
3400:
3365:
3361:
3351:
3334:10045/115630
3316:
3312:
3302:
3285:
3281:
3275:
3250:
3246:
3236:
3224:
3215:
3203:. Retrieved
3198:
3194:
3184:
3165:
3159:
3147:
3105:
3100:
3083:
3079:
3073:
3054:
3049:
3030:
3024:
2999:
2995:
2988:
2976:. Retrieved
2948:
2944:
2931:
2906:
2902:
2896:
2877:
2865:. Retrieved
2861:the original
2851:
2832:
2820:. Retrieved
2816:
2807:
2787:
2780:
2759:
2751:
2732:
2720:. Retrieved
2698:
2685:
2666:
2634:(1): 63â77.
2631:
2627:
2621:
2604:
2600:
2593:
2574:
2528:
2524:
2514:
2494:
2487:
2458:Quartz fiber
2448:Fused quartz
2380:
2292:quartz clock
2265:
2247:World War II
2244:
2216:
2204:
2190:, including
2169:
2130:
2118:
2103:
2095:
2088:
2055:
1990:cristobalite
1984:
1950:
1934:
1911:hydrothermal
1904:
1846:
1829:Pierre Curie
1810:
1776:
1771:
1752:
1742:Smoky quartz
1740:
1737:Smoky quartz
1731:dumortierite
1723:Minas Gerais
1700:
1696:dumortierite
1669:
1650:
1647:Milky quartz
1638:
1625:
1599:
1578:dumortierite
1575:
1559:
1543:
1525:Smoky quartz
1499:Milky quartz
1421:Rock crystal
1351:
1349:
1334:
1330:transparency
1313:Translucent
1302:Translucent
1297:dumortierite
1264:Transparent
1228:Smoky quartz
1212:Milky quartz
1143:Translucent
1110:Transparent
1094:Transparent
1081:Transparent
1068:Transparent
1055:Transparent
1049:Rock crystal
1044:Transparent
1014:
981:Druse quartz
863:
854:
846:
838:
830:
822:
814:
809:
793:
762:
704:
689:
679:rock crystal
677:
670:Theophrastus
666:philosophers
632:
627:
623:
601:
575:
573:
553:
538:
531:
472:
471:
423:; 1 ppm
407:cristobalite
222:Formula mass
190:
182:
172:
36:
5877:Dielectrics
5748:Chrysoprase
5703:Tiger's eye
5583:Crystalline
5340:28 November
5294:26 February
5251:: 206â222.
5082:: 531â533.
4880:15 February
4493:Mineralogia
4402:27 November
4366:27 November
4340:27 November
4234:28 November
4110:17 December
4102:: 383â386.
4075:17 December
4067:: 294â295.
3983:28 November
3940:(11): 487.
3657:28 November
3605:19 February
3562:24 February
3477:(1): 1â40.
3080:RSA Journal
3002:: 232â249.
2867:26 November
2846:(in German)
2468:Quartzolite
2392:child labor
2375: 1000
2337:Renaissance
2157:stone tools
1797:Thunder Bay
1713:found near
1659:Rose quartz
1566:crocidolite
1556:Blue quartz
1511:Rose quartz
1447:Blue quartz
1362:varieties (
1337:transparent
1241:Tiger's eye
1190:(cf. Agate)
1100:Rose quartz
812:space group
674:supercooled
668:(including
477:crystalline
475:is a hard,
387:Pleochroism
326:Diaphaneity
229: g·mol
207:a = 4.9133
167:Space group
18:Rose quartz
5866:Categories
5829:Prasiolite
5758:Moss agate
5753:Heliotrope
5725:Chalcedony
5644:Chalcedony
5621:Stishovite
5616:Seifertite
5506:Orthoclase
5334:Gem Select
4765:008094681X
4744:bestanden.
4668:Geology In
4308:Mindat.org
4291:Nesse 2000
4260:28 January
4136:0131547283
3807:Mindat.org
3485:26 October
3368:: 116622.
3319:: 102823.
3253:: 116622.
3229:Nesse 2000
3201:(1): 19â25
3175:0442276249
3152:Nesse 2000
2722:21 October
2708:0962209724
2492:"Quartz".
2479:References
2268:phonograph
2196:cameo gems
2145:Carrowmore
2059:carcinogen
2014:Stishovite
1994:polymorphs
1971:See also:
1957:bulldozers
1926:pegmatites
1888:weathering
1882:and other
1851:and other
1835:Occurrence
1781:Since 1950
1773:Prasiolite
1767:Praseolite
1761:Prasiolite
1396:heliotrope
1378:polymorph
1376:monoclinic
1368:Chalcedony
1364:aggregates
1280:inclusions
1257:Prasiolite
1247:chatoyancy
1218:diasterism
1149:Aventurine
1116:Chalcedony
1106:diasterism
646:krustallos
640:ÎșÏÏÏÏαλλοÏ
626:, meaning
492:tetrahedra
464:References
415:Solubility
293:Mohs scale
277:Conchoidal
181:ÎČ-quartz:
171:α-quartz:
146:ÎČ-quartz:
141:α-quartz:
99:IMA symbol
5786:Geyserite
5738:Carnelian
5677:Fulgurite
5669:Amorphous
5626:Tridymite
5369:0261-3077
5281:122855173
5273:0044-3328
4825:243849577
4817:0026-461X
4537:: 77â88.
4461:: 29â43.
4455:J. Gemmol
3884:: 71â78.
3741:18 August
3450:29 August
3420:29 August
3392:225116168
3343:2352-7102
3267:0012-821X
2978:12 August
2822:9 January
2555:235729616
2282:in 1921.
2242:, Spain.
2176:East Asia
2141:Newgrange
2110:autoclave
2099:Carnelian
2063:silicosis
2042:lightning
2030:amorphous
1986:Tridymite
1880:quartzite
1864:sandstone
1831:in 1880.
1785:Brazilian
1777:vermarine
1755:amphibole
1711:pegmatite
1707:aluminium
1703:phosphate
1680:manganese
1606:amethysts
1390:or sard,
1388:carnelian
1274:Contains
1136:Carnelian
1052:Colorless
1041:Colorless
574:The word
570:Etymology
541:gemstones
525:, behind
447:, may be
441:hexagonal
439:Lattice:
403:tridymite
203:Unit cell
197:(no. 181)
179:(no. 154)
148:hexagonal
113:4.DA.05 (
5809:Ametrine
5804:Amethyst
5606:Moganite
5575:minerals
5524:Corundum
5494:Fluorite
5285:Archived
5155:20026061
4997:30 March
4988:Archived
4984:32582517
4942:17783928
4874:Archived
4848:Archived
4844:BBC News
4694:Archived
4423:Archived
4198:Archived
4104:Archived
4069:Archived
3977:Archived
3934:Minerals
3811:Archived
3786:Archived
3735:Archived
3687:Archived
3631:23 April
3625:Archived
3556:Archived
3538:29602180
3530:17754816
3479:Archived
3444:Archived
3414:Archived
3113:Archived
3110:page 272
3092:41339844
3086:: 1091.
3062:Archived
2969:Archived
2885:Archived
2840:Archived
2813:"Quartz"
2740:Archived
2713:Archived
2692:"Quartz"
2674:Archived
2398:See also
2333:Florence
2240:Asturias
2112:via the
2022:Moganite
2002:volcanic
1961:backhoes
1862:such as
1799:area of
1688:asterism
1672:titanium
1634:ametrine
1618:hardness
1550:ametrine
1545:Amethyst
1433:Amethyst
1406:Amethyst
1380:moganite
1299:crystals
1276:acicular
1124:moganite
1087:Ametrine
1061:Amethyst
700:spectrum
576:"quartz"
527:feldspar
349:Uniaxial
296:hardness
283:Tenacity
273:Fracture
263:Cleavage
253:Twinning
143:trigonal
71:Category
5781:Fiorite
5601:Keatite
5591:Coesite
5530:Diamond
5500:Apatite
5488:Calcite
5253:Bibcode
4922:Bibcode
4914:Science
4795:Bibcode
4737:1478717
4729:MĂŒnchen
4700:19 July
4674:7 April
4623:9636198
4539:Bibcode
4501:Bibcode
4472:7 April
4313:7 April
4207:7 March
4166:7 April
3942:Bibcode
3910:4 April
3904:"Prase"
3684:Citrine
3510:Bibcode
3502:Science
3370:Bibcode
3205:7 April
3004:Bibcode
2953:Bibcode
2911:Bibcode
2636:Bibcode
2533:Bibcode
2368:Fatimid
2299:and in
2225:in the
2220:silicon
2184:jewelry
2161:knapped
2149:Ireland
2106:twinned
2032:silica
2006:Coesite
2004:rocks.
1937:Itapore
1890:in the
1849:granite
1825:Jacques
1715:Rumford
1626:citrina
1596:Citrine
1206:Opaque
1074:Citrine
789:massive
785:twinned
592:and in
564:scratch
556:mineral
545:jewelry
515:mineral
480:mineral
457:racemic
287:Brittle
82:Formula
66:General
53:Quartz
5872:Quartz
5796:Quartz
5659:Jasper
5611:Quartz
5572:Silica
5512:Quartz
5482:Gypsum
5367:
5279:
5271:
5153:
4982:
4940:
4823:
4815:
4763:
4735:
4727:(72).
4670:. 2017
4646:
4621:
4393:
4278:
4133:
4014:
3860:11 May
3817:11 May
3766:
3713:
3596:
3536:
3528:
3390:
3341:
3265:
3172:
3090:
3037:
2795:
2768:
2737:Quartz
2705:
2671:Quartz
2581:
2553:
2502:
2329:Prague
2325:Warsaw
2274:. The
2223:wafers
2170:While
2052:Safety
2028:is an
1996:of SiO
1947:Mining
1918:gangue
1900:mature
1876:gneiss
1872:schist
1853:felsic
1801:Canada
1793:Poland
1684:rutile
1630:citron
1602:ferric
1586:purple
1400:jasper
1398:, and
1372:silica
1284:rutile
1199:Jasper
821:21 or
805:gypsum
800:geodes
604:kwardy
598:Polish
580:German
534:chiral
473:Quartz
453:chiral
316:Streak
306:Luster
227:60.083
115:oxides
59:Brazil
42:Quartz
5733:Agate
5708:Aqeeq
5654:Flint
5649:Chert
5518:Topaz
5288:(PDF)
5277:S2CID
5247:(2).
5235:(PDF)
5151:JSTOR
4991:(PDF)
4980:S2CID
4960:(PDF)
4821:S2CID
4619:S2CID
4599:(PDF)
4451:(PDF)
4387:(PDF)
4360:OEHHA
4334:(PDF)
4201:(PDF)
4186:(PDF)
3534:S2CID
3388:S2CID
3088:JSTOR
2972:(PDF)
2941:(PDF)
2716:(PDF)
2695:(PDF)
2551:S2CID
2317:Milan
2238:, in
2133:maban
2034:glass
1941:Goiaz
1930:weigh
1914:veins
1907:magma
1896:soils
1868:shale
1749:Prase
1719:Maine
1678:, or
1614:topaz
1537:Prase
1384:agate
1310:Green
1307:Prase
1261:Green
1188:chert
1169:Agate
796:druse
777:prism
661:kruos
655:ÎșÏÏÎżÏ
622:word
620:Saxon
615:tvrdĂœ
612:term
610:Czech
585:Quarz
582:word
519:Earth
320:White
234:Color
57:from
5773:Opal
5763:Onyx
5687:Opal
5476:Talc
5376:2019
5365:ISSN
5342:2020
5296:2019
5269:ISSN
4999:2013
4938:PMID
4882:2018
4856:2009
4813:ISSN
4761:ISBN
4733:OCLC
4702:2017
4676:2021
4644:ISBN
4474:2021
4404:2019
4391:ISBN
4368:2019
4342:2019
4315:2021
4276:ISBN
4262:2020
4236:2020
4209:2013
4168:2021
4131:ISBN
4112:2013
4077:2013
4012:ISBN
3985:2010
3912:2023
3862:2023
3819:2023
3764:ISBN
3743:2017
3711:ISBN
3659:2020
3633:2017
3607:2017
3594:ISBN
3564:2017
3526:PMID
3487:2009
3452:2017
3422:2017
3339:ISSN
3263:ISSN
3207:2021
3170:ISBN
3035:ISBN
2980:2015
2869:2017
2824:2024
2793:ISBN
2766:ISBN
2724:2009
2703:ISBN
2579:ISBN
2500:ISBN
2331:and
2194:and
2186:and
2178:and
2172:jade
2127:Uses
2065:and
2046:sand
1988:and
1959:and
1866:and
1827:and
1727:iron
1676:iron
1590:grey
1582:blue
1392:onyx
1182:Onyx
1155:mica
1025:Type
633:The
547:and
429:mass
425:mass
391:None
5528:10
5261:doi
5245:155
5141:hdl
5133:doi
5084:doi
5020:154
4972:doi
4930:doi
4918:107
4803:doi
4611:doi
4574:doi
4547:doi
4509:doi
4463:doi
4045:doi
4004:doi
3950:doi
3886:doi
3590:100
3518:doi
3506:152
3378:doi
3366:553
3329:hdl
3321:doi
3290:doi
3255:doi
3251:553
3012:doi
3000:424
2961:doi
2919:doi
2652:hdl
2644:doi
2609:doi
2541:doi
2323:in
2147:in
2143:or
2135:in
2036:SiO
1922:ore
1916:as
1791:in
1705:or
1608:or
1588:or
1564:or
1358:or
1282:of
696:ice
521:'s
517:in
500:SiO
498:of
421:STP
351:(+)
90:SiO
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