871:, which represses Neurogenin but is required for Ascl1, is progressively lost from the caudal thalamus but maintained in the prethalamus and in the stripe of rostral thalamic cells. In addition, studies on chick and mice have shown that blocking the Shh pathway leads to absence of the rostral thalamus and substantial decrease of the caudal thalamus. The rostral thalamus will give rise to the reticular nucleus mainly whereby the caudal thalamus will form the relay thalamus and will be further subdivided in the
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1015:
1029:
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40:
852:, it was shown that the expression of two SHH genes, SHH-a and SHH-b (formerly described as twhh) mark the MDO territory, and that SHH signaling is sufficient for the molecular differentiation of both the prethalamus and the thalamus but is not required for their maintenance and SHH signaling from the MDO/alar plate is sufficient for the maturation of prethalamic and thalamic territory while ventral Shh signals are dispensable.
989:
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756:(of the mammalian brain) to make complex decisions by wiring the many associations on which decisions depend into weakly connected cortical circuits." Researchers found that "enhancing MD activity magnified the ability of mice to "think," driving down by more than 25 percent their error rate in deciding which conflicting sensory stimuli to follow to find the reward."
1133:
451:
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Recent research suggests that the mediodorsal thalamus (MD) may play a broader role in cognition. Specifically, the mediodorsal thalamus may "amplify the connectivity (signaling strength) of just the circuits in the cortex appropriate for the current context and thereby contribute to the flexibility
697:
functions is almost ignored. The thalamus has been thought of as a "relay" that simply forwards signals to the cerebral cortex. Newer research suggests that thalamic function is more selective. Many different functions are linked to various regions of the thalamus. This is the case for many of the
862:
This zonation of proneural gene expression leads to the differentiation of glutamatergic relay neurons from the
Neurogenin1+ precursors and of GABAergic inhibitory neurons from the Ascl1+ precursors. In fish, selection of these alternative neurotransmitter fates is controlled by the dynamic
796:, Fez and Otx, is of decisive importance. Fez is expressed in the prethalamus, and functional experiments show that Fez is required for prethalamus formation. Posteriorly, Otx1 and Otx2 abut the expression domain of Fez and are required for proper development of the thalamus.
804:
Early in thalamic development two progenitor domains form, a caudal domain, and a rostral domain. The caudal domain gives rise to all of the glutamatergic neurons in the adult thalamus while the rostral domain gives rise to all of the GABAergic neurons in the adult thalamus.
737:
The neuronal information processes necessary for motor control were proposed as a network involving the thalamus as a subcortical motor center. Through investigations of the anatomy of the brains of primates the nature of the interconnected tissues of the
840:
After its induction, the MDO starts to orchestrate the development of the thalamic anlage by release of signalling molecules such as SHH. In mice, the function of signaling at the MDO has not been addressed directly due to a complete absence of the
751:
motor response in three monkeys, the thalamic regions were found to be involved in the generation of antisaccade eye-movement (that is, the ability to inhibit the reflexive jerking movement of the eyes in the direction of a presented stimulus).
729:
as part of the extended hippocampal system at the thalamic anterior nuclei. With respect to spatial memory and spatial sensory datum they are crucial for human episodic event memory. The thalamic region's connection to the
2862:
Young, Keith A.; Holcomb, Leigh A.; Bonkale, Willy L.; Hicks, Paul B.; Yazdani, Umar; German, Dwight C. (2007). "5HTTLPR Polymorphism and
Enlargement of the Pulvinar: Unlocking the Backdoor to the Limbic System".
742:
to the multiple motor cortices suggested that the thalamus fulfills a key function in providing the specific channels from the basal ganglia and cerebellum to the cortical motor areas. In an investigation of the
817:. The MDO is the central signalling organizer in the thalamus. A lack of the organizer leads to the absence of the thalamus. The MDO matures from ventral to dorsal during development. Members of the
718:
where localized lesions provoke specific sensory deficits. A major role of the thalamus is support of motor and language systems, and much of the circuitry implicated for these systems is shared.
346:, near the center of the brain with nerve fibers projecting out to the cerebral cortex in all directions. The medial surface of the thalamus constitutes the upper part of the lateral wall of the
512:, the intralaminar elements, the "nucleus limitans", and others. These latter structures, different in structure from the major part of the thalamus, have been grouped together into the
859:
in the major (caudal) part of the thalamus, and Ascl1 (formerly Mash1) in the remaining narrow stripe of rostral thalamic cells immediately adjacent to the MDO, and in the prethalamus.
659:
The thalamus is believed to both process sensory information as well as relay itβeach of the primary sensory relay areas receives strong feedback connections from the cerebral cortex.
490:
origins, the epithalamus and the perithalamus are formally distinguished from the thalamus proper. The metathalamus is made up of the lateral geniculate and medial geniculate nuclei.
1984:
Orioli, PJ; Strick, PL (1989). "Cerebellar connections with the motor cortex and the arcuate premotor area: An analysis employing retrograde transneuronal transport of WGA-HRP".
768:(ZLI) ) and the thalamus (dorsal thalamus). The development of the thalamus can be subdivided into three steps. The thalamus is the largest structure deriving from the embryonic
894:
and possibly the limbic regions of the thalamus. Enlargement of the thalamus provides an anatomical basis for why people who inherit two SERT-ss alleles are more vulnerable to
2267:
Kuhlenbeck, Hartwig (1937). "The ontogenetic development of the diencephalic centers in a bird's brain (chick) and comparison with the reptilian and mammalian diencephalon".
2389:
Hirata, T.; Nakazawa, M; Muraoka, O; Nakayama, R; Suda, Y; Hibi, M (2006). "Zinc-finger genes Fez and Fez-like function in the establishment of diencephalon subdivisions".
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The thalamic complex is composed of the perithalamus (or prethalamus, previously also known as ventral thalamus), the mid-diencephalic organiser (which forms later the
2635:
Ishibashi, M; McMahon, AP (2002). "A sonic hedgehog-dependent signaling relay regulates growth of diencephalic and mesencephalic primordia in the early mouse embryo".
1519:
1002:
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The exposure to SHH leads to differentiation of thalamic neurons. SHH signaling from the MDO induces a posterior-to-anterior wave of expression the proneural gene
813:
At the interface between the expression domains of Fez and Otx, the mid-diencephalic organizer (MDO, also called the ZLI organiser) is induced within the thalamic
204:
1063:
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Song, Hobeom; Lee, Bumwhee; Pyun, Dohoon; Guimera, Jordi; Son, Youngsook; Yoon, Jaeseung; Baek, Kwanghee; Wurst, Wolfgang; Jeong, Yongsu (February 2015).
3022:"Toward precision medicine using a "digital twin" approach: modeling the onset of disease-specific brain atrophy in individuals with multiple sclerosis"
792:
and the thalamus is induced within the neural tube. Data from different vertebrate model organisms support a model in which the interaction between two
966:
disease in which degeneration of the thalamus occurs, causing the patient to gradually lose their ability to sleep and progressing to a state of total
3419:
2302:
Shimamura, K; Hartigan, DJ; Martinez, S; Puelles, L; Rubenstein, JL (1995). "Longitudinal organization of the anterior neural plate and neural tube".
416:, which is a rare anatomic variation in which a single arterial trunk arises from the posterior cerebral artery to supply both parts of the thalamus.
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597:, relaying information between different subcortical areas and the cerebral cortex. In particular, every sensory system (with the exception of the
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Kopelman, MD; Thomson, AD; Guerrini, I; Marshall, EJ (16 January 2009). "The
Korsakoff syndrome: clinical aspects, psychology and treatment".
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1728:
1648:
1503:
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1217:
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674:. The thalamus plays a major role in regulating arousal, the level of awareness, and activity. Damage to the thalamus can lead to permanent
2070:
Kurata, K (2005). "Activity properties and location of neurons in the motor thalamus that project to the cortical motor areas in monkeys".
2465:
Acampora, D; Avantaggiato, V; Tuorto, F; Simeone, A (1997). "Genetic control of brain morphogenesis through Otx gene dosage requirement".
1150:
389:.) The external lamina covers the lateral surface and the internal lamina divides the nuclei into anterior, medial, and lateral groups.
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56:
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1350:
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Vue, Tou Yia; Bluske, Krista; Alishahi, Amin; Yang, Lin Lin; Koyano-Nakagawa, Naoko; Novitch, Bennett; Nakagawa, Yasushi (2009).
1108:
211:
2027:
Asanuma C, Thach WT, Jones EG (May 1983). "Cytoarchitectonic delineation of the ventral lateral thalamic region in the monkey".
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is a sensory pathway originating in the spinal cord. It transmits information to the thalamus about pain, temperature, itch and
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3283:
899:
398:
2105:
1604:
Steriade, Mircea; LlinΓ‘s, Rodolfo R. (1988). "The
Functional States of the Thalamus and the Associated Neuronal Interplay".
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199:
2962:"Acute Korsakoff-like amnestic syndrome resulting from left thalamic infarction following a right hippocampal hemorrhage"
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Aggleton, John P.; O'Mara, Shane M.; Vann, Seralynne D.; Wright, Nick F.; Tsanov, Marian; Erichsen, Jonathan T. (2010).
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4148:
4006:
3792:
3256:
1384:
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886:) has been shown to affect the development of several regions of the thalamus in adults. People who inherit two short
578:
2960:
Rahme, R; Moussa, R; Awada, A; Ibrahim, I; Ali, Y; Maarrawi, J; Rizk, T; Nohra, G; Okais, N; Samaha, E (April 2007).
3020:
Cen, Steven; Gebregziabher, Mulugeta; Moazami, Saeed; Azevedo, Christina J.; Pelletier, Daniel (28 September 2023).
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system disturbances is recognized but still poorly understood. The contribution of the thalamus to vestibular or to
601:) includes a thalamic nucleus that receives sensory signals and sends them to the associated primary cortical area.
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4555:
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4335:
3322:
3225:
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1666:"Qualia and phenomenal consciousness arise from the information structure of an electromagnetic field in the brain"
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2715:"Hedgehog signalling from the zona limitans intrathalamica orchestrates patterning of the zebrafish diencephalon"
2210:
Schmitt, L. Ian; Wimmer, Ralf D.; Nakajima, Miho; Happ, Michael; Mofakham, Sima; Halassa, Michael M. (May 2017).
895:
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Stein, Thor; Moritz, Chad; Quigley, Michelle; Cordes, Dietmar; Haughton, Victor; Meyerand, Elizabeth (2000).
244:
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959:
637:
509:
425:
85:
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Kiecker, C; Lumsden, A (2004). "Hedgehog signaling from the ZLI regulates diencephalic regional identity".
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Besides its importance as signalling center, the organizer matures into the morphological structure of the
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4417:
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Puelles, L; Rubenstein, JL (2003). "Forebrain gene expression domains and the evolving prosomeric model".
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2553:"Ascl1 and Helt act combinatorially to specify thalamic neuronal identity by repressing Dlxs activation"
1853:"Hippocampal-anterior thalamic pathways for memory: Uncovering a network of direct and indirect actions"
879:
822:
663:
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Studies in chicks have shown that SHH is both necessary and sufficient for thalamic gene induction. In
350:, and is connected to the corresponding surface of the opposite thalamus by a flattened gray band, the
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4131:
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1474:
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Percheron, G. (1982). "The arterial supply of the thalamus". In
Schaltenbrand; Walker, A. E. (eds.).
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Anatomically, it is a paramedian symmetrical structure of two halves (left and right), within the
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2815:"Sonic Hedgehog Signaling Controls Thalamic Progenitor Identity and Nuclei Specification in Mice"
2695:
2617:
2284:
2052:
2009:
1949:
Evarts, E V; Thach, W T (1969). "Motor
Mechanisms of the CNS: Cerebrocerebellar Interrelations".
1931:
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1761:
1513:
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1275:
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Carlesimo, GA; Lombardi, MG; Caltagirone, C (2011). "Vascular thalamic amnesia: A reappraisal".
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This article is about the portion of the human brain. For the
British video game developer, see
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2001:
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1342:
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548:
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401:), paramedian thalamic-subthalamic arteries, inferolateral (thalamogeniculate) arteries, and
338:
The thalamus is a paired structure of gray matter about four centimetres long, located in the
593:
The thalamus has multiple functions, and is generally believed to act as a relay station, or
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4120:
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3914:
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1993:
1958:
1913:
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1762:"Functional Connectivity in the Thalamus and Hippocampus Studied with Functional MR Imaging"
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970:, which invariably leads to death. In contrast, damage to the thalamus can result in coma.
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504:) separating different thalamic subparts. Other areas are defined by distinct clusters of
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39:
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lobe provides differentiation of the functioning of recollective and familiarity memory.
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Scholpp, S.; Delogu, A.; Gilthorpe, J.; Peukert, D.; Schindler, S.; Lumsden, A. (2009).
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Jeong, J.-Y.; Einhorn, Z.; Mathur, P.; Chen, L.; Lee, S.; Kawakami, K.; Guo, S. (2007).
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666:. Thalamic nuclei have strong reciprocal connections with the cerebral cortex, forming
649:
617:
284:
241:
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1918:
1901:
1293:
772:, the posterior part of the forebrain situated between the midbrain and the cerebrum.
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2040:
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in the thalamus, including the stratum zonale that covers the dorsal surface and the
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2013:
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Scholpp, S.; Foucher, I.; Staudt, N.; Peukert, D.; Lumsden, A.; Houart, C. (2007).
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of the area supplied by the paramedian artery can cause serious problems including
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The thalamus derives its blood supply from a number of arteries: the polar artery (
374:
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20:
1617:
2426:"Patterning the zebrafish diencephalon by the conserved zinc-finger protein Fezl"
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3125:
2756:"Her6 regulates the neurogenetic gradient and neuronal identity in the thalamus"
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2552:
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newest part of the thalamus (neothalamus), and includes the lateral nuclei, the
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2212:"Thalamic amplification of cortical connectivity sustains attentional control"
1821:
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918:, which involves a one-sided burning or aching sensation often accompanied by
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exchanges of information. It has several functions, such as the relaying of
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1381:
1312:"neothalamus | Definition of neothalamus in English by Oxford Dictionaries"
2502:"Otx1l, Otx2 and Irx1b establish and position the ZLI in the diencephalon"
2486:
2323:
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2083:
2048:
2005:
1997:
1970:
1625:
1341:(5th. Harper international ed.). New York: Harper & Row. p.
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1722:
The
Neurology of Consciousness: Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuropathology
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2132:"Roles of the primate motor thalamus in the generation of antisaccades"
1008:
Human thalamus along with other subcortical structures, in glass brain.
744:
2731:
2714:
2442:
2425:
2402:
1803:"Episodic memory, amnesia, and the hippocampalβanterior thalamic axis"
524:. This distinction simplifies the global description of the thalamus.
217:
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686:
605:
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498:
92:
1488:
Gazzaniga; Ivry; Mangun, Michael, S.; Richard B.; George R. (2014).
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In humans, a common genetic variation in the promoter region of the
2683:
2106:"The Antisaccade - A Review of Basic Research and Clinical Studies"
1583:"The thalamus, middleman of the brain, becomes a sensory conductor"
458:
440:
3003:"Machine learning models estimate when brain atrophy starts in MS"
1409:
Percheron, G. (2003). "Thalamus". In
Paxinos, G.; May, J. (eds.).
963:
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The thalamus also plays an important role in regulating states of
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110:
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sensory systems (except for the olfactory system), such as the
478:
and annexes) and the perithalamus (prethalamus) containing the
45:
543:
The thalamus has many connections to the hippocampus via the
2906:
Dejerine, J.; Roussy, G. (1906). "Le syndrome thalamique".
1535:"The Neurocircuitry of Fear, Stress, and Anxiety Disorders"
1399:
Jones Edward G. (2007) "The
Thalamus" Cambridge Uni. Press
825:
family are the main principal signals emitted by the MDO.
1900:
Burgess, Neil; Maguire, Eleanor A; O'Keefe, John (2002).
2342:"Building a bridal chamber: Development of the thalamus"
3081:
Stained brain slice images which include the "thalamus"
1902:"The Human Hippocampus and Spatial and Episodic Memory"
890:(SERT-ss) have more neurons and a larger volume in the
1413:(2nd ed.). Amsterdam: Elsevier. pp. 592β675.
809:
The formation of the mid-diencephalic organiser (MDO)
536:
The thalamus is connected to the spinal cord via the
310:
brain, situated between the cerebral cortex and the
291:
signals to the cerebral cortex and the regulation of
604:
For the visual system, for example, inputs from the
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2713:Scholpp, S.; Wolf, O; Brand, M; Lumsden, A (2006).
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1664:Ward, Lawrence M.; Guevara, RamΓ³n (July 4, 2022).
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1235:"What you can learn from Einstein's quirky habits"
1070:Nucleus ventralis posterior lateralis pars oralis
403:posterior (medial and lateral) choroidal arteries
1491:Cognitive Neuroscience - The Biology of The Mind
1333:Tortora, Gerard; Anagnostakos, Nicholas (1987).
581:, which transmits pain and temperature, and the
2760:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
1533:Shin, Lisa M; Liberzon, Israel (January 2010).
1422:
1420:
612:of the thalamus, which in turn projects to the
462:Coronal section of lateral and third ventricles
681:The role of the thalamus in the more anterior
381:. (This stratum zonale is not the same as the
3793:
3105:
1801:Aggleton, John P.; Brown, Malcolm W. (1999).
1639:Schnakers, Caroline; Laureys, Steven (2012).
994:Human brain dissection, showing the thalamus.
942:can lead to a bilateral thalamus infarction.
8:
1518:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1208:Sherman, S. Murray; Guillery, R. W. (2000).
1064:Nonmotor region of the ventral nuclear group
585:, which transmits crude touch and pressure.
973:Atrophy of the thalamus is an indicator of
836:Maturation and parcellation of the thalamus
434:Thalamic nuclei. Metathalamus labelled MTh.
4713:
4510:
4330:
4173:
4116:
3979:
3840:
3831:
3800:
3786:
3778:
3532:
3493:
3210:
3138:
3112:
3098:
3090:
2340:Scholpp, Steffen; Lumsden, Andrew (2010).
354:. The lateral part of the thalamus is the
54:
38:
3551:Posterior (sympathetic/heat conservation)
3053:
2977:
2838:
2789:
2779:
2730:
2568:
2527:
2517:
2441:
2365:
2243:
2158:
1917:
1876:
1777:
1691:
1681:
1558:
1192:
583:anterior (or ventral) spinothalamic tract
4687:Flocculonodular lobe/vestibulocerebellum
2966:AJNR. American Journal of Neuroradiology
1382:http://radiopaedia.org/articles/thalamus
4646:Intermediate hemisphere/spinocerebellum
2335:
2333:
1741:Leonard, Abigail W. (August 17, 2006).
1097:
984:
379:external and internal medullary laminae
4816:Ventral/anterior spinocerebellar tract
4745:Dorsal/posterior spinocerebellar tract
2186:"New Role Discovered For Brain Region"
1511:
1441:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2011.01.026
670:that are believed to be involved with
215:
29:
2180:
2178:
1743:"Your Brain Boots Up Like a Computer"
1370:. Stuttgart: Thieme. pp. 218β32.
1055:- conjoined twins with joined thalami
1020:Lateral group of the thalamic nuclei.
867:. Expression of this hairy-like bHLH
7:
3546:Anterior (parasympathetic/heat loss)
2269:The Journal of Comparative Neurology
1986:The Journal of Comparative Neurology
1585:. The University of Chicago Medicine
1337:Principles of anatomy and physiology
1034:Medial group of the thalamic nuclei.
1963:10.1146/annurev.ph.31.030169.002315
1641:Coma and Disorders of Consciousness
1294:"Medical Definition of NEOTHALAMUS"
493:The thalamus comprises a system of
322:, as first recognized by the Swiss
271:project out of the thalamus to the
233:
23:. For the botanical structure, see
4613:Lateral hemisphere/pontocerebellum
4136:Posterior limb of internal capsule
3952:Posterior limb of internal capsule
3001:Wexler, Marisa (20 October 2023).
1766:American Journal of Neuroradiology
1494:. New York: W.W. Norton. pp.
1380:Knipe, H Jones, J et al. Thalamus
1059:List of regions in the human brain
882:(the SERT-long and -short allele:
863:expression of Her6 the homolog of
14:
3907:Posterior external arcuate fibers
3585:Parvocellular neurosecretory cell
3580:Magnocellular neurosecretory cell
1643:. London: Springer. p. 143.
1212:. Academic Press. pp. 1β18.
668:thalamo-cortico-thalamic circuits
558:The thalamus is connected to the
436:(Left thalamus viewed from left.)
3468:Anterior trigeminothalamic tract
2130:Kunimatsu, J; Tanaka, M (2010).
1869:10.1111/j.1460-9568.2010.07251.x
1857:European Journal of Neuroscience
1816:(3): 425β44, discussion 444β89.
1072:(VPLo), a region of the thalamus
1027:
1013:
1001:
987:
577:. There are two main parts: the
405:. These are all branches of the
275:in all directions, known as the
247:, "chamber") is a large mass of
212:Anatomical terms of neuroanatomy
1670:Frontiers in Human Neuroscience
934:problems. A related concept is
800:Formation of progenitor domains
60:The thalamus in a 360Β° rotation
3705:Dorsal longitudinal fasciculus
2877:10.1016/j.biopsych.2006.08.047
2831:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0656-09.2009
2151:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0406-10.2010
900:post-traumatic stress disorder
399:posterior communicating artery
1:
4842:Rostral spinocerebellar tract
3007:Multiple Sclerosis News Today
2606:10.1016/S0166-2236(03)00234-0
1919:10.1016/S0896-6273(02)00830-9
1810:Behavioral and Brain Sciences
1618:10.1152/physrev.1988.68.3.649
1368:Stereotaxy of the human brain
1316:Oxford Dictionaries | English
1252:Jones, Edward G, ed. (1985).
648:relay, which sends touch and
470:include the dorsally-located
3221:Stria medullaris of thalamus
2041:10.1016/0165-0173(83)90014-0
1475:"Thalamocortical radiations"
1076:Primate basal ganglia system
946:Alcoholic Korsakoff syndrome
830:zona limitans intrathalamica
766:zona limitans intrathalamica
654:primary somatosensory cortex
251:on the lateral walls of the
4788:Anterior lobe of cerebellum
3623:Suprachiasmatic (melatonin)
2570:10.1016/j.ydbio.2014.12.003
1951:Annual Review of Physiology
954:mammillothalamic fasciculus
936:thalamocortical dysrhythmia
579:lateral spinothalamic tract
547:. This tract comprises the
318:as the main product of the
4907:
4740:Posterior thoracic nucleus
4454:Thalamocortical radiations
4378:Thalamocortical radiations
3226:Thalamic reticular nucleus
3046:10.1038/s41598-023-43618-5
2358:10.1016/j.tins.2010.05.003
2072:Journal of Neurophysiology
1134:Search engine search page
610:lateral geniculate nucleus
564:thalamocortical radiations
484:thalamic reticular nucleus
423:
277:thalamocortical radiations
18:
16:Structure within the brain
4774:Accessory cuneate nucleus
4692:Vestibulocerebellar tract
4526:Vestibulocerebellar tract
4300:
4035:Posterior parietal cortex
4002:Anterior white commissure
1822:10.1017/S0140525X99002034
1683:10.3389/fnhum.2022.874241
1262:10.1007/978-1-4615-1749-8
1194:10.4249/scholarpedia.1583
948:stems from damage to the
642:ventral posterior nucleus
622:medial geniculate nucleus
486:. Due to their different
446:(viewed from above right)
407:posterior cerebral artery
368:lateral geniculate nuclei
342:which is superior to the
210:
98:Posterior cerebral artery
53:
37:
4571:Inferior olivary nucleus
4458:Supplementary motor area
4382:Supplementary motor area
4192:Genu of internal capsule
4044:Spinomesencephalic tract
3762:Nuclei campi perizonalis
3688:Retinohypothalamic tract
1471:University of Washington
1411:The human nervous system
1120:University of Washington
1053:Krista and Tatiana Hogan
930:, and be accompanied by
910:A thalamus damaged by a
821:(SHH) family and of the
444:Nuclei of right thalamus
4659:Cerebellothalamic tract
4140:Decussation of pyramids
3911:Internal arcuate fibers
3683:Medial forebrain bundle
3613:Arcuate (dopamine/GHRH)
2819:Journal of Neuroscience
2781:10.1073/pnas.0910894106
2649:10.1242/dev.129.20.4807
2594:Trends in Neurosciences
2479:10.1242/dev.124.18.3639
2346:Trends in Neurosciences
2316:10.1242/dev.121.12.3923
2139:Journal of Neuroscience
1539:Neuropsychopharmacology
1298:www.merriam-webster.com
1254:The Thalamus - Springer
960:Fatal familial insomnia
938:. The occlusion of the
776:Early brain development
638:primary auditory cortex
510:periventricular nucleus
426:List of thalamic nuclei
86:List of thalamic nuclei
4593:Deep cerebellar nuclei
4560:Deep cerebellar nuclei
4551:Pontocerebellar fibers
4426:Subthalamic fasciculus
4418:Subthalamic fasciculus
4159:Neuromuscular junction
3700:Mammillothalamic tract
3463:Subthalamic fasciculus
3397:Pallidothalamic tracts
3392:Mammillothalamic tract
3374:Interthalamic adhesion
3032:(1): rs.3.rsβ2833532.
2927:Alcohol and Alcoholism
1210:Exploring the Thalamus
916:thalamic pain syndrome
723:functionally connected
545:mammillothalamic tract
540:
463:
455:
447:
437:
352:interthalamic adhesion
4779:Cuneocerebellar tract
4622:Dentatothalamic tract
4576:Olivocerebellar tract
4473:nigrostriatal pathway
4434:Lenticular fasciculus
4358:Lenticular fasciculus
4261:Vestibulospinal tract
3727:is diencephalon, but
3448:Dentatothalamic tract
3407:Lenticular fasciculus
3369:Midline nuclear group
2939:10.1093/alcalc/agn118
2865:Biological Psychiatry
2557:Developmental Biology
2281:10.1002/cne.900660103
2084:10.1152/jn.01034.2004
1998:10.1002/cne.902880408
1606:Physiological Reviews
906:Clinical significance
880:serotonin transporter
794:transcription factors
664:sleep and wakefulness
535:
461:
453:
443:
433:
412:Some people have the
316:embryonic development
4291:Reticulospinal tract
4202:Facial motor nucleus
4188:Primary motor cortex
4132:Primary motor cortex
4078:Spinoreticular tract
3919:Trigeminal lemniscus
3858:Meissner's corpuscle
3431:Trigeminal lemniscus
3192:Subcommissural organ
3164:Habenular commissure
1167:Sherman, S. (2006).
1157:Retrieved 2012-02-09
869:transcription factor
4654:Reticular formation
4442:Thalamic fasciculus
4422:Subthalamic nucleus
4366:Thalamic fasciculus
4286:Reticular formation
4282:Vestibulocerebellum
4252:Vestibulocerebellum
4197:Corticobulbar tract
4145:Corticospinal tract
4083:Reticular formation
4073:Group C nerve fiber
4049:Superior colliculus
4014:Spinothalamic tract
3901:sensory decussation
3752:Subthalamic nucleus
3570:posterior pituitary
3438:Spinothalamic tract
3412:Thalamic fasciculus
3038:2023NatSR..1316279C
2772:2009PNAS..10619895S
2672:Nature Neuroscience
2236:10.1038/nature22073
2228:2017Natur.545..219S
1551:10.1038/npp.2009.83
1185:2006SchpJ...1.1583S
1123:Faculty Web Server
1081:Thalamic stimulator
940:artery of Percheron
689:territories in the
652:information to the
630:inferior colliculus
571:spinothalamic tract
538:spinothalamic tract
466:Derivatives of the
414:artery of Percheron
387:superior colliculus
373:There are areas of
314:. It forms during
263:(a division of the
25:Receptacle (botany)
4837:Golgi tendon organ
4811:Golgi tendon organ
4642:Interposed nucleus
3872:Cuneate fasciculus
3868:Gracile fasciculus
3854:Pacinian corpuscle
3453:Acoustic radiation
3026:Scientific Reports
2908:Revue Neurologique
2519:10.1242/dev.001461
1387:2017-09-17 at the
1153:2021-03-05 at the
1139:2020-09-27 at the
1128:2015-03-02 at the
1114:2015-05-12 at the
996:(View from above.)
628:relay between the
541:
518:as opposed to the
464:
456:
448:
438:
4868:
4867:
4864:
4863:
4860:
4859:
4825:Cerebellar vermis
4754:Cerebellar vermis
4697:Vestibular nuclei
4683:Fastigial nucleus
4521:Vestibular nuclei
4500:
4499:
4496:
4495:
4438:Ansa lenticularis
4362:Ansa lenticularis
4320:
4319:
4313:β muscles of neck
4310:Tectospinal tract
4256:Vestibular nuclei
4231:Rubrospinal tract
4108:
4107:
4104:
4103:
4031:Postcentral gyrus
3994:Free nerve ending
3964:
3963:
3956:Postcentral gyrus
3775:
3774:
3738:
3737:
3659:
3658:
3483:
3482:
3475:Medullary laminae
3443:Lateral lemniscus
3402:Ansa lenticularis
3200:
3199:
3159:Habenular trigone
3085:BrainMaps project
2766:(47): 19895β900.
2732:10.1242/dev.02248
2443:10.1242/dev.02705
2403:10.1242/dev.02585
2397:(20): 3993β4004.
2222:(7653): 219β223.
2190:Neuroscience News
1729:978-0-123-74168-4
1650:978-1-447-12439-9
1505:978-0-393-91348-4
1477:. washington.edu.
1271:978-1-4613-5704-9
1219:978-0-12-305460-9
981:Additional images
956:or the thalamus.
620:. Similarly the
549:mammillary bodies
474:(essentially the
226:
225:
221:
193:E5.14.3.4.2.1.8
116:thalamus dorsalis
44:Thalamus marked (
4898:
4714:
4511:
4477:
4400:
4340:
4331:
4275:
4245:
4219:
4181:
4174:
4117:
4095:Cingulate cortex
4019:Spinal lemniscus
3980:
3915:Medial lemniscus
3863:Posterior column
3841:
3832:
3802:
3795:
3788:
3779:
3678:Stria terminalis
3533:
3494:
3426:Medial lemniscus
3211:
3187:Habenular nuclei
3139:
3114:
3107:
3100:
3091:
3068:
3067:
3057:
3017:
3011:
3010:
2998:
2992:
2991:
2981:
2957:
2951:
2950:
2922:
2916:
2915:
2903:
2897:
2896:
2859:
2853:
2852:
2842:
2810:
2804:
2803:
2793:
2783:
2751:
2745:
2744:
2734:
2710:
2704:
2703:
2667:
2661:
2660:
2632:
2626:
2625:
2589:
2583:
2582:
2572:
2548:
2542:
2541:
2531:
2521:
2497:
2491:
2490:
2462:
2456:
2455:
2445:
2421:
2415:
2414:
2386:
2380:
2379:
2369:
2337:
2328:
2327:
2299:
2293:
2292:
2264:
2258:
2257:
2247:
2207:
2201:
2200:
2198:
2197:
2182:
2173:
2172:
2162:
2136:
2127:
2121:
2120:
2118:
2117:
2108:. Archived from
2102:
2096:
2095:
2067:
2061:
2060:
2024:
2018:
2017:
1981:
1975:
1974:
1946:
1940:
1939:
1921:
1897:
1891:
1890:
1880:
1863:(12): 2292β307.
1848:
1842:
1841:
1807:
1798:
1792:
1791:
1781:
1757:
1751:
1750:
1738:
1732:
1719:
1713:
1712:
1710:
1708:
1695:
1685:
1661:
1655:
1654:
1636:
1630:
1629:
1601:
1595:
1594:
1592:
1590:
1579:
1573:
1572:
1562:
1530:
1524:
1523:
1517:
1509:
1485:
1479:
1478:
1467:
1461:
1460:
1429:Neuropsychologia
1424:
1415:
1414:
1406:
1400:
1397:
1391:
1378:
1372:
1371:
1363:
1357:
1356:
1340:
1330:
1324:
1323:
1322:on May 27, 2018.
1318:. Archived from
1308:
1302:
1301:
1290:
1284:
1283:
1249:
1243:
1242:
1233:Gorvett, Zaria.
1230:
1224:
1223:
1205:
1199:
1198:
1196:
1164:
1158:
1102:
1036:(Left thalamus.)
1031:
1022:(Left thalamus.)
1017:
1005:
991:
962:is a hereditary
896:major depression
845:in SHH mutants.
721:The thalamus is
608:are sent to the
599:olfactory system
356:phylogenetically
235:
218:edit on Wikidata
58:
42:
30:
4906:
4905:
4901:
4900:
4899:
4897:
4896:
4895:
4891:Sensory systems
4871:
4870:
4869:
4856:
4793:
4766:muscle spindles
4732:muscle spindles
4719:
4709:Spinocerebellar
4707:
4701:
4609:Dentate nucleus
4597:
4492:
4470:
4465:
4394:
4389:
4334:
4316:
4305:Midbrain tectum
4296:
4271:
4266:
4241:
4236:
4215:
4210:
4177:
4163:
4100:
4057:
4053:Midbrain tectum
3973:
3960:
3936:
3903:/arcuate fibers
3884:
3880:Cuneate nucleus
3876:Gracile nucleus
3823:
3806:
3776:
3771:
3766:Fields of Forel
3734:
3711:
3655:
3627:
3618:Preoptic (GnRH)
3575:Paraventricular
3555:
3522:
3513:Mammillary body
3504:Median eminence
3479:
3458:Optic radiation
3378:
3306:Pulvinar nuclei
3244:
3235:
3196:
3168:
3128:
3120:Anatomy of the
3118:
3077:
3072:
3071:
3019:
3018:
3014:
3000:
2999:
2995:
2959:
2958:
2954:
2924:
2923:
2919:
2905:
2904:
2900:
2861:
2860:
2856:
2825:(14): 4484β97.
2812:
2811:
2807:
2753:
2752:
2748:
2712:
2711:
2707:
2669:
2668:
2664:
2643:(20): 4807β19.
2634:
2633:
2629:
2591:
2590:
2586:
2550:
2549:
2545:
2512:(17): 3167β76.
2499:
2498:
2494:
2473:(18): 3639β50.
2464:
2463:
2459:
2423:
2422:
2418:
2388:
2387:
2383:
2339:
2338:
2331:
2310:(12): 3923β33.
2301:
2300:
2296:
2266:
2265:
2261:
2209:
2208:
2204:
2195:
2193:
2184:
2183:
2176:
2145:(14): 5108β17.
2134:
2129:
2128:
2124:
2115:
2113:
2104:
2103:
2099:
2069:
2068:
2064:
2026:
2025:
2021:
1983:
1982:
1978:
1948:
1947:
1943:
1899:
1898:
1894:
1850:
1849:
1845:
1805:
1800:
1799:
1795:
1772:(8): 1397β401.
1759:
1758:
1754:
1740:
1739:
1735:
1720:
1716:
1706:
1704:
1663:
1662:
1658:
1651:
1638:
1637:
1633:
1603:
1602:
1598:
1588:
1586:
1581:
1580:
1576:
1532:
1531:
1527:
1510:
1506:
1487:
1486:
1482:
1469:
1468:
1464:
1426:
1425:
1418:
1408:
1407:
1403:
1398:
1394:
1389:Wayback Machine
1379:
1375:
1365:
1364:
1360:
1353:
1332:
1331:
1327:
1310:
1309:
1305:
1292:
1291:
1287:
1272:
1251:
1250:
1246:
1232:
1231:
1227:
1220:
1207:
1206:
1202:
1166:
1165:
1161:
1155:Wayback Machine
1145:Perseus Project
1141:Wayback Machine
1130:Wayback Machine
1116:Wayback Machine
1103:
1099:
1094:
1066:of the thalamus
1044:
1037:
1035:
1032:
1023:
1021:
1018:
1009:
1006:
997:
995:
992:
983:
950:mammillary body
928:akinetic mutism
908:
902:, and suicide.
873:thalamic nuclei
838:
811:
802:
778:
762:
591:
560:cerebral cortex
530:
445:
435:
428:
422:
420:Thalamic nuclei
395:
348:third ventricle
336:
328:Wilhelm His Sr.
273:cerebral cortex
253:third ventricle
222:
167:
61:
49:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4904:
4902:
4894:
4893:
4888:
4883:
4873:
4872:
4866:
4865:
4862:
4861:
4858:
4857:
4855:
4854:
4829:
4828:
4803:
4801:
4795:
4794:
4792:
4791:
4758:
4757:
4724:
4722:
4720:proprioception
4711:
4706:Bidirectional:
4703:
4702:
4700:
4699:
4679:
4678:
4638:
4637:
4605:
4603:
4599:
4598:
4596:
4595:
4567:
4566:
4546:Pontine nuclei
4542:
4541:
4517:
4515:
4508:
4502:
4501:
4498:
4497:
4494:
4493:
4491:
4490:
4480:
4478:
4467:
4466:
4403:
4401:
4391:
4390:
4343:
4341:
4328:
4322:
4321:
4318:
4317:
4315:
4314:
4301:
4298:
4297:
4295:
4294:
4278:
4276:
4268:
4267:
4265:
4264:
4248:
4246:
4238:
4237:
4235:
4234:
4222:
4220:
4212:
4211:
4209:
4208:
4206:Facial muscles
4184:
4182:
4171:
4169:Extrapyramidal
4165:
4164:
4162:
4161:
4125:
4123:
4114:
4110:
4109:
4106:
4105:
4102:
4101:
4099:
4098:
4068:
4066:
4059:
4058:
4039:
4038:
3989:
3987:
3977:
3966:
3965:
3962:
3961:
3959:
3958:
3947:
3945:
3938:
3937:
3935:
3934:
3895:
3893:
3886:
3885:
3883:
3882:
3850:
3848:
3838:
3829:
3825:
3824:
3807:
3805:
3804:
3797:
3790:
3782:
3773:
3772:
3770:
3769:
3759:
3754:
3748:
3746:
3740:
3739:
3736:
3735:
3733:
3732:
3721:
3719:
3713:
3712:
3710:
3709:
3708:
3707:
3702:
3692:
3691:
3690:
3685:
3680:
3669:
3667:
3661:
3660:
3657:
3656:
3654:
3653:
3648:
3643:
3637:
3635:
3629:
3628:
3626:
3625:
3620:
3615:
3606:
3605:
3604:
3603:
3589:
3588:
3587:
3582:
3565:
3563:
3557:
3556:
3554:
3553:
3548:
3542:
3540:
3530:
3524:
3523:
3521:
3520:
3515:
3510:
3508:Tuber cinereum
3500:
3498:
3491:
3485:
3484:
3481:
3480:
3478:
3477:
3471:
3470:
3465:
3460:
3455:
3450:
3445:
3440:
3435:
3434:
3433:
3428:
3416:
3415:
3414:
3409:
3404:
3394:
3388:
3386:
3380:
3379:
3377:
3376:
3371:
3366:
3365:
3364:
3354:
3345:
3344:
3343:
3342:
3341:
3340:
3335:
3330:
3320:
3310:
3309:
3308:
3303:
3298:
3288:
3287:
3286:
3273:
3259:
3250:
3248:
3237:
3236:
3234:
3233:
3231:Taenia thalami
3228:
3223:
3217:
3215:
3208:
3202:
3201:
3198:
3197:
3195:
3194:
3189:
3184:
3182:Pretectal area
3178:
3176:
3170:
3169:
3167:
3166:
3161:
3156:
3151:
3145:
3143:
3136:
3130:
3129:
3119:
3117:
3116:
3109:
3102:
3094:
3088:
3087:
3076:
3075:External links
3073:
3070:
3069:
3012:
2993:
2952:
2917:
2898:
2854:
2805:
2746:
2705:
2684:10.1038/nn1338
2678:(11): 1242β9.
2662:
2627:
2584:
2563:(2): 280β291.
2543:
2492:
2457:
2416:
2381:
2329:
2294:
2259:
2202:
2174:
2122:
2097:
2062:
2029:Brain Research
2019:
1976:
1941:
1892:
1843:
1793:
1752:
1733:
1714:
1656:
1649:
1631:
1612:(3): 649β742.
1596:
1574:
1545:(1): 169β191.
1525:
1504:
1480:
1462:
1416:
1401:
1392:
1373:
1358:
1352:978-0060466695
1351:
1325:
1303:
1285:
1270:
1244:
1225:
1218:
1200:
1159:
1096:
1095:
1093:
1090:
1089:
1088:
1083:
1078:
1073:
1067:
1061:
1056:
1050:
1048:5-HT7 receptor
1043:
1040:
1039:
1038:
1033:
1026:
1024:
1019:
1012:
1010:
1007:
1000:
998:
993:
986:
982:
979:
907:
904:
837:
834:
819:sonic hedgehog
810:
807:
801:
798:
777:
774:
761:
758:
716:visual systems
650:proprioceptive
624:acts as a key
618:occipital lobe
590:
587:
529:
526:
508:, such as the
421:
418:
394:
391:
383:stratum zonale
335:
332:
326:and anatomist
224:
223:
214:
208:
207:
202:
196:
195:
190:
184:
183:
178:
172:
171:
162:
156:
155:
150:
143:
142:
137:
131:
130:
125:
119:
118:
113:
107:
106:
102:
101:
95:
89:
88:
82:
78:
77:
72:
68:
67:
63:
62:
59:
51:
50:
48:cross-section)
43:
35:
34:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4903:
4892:
4889:
4887:
4884:
4882:
4879:
4878:
4876:
4852:
4848:
4844:
4843:
4838:
4834:
4831:
4830:
4826:
4822:
4818:
4817:
4812:
4808:
4805:
4804:
4802:
4800:
4796:
4789:
4785:
4781:
4780:
4775:
4771:
4767:
4763:
4760:
4759:
4755:
4751:
4747:
4746:
4741:
4737:
4733:
4729:
4726:
4725:
4723:
4721:
4715:
4712:
4710:
4704:
4698:
4694:
4693:
4688:
4684:
4681:
4680:
4677:
4673:
4669:
4665:
4661:
4660:
4655:
4651:
4647:
4643:
4640:
4639:
4636:
4632:
4628:
4624:
4623:
4618:
4614:
4610:
4607:
4606:
4604:
4600:
4594:
4590:
4589:Purkinje cell
4586:
4582:
4578:
4577:
4572:
4569:
4568:
4565:
4561:
4557:
4553:
4552:
4547:
4544:
4543:
4540:
4536:
4532:
4528:
4527:
4522:
4519:
4518:
4516:
4512:
4509:
4507:
4503:
4489:
4485:
4484:Pars compacta
4482:
4481:
4479:
4476:
4474:
4468:
4463:
4459:
4455:
4451:
4447:
4443:
4439:
4435:
4431:
4427:
4423:
4419:
4415:
4411:
4407:
4402:
4399:
4398:
4392:
4387:
4383:
4379:
4375:
4371:
4367:
4363:
4359:
4355:
4351:
4347:
4342:
4339:
4338:
4332:
4329:
4327:
4326:Basal ganglia
4323:
4312:
4311:
4306:
4303:
4302:
4299:
4293:
4292:
4287:
4283:
4280:
4279:
4277:
4274:
4269:
4263:
4262:
4257:
4253:
4250:
4249:
4247:
4244:
4239:
4233:
4232:
4227:
4224:
4223:
4221:
4218:
4213:
4207:
4203:
4199:
4198:
4193:
4189:
4186:
4185:
4183:
4180:
4175:
4172:
4170:
4166:
4160:
4156:
4154:
4150:
4146:
4141:
4137:
4133:
4130:
4127:
4126:
4124:
4122:
4118:
4115:
4111:
4096:
4092:
4088:
4084:
4080:
4079:
4074:
4070:
4069:
4067:
4064:
4060:
4056:
4054:
4050:
4046:
4045:
4036:
4032:
4028:
4024:
4020:
4016:
4015:
4012:
4008:
4003:
3999:
3998:A delta fiber
3995:
3991:
3990:
3988:
3985:
3981:
3978:
3976:
3971:
3970:Anterolateral
3967:
3957:
3953:
3949:
3948:
3946:
3943:
3939:
3932:
3928:
3924:
3920:
3916:
3912:
3908:
3904:
3902:
3897:
3896:
3894:
3891:
3887:
3881:
3877:
3873:
3869:
3865:
3864:
3859:
3855:
3852:
3851:
3849:
3846:
3842:
3839:
3837:
3833:
3830:
3826:
3822:
3818:
3817:neural tracts
3814:
3810:
3803:
3798:
3796:
3791:
3789:
3784:
3783:
3780:
3767:
3763:
3760:
3758:
3755:
3753:
3750:
3749:
3747:
3745:
3741:
3730:
3726:
3723:
3722:
3720:
3718:
3714:
3706:
3703:
3701:
3698:
3697:
3696:
3693:
3689:
3686:
3684:
3681:
3679:
3676:
3675:
3674:
3671:
3670:
3668:
3666:
3662:
3652:
3649:
3647:
3644:
3642:
3639:
3638:
3636:
3634:
3630:
3624:
3621:
3619:
3616:
3614:
3611:
3608:
3607:
3602:
3598:
3595:
3594:
3593:
3590:
3586:
3583:
3581:
3578:
3577:
3576:
3573:
3571:
3567:
3566:
3564:
3562:
3558:
3552:
3549:
3547:
3544:
3543:
3541:
3538:
3534:
3531:
3529:
3525:
3519:
3516:
3514:
3511:
3509:
3505:
3502:
3501:
3499:
3495:
3492:
3490:
3486:
3476:
3473:
3472:
3469:
3466:
3464:
3461:
3459:
3456:
3454:
3451:
3449:
3446:
3444:
3441:
3439:
3436:
3432:
3429:
3427:
3424:
3423:
3422:
3421:
3417:
3413:
3410:
3408:
3405:
3403:
3400:
3399:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3390:
3389:
3387:
3385:
3381:
3375:
3372:
3370:
3367:
3363:
3360:
3359:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3350:
3347:
3346:
3339:
3336:
3334:
3331:
3329:
3326:
3325:
3324:
3321:
3319:
3316:
3315:
3314:
3311:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3293:
3292:
3289:
3285:
3281:
3277:
3274:
3272:
3268:
3265:
3264:
3263:
3260:
3258:
3255:
3252:
3251:
3249:
3247:
3242:
3238:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3219:
3218:
3216:
3212:
3209:
3207:
3203:
3193:
3190:
3188:
3185:
3183:
3180:
3179:
3177:
3175:
3171:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3150:
3147:
3146:
3144:
3140:
3137:
3135:
3131:
3127:
3123:
3115:
3110:
3108:
3103:
3101:
3096:
3095:
3092:
3086:
3082:
3079:
3078:
3074:
3065:
3061:
3056:
3051:
3047:
3043:
3039:
3035:
3031:
3027:
3023:
3016:
3013:
3008:
3004:
2997:
2994:
2989:
2985:
2980:
2975:
2972:(4): 759β60.
2971:
2967:
2963:
2956:
2953:
2948:
2944:
2940:
2936:
2933:(2): 148β54.
2932:
2928:
2921:
2918:
2913:
2909:
2902:
2899:
2894:
2890:
2886:
2882:
2878:
2874:
2870:
2866:
2858:
2855:
2850:
2846:
2841:
2836:
2832:
2828:
2824:
2820:
2816:
2809:
2806:
2801:
2797:
2792:
2787:
2782:
2777:
2773:
2769:
2765:
2761:
2757:
2750:
2747:
2742:
2738:
2733:
2728:
2725:(5): 855β64.
2724:
2720:
2716:
2709:
2706:
2701:
2697:
2693:
2689:
2685:
2681:
2677:
2673:
2666:
2663:
2658:
2654:
2650:
2646:
2642:
2638:
2631:
2628:
2623:
2619:
2615:
2611:
2607:
2603:
2600:(9): 469β76.
2599:
2595:
2588:
2585:
2580:
2576:
2571:
2566:
2562:
2558:
2554:
2547:
2544:
2539:
2535:
2530:
2525:
2520:
2515:
2511:
2507:
2503:
2496:
2493:
2488:
2484:
2480:
2476:
2472:
2468:
2461:
2458:
2453:
2449:
2444:
2439:
2436:(1): 127β36.
2435:
2431:
2427:
2420:
2417:
2412:
2408:
2404:
2400:
2396:
2392:
2385:
2382:
2377:
2373:
2368:
2363:
2359:
2355:
2352:(8): 373β80.
2351:
2347:
2343:
2336:
2334:
2330:
2325:
2321:
2317:
2313:
2309:
2305:
2298:
2295:
2290:
2286:
2282:
2278:
2274:
2270:
2263:
2260:
2255:
2251:
2246:
2241:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2225:
2221:
2217:
2213:
2206:
2203:
2191:
2187:
2181:
2179:
2175:
2170:
2166:
2161:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2144:
2140:
2133:
2126:
2123:
2112:on 2017-09-16
2111:
2107:
2101:
2098:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2078:(1): 550β66.
2077:
2073:
2066:
2063:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2035:(3): 219β35.
2034:
2030:
2023:
2020:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1992:(4): 612β26.
1991:
1987:
1980:
1977:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1945:
1942:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1920:
1915:
1912:(4): 625β41.
1911:
1907:
1903:
1896:
1893:
1888:
1884:
1879:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1847:
1844:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1804:
1797:
1794:
1789:
1785:
1780:
1775:
1771:
1767:
1763:
1756:
1753:
1748:
1744:
1737:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1723:
1718:
1715:
1703:
1699:
1694:
1689:
1684:
1679:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1660:
1657:
1652:
1646:
1642:
1635:
1632:
1627:
1623:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1600:
1597:
1584:
1578:
1575:
1570:
1566:
1561:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1529:
1526:
1521:
1515:
1507:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1492:
1484:
1481:
1476:
1472:
1466:
1463:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1435:(5): 777β89.
1434:
1430:
1423:
1421:
1417:
1412:
1405:
1402:
1396:
1393:
1390:
1386:
1383:
1377:
1374:
1369:
1362:
1359:
1354:
1348:
1344:
1339:
1338:
1329:
1326:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1307:
1304:
1299:
1295:
1289:
1286:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1248:
1245:
1240:
1236:
1229:
1226:
1221:
1215:
1211:
1204:
1201:
1195:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1163:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1149:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1124:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1110:
1106:
1101:
1098:
1091:
1087:
1084:
1082:
1079:
1077:
1074:
1071:
1068:
1065:
1062:
1060:
1057:
1054:
1051:
1049:
1046:
1045:
1041:
1030:
1025:
1016:
1011:
1004:
999:
990:
985:
980:
978:
976:
971:
969:
965:
961:
957:
955:
951:
947:
943:
941:
937:
933:
929:
925:
921:
917:
913:
905:
903:
901:
897:
893:
889:
885:
881:
876:
874:
870:
866:
860:
858:
853:
851:
846:
844:
835:
833:
831:
826:
824:
820:
816:
808:
806:
799:
797:
795:
791:
787:
783:
775:
773:
771:
767:
759:
757:
753:
750:
746:
741:
735:
733:
732:mesiotemporal
728:
724:
719:
717:
713:
709:
705:
701:
696:
692:
691:basal ganglia
688:
684:
679:
677:
673:
672:consciousness
669:
665:
660:
657:
655:
651:
647:
646:somatosensory
643:
639:
635:
631:
627:
623:
619:
615:
614:visual cortex
611:
607:
602:
600:
596:
588:
586:
584:
580:
576:
572:
567:
565:
561:
556:
554:
550:
546:
539:
534:
527:
525:
523:
522:
517:
516:
511:
507:
503:
500:
496:
491:
489:
485:
481:
477:
473:
469:
460:
452:
442:
432:
427:
419:
417:
415:
410:
408:
404:
400:
392:
390:
388:
384:
380:
376:
371:
369:
365:
361:
357:
353:
349:
345:
341:
333:
331:
329:
325:
321:
317:
313:
309:
304:
302:
298:
294:
293:consciousness
290:
286:
282:
278:
274:
270:
266:
262:
258:
254:
250:
246:
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4886:Motor system
4840:
4814:
4777:
4743:
4690:
4676:Motor cortex
4667:
4657:
4635:Motor cortex
4626:
4620:
4574:
4564:Granule cell
4549:
4539:Granule cell
4524:
4471:
4462:Motor cortex
4449:
4406:Motor cortex
4396:
4386:Motor cortex
4373:
4346:Motor cortex
4336:
4308:
4289:
4272:
4259:
4242:
4229:
4216:
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4178:
4143:
4128:
4090:
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4040:
4026:
4005:
3922:
3899:
3861:
3757:Zona incerta
3731:is glandular
3694:
3672:
3665:White matter
3646:Ventromedial
3609:
3568:
3518:Infundibulum
3489:Hypothalamus
3418:
3384:White matter
3362:Centromedian
3357:Intralaminar
3348:
3313:Metathalamus
3253:
3205:
3149:Pineal gland
3122:diencephalon
3029:
3025:
3015:
3006:
2996:
2969:
2965:
2955:
2930:
2926:
2920:
2911:
2907:
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2871:(6): 813β8.
2868:
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2822:
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2307:
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2272:
2268:
2262:
2219:
2215:
2205:
2194:. Retrieved
2192:. 2017-05-03
2189:
2142:
2138:
2125:
2114:. Retrieved
2110:the original
2100:
2075:
2071:
2065:
2032:
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1717:
1707:September 9,
1705:. Retrieved
1673:
1669:
1659:
1640:
1634:
1609:
1605:
1599:
1589:10 September
1587:. Retrieved
1577:
1542:
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1465:
1432:
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1404:
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1376:
1367:
1361:
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1328:
1320:the original
1315:
1306:
1297:
1288:
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1247:
1238:
1228:
1209:
1203:
1176:
1173:Scholarpedia
1172:
1162:
1100:
972:
958:
944:
922:. Bilateral
914:can lead to
909:
877:
861:
854:
847:
843:diencephalon
839:
827:
812:
803:
779:
770:diencephalon
763:
754:
736:
722:
720:
680:
661:
658:
603:
592:
568:
557:
542:
519:
515:allothalamus
513:
497:(made up of
492:
480:zona incerta
468:diencephalon
465:
411:
396:
393:Blood supply
375:white matter
372:
337:
324:embryologist
320:diencephalon
305:
269:Nerve fibers
261:diencephalon
259:part of the
255:forming the
237:
229:
227:
169:A14.1.08.601
165:A14.1.08.101
115:
100:and branches
75:Diencephalon
21:Thalamus Ltd
4718:Unconscious
4664:Red nucleus
4226:Red nucleus
3813:spinal cord
3744:Subthalamus
3651:Dorsomedial
3601:vasopressin
3528:Grey matter
3241:Grey matter
3174:Grey matter
3134:Epithalamus
3126:human brain
2719:Development
2637:Development
2506:Development
2467:Development
2430:Development
2391:Development
2304:Development
1747:LiveScience
1179:(9): 1583.
1086:Thalamotomy
920:mood swings
857:Neurogenin1
790:prethalamus
782:neurulation
760:Development
749:antisaccade
727:hippocampus
575:crude touch
528:Connections
521:isothalamus
488:ontogenetic
472:epithalamus
454:Dorsal view
279:, allowing
249:gray matter
153:birnlex_954
105:Identifiers
4875:Categories
4851:Cerebellum
4833:upper limb
4807:lower limb
4799:Reflex arc
4762:upper limb
4728:lower limb
4585:Hemisphere
4535:Cerebellum
4506:Cerebellar
4384:) β 5Β° (
4273:extension:
4243:extension:
3592:Supraoptic
2196:2017-12-03
2116:2012-02-10
1957:: 451β98.
1169:"Thalamus"
1092:References
932:oculomotor
740:cerebellum
499:myelinated
424:See also:
308:vertebrate
135:NeuroNames
4460:) β 7Β° (
4397:indirect:
4121:Pyramidal
3821:fasciculi
3725:Posterior
3717:Pituitary
3561:Endocrine
3537:Autonomic
2914:: 521β32.
2275:: 23β75.
1514:cite book
1148:tufts.edu
850:zebrafish
712:gustatory
644:is a key
340:forebrain
330:in 1893.
301:alertness
265:forebrain
4881:Thalamus
4839:) β 2Β° (
4813:) β 2Β° (
4772:) β 2Β° (
4738:) β 2Β° (
4668:Thalamus
4627:Thalamus
4602:Efferent
4514:Afferent
4488:Striatum
4452:) β 6Β° (
4450:Thalamus
4432:) β 5Β° (
4424:) β 4Β° (
4416:) β 3Β° (
4412:) β 2Β° (
4410:Striatum
4376:) β 4Β° (
4374:Thalamus
4356:) β 3Β° (
4352:) β 2Β° (
4350:Striatum
4217:flexion:
4179:flexion:
4153:Anterior
4129:flexion:
4093:) β 3Β° (
4091:Thalamus
4085:) β 2Β° (
4033:) β 4Β° (
4029:) β 3Β° (
4027:Thalamus
4011:Anterior
4000:) β 2Β° (
3986:/lateral
3923:Thalamus
3729:anterior
3695:efferent
3673:afferent
3597:oxytocin
3349:midline:
3206:Thalamus
3154:Habenula
3064:37205476
3055:10187410
2988:17416834
2947:19151162
2885:17083920
2849:19357274
2800:19903880
2741:16452095
2700:29863625
2692:15494730
2657:12361972
2622:14658562
2614:12948657
2579:25512300
2538:17670791
2452:17164418
2411:16971467
2376:20541814
2289:86730019
2254:28467827
2169:20371831
2092:15703228
2057:25013002
2014:27155579
1936:11989085
1928:12194864
1887:20550571
1838:11258997
1830:11301518
1788:11003270
1702:35860400
1569:19625997
1473:(1991).
1457:22002872
1449:21255590
1385:Archived
1280:41337319
1151:Archived
1137:Archived
1126:Archived
1112:Archived
1042:See also
968:insomnia
924:ischemia
892:pulvinar
884:5-HTTLPR
708:visceral
700:auditory
683:pallidal
636:and the
634:midbrain
626:auditory
589:Function
562:via the
495:lamellae
482:and the
476:habenula
362:and the
360:pulvinar
344:midbrain
312:midbrain
281:hub-like
230:thalamus
147:NeuroLex
33:Thalamus
4656:, or β
4337:direct:
4149:Lateral
4065:/medial
4007:Lateral
3828:Sensory
3641:Lateral
3633:Emotion
3497:Surface
3291:Lateral
3262:Ventral
3254:paired:
3214:Surface
3142:Surface
3124:of the
3083:at the
3034:Bibcode
2979:7977335
2893:2214561
2840:2718849
2791:2775703
2768:Bibcode
2529:7116068
2487:9342056
2367:2954313
2324:8575293
2245:5570520
2224:Bibcode
2160:6632795
2049:6850357
2006:2478593
1971:4885774
1878:2936113
1779:7974059
1693:9289677
1626:2839857
1560:3055419
1239:bbc.com
1181:Bibcode
888:alleles
832:(ZLI).
788:of the
745:saccade
725:to the
704:somatic
632:of the
616:in the
506:neurons
385:of the
334:Anatomy
285:sensory
245:θάλαμοΟ
240:; from
238:thalami
128:D013788
71:Part of
66:Details
4835:β 1Β° (
4809:β 1Β° (
4764:β 1Β° (
4730:β 1Β° (
3610:other:
3338:K cell
3333:M cell
3328:P cell
3246:nuclei
3062:
3052:
2986:
2976:
2945:
2891:
2883:
2847:
2837:
2798:
2788:
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2698:
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2450:
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2252:
2242:
2216:Nature
2167:
2157:
2090:
2055:
2047:
2012:
2004:
1969:
1934:
1926:
1906:Neuron
1885:
1875:
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1727:
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1557:
1502:
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1349:
1278:
1268:
1216:
1132:&
1118:&
1105:Harper
952:, the
912:stroke
815:anlage
786:anlage
780:After
695:tectal
687:nigral
640:. The
606:retina
553:fornix
502:fibers
364:medial
299:, and
257:dorsal
93:Artery
4113:Motor
3809:Brain
3539:zones
2889:S2CID
2696:S2CID
2618:S2CID
2285:S2CID
2135:(PDF)
2053:S2CID
2010:S2CID
1932:S2CID
1834:S2CID
1806:(PDF)
1731:p. 10
1453:S2CID
1276:S2CID
1109:index
964:prion
297:sleep
289:motor
242:Greek
216:[
205:62007
111:Latin
81:Parts
4674:) β
4633:) β
4404:1Β° (
4344:1Β° (
4071:1Β° (
4063:Slow
4041:2Β° (
4009:and
3992:1Β° (
3984:Fast
3975:pain
3913:) β
3874:) β
3836:DCML
3819:and
3811:and
3420:PCML
3060:PMID
2984:PMID
2943:PMID
2881:PMID
2845:PMID
2796:PMID
2737:PMID
2688:PMID
2653:PMID
2610:PMID
2575:PMID
2534:PMID
2483:PMID
2448:PMID
2407:PMID
2372:PMID
2320:PMID
2250:PMID
2165:PMID
2088:PMID
2045:PMID
2002:PMID
1967:PMID
1924:PMID
1883:PMID
1826:PMID
1784:PMID
1725:ISBN
1709:2024
1698:PMID
1645:ISBN
1622:PMID
1591:2020
1565:PMID
1520:link
1500:ISBN
1445:PMID
1347:ISBN
1266:ISBN
1214:ISBN
865:HES1
784:the
747:and
714:and
685:and
676:coma
569:The
551:and
366:and
287:and
228:The
181:5678
160:TA98
123:MeSH
84:See
4847:ICP
4821:SCP
4784:ICP
4770:DRG
4750:ICP
4736:DRG
4685:in
4650:SCP
4644:in
4617:SCP
4611:in
4581:ICP
4573:β
4556:MCP
4531:ICP
4448:of
4430:GPi
4414:GPe
4372:of
4354:GPi
4254:β
4089:of
4051:of
4025:of
4023:VPL
3931:VPM
3927:VPL
3284:VPL
3280:VPM
3050:PMC
3042:doi
2974:PMC
2935:doi
2873:doi
2835:PMC
2827:doi
2786:PMC
2776:doi
2764:106
2727:doi
2723:133
2680:doi
2645:doi
2641:129
2602:doi
2565:doi
2561:398
2524:PMC
2514:doi
2510:134
2475:doi
2471:124
2438:doi
2434:134
2399:doi
2395:133
2362:PMC
2354:doi
2312:doi
2308:121
2277:doi
2240:PMC
2232:doi
2220:545
2155:PMC
2147:doi
2080:doi
2037:doi
2033:286
1994:doi
1990:288
1959:doi
1914:doi
1873:PMC
1865:doi
1818:doi
1774:PMC
1688:PMC
1678:doi
1614:doi
1555:PMC
1547:doi
1437:doi
1343:314
1258:doi
1189:doi
823:Wnt
595:hub
267:).
234:pl.
200:FMA
176:TA2
140:300
46:MRI
4877::
4849:β
4845:β
4823:β
4819:β
4786:β
4782:β
4776:β
4768:β
4752:β
4748:β
4742:β
4734:β
4695:β
4689:β
4672:VL
4666:β
4662:β
4652:β
4648:β
4631:VL
4625:β
4619:β
4615:β
4591:β
4587:β
4583:β
4579:β
4562:β
4558:β
4554:β
4548:β
4537:β
4533:β
4529:β
4523:β
4486:β
4456:β
4446:VL
4444:β
4440:β
4428:β
4420:β
4408:β
4380:β
4370:VL
4368:β
4364:β
4348:β
4307:β
4288:β
4284:β
4258:β
4228:β
4204:β
4200:β
4194:β
4190:β
4157:β
4151:,
4142:β
4138:β
4134:β
4087:MD
4081:β
4075:β
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4047:β
4021:β
4017:β
4004:β
3996:β
3954:β
3950:β
3942:3Β°
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3921:β
3909:,
3898:β
3890:2Β°
3860:β
3845:1Β°
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3352:MD
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3301:LP
3296:LD
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