689:
recommending against the drug's approval. After complaints from the drugmaker, Gueriguian was removed on
November 4, 1996, and his review was purged by the FDA. Gueriguian and the company had a single meeting at which Gueriguian used "intemperate" language; the company said its objections were based on inappropriate remarks made by Gueriguian. Parke-Davis said at the advisory committee that the risk of liver toxicity was comparable to placebo and that additional data of other studies confirmed this. According to
369:
29:
710:(MCA) to market troglitazone, as Romozin, in July 1997. After reports of sudden liver failure in patients receiving the drug, Parke-Davis and the FDA added warnings to the drug label requiring monthly monitoring of liver enzyme levels. Glaxo Wellcome removed troglitazone from the market in Britain on December 1, 1997. Glaxo Wellcome had licensed the drug from
616:
1613:
Kassahun K, Pearson PG, Tang W, McIntosh I, Leung K, Elmore C, et al. (January 2001). "Studies on the metabolism of troglitazone to reactive intermediates in vitro and in vivo. Evidence for novel biotransformation pathways involving quinone methide formation and thiazolidinedione ring scission".
733:
charged with evaluating the drug, warned on March 26, 1999 of the dangers of using it and concluded that patient monitoring was not effective in protecting against liver failure. He estimated that the drug could be linked to over 430 liver failures and that patients incurred 1,200 times greater risk
749:
of strong evidence that
Rezulin could not be used safely. He was later threatened by the FDA with dismissal. By that time, the drug had been linked to 63 liver-failure deaths and had generated sales of more than $ 2.1 billion for Warner-Lambert. The drug cost $ 1,400 a year per patient in 1998.
688:
submitted the diabetes drug
Rezulin for FDA review on July 31, 1996. The medical officer assigned to the review, Dr. John L. Gueriguian, cited Rezulin's potential to harm the liver and the heart, and he questioned its viability in lowering blood sugar for patients with adult-onset diabetes,
844:
for almost $ 64 billion, paid about $ 500 million to settle
Rezulin cases consolidated in federal court in New York, according to court filings. The company also paid as much as $ 250 million to resolve state-court suits. In 2004, it set aside $ 955 million to end Rezulin cases.
813:(OH group) of the chromane ring. Detailed quantum chemical analysis of the metabolic pathways for troglitazone has shown that quinone reactive metabolite is generated by oxidation of the OH group, but o-quinone methide reactive metabolite is formed by the oxidation of the
1649:
Funk C, Ponelle C, Scheuermann G, Pantze M (March 2001). "Cholestatic potential of troglitazone as a possible factor contributing to troglitazone-induced hepatotoxicity: in vivo and in vitro interaction at the canalicular bile salt export pump (Bsep) in the rat".
1758:
Salamone S, Colin C, Grillier-Vuissoz I, Kuntz S, Mazerbourg S, Flament S, et al. (May 2012). "Synthesis of new troglitazone derivatives: anti-proliferative activity in breast cancer cell lines and preliminary toxicological study".
3879:
1876:
726:
729:(NIDDK) diabetes prevention study. This called into question the efficacy of the monitoring strategy. The NIH responded on June 4 by dropping troglitazone from the study. Dr. David J. Graham, an FDA
670:. At the time, it was widely believed that such drugs, by addressing the primary metabolic defect associated with Type 2 diabetes, would have numerous benefits including avoiding the risk of
1325:
742:(D-Mass.): "I believe that the company... deliberately omitted reports of liver toxicity and misrepresented serious adverse events experienced by patients in their clinical studies."
696:
The FDA approved the drug on
January 29, 1997, and it appeared in pharmacies in late March. At the time, Dr. Solomon Sobel, a director at the FDA overseeing diabetes drugs, said in a
4888:
67:
3872:
1869:
707:
916:"Nuclear factor-kappaB suppressive and inhibitor-kappaB stimulatory effects of troglitazone in obese patients with type 2 diabetes: evidence of an antiinflammatory action?"
647:; Parke-Davis complained to the FDA, and Gueriguian was subsequently removed from his post. A panel of experts approved it in January 1997. Once the prevalence of adverse
510:
442:
3414:
3293:
3074:
3865:
1862:
619:
A 30-tablet pharmacy stock bottle of
Rezulin (troglitazone) (400 mg) from Parke-Davis. Manufactured 1997. Shown also is one broken tablet. Tablet branding is PD353.
840:
In 2009, Pfizer resolved all but three of 35,000 claims over its withdrawn diabetes drug
Rezulin for a total of about $ 750 million. Pfizer, which acquired rival
1267:
466:
494:
InChI=1S/C24H27NO5S/c1-13-14(2)21-18(15(3)20(13)26)9-10-24(4,30-21)12-29-17-7-5-16(6-8-17)11-19-22(27)25-23(28)31-19/h5-8,19,26H,9-12H2,1-4H3,(H,25,27,28)
3058:
574:
745:
On March 21, 2000, the FDA withdrew the drug from the market. Dr. Robert I. Misbin, an FDA medical officer, wrote in a March 3, 2000 letter to
Senator
3049:
2452:
821:
groups) ortho to the OH group of the chromane ring. This understanding has been recently used in the design of novel troglitazone derivatives with
1854:
678:
and earlier oral antidiabetic drugs. It was further believed that reducing insulin resistance would potentially reduce the very high rate of
2989:
2079:
1544:
3453:
3440:
3314:
3095:
2846:
862:
693:, when the company provided these additional data one week after approval, they showed a substantially greater risk for liver toxicity.
956:
4908:
1199:
898:
486:
4674:
3899:
2549:
643:(FDA) medical officer assigned to evaluate troglitazone, John Gueriguian, did not recommend its approval due to potentially high
1839:
3430:
2304:
2029:
142:
97:
1242:
4356:
3448:
3309:
3090:
778:, and computational methods. These studies have suggested that hepatotoxicity of troglitazone results from a combination of
1326:"Drug Makers at Threshold of a New Therapy; With a Dose of Biotechnology, Big Change Is Ahead in the Treatment of Diabetes"
4893:
3042:
1991:
722:
4866:
3845:
3709:
3699:
2033:
1823:
1688:
Dixit VA, Bharatam PV (July 2011). "Toxic metabolite formation from
Troglitazone (TGZ): new insights from a DFT study".
640:
268:
4095:
4928:
4913:
4401:
3888:
3006:
2682:
2096:
632:
348:
1723:
Masubuchi Y (October 2006). "Metabolic and non-metabolic factors determining troglitazone hepatotoxicity: a review".
666:
Troglitazone was developed as the first anti-diabetic drug having a mechanism of action involving the enhancement of
3027:
1216:
738:
who had assisted in the Warner–Lambert's early clinical testing of
Rezulin, wrote in a March 1, 2000 letter to Sen.
4824:
4176:
4171:
2644:
2510:
2043:
604:
1278:
4659:
4206:
4045:
3384:
3258:
2951:
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2841:
4933:
4903:
4784:
4699:
3035:
2956:
2926:
2871:
2831:
2295:
2131:
1352:"The Diabetes Prevention Program. Design and methods for a clinical trial in the prevention of type 2 diabetes"
782:
and nonmetabolic factors. The nonmetabolic toxicity is a complex function of drug-protein interactions in the
547:
2936:
2916:
2861:
217:
2911:
2906:
754:, which had acquired Warner-Lambert in February 2000, reported the withdrawal of Rezulin cost $ 136 million.
2994:
2966:
2941:
2921:
2886:
2866:
2856:
2836:
2826:
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2084:
51:
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1130:
679:
1567:
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3218:
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790:. Initially, the metabolic toxicity was largely associated with reactive metabolite formation from the
581:
208:
4191:
4181:
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337:
4754:
4529:
4501:
4491:
4186:
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1399:
Knowler WC, Barrett-Connor E, Fowler SE, Hamman RF, Lachin JM, Walker EA, Nathan DM (February 2002).
121:
4525:
4331:
4231:
4155:
3749:
3468:
1886:
718:
364:
163:
3955:
3671:
3641:
3618:
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3598:
3513:
3488:
2573:
2343:
685:
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4125:
3930:
3891:
3608:
3553:
3518:
3066:
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2007:
1040:
667:
588:
4774:
3646:
3339:
4266:
4145:
4025:
3754:
3578:
3573:
3568:
3369:
3359:
3198:
3193:
3130:
4749:
4509:
4446:
4386:
4216:
3404:
3399:
3268:
3213:
2522:
2168:
2055:
1941:
1776:
1740:
1705:
1667:
1631:
1471:
1430:
1381:
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997:
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888:
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59:
41:
4534:
4140:
4055:
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3724:
3719:
3543:
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553:
It was patented in 1983 and approved for medical use in 1997. It was subsequently withdrawn.
317:
4794:
4514:
4396:
4326:
4211:
4201:
4196:
4115:
3965:
3739:
3729:
3661:
3593:
3463:
3394:
3319:
3110:
2809:
2025:
1987:
1768:
1732:
1697:
1659:
1623:
1585:
1461:
1420:
1412:
1371:
1363:
1160:
1067:
1024:
987:
927:
721:
after taking troglitazone. Importantly, she had been monitored closely by physicians at the
385:
113:
277:
172:
4471:
4366:
4246:
1982:
1964:
806:
735:
257:
3857:
603:(NF-κB) and a concomitant increase in its inhibitor (IκB). NFκB is an important cellular
585:
368:
1401:"Reduction in the incidence of type 2 diabetes with lifestyle intervention or metformin"
700:
interview that adverse effects of troglitazone appeared to be rare and relatively mild.
4819:
4739:
4609:
4466:
4321:
4286:
3945:
3185:
3000:
2744:
2409:
2338:
2090:
2039:
1946:
1936:
1916:
1894:
1425:
1400:
1376:
1351:
787:
763:
730:
711:
703:
697:
652:
644:
624:
1155:
1058:
Keen H (November 1994). "Insulin resistance and the prevention of diabetes mellitus".
4882:
4759:
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4519:
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4376:
4341:
4276:
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4035:
3935:
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2739:
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2729:
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2002:
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4684:
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4005:
4000:
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3990:
3970:
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3783:
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3666:
3628:
3588:
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2244:
2231:
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2186:
2172:
1898:
1192:
Deadly medicines and organised crime : how big pharma has corrupted healthcare
914:
Aljada A, Garg R, Ghanim H, Mohanty P, Hamouda W, Assian E, Dandona P (July 2001).
814:
671:
596:
566:
531:
80:
75:
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197:
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3458:
3334:
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3223:
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2603:
2588:
2583:
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2534:
2528:
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2438:
2433:
2428:
2419:
2404:
2389:
2379:
2358:
2333:
2281:
2239:
2191:
2181:
1997:
1071:
628:
1295:
1028:
595:-like activity in addition to its PPAR activation. It has been shown to reduce
4809:
4769:
4714:
4704:
4644:
4629:
4614:
4594:
4569:
4564:
4544:
4539:
4496:
4486:
4451:
4426:
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4371:
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4306:
4281:
4065:
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4015:
4010:
3979:
3940:
3920:
3828:
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3793:
3374:
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3125:
2785:
2672:
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2568:
2563:
2558:
2399:
2384:
2353:
2158:
1466:
1449:
992:
975:
829:
809:
reactive metabolites were proposed to be formed by metabolic oxidation of the
779:
539:
418:
248:
1831:
1367:
1015:
Henry RR (September 1996). "Effects of troglitazone on insulin sensitivity".
20:
4734:
4724:
4719:
4709:
4694:
4679:
4624:
4579:
4549:
4411:
4391:
4316:
4256:
4251:
4120:
4050:
4040:
3985:
3548:
3538:
3473:
3354:
3344:
3165:
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2710:
2700:
2667:
2518:
2475:
2394:
2153:
2140:
803:
636:
592:
1780:
1744:
1709:
1671:
1635:
1475:
1434:
1385:
1001:
957:"Retired Drugs: Failed Blockbusters, Homicidal Tampering, Fatal Oversights"
941:
932:
915:
1079:
1036:
28:
4639:
4619:
4589:
4461:
4421:
4271:
4261:
4135:
3528:
3503:
3329:
3155:
3135:
2695:
2690:
2148:
1663:
1416:
795:
774:
600:
584:
to both PPARα and – more strongly – PPARγ. Troglitazone also contains an
228:
3415:
3294:
3075:
1736:
1519:
1493:
1099:
717:
On May 17, 1998, a 55-year-old patient named Audrey LaRue Jones died of
237:
4849:
4834:
4764:
4226:
3950:
3714:
3349:
1912:
1890:
799:
768:
675:
663:
market soon afterwards. It did not get approval in the rest of Europe.
183:
1701:
1627:
3283:
2264:
751:
627:(Japan). In the United States, it was introduced and manufactured by
328:
1568:"Physician Who Opposes Rezulin Is Threatened by FDA With Dismissal"
615:
297:
3059:
2268:
841:
783:
660:
648:
614:
441:
432:
308:
1277:. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. 4 April 1997. Archived from
727:
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases
288:
3861:
3031:
2119:
1910:
1858:
734:
of liver failure when taking Rezulin. Dr. Janet B. McGill, an
1350:
The Diabetes Prevention Program Research Group (April 1999).
1100:"NEW FDA: Rezulin Fast-Track Approval and a Slow Withdrawal"
353:
714:
of Japan and had sold it in Britain from October 1, 1997.
651:
effects became known, troglitazone was withdrawn from the
631:
in the late 1990s but turned out to be associated with an
762:
Since the withdrawal in 2000, mechanisms of troglitazone
3900:
3420:
Tooltip Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma
3299:
Tooltip Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta
3080:
Tooltip Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha
1494:"FDA's Approval and Delay in Withdrawing Rezulin Probed"
1796:"Pfizer Ends Rezulin Cases With $ 205 Million to Spare"
976:"Risks of troglitazone apparent before approval in USA"
517:
474:
O=C1NC(=O)SC1Cc4ccc(OCC3(Oc2c(c(c(O)c(c2CC3)C)C)C)C)cc4
863:"Adverse Diabetes Drug News Sends Warner-Lambert Down"
599:. Troglitazone use was associated with a decrease of
920:
The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism
4154:
3898:
3773:
3413:
3292:
3073:
2808:
2778:
2709:
2681:
2643:
2636:
2548:
2509:
2451:
2418:
2315:
2303:
2294:
2263:
2230:
2167:
2139:
2130:
2053:
2016:
1973:
1955:
1927:
1302:. British Broadcasting Corporation. 1 December 1997
798:rings of troglitazone. Moreover, the formation of
452:
430:
417:
384:
379:
347:
327:
307:
287:
267:
247:
227:
216:
207:
182:
162:
133:
120:
112:
96:
91:
66:
50:
40:
35:
3064:Tooltip Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor
3700:
766:have been extensively studied using a variety of
196:
1545:"2000 Safety Alerts for Human Medical Products"
1450:"Troglitazone: the lesson that nobody learned?"
171:
1131:"The Rise and Fall of the Killer Drug Rezulin"
3873:
3043:
1870:
1268:"Approval package for Rezulin (troglitazone)"
8:
19:
4156:
1520:"Fears Grow Over Delay in Removing Rezulin"
1487:
1485:
575:peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors
4889:3β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase inhibitors
4207:Allopregnanedione (5α-dihydroprogesterone)
3880:
3866:
3858:
3050:
3036:
3028:
2814:
2640:
2506:
2312:
2300:
2136:
2127:
2116:
1924:
1907:
1877:
1863:
1855:
1243:"Glaxo Wellcome gets approval for Romozin"
367:
256:
1465:
1424:
1375:
1319:
1317:
1124:
1122:
1120:
1093:
1091:
1089:
991:
931:
276:
3905:Tooltip Constitutive androstane receptor
1217:"New Class of Diabetes Drug Is Approved"
1194:. London : Radcliffe Publ. p. 185.
1761:European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry
1275:Center for Drug Evaluation and Research
853:
491:
471:
458:184 to 186 °C (363 to 367 °F)
363:
236:
147:
4660:Pregnanedione (5β-dihydroprogesterone)
4046:Pregnanedione (5β-dihydroprogesterone)
893:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 450.
18:
1683:
1681:
1608:
1606:
1156:"Report: FDA Removes Medical Officer"
336:
316:
7:
1897:, and other drugs used in diabetes (
1725:Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics
546:. It was prescribed for people with
154:)-5-(4-benzyl)thiazolidine-2,4-dione
79:
2867:Glibenclamide (glyburide)/metformin
2847:Dapagliflozin/saxagliptin/metformin
1547:. U.S. Food and Drug Administration
1405:The New England Journal of Medicine
1296:"Diabetes drug withdrawn from sale"
1060:The New England Journal of Medicine
296:
187:
682:that is associated with diabetes.
655:market in December 1997, from the
14:
3705:Tooltip Selective PPARγ modulator
46:Rezulin, Resulin, Romozin, Noscal
708:British Medicines Control Agency
402:
396:
27:
1830:. 28 March 2000. Archived from
1690:Chemical Research in Toxicology
1616:Chemical Research in Toxicology
955:Hintertheur A (November 2008).
887:Fischer J, Ganellin CR (2006).
499:Key:GXPHKUHSUJUWKP-UHFFFAOYSA-N
105:Production and promotion ceased
4212:Allopregnanolone (brexanolone)
1098:Willman D (20 December 2000).
725:(NIH) as a participant in the
623:Troglitazone was developed by
411:
405:
390:
1:
4867:Receptor/signaling modulators
4825:Tropanyl 3,5-dimethulbenzoate
4675:Pregnenolone 16α-carbonitrile
3846:Receptor/signaling modulators
890:Analogue-based Drug Discovery
723:National Institutes of Health
659:market in 2000, and from the
561:Troglitazone, like the other
2683:Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors
1773:10.1016/j.ejmech.2012.02.044
1566:Willman D (March 17, 2000).
1492:Willman D (16 August 2000).
1324:Fisher L (17 January 1998).
861:Fisher L (4 November 1997).
758:Mechanisms of hepatotoxicity
641:Food and Drug Administration
4402:Dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid
4161:Tooltip Pregnane X receptor
3889:Xenobiotic-sensing receptor
3589:Muraglitazar (muroglitazar)
2645:Aldose reductase inhibitors
1794:Feeley J (March 31, 2009).
1586:"Pfizer Annual Report 2001"
1518:Willman D (10 March 2000).
1241:Sinclair N (31 July 1997).
1215:Leary W (31 January 1997).
1072:10.1056/NEJM199411033311812
706:received approval from the
4950:
3441:15-Deoxy-Δ-prostaglandin J
2511:GLP1 poly-agonist peptides
1179:. New York: Vintage books.
1029:10.1002/dme.1996.13.s6.148
686:Parke-Davis/Warner Lambert
538:drug, and a member of the
380:Chemical and physical data
4909:Drugs developed by Pfizer
4858:
3837:
3385:Tetradecylthioacetic acid
3259:Tetradecylthioacetic acid
2957:Sitagliptin/ertugliflozin
2952:Sitagliptin/dapagliflozin
2872:Glimepiride/rosiglitazone
2852:Empagliflozin/linagliptin
2842:Dapagliflozin/saxagliptin
2817:
2370:Glibenclamide (glyburide)
2126:
2115:
1923:
1906:
1467:10.1007/s00125-005-0074-6
1129:Willman D (4 June 2000).
993:10.1007/s00125-006-0245-0
607:for the immune response.
507:
482:
462:
138:
26:
4785:Testosterone isocaproate
4700:Reverse triiodothyronine
2937:Pioglitazone/sitagliptin
2927:Pioglitazone/glimepiride
2917:Phenformin/sulfonylureas
2862:Gemigliptin/rosuvastatin
2832:Cagrilintide/semaglutide
1448:Gale EA (January 2006).
1368:10.2337/diacare.22.4.623
1023:(9 Suppl 6): S148–S150.
635:leading to drug-induced
591:, potentially giving it
548:diabetes mellitus type 2
4177:17α-Hydroxyprogesterone
4172:17α-Hydroxypregnenolone
2967:Sitagliptin/simvastatin
2942:Rosiglitazone/metformin
2922:Pioglitazone/alogliptin
2912:Metformin/teneligliptin
2907:Metformin/sulfonylureas
2887:Metformin/ertugliflozin
2857:Empagliflozin/metformin
2837:Dapagliflozin/metformin
2827:Canagliflozin/metformin
2453:GLP-1 receptor agonists
605:transcription regulator
573:), works by activating
3624:Perfluorononanoic acid
3234:Perfluorooctanoic acid
3229:Perfluorononanoic acid
2972:Vildagliptin/metformin
2932:Pioglitazone/metformin
1652:Molecular Pharmacology
974:Cohen JS (June 2006).
933:10.1210/jcem.86.7.7564
680:cardiovascular disease
633:idiosyncratic reaction
620:
601:nuclear factor kappa-B
3916:6,7-Dimethylesculetin
3219:Palmitoylethanolamide
2962:Sitagliptin/metformin
2947:Saxagliptin/metformin
2902:Metformin/repaglinide
2897:Metformin/gemigliptin
2877:Linagliptin/metformin
1524:The Los Angeles Times
1498:The Los Angeles Times
1135:The Los Angeles Times
1104:The Los Angeles Times
618:
4894:Aromatase inhibitors
4503:Hypericum perforatum
4492:Hetacillin potassium
3436:5-Oxo-15-hydroxy-ETE
3106:Aluminium clofibrate
2892:Metformin/evogliptin
2822:Alogliptin/metformin
1664:10.1124/mol.59.3.627
1417:10.1056/NEJMoa012512
4332:Cyproterone acetate
4232:Amlodipine besylate
2132:Insulin sensitizers
1887:diabetes medication
1737:10.2133/dmpk.21.347
1284:on 5 November 2014.
1190:Gøtzsche P (2013).
719:acute liver failure
557:Mechanism of action
23:
4929:Thiazolidinediones
4914:CYP17A1 inhibitors
4805:Thonzonium bromide
4560:Methylprednisolone
4361:prasterone sulfate
3011:Never to phase III
2882:Metformin/acarbose
2232:Dual PPAR agonists
2101:Never to phase III
2008:Ultralente insulin
1834:on 11 August 2001.
1330:The New York Times
1221:The New York Times
1177:Powerful medicines
867:The New York Times
668:insulin resistance
621:
580:Troglitazone is a
563:thiazolidinediones
544:thiazolidinediones
4876:
4875:
4510:Indinavir sulfate
4217:Alpha-Lipoic acid
4192:Δ-Androstenedione
4182:Δ-Androstenedione
3855:
3854:
3214:Oleylethanolamide
3025:
3024:
3021:
3020:
2984:
2983:
2980:
2979:
2804:
2803:
2632:
2631:
2544:
2543:
2447:
2446:
2290:
2289:
2111:
2110:
2074:
2073:
2018:ultra-long-acting
1942:Insulin glulisine
1702:10.1021/tx200110h
1628:10.1021/tx000180q
1572:Los Angeles Times
1066:(18): 1226–1227.
1017:Diabetic Medicine
823:antiproliferative
792:thiazolidinedione
740:Edward M. Kennedy
536:anti-inflammatory
525:
524:
443:Interactive image
349:CompTox Dashboard
16:Chemical compound
4941:
4795:Thiamylal sodium
4530:γ-linolenic acid
4526:α-Linolenic acid
4524:Linolenic acid:
4515:Lasalocid sodium
4505:(St John's wort)
4397:Docusate calcium
4327:Cyclophosphamide
4202:Allopregnanediol
4187:Δ-Androstenediol
4162:
4158:
4116:Ethinylestradiol
3966:Cyclophosphamide
3906:
3902:
3882:
3875:
3868:
3859:
3706:
3702:
3464:Arachidonic acid
3421:
3417:
3320:Arachidonic acid
3300:
3296:
3111:Arachidonic acid
3081:
3077:
3065:
3061:
3052:
3045:
3038:
3029:
2815:
2711:SGLT2 inhibitors
2641:
2550:DPP-4 inhibitors
2531:(GLP-1/GIP/GCGR)
2507:
2313:
2301:
2137:
2128:
2117:
2026:Insulin degludec
1988:Insulin glargine
1925:
1908:
1879:
1872:
1865:
1856:
1851:
1850:on 5 April 2004.
1846:. Archived from
1835:
1828:Diabetes Monitor
1811:
1810:
1808:
1806:
1791:
1785:
1784:
1755:
1749:
1748:
1720:
1714:
1713:
1696:(7): 1113–1122.
1685:
1676:
1675:
1646:
1640:
1639:
1610:
1601:
1600:
1598:
1596:
1590:
1582:
1576:
1575:
1563:
1557:
1556:
1554:
1552:
1541:
1535:
1534:
1532:
1530:
1515:
1509:
1508:
1506:
1504:
1489:
1480:
1479:
1469:
1445:
1439:
1438:
1428:
1396:
1390:
1389:
1379:
1347:
1341:
1340:
1338:
1336:
1321:
1312:
1311:
1309:
1307:
1292:
1286:
1285:
1283:
1272:
1264:
1258:
1257:
1255:
1253:
1238:
1232:
1231:
1229:
1227:
1212:
1206:
1205:
1187:
1181:
1180:
1175:Avorn J (2005).
1172:
1166:
1165:
1161:Associated Press
1152:
1146:
1145:
1143:
1141:
1126:
1115:
1114:
1112:
1110:
1095:
1084:
1083:
1055:
1049:
1048:
1012:
1006:
1005:
995:
986:(6): 1454–1455.
971:
965:
964:
952:
946:
945:
935:
926:(7): 3250–3256.
911:
905:
904:
884:
878:
877:
875:
873:
858:
674:associated with
521:
520:
513:
445:
425:
413:
407:
404:
398:
392:
372:
371:
357:
355:
340:
320:
300:
280:
260:
240:
220:
200:
190:
189:
175:
125:
83:
31:
24:
22:
4949:
4948:
4944:
4943:
4942:
4940:
4939:
4938:
4934:Withdrawn drugs
4904:CYP3A4 inducers
4879:
4878:
4877:
4872:
4854:
4755:Suberoylanilide
4472:Fluorometholone
4367:Dibunate sodium
4247:Aurothioglucose
4160:
4150:
4086:3,17β-Estradiol
3904:
3894:
3886:
3856:
3851:
3833:
3769:
3704:
3637:
3634:Prostaglandin J
3444:
3419:
3409:
3298:
3288:
3189:
3079:
3069:
3063:
3056:
3026:
3017:
3016:
3001:Clinical trials
2976:
2800:
2774:
2705:
2677:
2628:
2540:
2505:
2443:
2414:
2308:
2286:
2259:
2226:
2171:/"glitazones" (
2163:
2122:
2107:
2106:
2091:Clinical trials
2070:
2049:
2030:+insulin aspart
2012:
1983:Insulin detemir
1969:
1965:Regular insulin
1951:
1919:
1917:insulin analogs
1902:
1895:insulin analogs
1883:
1838:
1822:
1819:
1814:
1804:
1802:
1793:
1792:
1788:
1757:
1756:
1752:
1722:
1721:
1717:
1687:
1686:
1679:
1648:
1647:
1643:
1612:
1611:
1604:
1594:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1583:
1579:
1565:
1564:
1560:
1550:
1548:
1543:
1542:
1538:
1528:
1526:
1517:
1516:
1512:
1502:
1500:
1491:
1490:
1483:
1447:
1446:
1442:
1398:
1397:
1393:
1349:
1348:
1344:
1334:
1332:
1323:
1322:
1315:
1305:
1303:
1294:
1293:
1289:
1281:
1270:
1266:
1265:
1261:
1251:
1249:
1240:
1239:
1235:
1225:
1223:
1214:
1213:
1209:
1202:
1189:
1188:
1184:
1174:
1173:
1169:
1154:
1153:
1149:
1139:
1137:
1128:
1127:
1118:
1108:
1106:
1097:
1096:
1087:
1057:
1056:
1052:
1014:
1013:
1009:
973:
972:
968:
954:
953:
949:
913:
912:
908:
901:
886:
885:
881:
871:
869:
860:
859:
855:
851:
838:
820:
760:
736:endocrinologist
613:
559:
516:
514:
511:(what is this?)
508:
503:
500:
495:
490:
489:
478:
475:
470:
469:
448:
423:
410:
401:
395:
375:
351:
343:
323:
303:
283:
263:
243:
223:
203:
186:
178:
158:
155:
146:
145:
123:
114:Pharmacokinetic
108:
87:
53:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4947:
4945:
4937:
4936:
4931:
4926:
4921:
4916:
4911:
4906:
4901:
4896:
4891:
4881:
4880:
4874:
4873:
4871:
4870:
4863:
4859:
4856:
4855:
4853:
4852:
4847:
4838:
4837:
4832:
4827:
4822:
4820:Troleandomycin
4817:
4812:
4807:
4802:
4797:
4792:
4787:
4782:
4777:
4772:
4767:
4762:
4757:
4752:
4747:
4742:
4740:Spironolactone
4737:
4732:
4727:
4722:
4717:
4712:
4707:
4702:
4697:
4692:
4687:
4682:
4677:
4672:
4667:
4662:
4657:
4652:
4647:
4642:
4637:
4632:
4627:
4622:
4617:
4612:
4610:Norelgestromin
4607:
4602:
4597:
4592:
4587:
4582:
4577:
4572:
4567:
4562:
4557:
4552:
4547:
4542:
4537:
4532:
4522:
4517:
4512:
4507:
4499:
4494:
4489:
4484:
4479:
4474:
4469:
4467:Flucloxacillin
4464:
4459:
4454:
4449:
4444:
4439:
4434:
4429:
4424:
4419:
4414:
4409:
4404:
4399:
4394:
4389:
4384:
4379:
4374:
4369:
4364:
4354:
4344:
4339:
4334:
4329:
4324:
4322:Corticosterone
4319:
4314:
4309:
4304:
4299:
4294:
4289:
4287:Chlorpromazine
4284:
4279:
4274:
4269:
4264:
4259:
4254:
4249:
4244:
4239:
4234:
4229:
4224:
4219:
4214:
4209:
4204:
4199:
4194:
4189:
4184:
4179:
4174:
4165:
4163:
4152:
4151:
4149:
4148:
4143:
4138:
4133:
4128:
4123:
4118:
4113:
4108:
4106:17-Androstanol
4103:
4101:3β-Androstanol
4098:
4096:3α-Androstenol
4093:
4091:3α-Androstanol
4088:
4079:
4078:
4073:
4068:
4063:
4058:
4053:
4048:
4043:
4038:
4033:
4028:
4023:
4018:
4013:
4008:
4003:
3998:
3993:
3988:
3983:
3973:
3968:
3963:
3958:
3953:
3948:
3946:Chlorpromazine
3943:
3938:
3933:
3928:
3923:
3918:
3909:
3907:
3896:
3895:
3887:
3885:
3884:
3877:
3870:
3862:
3853:
3852:
3850:
3849:
3842:
3838:
3835:
3834:
3832:
3831:
3826:
3821:
3816:
3811:
3806:
3801:
3796:
3791:
3786:
3777:
3775:
3771:
3770:
3768:
3767:
3758:
3757:
3752:
3747:
3742:
3733:
3732:
3727:
3722:
3717:
3712:
3695:
3694:
3689:
3684:
3679:
3674:
3669:
3664:
3659:
3654:
3649:
3644:
3639:
3635:
3631:
3626:
3621:
3616:
3611:
3606:
3601:
3596:
3591:
3586:
3581:
3576:
3571:
3566:
3561:
3556:
3551:
3546:
3541:
3536:
3531:
3526:
3521:
3516:
3511:
3506:
3501:
3496:
3491:
3486:
3481:
3476:
3471:
3466:
3461:
3456:
3451:
3446:
3442:
3438:
3433:
3424:
3422:
3411:
3410:
3408:
3407:
3402:
3397:
3388:
3387:
3382:
3377:
3372:
3367:
3362:
3357:
3352:
3347:
3342:
3337:
3332:
3327:
3322:
3317:
3312:
3303:
3301:
3290:
3289:
3287:
3286:
3281:
3272:
3271:
3266:
3261:
3256:
3251:
3246:
3241:
3236:
3231:
3226:
3221:
3216:
3211:
3206:
3201:
3196:
3191:
3187:
3183:
3178:
3173:
3168:
3163:
3158:
3153:
3148:
3147:) (in rodents)
3138:
3133:
3128:
3123:
3118:
3113:
3108:
3103:
3098:
3093:
3084:
3082:
3071:
3070:
3057:
3055:
3054:
3047:
3040:
3032:
3023:
3022:
3019:
3018:
3015:
3014:
3013:
3012:
3009:
2998:
2992:
2986:
2985:
2982:
2981:
2978:
2977:
2975:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2959:
2954:
2949:
2944:
2939:
2934:
2929:
2924:
2919:
2914:
2909:
2904:
2899:
2894:
2889:
2884:
2879:
2874:
2869:
2864:
2859:
2854:
2849:
2844:
2839:
2834:
2829:
2824:
2818:
2812:
2806:
2805:
2802:
2801:
2799:
2798:
2793:
2788:
2782:
2780:
2776:
2775:
2773:
2772:
2767:
2762:
2757:
2752:
2747:
2745:Luseogliflozin
2742:
2737:
2732:
2727:
2722:
2716:
2714:
2707:
2706:
2704:
2703:
2698:
2693:
2687:
2685:
2679:
2678:
2676:
2675:
2670:
2665:
2660:
2655:
2649:
2647:
2638:
2634:
2633:
2630:
2629:
2627:
2626:
2621:
2616:
2611:
2606:
2601:
2596:
2591:
2586:
2581:
2576:
2571:
2566:
2561:
2555:
2553:
2546:
2545:
2542:
2541:
2539:
2538:
2532:
2526:
2515:
2513:
2504:
2503:
2498:
2493:
2488:
2483:
2478:
2473:
2468:
2463:
2457:
2455:
2449:
2448:
2445:
2444:
2442:
2441:
2436:
2431:
2425:
2423:
2416:
2415:
2413:
2412:
2410:Glyclopyramide
2407:
2402:
2397:
2392:
2387:
2382:
2377:
2372:
2366:2nd generation
2362:
2361:
2356:
2351:
2346:
2341:
2339:Chlorpropamide
2336:
2331:
2325:1st generation
2321:
2319:
2310:
2306:
2298:
2292:
2291:
2288:
2287:
2285:
2284:
2279:
2273:
2271:
2261:
2260:
2258:
2257:
2252:
2247:
2242:
2236:
2234:
2228:
2227:
2225:
2224:
2219:
2214:
2209:
2204:
2199:
2194:
2189:
2184:
2178:
2176:
2165:
2164:
2162:
2161:
2156:
2151:
2145:
2143:
2134:
2124:
2123:
2120:
2113:
2112:
2109:
2108:
2105:
2104:
2103:
2102:
2099:
2088:
2082:
2076:
2075:
2072:
2071:
2069:
2068:
2065:
2061:
2059:
2051:
2050:
2048:
2047:
2040:Insulin icodec
2037:
2022:
2020:
2014:
2013:
2011:
2010:
2005:
2000:
1995:
1985:
1979:
1977:
1971:
1970:
1968:
1967:
1961:
1959:
1953:
1952:
1950:
1949:
1947:Insulin lispro
1944:
1939:
1937:Insulin aspart
1933:
1931:
1921:
1920:
1911:
1904:
1903:
1884:
1882:
1881:
1874:
1867:
1859:
1853:
1852:
1840:"Troglitazone"
1836:
1824:"Troglitazone"
1818:
1817:External links
1815:
1813:
1812:
1786:
1750:
1731:(5): 347–356.
1715:
1677:
1658:(3): 627–635.
1641:
1602:
1577:
1558:
1536:
1510:
1481:
1440:
1411:(6): 393–403.
1391:
1362:(4): 623–634.
1342:
1313:
1287:
1259:
1233:
1207:
1200:
1182:
1167:
1147:
1116:
1085:
1050:
1007:
966:
947:
906:
899:
879:
852:
850:
847:
837:
834:
818:
788:biliary system
764:hepatotoxicity
759:
756:
731:epidemiologist
712:Sankyo Company
704:Glaxo Wellcome
698:New York Times
691:Peter Gøtzsche
645:liver toxicity
625:Daiichi Sankyo
612:
609:
558:
555:
523:
522:
505:
504:
502:
501:
498:
496:
493:
485:
484:
483:
480:
479:
477:
476:
473:
465:
464:
463:
460:
459:
456:
450:
449:
447:
446:
438:
436:
428:
427:
421:
415:
414:
408:
399:
393:
388:
382:
381:
377:
376:
374:
373:
360:
358:
345:
344:
342:
341:
333:
331:
325:
324:
322:
321:
313:
311:
305:
304:
302:
301:
293:
291:
285:
284:
282:
281:
273:
271:
265:
264:
262:
261:
253:
251:
245:
244:
242:
241:
233:
231:
225:
224:
222:
221:
213:
211:
205:
204:
202:
201:
193:
191:
180:
179:
177:
176:
168:
166:
160:
159:
157:
156:
149:
141:
140:
139:
136:
135:
131:
130:
127:
118:
117:
110:
109:
107:
106:
102:
100:
94:
93:
89:
88:
86:
85:
72:
70:
64:
63:
56:
54:administration
48:
47:
44:
38:
37:
33:
32:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4946:
4935:
4932:
4930:
4927:
4925:
4924:Phenol ethers
4922:
4920:
4917:
4915:
4912:
4910:
4907:
4905:
4902:
4900:
4897:
4895:
4892:
4890:
4887:
4886:
4884:
4869:
4868:
4864:
4861:
4860:
4857:
4851:
4848:
4846:
4843:
4840:
4839:
4836:
4833:
4831:
4828:
4826:
4823:
4821:
4818:
4816:
4813:
4811:
4808:
4806:
4803:
4801:
4798:
4796:
4793:
4791:
4788:
4786:
4783:
4781:
4778:
4776:
4773:
4771:
4768:
4766:
4763:
4761:
4760:Sulfisoxazole
4758:
4756:
4753:
4751:
4748:
4746:
4743:
4741:
4738:
4736:
4733:
4731:
4728:
4726:
4723:
4721:
4718:
4716:
4713:
4711:
4708:
4706:
4703:
4701:
4698:
4696:
4693:
4691:
4688:
4686:
4683:
4681:
4678:
4676:
4673:
4671:
4668:
4666:
4663:
4661:
4658:
4656:
4653:
4651:
4648:
4646:
4643:
4641:
4638:
4636:
4635:Phenobarbital
4633:
4631:
4628:
4626:
4623:
4621:
4618:
4616:
4613:
4611:
4608:
4606:
4603:
4601:
4598:
4596:
4593:
4591:
4588:
4586:
4583:
4581:
4578:
4576:
4573:
4571:
4568:
4566:
4563:
4561:
4558:
4556:
4553:
4551:
4548:
4546:
4543:
4541:
4538:
4536:
4533:
4531:
4527:
4523:
4521:
4520:Levothyroxine
4518:
4516:
4513:
4511:
4508:
4506:
4504:
4500:
4498:
4495:
4493:
4490:
4488:
4485:
4483:
4482:Guggulsterone
4480:
4478:
4475:
4473:
4470:
4468:
4465:
4463:
4460:
4458:
4455:
4453:
4450:
4448:
4445:
4443:
4440:
4438:
4435:
4433:
4430:
4428:
4425:
4423:
4420:
4418:
4415:
4413:
4410:
4408:
4405:
4403:
4400:
4398:
4395:
4393:
4390:
4388:
4385:
4383:
4380:
4378:
4377:Dicloxacillin
4375:
4373:
4370:
4368:
4365:
4362:
4358:
4355:
4352:
4348:
4345:
4343:
4342:Dexamethasone
4340:
4338:
4335:
4333:
4330:
4328:
4325:
4323:
4320:
4318:
4315:
4313:
4310:
4308:
4305:
4303:
4300:
4298:
4295:
4293:
4290:
4288:
4285:
4283:
4280:
4278:
4277:Cephaloridine
4275:
4273:
4270:
4268:
4265:
4263:
4260:
4258:
4255:
4253:
4250:
4248:
4245:
4243:
4240:
4238:
4235:
4233:
4230:
4228:
4225:
4223:
4220:
4218:
4215:
4213:
4210:
4208:
4205:
4203:
4200:
4198:
4195:
4193:
4190:
4188:
4185:
4183:
4180:
4178:
4175:
4173:
4170:
4167:
4166:
4164:
4159:
4153:
4147:
4144:
4142:
4139:
4137:
4134:
4132:
4129:
4127:
4124:
4122:
4119:
4117:
4114:
4112:
4109:
4107:
4104:
4102:
4099:
4097:
4094:
4092:
4089:
4087:
4084:
4081:
4080:
4077:
4076:Valproic acid
4074:
4072:
4069:
4067:
4064:
4062:
4059:
4057:
4054:
4052:
4049:
4047:
4044:
4042:
4039:
4037:
4036:Phenobarbital
4034:
4032:
4029:
4027:
4024:
4022:
4019:
4017:
4014:
4012:
4009:
4007:
4004:
4002:
3999:
3997:
3994:
3992:
3989:
3987:
3984:
3981:
3977:
3974:
3972:
3969:
3967:
3964:
3962:
3959:
3957:
3954:
3952:
3949:
3947:
3944:
3942:
3939:
3937:
3936:Carbamazepine
3934:
3932:
3929:
3927:
3924:
3922:
3919:
3917:
3914:
3911:
3910:
3908:
3903:
3897:
3893:
3890:
3883:
3878:
3876:
3871:
3869:
3864:
3863:
3860:
3848:
3847:
3843:
3840:
3839:
3836:
3830:
3827:
3825:
3824:Rivoglitazone
3822:
3820:
3817:
3815:
3814:Netoglitazone
3812:
3810:
3807:
3805:
3802:
3800:
3797:
3795:
3792:
3790:
3787:
3785:
3782:
3779:
3778:
3776:
3774:Non-selective
3772:
3766:
3763:
3760:
3759:
3756:
3753:
3751:
3748:
3746:
3743:
3741:
3738:
3735:
3734:
3731:
3728:
3726:
3723:
3721:
3718:
3716:
3713:
3711:
3708:
3703:
3697:
3696:
3693:
3690:
3688:
3685:
3683:
3680:
3678:
3677:Sodelglitazar
3675:
3673:
3670:
3668:
3665:
3663:
3660:
3658:
3657:Rosiglitazone
3655:
3653:
3652:Rivoglitazone
3650:
3648:
3645:
3643:
3640:
3638:
3632:
3630:
3627:
3625:
3622:
3620:
3617:
3615:
3612:
3610:
3607:
3605:
3604:Netoglitazone
3602:
3600:
3597:
3595:
3592:
3590:
3587:
3585:
3584:Lobeglitazone
3582:
3580:
3577:
3575:
3572:
3570:
3567:
3565:
3562:
3560:
3557:
3555:
3552:
3550:
3547:
3545:
3542:
3540:
3537:
3535:
3532:
3530:
3527:
3525:
3522:
3520:
3517:
3515:
3512:
3510:
3507:
3505:
3502:
3500:
3497:
3495:
3492:
3490:
3487:
3485:
3482:
3480:
3477:
3475:
3472:
3470:
3469:Balaglitazone
3467:
3465:
3462:
3460:
3457:
3455:
3452:
3450:
3447:
3445:
3439:
3437:
3434:
3432:
3429:
3426:
3425:
3423:
3418:
3412:
3406:
3403:
3401:
3398:
3396:
3393:
3390:
3389:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3380:Sodelglitazar
3378:
3376:
3373:
3371:
3368:
3366:
3363:
3361:
3358:
3356:
3353:
3351:
3348:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3333:
3331:
3328:
3326:
3323:
3321:
3318:
3316:
3313:
3311:
3308:
3305:
3304:
3302:
3297:
3291:
3285:
3282:
3280:
3277:
3274:
3273:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3249:Sodelglitazar
3247:
3245:
3242:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3222:
3220:
3217:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3204:Lobeglitazone
3202:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3186:Leukotriene B
3184:
3182:
3179:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3164:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3149:
3146:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3086:
3085:
3083:
3078:
3072:
3068:
3062:
3053:
3048:
3046:
3041:
3039:
3034:
3033:
3030:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3004:
3002:
2999:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2987:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2928:
2925:
2923:
2920:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2910:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2850:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2819:
2816:
2813:
2811:
2807:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2791:Bromocriptine
2789:
2787:
2784:
2783:
2781:
2777:
2771:
2770:Velagliflozin
2768:
2766:
2765:Tofogliflozin
2763:
2761:
2760:Sotagliflozin
2758:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2750:Remogliflozin
2748:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2740:Ipragliflozin
2738:
2736:
2735:Ertugliflozin
2733:
2731:
2730:Empagliflozin
2728:
2726:
2725:Dapagliflozin
2723:
2721:
2720:Canagliflozin
2718:
2717:
2715:
2713:/"gliflozins"
2712:
2708:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2689:
2688:
2686:
2684:
2680:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2656:
2654:
2651:
2650:
2648:
2646:
2642:
2639:
2635:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2614:Teneligliptin
2612:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2557:
2556:
2554:
2551:
2547:
2536:
2533:
2530:
2527:
2524:
2520:
2517:
2516:
2514:
2512:
2508:
2502:
2499:
2497:
2494:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2484:
2482:
2479:
2477:
2474:
2472:
2469:
2467:
2464:
2462:
2459:
2458:
2456:
2454:
2450:
2440:
2437:
2435:
2432:
2430:
2427:
2426:
2424:
2421:
2417:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2403:
2401:
2398:
2396:
2393:
2391:
2388:
2386:
2383:
2381:
2378:
2376:
2373:
2371:
2367:
2364:
2363:
2360:
2357:
2355:
2352:
2350:
2347:
2345:
2342:
2340:
2337:
2335:
2332:
2330:
2329:Acetohexamide
2326:
2323:
2322:
2320:
2318:
2317:Sulfonylureas
2314:
2311:
2309:
2302:
2299:
2297:
2296:Secretagogues
2293:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2275:
2274:
2272:
2270:
2266:
2262:
2256:
2253:
2251:
2248:
2246:
2243:
2241:
2238:
2237:
2235:
2233:
2229:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2217:Rosiglitazone
2215:
2213:
2212:Rivoglitazone
2210:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2202:Netoglitazone
2200:
2198:
2197:Lobeglitazone
2195:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2180:
2179:
2177:
2174:
2170:
2166:
2160:
2157:
2155:
2152:
2150:
2147:
2146:
2144:
2142:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2129:
2125:
2118:
2114:
2100:
2098:
2095:
2094:
2092:
2089:
2086:
2083:
2081:
2078:
2077:
2066:
2063:
2062:
2060:
2058:
2057:
2052:
2045:
2041:
2038:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2024:
2023:
2021:
2019:
2015:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2003:Lente insulin
2001:
1999:
1996:
1993:
1992:+lixisenatide
1989:
1986:
1984:
1981:
1980:
1978:
1976:
1972:
1966:
1963:
1962:
1960:
1958:
1954:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1940:
1938:
1935:
1934:
1932:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1909:
1905:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1880:
1875:
1873:
1868:
1866:
1861:
1860:
1857:
1849:
1845:
1841:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1820:
1816:
1801:
1797:
1790:
1787:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1754:
1751:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1719:
1716:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1691:
1684:
1682:
1678:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1645:
1642:
1637:
1633:
1629:
1625:
1621:
1617:
1609:
1607:
1603:
1587:
1581:
1578:
1573:
1569:
1562:
1559:
1546:
1540:
1537:
1525:
1521:
1514:
1511:
1499:
1495:
1488:
1486:
1482:
1477:
1473:
1468:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1444:
1441:
1436:
1432:
1427:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1395:
1392:
1387:
1383:
1378:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1356:Diabetes Care
1353:
1346:
1343:
1331:
1327:
1320:
1318:
1314:
1301:
1297:
1291:
1288:
1280:
1276:
1269:
1263:
1260:
1248:
1244:
1237:
1234:
1222:
1218:
1211:
1208:
1203:
1201:9781846198847
1197:
1193:
1186:
1183:
1178:
1171:
1168:
1163:
1162:
1157:
1151:
1148:
1136:
1132:
1125:
1123:
1121:
1117:
1105:
1101:
1094:
1092:
1090:
1086:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1054:
1051:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1011:
1008:
1003:
999:
994:
989:
985:
981:
977:
970:
967:
962:
958:
951:
948:
943:
939:
934:
929:
925:
921:
917:
910:
907:
902:
900:9783527607495
896:
892:
891:
883:
880:
868:
864:
857:
854:
848:
846:
843:
835:
833:
831:
828:
827:breast cancer
824:
816:
815:methyl groups
812:
811:hydroxy group
808:
805:
801:
797:
793:
789:
785:
781:
777:
776:
771:
770:
765:
757:
755:
753:
748:
747:John Ashcroft
743:
741:
737:
732:
728:
724:
720:
715:
713:
709:
705:
701:
699:
694:
692:
687:
683:
681:
677:
673:
669:
664:
662:
658:
657:United States
654:
650:
646:
642:
638:
634:
630:
626:
617:
610:
608:
606:
602:
598:
594:
590:
587:
583:
578:
576:
572:
571:rosiglitazone
568:
564:
556:
554:
551:
549:
545:
542:class of the
541:
537:
533:
529:
519:
512:
506:
497:
492:
488:
481:
472:
468:
461:
457:
455:
454:Melting point
451:
444:
440:
439:
437:
434:
429:
422:
420:
416:
389:
387:
383:
378:
370:
366:
365:DTXSID8023719
362:
361:
359:
350:
346:
339:
335:
334:
332:
330:
326:
319:
315:
314:
312:
310:
306:
299:
295:
294:
292:
290:
286:
279:
275:
274:
272:
270:
266:
259:
255:
254:
252:
250:
246:
239:
235:
234:
232:
230:
226:
219:
215:
214:
212:
210:
206:
199:
195:
194:
192:
185:
181:
174:
170:
169:
167:
165:
161:
153:
148:
144:
137:
132:
128:
126:
119:
115:
111:
104:
103:
101:
99:
95:
90:
82:
77:
74:
73:
71:
69:
65:
61:
57:
55:
49:
45:
43:
39:
36:Clinical data
34:
30:
25:
4919:Hepatotoxins
4865:
4845:Ketoconazole
4842:Antagonists:
4841:
4815:Troglitazone
4814:
4790:Tetracycline
4745:Spiroxatrine
4690:Quingestrone
4685:Progesterone
4670:Pregnenolone
4665:Pregnanolone
4655:Pregnanediol
4650:Prednisolone
4575:Mifepristone
4502:
4477:Griseofulvin
4457:Fenbendazole
4442:Famprofazone
4437:Erythromycin
4432:Epothilone B
4417:Eburnamonine
4312:Clotrimazole
4302:Clofenvinfos
4237:Antimycotics
4168:
4131:Okadaic acid
4083:Antagonists:
4082:
4071:Troglitazone
4070:
4006:Mifepristone
4001:Methoxychlor
3996:Griseofulvin
3991:Ellagic acid
3971:Cypermethrin
3961:Clotrimazole
3912:
3844:
3789:Clinofibrate
3784:Ciprofibrate
3780:
3761:
3737:Antagonists:
3736:
3698:
3692:Troglitazone
3691:
3687:Tesaglitazar
3672:Sipoglitazar
3667:Saroglitazar
3642:Ragaglitazar
3629:Pioglitazone
3619:Pemaglitazar
3614:Peliglitazar
3599:Naveglitazar
3564:Lanifibranor
3559:Indeglitazar
3514:Edaglitazone
3509:Darglitazone
3489:Cevoglitazar
3427:
3392:Antagonists:
3391:
3365:Lanifibranor
3306:
3276:Antagonists:
3275:
3264:Troglitazone
3263:
3254:Tesaglitazar
3244:Saroglitazar
3239:Pioglitazone
3209:Muraglitazar
3181:Lanifibranor
3087:
2810:Combinations
2755:Sergliflozin
2624:Vildagliptin
2619:Trelagliptin
2599:Omarigliptin
2574:Garvagliptin
2501:Taspoglutide
2491:Orforglipron
2486:Lixisenatide
2420:Meglitinides
2375:Glibornuride
2365:
2349:Metahexamide
2344:Glycyclamide
2324:
2277:Cagrilintide
2267:analogs and
2255:Tesaglitazar
2250:Saroglitazar
2245:Muraglitazar
2222:Troglitazone
2221:
2207:Pioglitazone
2187:Darglitazone
2121:Non-insulins
2054:
2044:+semaglutide
2034:+liraglutide
2017:
1974:
1957:short-acting
1956:
1928:
1848:the original
1843:
1832:the original
1827:
1803:. Retrieved
1799:
1789:
1764:
1760:
1753:
1728:
1724:
1718:
1693:
1689:
1655:
1651:
1644:
1622:(1): 62–70.
1619:
1615:
1593:. Retrieved
1580:
1571:
1561:
1549:. Retrieved
1539:
1527:. Retrieved
1523:
1513:
1501:. Retrieved
1497:
1457:
1454:Diabetologia
1453:
1443:
1408:
1404:
1394:
1359:
1355:
1345:
1333:. Retrieved
1329:
1304:. Retrieved
1299:
1290:
1279:the original
1274:
1262:
1250:. Retrieved
1246:
1236:
1224:. Retrieved
1220:
1210:
1191:
1185:
1176:
1170:
1159:
1150:
1138:. Retrieved
1134:
1107:. Retrieved
1103:
1063:
1059:
1053:
1020:
1016:
1010:
983:
980:Diabetologia
979:
969:
960:
950:
923:
919:
909:
889:
882:
870:. Retrieved
866:
856:
839:
825:activity in
773:
767:
761:
744:
716:
702:
695:
684:
672:hypoglycemia
665:
622:
597:inflammation
586:α-Tocopherol
579:
567:pioglitazone
560:
552:
532:antidiabetic
528:Troglitazone
527:
526:
515:
509:
151:
122:Elimination
98:Legal status
92:Legal status
21:Troglitazone
4830:Zafirlukast
4800:Thiothixene
4780:Terconazole
4730:Simvastatin
4605:Nisoldipine
4600:Nilvadipine
4585:Nicardipine
4555:Metacycline
4382:Dimercaprol
4337:Demecolcine
4297:Clindamycin
4292:Ciglitazone
4242:Artemisinin
4222:Ambrisentan
4126:Nigramide J
4061:Telmisartan
4021:Nicardipine
3931:Benfuracarb
3926:Artemisinin
3819:Ronifibrate
3809:Farglitazar
3799:Englitazone
3682:Telmisartan
3609:Oxeglitazar
3554:Imiglitazar
3534:Farglitazar
3524:Englitazone
3519:Efatutazone
3499:Ciglitazone
3494:Chiglitazar
3484:Cannabidiol
3479:Bezafibrate
3459:Aleglitazar
3335:Elafibranor
3325:Bezafibrate
3224:Pemafibrate
3171:Gemfibrozil
3161:Fenofibrate
3151:Elafibranor
3121:Chiglitazar
3116:Bezafibrate
3101:Aleglitazar
2997:from market
2609:Sitagliptin
2604:Saxagliptin
2594:Melogliptin
2589:Linagliptin
2584:Gosogliptin
2579:Gemigliptin
2552:/"gliptins"
2537:(GLP-1/GIP)
2535:Tirzepatide
2529:Retatrutide
2496:Semaglutide
2481:Liraglutide
2471:Dulaglutide
2466:Danuglipron
2461:Albiglutide
2439:Repaglinide
2434:Nateglinide
2429:Mitiglinide
2422:/"glinides"
2405:Glisoxepide
2390:Glimepiride
2380:Glicaramide
2359:Tolbutamide
2334:Carbutamide
2282:Pramlintide
2240:Aleglitazar
2192:Englitazone
2182:Ciglitazone
2087:from market
1998:NPH insulin
1975:long-acting
1929:fast-acting
1767:: 206–215.
1595:12 December
1551:12 December
1529:12 December
1503:12 December
1335:12 December
1306:12 December
1252:12 December
1226:12 December
1140:12 December
1109:12 December
872:12 December
629:Parke-Davis
426: g·mol
134:Identifiers
129:16–34 hours
42:Trade names
4883:Categories
4810:Tianeptine
4775:Tenylidone
4770:Tacrolimus
4715:Rimexolone
4705:Rifampicin
4645:Plicamycin
4630:Paclitaxel
4615:Omeprazole
4595:Nifedipine
4570:Mevastatin
4565:Metyrapone
4545:Lovastatin
4540:Loratadine
4497:Hyperforin
4487:Haloprogin
4452:Felodipine
4427:Enzacamene
4407:Dronabinol
4372:Diclazuril
4351:prasterone
4307:Chloroxine
4282:Cephradine
4252:Bile acids
4066:Tolnaftate
4031:Permethrin
4016:Nevirapine
4011:Nefazodone
3980:prasterone
3941:Carvedilol
3921:Amiodarone
3892:modulators
3829:Simfibrate
3804:Etofibrate
3794:Clofibride
3647:Reglitazar
3375:Seladelpar
3340:Fonadelpar
3145:prasterone
3126:Clofibrate
3067:modulators
2786:Benfluorex
2673:Zenarestat
2663:Ranirestat
2658:Fidarestat
2653:Epalrestat
2569:Evogliptin
2564:Anagliptin
2559:Alogliptin
2400:Gliquidone
2385:Gliclazide
2354:Tolazamide
2159:Phenformin
2141:Biguanides
1460:(1): 1–6.
849:References
830:cell lines
431:3D model (
419:Molar mass
318:CHEBI:9753
278:I66ZZ0ZN0E
249:ChemSpider
209:IUPHAR/BPS
173:97322-87-7
164:CAS Number
143:IUPAC name
58:By mouth (
4899:Chromanes
4735:Sirolimus
4725:Ritonavir
4720:Riodipine
4710:Rifaximin
4695:Reserpine
4680:Proadifen
4625:Oxatomide
4580:Nafcillin
4550:Meclizine
4412:Droxidopa
4392:Docetaxel
4317:Colforsin
4267:Bumecaine
4257:Bithionol
4169:Agonists:
4146:T-0901317
4121:Meclizine
4051:Reserpine
4041:Phenytoin
4026:Octicizer
3986:Efavirenz
3913:Agonists:
3781:Agonists:
3755:T-0070907
3579:LG-101506
3574:LG-100754
3569:LG-100268
3549:Ibuprofen
3539:Genistein
3474:Berberine
3431:5-Oxo-ETE
3428:Agonists:
3370:LG-101506
3360:L-165,041
3355:GW-501516
3345:Genistein
3307:Agonists:
3199:LG-100754
3194:LG-101506
3166:Genistein
3131:CP-775146
3088:Agonists:
3007:Phase III
2995:Withdrawn
2796:Imeglimin
2701:Voglibose
2668:Tolrestat
2519:Mazdutide
2476:Exenatide
2395:Glipizide
2154:Metformin
2097:Phase III
2085:Withdrawn
2056:inhalable
1800:Bloomberg
1247:ICIS News
961:wired.com
804:o-quinone
780:metabolic
637:hepatitis
593:vitamin E
577:(PPARs).
338:ChEMBL408
124:half-life
52:Routes of
4862:See also
4750:SR-12813
4640:Piperine
4620:Orlistat
4590:Nicotine
4462:Fentanyl
4447:Febantel
4422:Ecopipam
4387:Dinaline
4272:Cafestol
4262:Bosentan
4136:PK-11195
3841:See also
3762:Unknown:
3529:Etalocib
3504:Daidzein
3454:15-HpETE
3405:GSK-3787
3400:GSK-0660
3330:Daidzein
3315:15-HpETE
3269:WY-14643
3156:Etomoxir
3136:Daidzein
3096:15-HpETE
2696:Miglitol
2691:Acarbose
2149:Buformin
1913:Insulins
1891:insulins
1781:22409968
1745:17072088
1710:21657230
1672:11179459
1636:11170509
1591:. Pfizer
1476:16362281
1435:11832527
1386:10189543
1045:34080394
1002:16601971
942:11443197
836:Lawsuits
796:chromane
775:in vitro
661:Japanese
518:(verify)
229:DrugBank
68:ATC code
4850:Sesamin
4835:Zeranol
4765:Suramin
4535:LOE-908
4227:AMI-193
4141:S-07662
4056:TCPOBOP
3951:Chrysin
3765:SR-1664
3745:GW-9662
3725:MK-0533
3720:INT-131
3715:EPI-001
3701:SPPARMs
3544:GW-1929
3449:15-HETE
3350:GW-0742
3310:15-HETE
3279:GW-6471
3176:GW-7647
3091:15-HETE
2521:(GLP-1/
2067:Afrezza
2064:Exubera
1805:6 April
1426:1370926
1377:1351026
1080:7935664
1037:8894499
807:methide
800:quinone
769:in vivo
676:insulin
653:British
611:History
386:Formula
238:DB00197
184:PubChem
84:)
78: (
76:A10BG01
60:tablets
4357:DHEA-S
4197:AA-861
3750:SR-202
3740:FH-535
3730:S26948
3662:RS5444
3594:nTZDpa
3395:FH-535
3284:MK-886
2990:WHO-EM
2269:DACRAs
2265:Amylin
2080:WHO-EM
1844:RxList
1779:
1743:
1708:
1670:
1634:
1474:
1433:
1423:
1384:
1374:
1198:
1078:
1043:
1035:
1000:
940:
897:
752:Pfizer
639:. The
589:moiety
582:ligand
530:is an
467:SMILES
424:441.54
329:ChEMBL
298:D00395
3956:CITCO
3710:BADGE
3416:PPARγ
3295:PPARδ
3076:PPARα
2779:Other
2637:Other
1885:Oral
1589:(PDF)
1282:(PDF)
1271:(PDF)
1041:S2CID
842:Wyeth
784:liver
649:liver
487:InChI
433:JSmol
309:ChEBI
4528:and
4347:DHEA
4111:AITC
3976:DHEA
3141:DHEA
3060:PPAR
2523:GCGR
2173:PPAR
2169:TZDs
1893:and
1807:2014
1777:PMID
1741:PMID
1706:PMID
1668:PMID
1632:PMID
1597:2012
1553:2012
1531:2012
1505:2012
1472:PMID
1431:PMID
1382:PMID
1337:2012
1308:2012
1254:2012
1228:2012
1196:ISBN
1142:2012
1111:2012
1076:PMID
1033:PMID
998:PMID
938:PMID
895:ISBN
874:2012
802:and
794:and
786:and
569:and
550:.
540:drug
534:and
289:KEGG
269:UNII
258:5389
218:2693
198:5591
116:data
4157:PXR
3901:CAR
2307:ATP
1899:A10
1769:doi
1733:doi
1698:doi
1660:doi
1624:doi
1462:doi
1421:PMC
1413:doi
1409:346
1372:PMC
1364:doi
1300:BBC
1068:doi
1064:331
1025:doi
988:doi
928:doi
817:(CH
354:EPA
188:CID
81:WHO
4885::
3003::
2368::
2327::
2093::
2032:,
1889:,
1842:.
1826:.
1798:.
1775:.
1765:51
1763:.
1739:.
1729:21
1727:.
1704:.
1694:24
1692:.
1680:^
1666:.
1656:59
1654:.
1630:.
1620:14
1618:.
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1570:.
1522:.
1496:.
1484:^
1470:.
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1456:.
1452:.
1429:.
1419:.
1407:.
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1380:.
1370:.
1360:22
1358:.
1354:.
1328:.
1316:^
1298:.
1273:.
1245:.
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1158:.
1133:.
1119:^
1102:.
1088:^
1074:.
1062:.
1039:.
1031:.
1021:13
1019:.
996:.
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982:.
978:.
959:.
936:.
924:86
922:.
918:.
865:.
832:.
772:,
400:27
394:24
152:RS
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4359:(
4353:)
4349:(
3982:)
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3636:2
3443:2
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2305:K
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2042:(
2036:)
2028:(
1994:)
1990:(
1915:/
1901:)
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1747:.
1735::
1712:.
1700::
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1638:.
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1555:.
1533:.
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1478:.
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1437:.
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1256:.
1230:.
1204:.
1164:.
1144:.
1113:.
1082:.
1070::
1047:.
1027::
1004:.
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930::
903:.
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