323:
64:
73:
380:
81:
430:" keys or "squeeze" keys. Also like the old semi-automatic keys, the conventional assignment of the paddle directions is that pressing a paddle with the thumb (for a right-handed telegrapher, pressing the single paddle rightward, or for a double-paddle key, pressing the left paddle rightwards to the center) creates a series of
493:
937:
However, with electronic keyers (either single- or double-paddle) this is no longer the case: Keyers produce uniformly "perfect" code at a set speed, which is altered at the request of the receiver, usually not the sender. Only inter-character and inter-word spacing remain unique to the operator, and
640:
as "iambic", although this is commonly done in marketing. A dual paddle key is required for iambic sending, which also requires an iambic keyer. But any single- or dual-paddle key can be used non-iambicly, without squeezing, and there were electronic keyers made which did not have iambic functions.
547:
An additional advantage of electronic keyers over semiautomatic keys is that code speed is easily changed with electronic keyers, just by turning a knob. With a semiautomatic key, the location of the pendulum weight and the pendulum spring tension and contact must all be repositioned and rebalanced
176:
that closed the electrical circuit when the operator was not actively sending messages. This was to complete the electrical path to the next station so that its sounder would operate, as in the operator receiving a message from the next town. Although occasionally included in later keys for reasons
441:
Single paddle keys are essentially the same as the original sideswiper keys, with the left and right electrical contacts wired separately. Double-paddle keys have one arm for each of the two contacts, each arm held away from the common center by a spring; pressing either of the paddles towards the
167:
is the common telegraph key as seen in various movies. It is a simple bar with a knob on top and an electrical contact underneath. When the bar is pressed down against spring tension, it makes a closed electric circuit. Traditionally, American telegraph keys had flat topped knobs and narrow bars
644:
Iambic keying or squeeze keying reduces the key strokes or hand movements necessary to make some characters, e.g. the letter C, which can be sent by merely squeezing the two paddles together. With a single-paddle or non-iambic keyer, the hand motion would require alternating four times for
314:’). Although the original sideswiper is now rarely seen or used, when the left and right contacts are electrically separated a sideswiper becomes a modern single-paddle key (see below); likewise, a modern single-lever key becomes an old-style sideswiper when its two contacts are wired together.
434:: The clockwork pendulum on old semi-automatic keys needed the extra kick that the stronger thumb press provided. Pressing a paddle with the knuckle (hence swinging a single paddle leftward, or the right paddle on a double-paddle key leftward to the center) creates a series of
673:
The efficiency of iambic keying has recently been discussed in terms of movements per character and timings for high speed CW, with the author concluding that the timing difficulties of correctly operating a keyer iambicly at high speed outweigh any small benefits.
187:
Transmission speeds vary from 5 words (25 characters) per minute, by novice operators, up to about 30 words (150 characters) per minute by skilled operators. In the early days of telegraphy, a number of professional telegraphers developed a
27:
907:. Electromechanical recording equipment detected the closing of the switch whenever the pigeon pecked the key. Depending on the psychological questions being investigated, keypecks might have resulted in the presentation of food or other stimuli.
212:
In addition to the basic up-and-down telegraph key, telegraphers have been experimenting with alternate key designs from the beginning of telegraphy. Many are made to move side-to-side instead of up-and-down. Some of the designs, such as
800:), so-called for the brand name of the electronic keyer that introduced it. In the Ultimatic keying mode, the keyer will switch to the opposite element if the second lever is pressed before the first is released (that is, squeezed).
925:
Since every fist is unique, other telegraphers can usually identify the individual telegrapher transmitting a particular message. This had a huge significance during the first and second World Wars, since the on-board telegrapher's
442:
center makes contact, the same as pressing a single-lever key to one side. For double-paddle keys wired to an "iambic" keyer, squeezing both paddles together makes a double-contact, which causes the keyer to send alternating
171:
Straight keys have been made in numerous variations for over 150 years and in numerous countries. They are the subject of an avid community of key collectors. The straight keys used in wire telegraphy also had a
918:
With straight keys, side-swipers, and, to an extent, bugs, each and every telegrapher has their own unique style or rhythm pattern when transmitting a message. An operator's style is known as their
489:
ahead of the actual transmission. The electronics in the keyer adjusts the timing so that the output of each letter is machine-perfect. Electronic keyers allow very high speed transmission of code.
345:
s were fully mechanical, based on a kind of simple clockwork mechanism, and required no electronic keyer. A skilled operator can achieve sending speeds in excess of 40 words per minute with a ‘
168:(frequently curved), while British telegraph keys had ball shaped knobs and thick bars. This appears to be purely a matter of culture and training, but the users of each are tremendously partisan.
989:
The longer shape of the ball-headed knobs is intended to encourage the operator to incline the hand and grasp the key more lightly, to put less strain on the arm. The design is intended to reduce
303:. The side-to-side motion reduces strain, and uses different muscles than the up-and-down motion (called "pounding brass"). Nearly all advanced keys use some form of side-to-side action.
322:
248:
or "squeeze" keys). The keyer may be either an independent device that attaches to the transmitter in place of a telegraph key, or circuitry incorporated in modern amateurs' radios.
352:
The benefit of the clockwork mechanism is that it reduces the motion required from the telegrapher's hand, which provides greater speed of sending, and it produces uniformly timed
367:
or dots) at a speed which is controlled by the pendulum’s length. When the paddle is pressed toward the left (with the knuckle) it makes a continuous contact suitable for sending
1217:
574:" functions of an electronic keyer that is designed to support them: By pressing both paddles (squeezing the levers together) the operator can create a series of alternating
1302:
1306:
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594:. Typical dual-paddle keys' levers move horizontally, like the earlier single-paddle keys, as opposed to how the original "straight-keys'" arms move up-and-down.
356:(dots, or short pulses) and maintains constant rhythm; consistent timing and rhythm are crucial for decoding the signal on the other end of the telegraph line.
359:
The single paddle is held between the knuckle and the thumb of the right hand. When the paddle is pressed to the right (with the thumb), it kicks a horizontal
438:. Left-handed telegraphers sometimes elect to reverse the electrical contacts, so their left-handed keying is a mirror image of standard right-handed keying.
399:
by tapping a paddle key, swinging its lever(s) from side-to-side. When pressed to one side (usually left), the keyer electronics generate a series of
272:. This key uses a side-to-side action with contacts on both the left and right and the arm spring-loaded to return to center; the operator may make a
200:. "Glass arm" or "telegrapher's paralysis" may be reduced or eliminated by increasing the side play of the straight key by loosening the adjustable
880:
Simple telegraph-like keys were long used to control the flow of electricity in laboratory tests of electrical circuits. Often, these were simple "
841: ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄
1372:
63:
854:
electronic keyer, whether or not it even offers iambic functions, and regardless of whether the keyer iambically operates in mode
781:
Users accustomed to one mode may find it difficult to adapt to the other, so most modern keyers allow selection of the desired mode.
758:, dots and dashes are produced as long as both paddles are depressed. When the paddles are released, the keying continues by sending
1351:
383:
A commercially manufactured iambic paddle used in conjunction with an electronic keyer to generate Morse code. The sequence of
714:
is the original iambic mode, in which alternate dots and dashes are produced as long as both paddles are depressed. Mode
636:
Insofar as iambic keying is a function of the electronic keyer, it is not correct, technically, to refer to a dual paddle key
724:: When the paddles are released, the keying stops with the last dot or dash that was being sent while the paddles were held.
903:, the keys were mounted vertically behind a small circular hole about the height of a pigeon's beak in the front wall of an
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177:
of tradition, the shorting bar is unnecessary for radio telegraphy, except as a convenience when tuning the transmitter.
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904:
619: ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄▄▄
155:
Since its original inception, the telegraph key's design has developed such that there are now multiple types of keys.
829: ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄
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are called dual or dual-lever paddles. With a dual paddle both contacts may be closed simultaneously, enabling the "
287:
This first new style of key was introduced in part to increase speed of sending, but more importantly to reduce the
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is determined by the operator, but their timing is controlled by the separate keyer that the paddle key plugs into.
816:, but there is no ability to make both contacts simultaneously by squeezing the paddles together for iambic mode.
1001:. However it is possible to injure one's arm by improperly holding and / or striking with too much force (called
743:
is the second mode, which devolved from a logic error in an early iambic keyer. Over the years iambic mode
426:, the same name as the older side-to-side key design they greatly resemble. Double paddle keys are also called "
990:
288:
189:
1025:" comes from the rhythm in poetry, which the sound of the beat of alternating dits and dahs resembles. E.g.
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180:
The straight key is simple and reliable, but the rapid pumping action needed to send a string of dots (or
631: ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄
1325:- A pictorial review of telegraphy and telegraph keys with an emphasis on spark (wireless) telegraphy.
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have been developed, which are operated by special keys of various designs generally categorized as
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39:, a key used by U.S. military during World War II, and frequently re-used by radio amateurs
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A third electronic keyer mode useful with a dual paddle is the "Ultimatic" mode (mode
1341:
128:
127:. An operator uses the telegraph key to send electrical pulses (or in the case of modern
407:. Keyers work with two different types of keys: Single paddle and double paddle keys.
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147:. These pulses encode the letters and other characters that spell out the message.
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has become something of a standard and is the default setting in most keyers.
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which then rocks against the contact point, sending a series of short pulses (
116:
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26:
1359:- An online resource for identification of all types of telegraph instruments
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884:" keys, in which a bend in the key lever provided the key's spring action.
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in poetry, and the method could as logically be called "trochaic keying" (
131:, unmodulated radio waves) of two different lengths: short pulses, called
762:
than has already been heard. I.e., if the paddles were released during a
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functions, so the operator does not need to use perfect spacing between
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516:. Pressing both at the same time (a "squeeze") produces an alternating
310:
which noticeably affects the operator's transmission rhythm (known as ‘
80:
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When a single-paddle key is used with an electronic keyer, continuous
371:(dashes); the telegrapher remains responsible for timing of the dahs.
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677:
Iambic keyers function in one of at least two major modes: Mode
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Like semi-automatic keys, pressing the paddle on one side produces a
108:
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Straight Key hand sending technique as approved by professionals
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could be used to track individual ships and submarines, and for
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204:
screws. Such problems can be avoided by using a good technique.
89:
341:, after the company that first manufactured them. The original
184:
as most operators call them) poses some significant drawbacks.
123:
systems, including landline (also called wire) telegraphy and
403:; when pressed to the other side (usually right), a series of
16:
Electrical switch used to transmit text messages in Morse code
613:, so the string of elements will be similar to a sequence of
508:" mode requires a key with two paddles: One paddle produces
228:
Beginning in the mid-20th century electronic devices called
326:
Early "bug" telegraph key invented in 1913 by Weston Hadden
625:
lever makes first contact, then the string begins with a
605:
is determined by which lever makes contact first: If the
1331:- A resource for telegraph key collectors and historians
609:
lever is closed first, then the first element will be a
330:
A popular side-to-side key is the semi-automatic key or
306:
The alternating action produces a distinctive rhythm or
111:
used by a trained operator to transmit text messages in
280:
by swinging the lever in either direction. A series of
485:
memory, the operator's keying action can be about one
395:
Like semi-automatic keys, the telegrapher operates an
586:. For that reason, dual paddles are sometimes called
808:
A single-lever paddle key has separate contacts for
1017:
1015:
1013:
1011:
887:Telegraph-like keys were once used in the study of
54:
44:
256:The first widely accepted alternative key was the
76:a Wright Brothers telegraph key (missing its knob)
458:, depending on which lever makes first contact).
1216:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
766:then the last element sent will be a following
689:. There is a third, rarely available mode
496:Electronic dual paddle keyer (homemade in 1972)
284:can be sent by rocking the arm back and forth.
1176:How to properly adjust and use a Vibroplex bug
774:then the sequence will end with the following
291:affecting telegraphers, then popularly called
8:
1301:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
19:
1245:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
1305:) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
1199:. Archived from the original on 2014-01-26
35:style of telegraph key – model
25:
560:Keys having two separate levers, one for
1063:It could just as well have been called "
938:can produce a less clear semblance of a
770:; if the paddles were released during a
1187:on 2021-12-11 – via Ghostarchive.
1115:
993:once common among telegraphers, called
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125:radio (also called wireless) telegraphy
119:system. Keys are used in all forms of
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1005:) with either type of up-and-down key.
895:. Starting in the 1940s, initiated by
18:
1347:The Art and Skill of Radio Telegraphy
418:. Single paddle keys are also called
7:
1280:"Iambic keying – debunking the myth"
597:Whether the sequence begins with a
14:
375:Electronic keyers and paddle keys
1141:Technique Of Hand Sending (1944)
524:) sequence, which starts with a
62:
910:
722:"what you hear is what you get"
532:side makes contact first, or a
1:
1124:How to operate a straight key
962:QSK operation (full break-in)
582:, analogous to a sequence of
1352:Development of the Morse Key
905:operant conditioning chamber
139:, and longer pulses, called
107:is a specialized electrical
1323:Sparks Telegraph Key Review
835:are created by holding the
831:...); likewise, continuous
823:are created by holding the
225:keys operate mechanically.
1404:
1261:How to use an iambic keyer
1373:Human–machine interaction
1191:"Wayback Machine archive"
512:s and the other produces
61:
24:
1278:Emm, Marshall G., N1FN.
991:repetitive strain injury
846:A single-paddle key can
804:Single-lever paddle keys
289:repetitive strain injury
190:repetitive stress injury
1183:(video). Archived from
957:Prosigns for Morse code
334:, sometimes known as a
301:"telegraphic paralysis"
198:telegrapher's paralysis
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999:telegraphic paralysis
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264:, sometimes called a
92:(1900) first used by
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1329:The Telegraph Office
889:operant conditioning
876:Non-telegraphic keys
556:Double-lever paddles
477:or vice versa. With
121:electrical telegraph
621: ...). If the
467:dot and dash memory
208:Alternative designs
21:
1340:2013-03-02 at the
1233:"Arduino CW Keyer"
901:Harvard University
850:-iambicly operate
564:and the other for
504:in what's called "
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1335:The Keys of N1KPR
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33:straight key
32:
995:"glass arm"
911:Operators'
592:iambic keys
424:sideswipers
270:bushwhacker
252:Sideswipers
238:sideswipers
215:sideswipers
1383:Morse code
1378:Telegraphy
1367:Categories
1288:2022-11-09
1203:2021-12-12
1111:References
1021:The name "
952:Morse code
737:Mode
708:Mode
266:cootie key
262:sidewinder
258:sideswiper
117:telegraphy
113:Morse code
1044:s" ≈ dit
540:) if the
337:Vibroplex
295:glass arm
244:keys (or
194:glass arm
192:known as
105:Morse key
1338:Archived
1297:cite web
1241:cite web
1212:cite web
1065:trochaic
946:See also
839:paddle (
615:trochees
500:Using a
465:include
361:pendulum
246:"iambic"
230:"keyers"
202:trunnion
1266:YouTube
1196:YouTube
1181:YouTube
1163:YouTube
1146:YouTube
1129:YouTube
1086:ble" ≈
893:pigeons
552:speed.
528:if the
240:), and
1231:K3NG.
1036:s and
1032:dless
1023:iambic
940:"fist"
928:"fist"
920:"fist"
913:"fist"
843:...).
638:itself
571:iambic
506:iambic
428:iambic
221:) and
141:dashes
109:switch
49:Switch
1283:(PDF)
1098:dit,
1094:dit,
1090:dit,
1078:ble,
1074:ble,
1034:clime
891:with
882:strap
866:, or
785:Mode
728:Mode
699:Mode
601:or a
502:keyer
461:Most
308:swing
151:Types
115:in a
1307:link
1303:link
1247:link
1218:link
1102:dit.
1084:trou
1082:and
1080:toil
1056:dit
1052:dit
1048:dit
1042:skie
1040:rry
1030:clou
1028:"Of
833:dahs
821:dits
814:dahs
812:and
810:dits
580:dahs
578:and
576:dits
566:dahs
562:dits
514:dahs
475:dahs
473:and
471:dits
456:dits
454:and
452:dahs
450:(or
448:dahs
446:and
444:dits
436:dahs
432:dits
405:dits
401:dahs
389:dahs
387:and
385:dits
369:dahs
365:dits
354:dits
312:fist
282:dits
217:(or
182:dits
145:dahs
137:dits
133:dots
90:Bern
45:Type
37:J-38
1264:on
1161:on
1144:on
1127:on
1100:dah
1096:dah
1092:dah
1088:dah
1076:dou
1072:Dou
1067:":
1058:dah
1054:dah
1050:dah
1046:dah
1038:sta
997:or
899:at
852:any
848:non
837:dah
825:dit
776:dah
772:dit
768:dit
764:dah
670:).
665:dit
661:dah
657:dit
653:dah
627:dit
623:dit
611:dah
607:dah
603:dah
599:dit
590:or
550:dit
542:dah
534:dah
530:dit
526:dit
510:dit
487:dit
483:dah
481:or
479:dit
422:or
416:dah
412:dit
349:’.
347:bug
343:bug
339:key
332:bug
278:dah
276:or
274:dit
268:or
260:or
196:or
143:or
135:or
103:or
1369::
1299:}}
1295:{{
1243:}}
1239:{{
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1210:{{
1193:.
1179:.
1010:^
942:.
934:.
922:.
872:.
860:,
778:.
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163:A
129:CW
99:A
88:,
31:A
1309:)
1291:.
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1235:.
1220:)
1206:.
1070:"
1060:.
869:U
863:B
857:A
797:U
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755:B
746:B
740:B
731:B
717:A
711:A
702:A
692:U
686:B
680:A
663:-
659:-
655:-
651:(
648:C
629:(
536:(
520:(
297:"
293:"
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