700:
recommending against the drug's approval. After complaints from the drugmaker, Gueriguian was removed on
November 4, 1996, and his review was purged by the FDA. Gueriguian and the company had a single meeting at which Gueriguian used "intemperate" language; the company said its objections were based on inappropriate remarks made by Gueriguian. Parke-Davis said at the advisory committee that the risk of liver toxicity was comparable to placebo and that additional data of other studies confirmed this. According to
380:
40:
721:(MCA) to market troglitazone, as Romozin, in July 1997. After reports of sudden liver failure in patients receiving the drug, Parke-Davis and the FDA added warnings to the drug label requiring monthly monitoring of liver enzyme levels. Glaxo Wellcome removed troglitazone from the market in Britain on December 1, 1997. Glaxo Wellcome had licensed the drug from
627:
1624:
Kassahun K, Pearson PG, Tang W, McIntosh I, Leung K, Elmore C, et al. (January 2001). "Studies on the metabolism of troglitazone to reactive intermediates in vitro and in vivo. Evidence for novel biotransformation pathways involving quinone methide formation and thiazolidinedione ring scission".
744:
charged with evaluating the drug, warned on March 26, 1999 of the dangers of using it and concluded that patient monitoring was not effective in protecting against liver failure. He estimated that the drug could be linked to over 430 liver failures and that patients incurred 1,200 times greater risk
760:
of strong evidence that
Rezulin could not be used safely. He was later threatened by the FDA with dismissal. By that time, the drug had been linked to 63 liver-failure deaths and had generated sales of more than $ 2.1 billion for Warner-Lambert. The drug cost $ 1,400 a year per patient in 1998.
699:
submitted the diabetes drug
Rezulin for FDA review on July 31, 1996. The medical officer assigned to the review, Dr. John L. Gueriguian, cited Rezulin's potential to harm the liver and the heart, and he questioned its viability in lowering blood sugar for patients with adult-onset diabetes,
855:
for almost $ 64 billion, paid about $ 500 million to settle
Rezulin cases consolidated in federal court in New York, according to court filings. The company also paid as much as $ 250 million to resolve state-court suits. In 2004, it set aside $ 955 million to end Rezulin cases.
824:(OH group) of the chromane ring. Detailed quantum chemical analysis of the metabolic pathways for troglitazone has shown that quinone reactive metabolite is generated by oxidation of the OH group, but o-quinone methide reactive metabolite is formed by the oxidation of the
1660:
Funk C, Ponelle C, Scheuermann G, Pantze M (March 2001). "Cholestatic potential of troglitazone as a possible factor contributing to troglitazone-induced hepatotoxicity: in vivo and in vitro interaction at the canalicular bile salt export pump (Bsep) in the rat".
1769:
Salamone S, Colin C, Grillier-Vuissoz I, Kuntz S, Mazerbourg S, Flament S, et al. (May 2012). "Synthesis of new troglitazone derivatives: anti-proliferative activity in breast cancer cell lines and preliminary toxicological study".
3890:
1887:
737:
740:(NIDDK) diabetes prevention study. This called into question the efficacy of the monitoring strategy. The NIH responded on June 4 by dropping troglitazone from the study. Dr. David J. Graham, an FDA
681:. At the time, it was widely believed that such drugs, by addressing the primary metabolic defect associated with Type 2 diabetes, would have numerous benefits including avoiding the risk of
1336:
753:(D-Mass.): "I believe that the company... deliberately omitted reports of liver toxicity and misrepresented serious adverse events experienced by patients in their clinical studies."
707:
The FDA approved the drug on
January 29, 1997, and it appeared in pharmacies in late March. At the time, Dr. Solomon Sobel, a director at the FDA overseeing diabetes drugs, said in a
4899:
78:
3883:
1880:
718:
927:"Nuclear factor-kappaB suppressive and inhibitor-kappaB stimulatory effects of troglitazone in obese patients with type 2 diabetes: evidence of an antiinflammatory action?"
658:; Parke-Davis complained to the FDA, and Gueriguian was subsequently removed from his post. A panel of experts approved it in January 1997. Once the prevalence of adverse
521:
453:
3425:
3304:
3085:
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1873:
630:
A 30-tablet pharmacy stock bottle of
Rezulin (troglitazone) (400 mg) from Parke-Davis. Manufactured 1997. Shown also is one broken tablet. Tablet branding is PD353.
851:
In 2009, Pfizer resolved all but three of 35,000 claims over its withdrawn diabetes drug
Rezulin for a total of about $ 750 million. Pfizer, which acquired rival
1278:
477:
505:
InChI=1S/C24H27NO5S/c1-13-14(2)21-18(15(3)20(13)26)9-10-24(4,30-21)12-29-17-7-5-16(6-8-17)11-19-22(27)25-23(28)31-19/h5-8,19,26H,9-12H2,1-4H3,(H,25,27,28)
3069:
585:
756:
On March 21, 2000, the FDA withdrew the drug from the market. Dr. Robert I. Misbin, an FDA medical officer, wrote in a March 3, 2000 letter to
Senator
3060:
2463:
832:
groups) ortho to the OH group of the chromane ring. This understanding has been recently used in the design of novel troglitazone derivatives with
1865:
689:
and earlier oral antidiabetic drugs. It was further believed that reducing insulin resistance would potentially reduce the very high rate of
3000:
2090:
1555:
3464:
3451:
3325:
3106:
2857:
873:
704:, when the company provided these additional data one week after approval, they showed a substantially greater risk for liver toxicity.
967:
4919:
1210:
909:
497:
4685:
3910:
2560:
654:(FDA) medical officer assigned to evaluate troglitazone, John Gueriguian, did not recommend its approval due to potentially high
1850:
3441:
2315:
2040:
153:
108:
1253:
4367:
3459:
3320:
3101:
789:, and computational methods. These studies have suggested that hepatotoxicity of troglitazone results from a combination of
1337:"Drug Makers at Threshold of a New Therapy; With a Dose of Biotechnology, Big Change Is Ahead in the Treatment of Diabetes"
4904:
3053:
2002:
733:
4877:
3856:
3720:
3710:
2044:
1834:
1699:
Dixit VA, Bharatam PV (July 2011). "Toxic metabolite formation from
Troglitazone (TGZ): new insights from a DFT study".
651:
279:
4106:
4939:
4924:
4412:
3899:
3017:
2693:
2107:
643:
359:
1734:
Masubuchi Y (October 2006). "Metabolic and non-metabolic factors determining troglitazone hepatotoxicity: a review".
677:
Troglitazone was developed as the first anti-diabetic drug having a mechanism of action involving the enhancement of
3038:
1227:
749:
who had assisted in the Warner–Lambert's early clinical testing of
Rezulin, wrote in a March 1, 2000 letter to Sen.
4835:
4187:
4182:
2655:
2521:
2054:
615:
1289:
4670:
4217:
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3269:
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2852:
4944:
4914:
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4710:
3046:
2967:
2937:
2882:
2842:
2306:
2142:
1363:"The Diabetes Prevention Program. Design and methods for a clinical trial in the prevention of type 2 diabetes"
793:
and nonmetabolic factors. The nonmetabolic toxicity is a complex function of drug-protein interactions in the
558:
2947:
2927:
2872:
228:
2922:
2917:
765:, which had acquired Warner-Lambert in February 2000, reported the withdrawal of Rezulin cost $ 136 million.
3005:
2977:
2952:
2932:
2897:
2877:
2867:
2847:
2837:
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62:
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1141:
690:
1578:
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4116:
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3229:
2972:
2957:
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801:. Initially, the metabolic toxicity was largely associated with reactive metabolite formation from the
592:
219:
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3644:
348:
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4512:
4502:
4197:
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3116:
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1410:
Knowler WC, Barrett-Connor E, Fowler SE, Hamman RF, Lachin JM, Walker EA, Nathan DM (February 2002).
132:
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4342:
4242:
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3479:
1897:
729:
375:
174:
3966:
3682:
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3629:
3624:
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2584:
2354:
696:
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4815:
4570:
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3902:
3619:
3564:
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2604:
2018:
1051:
678:
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3657:
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4277:
4156:
4036:
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3584:
3579:
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3209:
3204:
3141:
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4520:
4457:
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3415:
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2179:
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1952:
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70:
52:
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4151:
4066:
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3554:
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564:
It was patented in 1983 and approved for medical use in 1997. It was subsequently withdrawn.
328:
4805:
4525:
4407:
4337:
4222:
4212:
4207:
4126:
3976:
3750:
3740:
3672:
3604:
3474:
3405:
3330:
3121:
2820:
2036:
1998:
1779:
1743:
1708:
1670:
1634:
1596:
1472:
1431:
1423:
1382:
1374:
1171:
1078:
1035:
998:
938:
732:
after taking troglitazone. Importantly, she had been monitored closely by physicians at the
396:
124:
288:
183:
4482:
4377:
4257:
1993:
1975:
817:
746:
268:
3868:
614:(NF-κB) and a concomitant increase in its inhibitor (IκB). NFκB is an important cellular
596:
379:
1412:"Reduction in the incidence of type 2 diabetes with lifestyle intervention or metformin"
711:
interview that adverse effects of troglitazone appeared to be rare and relatively mild.
4830:
4750:
4620:
4477:
4332:
4297:
3956:
3196:
3011:
2755:
2420:
2349:
2101:
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1957:
1947:
1927:
1905:
1436:
1411:
1387:
1362:
798:
774:
741:
722:
714:
708:
663:
655:
635:
1166:
1069:
Keen H (November 1994). "Insulin resistance and the prevention of diabetes mellitus".
4893:
4770:
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4352:
4287:
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2222:
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2207:
2013:
1858:
837:
821:
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581:
464:
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4695:
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4001:
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2255:
2242:
2217:
2197:
2183:
1909:
1203:
Deadly medicines and organised crime : how big pharma has corrupted healthcare
925:
Aljada A, Garg R, Ghanim H, Mohanty P, Hamouda W, Assian E, Dandona P (July 2001).
825:
682:
607:
577:
542:
91:
86:
1783:
208:
4840:
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3335:
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2506:
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2449:
2444:
2439:
2430:
2415:
2400:
2390:
2369:
2344:
2292:
2250:
2202:
2192:
2008:
1082:
639:
1306:
1039:
606:-like activity in addition to its PPAR activation. It has been shown to reduce
4820:
4780:
4725:
4715:
4655:
4640:
4625:
4605:
4580:
4575:
4555:
4550:
4507:
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4462:
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4317:
4292:
4076:
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4021:
3990:
3951:
3931:
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3814:
3804:
3385:
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2683:
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2574:
2569:
2410:
2395:
2364:
2169:
1477:
1460:
1003:
986:
840:
820:
reactive metabolites were proposed to be formed by metabolic oxidation of the
790:
550:
429:
259:
1842:
1378:
1026:
Henry RR (September 1996). "Effects of troglitazone on insulin sensitivity".
31:
4745:
4735:
4730:
4720:
4705:
4690:
4635:
4590:
4560:
4422:
4402:
4327:
4267:
4262:
4131:
4061:
4051:
3996:
3559:
3549:
3484:
3365:
3355:
3176:
2806:
2721:
2711:
2678:
2529:
2486:
2405:
2164:
2151:
814:
647:
603:
1791:
1755:
1720:
1682:
1646:
1486:
1445:
1396:
1012:
968:"Retired Drugs: Failed Blockbusters, Homicidal Tampering, Fatal Oversights"
952:
943:
926:
1090:
1047:
39:
4650:
4630:
4600:
4472:
4432:
4282:
4272:
4146:
3539:
3514:
3340:
3166:
3146:
2706:
2701:
2159:
1674:
1427:
806:
785:
611:
595:
to both PPARα and – more strongly – PPARγ. Troglitazone also contains an
239:
3426:
3305:
3086:
1747:
1530:
1504:
1110:
728:
On May 17, 1998, a 55-year-old patient named Audrey LaRue Jones died of
248:
4860:
4845:
4775:
4237:
3961:
3725:
3360:
1923:
1901:
810:
779:
686:
674:
market soon afterwards. It did not get approval in the rest of Europe.
194:
17:
1712:
1638:
3294:
2275:
762:
638:(Japan). In the United States, it was introduced and manufactured by
339:
1579:"Physician Who Opposes Rezulin Is Threatened by FDA With Dismissal"
626:
308:
3070:
2279:
852:
794:
671:
659:
625:
452:
443:
319:
1288:. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. 4 April 1997. Archived from
738:
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases
299:
3872:
3042:
2130:
1921:
1869:
745:
of liver failure when taking Rezulin. Dr. Janet B. McGill, an
1361:
The Diabetes Prevention Program Research Group (April 1999).
1111:"NEW FDA: Rezulin Fast-Track Approval and a Slow Withdrawal"
364:
725:
of Japan and had sold it in Britain from October 1, 1997.
662:
effects became known, troglitazone was withdrawn from the
642:
in the late 1990s but turned out to be associated with an
773:
Since the withdrawal in 2000, mechanisms of troglitazone
3911:
3431:
Tooltip Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma
3310:
Tooltip Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta
3091:
Tooltip Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha
1505:"FDA's Approval and Delay in Withdrawing Rezulin Probed"
1807:"Pfizer Ends Rezulin Cases With $ 205 Million to Spare"
987:"Risks of troglitazone apparent before approval in USA"
528:
485:
O=C1NC(=O)SC1Cc4ccc(OCC3(Oc2c(c(c(O)c(c2CC3)C)C)C)C)cc4
874:"Adverse Diabetes Drug News Sends Warner-Lambert Down"
610:. Troglitazone use was associated with a decrease of
931:
The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism
4165:
3909:
3784:
3424:
3303:
3084:
2819:
2789:
2720:
2692:
2654:
2647:
2559:
2520:
2462:
2429:
2326:
2314:
2305:
2274:
2241:
2178:
2150:
2141:
2064:
2027:
1984:
1966:
1938:
1313:. British Broadcasting Corporation. 1 December 1997
809:rings of troglitazone. Moreover, the formation of
463:
441:
428:
395:
390:
358:
338:
318:
298:
278:
258:
238:
227:
218:
193:
173:
144:
131:
123:
107:
102:
77:
61:
51:
46:
3075:Tooltip Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor
3711:
777:have been extensively studied using a variety of
207:
1556:"2000 Safety Alerts for Human Medical Products"
1461:"Troglitazone: the lesson that nobody learned?"
182:
1142:"The Rise and Fall of the Killer Drug Rezulin"
3884:
3054:
1881:
1279:"Approval package for Rezulin (troglitazone)"
8:
30:
4167:
1531:"Fears Grow Over Delay in Removing Rezulin"
1498:
1496:
586:peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors
4900:3β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase inhibitors
4218:Allopregnanedione (5α-dihydroprogesterone)
3891:
3877:
3869:
3061:
3047:
3039:
2825:
2651:
2517:
2323:
2311:
2147:
2138:
2127:
1935:
1918:
1888:
1874:
1866:
1254:"Glaxo Wellcome gets approval for Romozin"
378:
267:
1476:
1435:
1386:
1330:
1328:
1135:
1133:
1131:
1104:
1102:
1100:
1002:
942:
287:
3916:Tooltip Constitutive androstane receptor
1228:"New Class of Diabetes Drug Is Approved"
1205:. London : Radcliffe Publ. p. 185.
1772:European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry
1286:Center for Drug Evaluation and Research
864:
502:
482:
469:184 to 186 °C (363 to 367 °F)
374:
247:
158:
4671:Pregnanedione (5β-dihydroprogesterone)
4057:Pregnanedione (5β-dihydroprogesterone)
904:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 450.
29:
1694:
1692:
1619:
1617:
1167:"Report: FDA Removes Medical Officer"
347:
327:
7:
1908:, and other drugs used in diabetes (
1736:Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics
557:. It was prescribed for people with
165:)-5-(4-benzyl)thiazolidine-2,4-dione
90:
2878:Glibenclamide (glyburide)/metformin
2858:Dapagliflozin/saxagliptin/metformin
1558:. U.S. Food and Drug Administration
1416:The New England Journal of Medicine
1307:"Diabetes drug withdrawn from sale"
1071:The New England Journal of Medicine
307:
198:
693:that is associated with diabetes.
666:market in December 1997, from the
25:
3716:Tooltip Selective PPARγ modulator
57:Rezulin, Resulin, Romozin, Noscal
719:British Medicines Control Agency
413:
407:
38:
1841:. 28 March 2000. Archived from
1701:Chemical Research in Toxicology
1627:Chemical Research in Toxicology
966:Hintertheur A (November 2008).
898:Fischer J, Ganellin CR (2006).
510:Key:GXPHKUHSUJUWKP-UHFFFAOYSA-N
116:Production and promotion ceased
4223:Allopregnanolone (brexanolone)
1109:Willman D (20 December 2000).
736:(NIH) as a participant in the
634:Troglitazone was developed by
422:
416:
401:
1:
4878:Receptor/signaling modulators
4836:Tropanyl 3,5-dimethulbenzoate
4686:Pregnenolone 16α-carbonitrile
3857:Receptor/signaling modulators
901:Analogue-based Drug Discovery
734:National Institutes of Health
670:market in 2000, and from the
572:Troglitazone, like the other
2694:Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors
1784:10.1016/j.ejmech.2012.02.044
1577:Willman D (March 17, 2000).
1503:Willman D (16 August 2000).
1335:Fisher L (17 January 1998).
872:Fisher L (4 November 1997).
769:Mechanisms of hepatotoxicity
652:Food and Drug Administration
4413:Dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid
4172:Tooltip Pregnane X receptor
3900:Xenobiotic-sensing receptor
3600:Muraglitazar (muroglitazar)
2656:Aldose reductase inhibitors
1805:Feeley J (March 31, 2009).
1597:"Pfizer Annual Report 2001"
1529:Willman D (10 March 2000).
1252:Sinclair N (31 July 1997).
1226:Leary W (31 January 1997).
1083:10.1056/NEJM199411033311812
717:received approval from the
4961:
3452:15-Deoxy-Δ-prostaglandin J
2522:GLP1 poly-agonist peptides
1190:. New York: Vintage books.
1040:10.1002/dme.1996.13.s6.148
697:Parke-Davis/Warner Lambert
549:drug, and a member of the
391:Chemical and physical data
4920:Drugs developed by Pfizer
4869:
3848:
3396:Tetradecylthioacetic acid
3270:Tetradecylthioacetic acid
2968:Sitagliptin/ertugliflozin
2963:Sitagliptin/dapagliflozin
2883:Glimepiride/rosiglitazone
2863:Empagliflozin/linagliptin
2853:Dapagliflozin/saxagliptin
2828:
2381:Glibenclamide (glyburide)
2137:
2126:
1934:
1917:
1478:10.1007/s00125-005-0074-6
1140:Willman D (4 June 2000).
1004:10.1007/s00125-006-0245-0
618:for the immune response.
518:
493:
473:
149:
37:
4796:Testosterone isocaproate
4711:Reverse triiodothyronine
2948:Pioglitazone/sitagliptin
2938:Pioglitazone/glimepiride
2928:Phenformin/sulfonylureas
2873:Gemigliptin/rosuvastatin
2843:Cagrilintide/semaglutide
1459:Gale EA (January 2006).
1379:10.2337/diacare.22.4.623
1034:(9 Suppl 6): S148–S150.
646:leading to drug-induced
602:, potentially giving it
559:diabetes mellitus type 2
4188:17α-Hydroxyprogesterone
4183:17α-Hydroxypregnenolone
2978:Sitagliptin/simvastatin
2953:Rosiglitazone/metformin
2933:Pioglitazone/alogliptin
2923:Metformin/teneligliptin
2918:Metformin/sulfonylureas
2898:Metformin/ertugliflozin
2868:Empagliflozin/metformin
2848:Dapagliflozin/metformin
2838:Canagliflozin/metformin
2464:GLP-1 receptor agonists
616:transcription regulator
584:), works by activating
3635:Perfluorononanoic acid
3245:Perfluorooctanoic acid
3240:Perfluorononanoic acid
2983:Vildagliptin/metformin
2943:Pioglitazone/metformin
1663:Molecular Pharmacology
985:Cohen JS (June 2006).
944:10.1210/jcem.86.7.7564
691:cardiovascular disease
644:idiosyncratic reaction
631:
612:nuclear factor kappa-B
3927:6,7-Dimethylesculetin
3230:Palmitoylethanolamide
2973:Sitagliptin/metformin
2958:Saxagliptin/metformin
2913:Metformin/repaglinide
2908:Metformin/gemigliptin
2888:Linagliptin/metformin
1535:The Los Angeles Times
1509:The Los Angeles Times
1146:The Los Angeles Times
1115:The Los Angeles Times
629:
4905:Aromatase inhibitors
4514:Hypericum perforatum
4503:Hetacillin potassium
3447:5-Oxo-15-hydroxy-ETE
3117:Aluminium clofibrate
2903:Metformin/evogliptin
2833:Alogliptin/metformin
1675:10.1124/mol.59.3.627
1428:10.1056/NEJMoa012512
4343:Cyproterone acetate
4243:Amlodipine besylate
2143:Insulin sensitizers
1898:diabetes medication
1748:10.2133/dmpk.21.347
1295:on 5 November 2014.
1201:Gøtzsche P (2013).
730:acute liver failure
568:Mechanism of action
34:
4940:Thiazolidinediones
4925:CYP17A1 inhibitors
4816:Thonzonium bromide
4571:Methylprednisolone
4372:prasterone sulfate
3022:Never to phase III
2893:Metformin/acarbose
2243:Dual PPAR agonists
2112:Never to phase III
2019:Ultralente insulin
1845:on 11 August 2001.
1341:The New York Times
1232:The New York Times
1188:Powerful medicines
878:The New York Times
679:insulin resistance
632:
591:Troglitazone is a
574:thiazolidinediones
555:thiazolidinediones
4887:
4886:
4521:Indinavir sulfate
4228:Alpha-Lipoic acid
4203:Δ-Androstenedione
4193:Δ-Androstenedione
3866:
3865:
3225:Oleylethanolamide
3036:
3035:
3032:
3031:
2995:
2994:
2991:
2990:
2815:
2814:
2643:
2642:
2555:
2554:
2458:
2457:
2301:
2300:
2122:
2121:
2085:
2084:
2029:ultra-long-acting
1953:Insulin glulisine
1713:10.1021/tx200110h
1639:10.1021/tx000180q
1583:Los Angeles Times
1077:(18): 1226–1227.
1028:Diabetic Medicine
834:antiproliferative
803:thiazolidinedione
751:Edward M. Kennedy
547:anti-inflammatory
536:
535:
454:Interactive image
360:CompTox Dashboard
27:Chemical compound
16:(Redirected from
4952:
4806:Thiamylal sodium
4541:γ-linolenic acid
4537:α-Linolenic acid
4535:Linolenic acid:
4526:Lasalocid sodium
4516:(St John's wort)
4408:Docusate calcium
4338:Cyclophosphamide
4213:Allopregnanediol
4198:Δ-Androstenediol
4173:
4169:
4127:Ethinylestradiol
3977:Cyclophosphamide
3917:
3913:
3893:
3886:
3879:
3870:
3717:
3713:
3475:Arachidonic acid
3432:
3428:
3331:Arachidonic acid
3311:
3307:
3122:Arachidonic acid
3092:
3088:
3076:
3072:
3063:
3056:
3049:
3040:
2826:
2722:SGLT2 inhibitors
2652:
2561:DPP-4 inhibitors
2542:(GLP-1/GIP/GCGR)
2518:
2324:
2312:
2148:
2139:
2128:
2037:Insulin degludec
1999:Insulin glargine
1936:
1919:
1890:
1883:
1876:
1867:
1862:
1861:on 5 April 2004.
1857:. Archived from
1846:
1839:Diabetes Monitor
1822:
1821:
1819:
1817:
1802:
1796:
1795:
1766:
1760:
1759:
1731:
1725:
1724:
1707:(7): 1113–1122.
1696:
1687:
1686:
1657:
1651:
1650:
1621:
1612:
1611:
1609:
1607:
1601:
1593:
1587:
1586:
1574:
1568:
1567:
1565:
1563:
1552:
1546:
1545:
1543:
1541:
1526:
1520:
1519:
1517:
1515:
1500:
1491:
1490:
1480:
1456:
1450:
1449:
1439:
1407:
1401:
1400:
1390:
1358:
1352:
1351:
1349:
1347:
1332:
1323:
1322:
1320:
1318:
1303:
1297:
1296:
1294:
1283:
1275:
1269:
1268:
1266:
1264:
1249:
1243:
1242:
1240:
1238:
1223:
1217:
1216:
1198:
1192:
1191:
1186:Avorn J (2005).
1183:
1177:
1176:
1172:Associated Press
1163:
1157:
1156:
1154:
1152:
1137:
1126:
1125:
1123:
1121:
1106:
1095:
1094:
1066:
1060:
1059:
1023:
1017:
1016:
1006:
997:(6): 1454–1455.
982:
976:
975:
963:
957:
956:
946:
937:(7): 3250–3256.
922:
916:
915:
895:
889:
888:
886:
884:
869:
685:associated with
532:
531:
524:
456:
436:
424:
418:
415:
409:
403:
383:
382:
368:
366:
351:
331:
311:
291:
271:
251:
231:
211:
201:
200:
186:
136:
94:
42:
35:
33:
21:
4960:
4959:
4955:
4954:
4953:
4951:
4950:
4949:
4945:Withdrawn drugs
4915:CYP3A4 inducers
4890:
4889:
4888:
4883:
4865:
4766:Suberoylanilide
4483:Fluorometholone
4378:Dibunate sodium
4258:Aurothioglucose
4171:
4161:
4097:3,17β-Estradiol
3915:
3905:
3897:
3867:
3862:
3844:
3780:
3715:
3648:
3645:Prostaglandin J
3455:
3430:
3420:
3309:
3299:
3200:
3090:
3080:
3074:
3067:
3037:
3028:
3027:
3012:Clinical trials
2987:
2811:
2785:
2716:
2688:
2639:
2551:
2516:
2454:
2425:
2319:
2297:
2270:
2237:
2182:/"glitazones" (
2174:
2133:
2118:
2117:
2102:Clinical trials
2081:
2060:
2041:+insulin aspart
2023:
1994:Insulin detemir
1980:
1976:Regular insulin
1962:
1930:
1928:insulin analogs
1913:
1906:insulin analogs
1894:
1849:
1833:
1830:
1825:
1815:
1813:
1804:
1803:
1799:
1768:
1767:
1763:
1733:
1732:
1728:
1698:
1697:
1690:
1659:
1658:
1654:
1623:
1622:
1615:
1605:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1594:
1590:
1576:
1575:
1571:
1561:
1559:
1554:
1553:
1549:
1539:
1537:
1528:
1527:
1523:
1513:
1511:
1502:
1501:
1494:
1458:
1457:
1453:
1409:
1408:
1404:
1360:
1359:
1355:
1345:
1343:
1334:
1333:
1326:
1316:
1314:
1305:
1304:
1300:
1292:
1281:
1277:
1276:
1272:
1262:
1260:
1251:
1250:
1246:
1236:
1234:
1225:
1224:
1220:
1213:
1200:
1199:
1195:
1185:
1184:
1180:
1165:
1164:
1160:
1150:
1148:
1139:
1138:
1129:
1119:
1117:
1108:
1107:
1098:
1068:
1067:
1063:
1025:
1024:
1020:
984:
983:
979:
965:
964:
960:
924:
923:
919:
912:
897:
896:
892:
882:
880:
871:
870:
866:
862:
849:
831:
771:
747:endocrinologist
624:
570:
527:
525:
522:(what is this?)
519:
514:
511:
506:
501:
500:
489:
486:
481:
480:
459:
434:
421:
412:
406:
386:
362:
354:
334:
314:
294:
274:
254:
234:
214:
197:
189:
169:
166:
157:
156:
134:
125:Pharmacokinetic
119:
98:
64:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4958:
4956:
4948:
4947:
4942:
4937:
4932:
4927:
4922:
4917:
4912:
4907:
4902:
4892:
4891:
4885:
4884:
4882:
4881:
4874:
4870:
4867:
4866:
4864:
4863:
4858:
4849:
4848:
4843:
4838:
4833:
4831:Troleandomycin
4828:
4823:
4818:
4813:
4808:
4803:
4798:
4793:
4788:
4783:
4778:
4773:
4768:
4763:
4758:
4753:
4751:Spironolactone
4748:
4743:
4738:
4733:
4728:
4723:
4718:
4713:
4708:
4703:
4698:
4693:
4688:
4683:
4678:
4673:
4668:
4663:
4658:
4653:
4648:
4643:
4638:
4633:
4628:
4623:
4621:Norelgestromin
4618:
4613:
4608:
4603:
4598:
4593:
4588:
4583:
4578:
4573:
4568:
4563:
4558:
4553:
4548:
4543:
4533:
4528:
4523:
4518:
4510:
4505:
4500:
4495:
4490:
4485:
4480:
4478:Flucloxacillin
4475:
4470:
4465:
4460:
4455:
4450:
4445:
4440:
4435:
4430:
4425:
4420:
4415:
4410:
4405:
4400:
4395:
4390:
4385:
4380:
4375:
4365:
4355:
4350:
4345:
4340:
4335:
4333:Corticosterone
4330:
4325:
4320:
4315:
4310:
4305:
4300:
4298:Chlorpromazine
4295:
4290:
4285:
4280:
4275:
4270:
4265:
4260:
4255:
4250:
4245:
4240:
4235:
4230:
4225:
4220:
4215:
4210:
4205:
4200:
4195:
4190:
4185:
4176:
4174:
4163:
4162:
4160:
4159:
4154:
4149:
4144:
4139:
4134:
4129:
4124:
4119:
4117:17-Androstanol
4114:
4112:3β-Androstanol
4109:
4107:3α-Androstenol
4104:
4102:3α-Androstanol
4099:
4090:
4089:
4084:
4079:
4074:
4069:
4064:
4059:
4054:
4049:
4044:
4039:
4034:
4029:
4024:
4019:
4014:
4009:
4004:
3999:
3994:
3984:
3979:
3974:
3969:
3964:
3959:
3957:Chlorpromazine
3954:
3949:
3944:
3939:
3934:
3929:
3920:
3918:
3907:
3906:
3898:
3896:
3895:
3888:
3881:
3873:
3864:
3863:
3861:
3860:
3853:
3849:
3846:
3845:
3843:
3842:
3837:
3832:
3827:
3822:
3817:
3812:
3807:
3802:
3797:
3788:
3786:
3782:
3781:
3779:
3778:
3769:
3768:
3763:
3758:
3753:
3744:
3743:
3738:
3733:
3728:
3723:
3706:
3705:
3700:
3695:
3690:
3685:
3680:
3675:
3670:
3665:
3660:
3655:
3650:
3646:
3642:
3637:
3632:
3627:
3622:
3617:
3612:
3607:
3602:
3597:
3592:
3587:
3582:
3577:
3572:
3567:
3562:
3557:
3552:
3547:
3542:
3537:
3532:
3527:
3522:
3517:
3512:
3507:
3502:
3497:
3492:
3487:
3482:
3477:
3472:
3467:
3462:
3457:
3453:
3449:
3444:
3435:
3433:
3422:
3421:
3419:
3418:
3413:
3408:
3399:
3398:
3393:
3388:
3383:
3378:
3373:
3368:
3363:
3358:
3353:
3348:
3343:
3338:
3333:
3328:
3323:
3314:
3312:
3301:
3300:
3298:
3297:
3292:
3283:
3282:
3277:
3272:
3267:
3262:
3257:
3252:
3247:
3242:
3237:
3232:
3227:
3222:
3217:
3212:
3207:
3202:
3198:
3194:
3189:
3184:
3179:
3174:
3169:
3164:
3159:
3158:) (in rodents)
3149:
3144:
3139:
3134:
3129:
3124:
3119:
3114:
3109:
3104:
3095:
3093:
3082:
3081:
3068:
3066:
3065:
3058:
3051:
3043:
3034:
3033:
3030:
3029:
3026:
3025:
3024:
3023:
3020:
3009:
3003:
2997:
2996:
2993:
2992:
2989:
2988:
2986:
2985:
2980:
2975:
2970:
2965:
2960:
2955:
2950:
2945:
2940:
2935:
2930:
2925:
2920:
2915:
2910:
2905:
2900:
2895:
2890:
2885:
2880:
2875:
2870:
2865:
2860:
2855:
2850:
2845:
2840:
2835:
2829:
2823:
2817:
2816:
2813:
2812:
2810:
2809:
2804:
2799:
2793:
2791:
2787:
2786:
2784:
2783:
2778:
2773:
2768:
2763:
2758:
2756:Luseogliflozin
2753:
2748:
2743:
2738:
2733:
2727:
2725:
2718:
2717:
2715:
2714:
2709:
2704:
2698:
2696:
2690:
2689:
2687:
2686:
2681:
2676:
2671:
2666:
2660:
2658:
2649:
2645:
2644:
2641:
2640:
2638:
2637:
2632:
2627:
2622:
2617:
2612:
2607:
2602:
2597:
2592:
2587:
2582:
2577:
2572:
2566:
2564:
2557:
2556:
2553:
2552:
2550:
2549:
2543:
2537:
2526:
2524:
2515:
2514:
2509:
2504:
2499:
2494:
2489:
2484:
2479:
2474:
2468:
2466:
2460:
2459:
2456:
2455:
2453:
2452:
2447:
2442:
2436:
2434:
2427:
2426:
2424:
2423:
2421:Glyclopyramide
2418:
2413:
2408:
2403:
2398:
2393:
2388:
2383:
2377:2nd generation
2373:
2372:
2367:
2362:
2357:
2352:
2350:Chlorpropamide
2347:
2342:
2336:1st generation
2332:
2330:
2321:
2317:
2309:
2303:
2302:
2299:
2298:
2296:
2295:
2290:
2284:
2282:
2272:
2271:
2269:
2268:
2263:
2258:
2253:
2247:
2245:
2239:
2238:
2236:
2235:
2230:
2225:
2220:
2215:
2210:
2205:
2200:
2195:
2189:
2187:
2176:
2175:
2173:
2172:
2167:
2162:
2156:
2154:
2145:
2135:
2134:
2131:
2124:
2123:
2120:
2119:
2116:
2115:
2114:
2113:
2110:
2099:
2093:
2087:
2086:
2083:
2082:
2080:
2079:
2076:
2072:
2070:
2062:
2061:
2059:
2058:
2051:Insulin icodec
2048:
2033:
2031:
2025:
2024:
2022:
2021:
2016:
2011:
2006:
1996:
1990:
1988:
1982:
1981:
1979:
1978:
1972:
1970:
1964:
1963:
1961:
1960:
1958:Insulin lispro
1955:
1950:
1948:Insulin aspart
1944:
1942:
1932:
1931:
1922:
1915:
1914:
1895:
1893:
1892:
1885:
1878:
1870:
1864:
1863:
1851:"Troglitazone"
1847:
1835:"Troglitazone"
1829:
1828:External links
1826:
1824:
1823:
1797:
1761:
1742:(5): 347–356.
1726:
1688:
1669:(3): 627–635.
1652:
1613:
1588:
1569:
1547:
1521:
1492:
1451:
1422:(6): 393–403.
1402:
1373:(4): 623–634.
1353:
1324:
1298:
1270:
1244:
1218:
1211:
1193:
1178:
1158:
1127:
1096:
1061:
1018:
977:
958:
917:
910:
890:
863:
861:
858:
848:
845:
829:
799:biliary system
775:hepatotoxicity
770:
767:
742:epidemiologist
723:Sankyo Company
715:Glaxo Wellcome
709:New York Times
702:Peter Gøtzsche
656:liver toxicity
636:Daiichi Sankyo
623:
620:
569:
566:
534:
533:
516:
515:
513:
512:
509:
507:
504:
496:
495:
494:
491:
490:
488:
487:
484:
476:
475:
474:
471:
470:
467:
461:
460:
458:
457:
449:
447:
439:
438:
432:
426:
425:
419:
410:
404:
399:
393:
392:
388:
387:
385:
384:
371:
369:
356:
355:
353:
352:
344:
342:
336:
335:
333:
332:
324:
322:
316:
315:
313:
312:
304:
302:
296:
295:
293:
292:
284:
282:
276:
275:
273:
272:
264:
262:
256:
255:
253:
252:
244:
242:
236:
235:
233:
232:
224:
222:
216:
215:
213:
212:
204:
202:
191:
190:
188:
187:
179:
177:
171:
170:
168:
167:
160:
152:
151:
150:
147:
146:
142:
141:
138:
129:
128:
121:
120:
118:
117:
113:
111:
105:
104:
100:
99:
97:
96:
83:
81:
75:
74:
67:
65:administration
59:
58:
55:
49:
48:
44:
43:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4957:
4946:
4943:
4941:
4938:
4936:
4935:Phenol ethers
4933:
4931:
4928:
4926:
4923:
4921:
4918:
4916:
4913:
4911:
4908:
4906:
4903:
4901:
4898:
4897:
4895:
4880:
4879:
4875:
4872:
4871:
4868:
4862:
4859:
4857:
4854:
4851:
4850:
4847:
4844:
4842:
4839:
4837:
4834:
4832:
4829:
4827:
4824:
4822:
4819:
4817:
4814:
4812:
4809:
4807:
4804:
4802:
4799:
4797:
4794:
4792:
4789:
4787:
4784:
4782:
4779:
4777:
4774:
4772:
4771:Sulfisoxazole
4769:
4767:
4764:
4762:
4759:
4757:
4754:
4752:
4749:
4747:
4744:
4742:
4739:
4737:
4734:
4732:
4729:
4727:
4724:
4722:
4719:
4717:
4714:
4712:
4709:
4707:
4704:
4702:
4699:
4697:
4694:
4692:
4689:
4687:
4684:
4682:
4679:
4677:
4674:
4672:
4669:
4667:
4664:
4662:
4659:
4657:
4654:
4652:
4649:
4647:
4646:Phenobarbital
4644:
4642:
4639:
4637:
4634:
4632:
4629:
4627:
4624:
4622:
4619:
4617:
4614:
4612:
4609:
4607:
4604:
4602:
4599:
4597:
4594:
4592:
4589:
4587:
4584:
4582:
4579:
4577:
4574:
4572:
4569:
4567:
4564:
4562:
4559:
4557:
4554:
4552:
4549:
4547:
4544:
4542:
4538:
4534:
4532:
4531:Levothyroxine
4529:
4527:
4524:
4522:
4519:
4517:
4515:
4511:
4509:
4506:
4504:
4501:
4499:
4496:
4494:
4493:Guggulsterone
4491:
4489:
4486:
4484:
4481:
4479:
4476:
4474:
4471:
4469:
4466:
4464:
4461:
4459:
4456:
4454:
4451:
4449:
4446:
4444:
4441:
4439:
4436:
4434:
4431:
4429:
4426:
4424:
4421:
4419:
4416:
4414:
4411:
4409:
4406:
4404:
4401:
4399:
4396:
4394:
4391:
4389:
4388:Dicloxacillin
4386:
4384:
4381:
4379:
4376:
4373:
4369:
4366:
4363:
4359:
4356:
4354:
4353:Dexamethasone
4351:
4349:
4346:
4344:
4341:
4339:
4336:
4334:
4331:
4329:
4326:
4324:
4321:
4319:
4316:
4314:
4311:
4309:
4306:
4304:
4301:
4299:
4296:
4294:
4291:
4289:
4288:Cephaloridine
4286:
4284:
4281:
4279:
4276:
4274:
4271:
4269:
4266:
4264:
4261:
4259:
4256:
4254:
4251:
4249:
4246:
4244:
4241:
4239:
4236:
4234:
4231:
4229:
4226:
4224:
4221:
4219:
4216:
4214:
4211:
4209:
4206:
4204:
4201:
4199:
4196:
4194:
4191:
4189:
4186:
4184:
4181:
4178:
4177:
4175:
4170:
4164:
4158:
4155:
4153:
4150:
4148:
4145:
4143:
4140:
4138:
4135:
4133:
4130:
4128:
4125:
4123:
4120:
4118:
4115:
4113:
4110:
4108:
4105:
4103:
4100:
4098:
4095:
4092:
4091:
4088:
4087:Valproic acid
4085:
4083:
4080:
4078:
4075:
4073:
4070:
4068:
4065:
4063:
4060:
4058:
4055:
4053:
4050:
4048:
4047:Phenobarbital
4045:
4043:
4040:
4038:
4035:
4033:
4030:
4028:
4025:
4023:
4020:
4018:
4015:
4013:
4010:
4008:
4005:
4003:
4000:
3998:
3995:
3992:
3988:
3985:
3983:
3980:
3978:
3975:
3973:
3970:
3968:
3965:
3963:
3960:
3958:
3955:
3953:
3950:
3948:
3947:Carbamazepine
3945:
3943:
3940:
3938:
3935:
3933:
3930:
3928:
3925:
3922:
3921:
3919:
3914:
3908:
3904:
3901:
3894:
3889:
3887:
3882:
3880:
3875:
3874:
3871:
3859:
3858:
3854:
3851:
3850:
3847:
3841:
3838:
3836:
3835:Rivoglitazone
3833:
3831:
3828:
3826:
3825:Netoglitazone
3823:
3821:
3818:
3816:
3813:
3811:
3808:
3806:
3803:
3801:
3798:
3796:
3793:
3790:
3789:
3787:
3785:Non-selective
3783:
3777:
3774:
3771:
3770:
3767:
3764:
3762:
3759:
3757:
3754:
3752:
3749:
3746:
3745:
3742:
3739:
3737:
3734:
3732:
3729:
3727:
3724:
3722:
3719:
3714:
3708:
3707:
3704:
3701:
3699:
3696:
3694:
3691:
3689:
3688:Sodelglitazar
3686:
3684:
3681:
3679:
3676:
3674:
3671:
3669:
3668:Rosiglitazone
3666:
3664:
3663:Rivoglitazone
3661:
3659:
3656:
3654:
3651:
3649:
3643:
3641:
3638:
3636:
3633:
3631:
3628:
3626:
3623:
3621:
3618:
3616:
3615:Netoglitazone
3613:
3611:
3608:
3606:
3603:
3601:
3598:
3596:
3595:Lobeglitazone
3593:
3591:
3588:
3586:
3583:
3581:
3578:
3576:
3573:
3571:
3568:
3566:
3563:
3561:
3558:
3556:
3553:
3551:
3548:
3546:
3543:
3541:
3538:
3536:
3533:
3531:
3528:
3526:
3523:
3521:
3518:
3516:
3513:
3511:
3508:
3506:
3503:
3501:
3498:
3496:
3493:
3491:
3488:
3486:
3483:
3481:
3480:Balaglitazone
3478:
3476:
3473:
3471:
3468:
3466:
3463:
3461:
3458:
3456:
3450:
3448:
3445:
3443:
3440:
3437:
3436:
3434:
3429:
3423:
3417:
3414:
3412:
3409:
3407:
3404:
3401:
3400:
3397:
3394:
3392:
3391:Sodelglitazar
3389:
3387:
3384:
3382:
3379:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3369:
3367:
3364:
3362:
3359:
3357:
3354:
3352:
3349:
3347:
3344:
3342:
3339:
3337:
3334:
3332:
3329:
3327:
3324:
3322:
3319:
3316:
3315:
3313:
3308:
3302:
3296:
3293:
3291:
3288:
3285:
3284:
3281:
3278:
3276:
3273:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3260:Sodelglitazar
3258:
3256:
3253:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3243:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3223:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3215:Lobeglitazone
3213:
3211:
3208:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3197:Leukotriene B
3195:
3193:
3190:
3188:
3185:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3175:
3173:
3170:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3160:
3157:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3097:
3096:
3094:
3089:
3083:
3079:
3073:
3064:
3059:
3057:
3052:
3050:
3045:
3044:
3041:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3007:
3004:
3002:
2999:
2998:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2949:
2946:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2936:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2926:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2911:
2909:
2906:
2904:
2901:
2899:
2896:
2894:
2891:
2889:
2886:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2856:
2854:
2851:
2849:
2846:
2844:
2841:
2839:
2836:
2834:
2831:
2830:
2827:
2824:
2822:
2818:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2802:Bromocriptine
2800:
2798:
2795:
2794:
2792:
2788:
2782:
2781:Velagliflozin
2779:
2777:
2776:Tofogliflozin
2774:
2772:
2771:Sotagliflozin
2769:
2767:
2764:
2762:
2761:Remogliflozin
2759:
2757:
2754:
2752:
2751:Ipragliflozin
2749:
2747:
2746:Ertugliflozin
2744:
2742:
2741:Empagliflozin
2739:
2737:
2736:Dapagliflozin
2734:
2732:
2731:Canagliflozin
2729:
2728:
2726:
2724:/"gliflozins"
2723:
2719:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2699:
2697:
2695:
2691:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2677:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2662:
2661:
2659:
2657:
2653:
2650:
2646:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2625:Teneligliptin
2623:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2613:
2611:
2608:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2593:
2591:
2588:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2578:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2567:
2565:
2562:
2558:
2547:
2544:
2541:
2538:
2535:
2531:
2528:
2527:
2525:
2523:
2519:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2475:
2473:
2470:
2469:
2467:
2465:
2461:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2443:
2441:
2438:
2437:
2435:
2432:
2428:
2422:
2419:
2417:
2414:
2412:
2409:
2407:
2404:
2402:
2399:
2397:
2394:
2392:
2389:
2387:
2384:
2382:
2378:
2375:
2374:
2371:
2368:
2366:
2363:
2361:
2358:
2356:
2353:
2351:
2348:
2346:
2343:
2341:
2340:Acetohexamide
2337:
2334:
2333:
2331:
2329:
2328:Sulfonylureas
2325:
2322:
2320:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2307:Secretagogues
2304:
2294:
2291:
2289:
2286:
2285:
2283:
2281:
2277:
2273:
2267:
2264:
2262:
2259:
2257:
2254:
2252:
2249:
2248:
2246:
2244:
2240:
2234:
2231:
2229:
2228:Rosiglitazone
2226:
2224:
2223:Rivoglitazone
2221:
2219:
2216:
2214:
2213:Netoglitazone
2211:
2209:
2208:Lobeglitazone
2206:
2204:
2201:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2191:
2190:
2188:
2185:
2181:
2177:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2158:
2157:
2155:
2153:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2129:
2125:
2111:
2109:
2106:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2089:
2088:
2077:
2074:
2073:
2071:
2069:
2068:
2063:
2056:
2052:
2049:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2035:
2034:
2032:
2030:
2026:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2014:Lente insulin
2012:
2010:
2007:
2004:
2003:+lixisenatide
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1991:
1989:
1987:
1983:
1977:
1974:
1973:
1971:
1969:
1965:
1959:
1956:
1954:
1951:
1949:
1946:
1945:
1943:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1920:
1916:
1911:
1907:
1903:
1899:
1891:
1886:
1884:
1879:
1877:
1872:
1871:
1868:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1831:
1827:
1812:
1808:
1801:
1798:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1765:
1762:
1757:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1730:
1727:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1695:
1693:
1689:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1656:
1653:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1620:
1618:
1614:
1598:
1592:
1589:
1584:
1580:
1573:
1570:
1557:
1551:
1548:
1536:
1532:
1525:
1522:
1510:
1506:
1499:
1497:
1493:
1488:
1484:
1479:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1455:
1452:
1447:
1443:
1438:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1406:
1403:
1398:
1394:
1389:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1367:Diabetes Care
1364:
1357:
1354:
1342:
1338:
1331:
1329:
1325:
1312:
1308:
1302:
1299:
1291:
1287:
1280:
1274:
1271:
1259:
1255:
1248:
1245:
1233:
1229:
1222:
1219:
1214:
1212:9781846198847
1208:
1204:
1197:
1194:
1189:
1182:
1179:
1174:
1173:
1168:
1162:
1159:
1147:
1143:
1136:
1134:
1132:
1128:
1116:
1112:
1105:
1103:
1101:
1097:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1065:
1062:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1022:
1019:
1014:
1010:
1005:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
981:
978:
973:
969:
962:
959:
954:
950:
945:
940:
936:
932:
928:
921:
918:
913:
911:9783527607495
907:
903:
902:
894:
891:
879:
875:
868:
865:
859:
857:
854:
846:
844:
842:
839:
838:breast cancer
835:
827:
826:methyl groups
823:
822:hydroxy group
819:
816:
812:
808:
804:
800:
796:
792:
788:
787:
782:
781:
776:
768:
766:
764:
759:
758:John Ashcroft
754:
752:
748:
743:
739:
735:
731:
726:
724:
720:
716:
712:
710:
705:
703:
698:
694:
692:
688:
684:
680:
675:
673:
669:
668:United States
665:
661:
657:
653:
649:
645:
641:
637:
628:
621:
619:
617:
613:
609:
605:
601:
598:
594:
589:
587:
583:
582:rosiglitazone
579:
575:
567:
565:
562:
560:
556:
553:class of the
552:
548:
544:
540:
530:
523:
517:
508:
503:
499:
492:
483:
479:
472:
468:
466:
465:Melting point
462:
455:
451:
450:
448:
445:
440:
433:
431:
427:
400:
398:
394:
389:
381:
377:
376:DTXSID8023719
373:
372:
370:
361:
357:
350:
346:
345:
343:
341:
337:
330:
326:
325:
323:
321:
317:
310:
306:
305:
303:
301:
297:
290:
286:
285:
283:
281:
277:
270:
266:
265:
263:
261:
257:
250:
246:
245:
243:
241:
237:
230:
226:
225:
223:
221:
217:
210:
206:
205:
203:
196:
192:
185:
181:
180:
178:
176:
172:
164:
159:
155:
148:
143:
139:
137:
130:
126:
122:
115:
114:
112:
110:
106:
101:
93:
88:
85:
84:
82:
80:
76:
72:
68:
66:
60:
56:
54:
50:
47:Clinical data
45:
41:
36:
19:
4930:Hepatotoxins
4876:
4856:Ketoconazole
4853:Antagonists:
4852:
4826:Troglitazone
4825:
4801:Tetracycline
4756:Spiroxatrine
4701:Quingestrone
4696:Progesterone
4681:Pregnenolone
4676:Pregnanolone
4666:Pregnanediol
4661:Prednisolone
4586:Mifepristone
4513:
4488:Griseofulvin
4468:Fenbendazole
4453:Famprofazone
4448:Erythromycin
4443:Epothilone B
4428:Eburnamonine
4323:Clotrimazole
4313:Clofenvinfos
4248:Antimycotics
4179:
4142:Okadaic acid
4094:Antagonists:
4093:
4082:Troglitazone
4081:
4017:Mifepristone
4012:Methoxychlor
4007:Griseofulvin
4002:Ellagic acid
3982:Cypermethrin
3972:Clotrimazole
3923:
3855:
3800:Clinofibrate
3795:Ciprofibrate
3791:
3772:
3748:Antagonists:
3747:
3709:
3703:Troglitazone
3702:
3698:Tesaglitazar
3683:Sipoglitazar
3678:Saroglitazar
3653:Ragaglitazar
3640:Pioglitazone
3630:Pemaglitazar
3625:Peliglitazar
3610:Naveglitazar
3575:Lanifibranor
3570:Indeglitazar
3525:Edaglitazone
3520:Darglitazone
3500:Cevoglitazar
3438:
3403:Antagonists:
3402:
3376:Lanifibranor
3317:
3287:Antagonists:
3286:
3275:Troglitazone
3274:
3265:Tesaglitazar
3255:Saroglitazar
3250:Pioglitazone
3220:Muraglitazar
3192:Lanifibranor
3098:
2821:Combinations
2766:Sergliflozin
2635:Vildagliptin
2630:Trelagliptin
2610:Omarigliptin
2585:Garvagliptin
2512:Taspoglutide
2502:Orforglipron
2497:Lixisenatide
2431:Meglitinides
2386:Glibornuride
2376:
2360:Metahexamide
2355:Glycyclamide
2335:
2288:Cagrilintide
2278:analogs and
2266:Tesaglitazar
2261:Saroglitazar
2256:Muraglitazar
2233:Troglitazone
2232:
2218:Pioglitazone
2198:Darglitazone
2132:Non-insulins
2065:
2055:+semaglutide
2045:+liraglutide
2028:
1985:
1968:short-acting
1967:
1939:
1859:the original
1854:
1843:the original
1838:
1814:. Retrieved
1810:
1800:
1775:
1771:
1764:
1739:
1735:
1729:
1704:
1700:
1666:
1662:
1655:
1633:(1): 62–70.
1630:
1626:
1604:. Retrieved
1591:
1582:
1572:
1560:. Retrieved
1550:
1538:. Retrieved
1534:
1524:
1512:. Retrieved
1508:
1468:
1465:Diabetologia
1464:
1454:
1419:
1415:
1405:
1370:
1366:
1356:
1344:. Retrieved
1340:
1315:. Retrieved
1310:
1301:
1290:the original
1285:
1273:
1261:. Retrieved
1257:
1247:
1235:. Retrieved
1231:
1221:
1202:
1196:
1187:
1181:
1170:
1161:
1149:. Retrieved
1145:
1118:. Retrieved
1114:
1074:
1070:
1064:
1031:
1027:
1021:
994:
991:Diabetologia
990:
980:
971:
961:
934:
930:
920:
900:
893:
881:. Retrieved
877:
867:
850:
836:activity in
784:
778:
772:
755:
727:
713:
706:
695:
683:hypoglycemia
676:
633:
608:inflammation
597:α-Tocopherol
590:
578:pioglitazone
571:
563:
543:antidiabetic
539:Troglitazone
538:
537:
526:
520:
162:
133:Elimination
109:Legal status
103:Legal status
32:Troglitazone
4841:Zafirlukast
4811:Thiothixene
4791:Terconazole
4741:Simvastatin
4616:Nisoldipine
4611:Nilvadipine
4596:Nicardipine
4566:Metacycline
4393:Dimercaprol
4348:Demecolcine
4308:Clindamycin
4303:Ciglitazone
4253:Artemisinin
4233:Ambrisentan
4137:Nigramide J
4072:Telmisartan
4032:Nicardipine
3942:Benfuracarb
3937:Artemisinin
3830:Ronifibrate
3820:Farglitazar
3810:Englitazone
3693:Telmisartan
3620:Oxeglitazar
3565:Imiglitazar
3545:Farglitazar
3535:Englitazone
3530:Efatutazone
3510:Ciglitazone
3505:Chiglitazar
3495:Cannabidiol
3490:Bezafibrate
3470:Aleglitazar
3346:Elafibranor
3336:Bezafibrate
3235:Pemafibrate
3182:Gemfibrozil
3172:Fenofibrate
3162:Elafibranor
3132:Chiglitazar
3127:Bezafibrate
3112:Aleglitazar
3008:from market
2620:Sitagliptin
2615:Saxagliptin
2605:Melogliptin
2600:Linagliptin
2595:Gosogliptin
2590:Gemigliptin
2563:/"gliptins"
2548:(GLP-1/GIP)
2546:Tirzepatide
2540:Retatrutide
2507:Semaglutide
2492:Liraglutide
2482:Dulaglutide
2477:Danuglipron
2472:Albiglutide
2450:Repaglinide
2445:Nateglinide
2440:Mitiglinide
2433:/"glinides"
2416:Glisoxepide
2401:Glimepiride
2391:Glicaramide
2370:Tolbutamide
2345:Carbutamide
2293:Pramlintide
2251:Aleglitazar
2203:Englitazone
2193:Ciglitazone
2098:from market
2009:NPH insulin
1986:long-acting
1940:fast-acting
1778:: 206–215.
1606:12 December
1562:12 December
1540:12 December
1514:12 December
1346:12 December
1317:12 December
1263:12 December
1237:12 December
1151:12 December
1120:12 December
883:12 December
640:Parke-Davis
437: g·mol
145:Identifiers
140:16–34 hours
53:Trade names
4894:Categories
4821:Tianeptine
4786:Tenylidone
4781:Tacrolimus
4726:Rimexolone
4716:Rifampicin
4656:Plicamycin
4641:Paclitaxel
4626:Omeprazole
4606:Nifedipine
4581:Mevastatin
4576:Metyrapone
4556:Lovastatin
4551:Loratadine
4508:Hyperforin
4498:Haloprogin
4463:Felodipine
4438:Enzacamene
4418:Dronabinol
4383:Diclazuril
4362:prasterone
4318:Chloroxine
4293:Cephradine
4263:Bile acids
4077:Tolnaftate
4042:Permethrin
4027:Nevirapine
4022:Nefazodone
3991:prasterone
3952:Carvedilol
3932:Amiodarone
3903:modulators
3840:Simfibrate
3815:Etofibrate
3805:Clofibride
3658:Reglitazar
3386:Seladelpar
3351:Fonadelpar
3156:prasterone
3137:Clofibrate
3078:modulators
2797:Benfluorex
2684:Zenarestat
2674:Ranirestat
2669:Fidarestat
2664:Epalrestat
2580:Evogliptin
2575:Anagliptin
2570:Alogliptin
2411:Gliquidone
2396:Gliclazide
2365:Tolazamide
2170:Phenformin
2152:Biguanides
1471:(1): 1–6.
860:References
841:cell lines
442:3D model (
430:Molar mass
329:CHEBI:9753
289:I66ZZ0ZN0E
260:ChemSpider
220:IUPHAR/BPS
184:97322-87-7
175:CAS Number
154:IUPAC name
69:By mouth (
4910:Chromanes
4746:Sirolimus
4736:Ritonavir
4731:Riodipine
4721:Rifaximin
4706:Reserpine
4691:Proadifen
4636:Oxatomide
4591:Nafcillin
4561:Meclizine
4423:Droxidopa
4403:Docetaxel
4328:Colforsin
4278:Bumecaine
4268:Bithionol
4180:Agonists:
4157:T-0901317
4132:Meclizine
4062:Reserpine
4052:Phenytoin
4037:Octicizer
3997:Efavirenz
3924:Agonists:
3792:Agonists:
3766:T-0070907
3590:LG-101506
3585:LG-100754
3580:LG-100268
3560:Ibuprofen
3550:Genistein
3485:Berberine
3442:5-Oxo-ETE
3439:Agonists:
3381:LG-101506
3371:L-165,041
3366:GW-501516
3356:Genistein
3318:Agonists:
3210:LG-100754
3205:LG-101506
3177:Genistein
3142:CP-775146
3099:Agonists:
3018:Phase III
3006:Withdrawn
2807:Imeglimin
2712:Voglibose
2679:Tolrestat
2530:Mazdutide
2487:Exenatide
2406:Glipizide
2165:Metformin
2108:Phase III
2096:Withdrawn
2067:inhalable
1811:Bloomberg
1258:ICIS News
972:wired.com
815:o-quinone
791:metabolic
648:hepatitis
604:vitamin E
588:(PPARs).
349:ChEMBL408
135:half-life
63:Routes of
4873:See also
4761:SR-12813
4651:Piperine
4631:Orlistat
4601:Nicotine
4473:Fentanyl
4458:Febantel
4433:Ecopipam
4398:Dinaline
4283:Cafestol
4273:Bosentan
4147:PK-11195
3852:See also
3773:Unknown:
3540:Etalocib
3515:Daidzein
3465:15-HpETE
3416:GSK-3787
3411:GSK-0660
3341:Daidzein
3326:15-HpETE
3280:WY-14643
3167:Etomoxir
3147:Daidzein
3107:15-HpETE
2707:Miglitol
2702:Acarbose
2160:Buformin
1924:Insulins
1902:insulins
1792:22409968
1756:17072088
1721:21657230
1683:11179459
1647:11170509
1602:. Pfizer
1487:16362281
1446:11832527
1397:10189543
1056:34080394
1013:16601971
953:11443197
847:Lawsuits
807:chromane
786:in vitro
672:Japanese
529:(verify)
240:DrugBank
79:ATC code
4861:Sesamin
4846:Zeranol
4776:Suramin
4546:LOE-908
4238:AMI-193
4152:S-07662
4067:TCPOBOP
3962:Chrysin
3776:SR-1664
3756:GW-9662
3736:MK-0533
3731:INT-131
3726:EPI-001
3712:SPPARMs
3555:GW-1929
3460:15-HETE
3361:GW-0742
3321:15-HETE
3290:GW-6471
3187:GW-7647
3102:15-HETE
2532:(GLP-1/
2078:Afrezza
2075:Exubera
1816:6 April
1437:1370926
1388:1351026
1091:7935664
1048:8894499
818:methide
811:quinone
780:in vivo
687:insulin
664:British
622:History
397:Formula
249:DB00197
195:PubChem
95:)
89: (
87:A10BG01
71:tablets
18:Rezulin
4368:DHEA-S
4208:AA-861
3761:SR-202
3751:FH-535
3741:S26948
3673:RS5444
3605:nTZDpa
3406:FH-535
3295:MK-886
3001:WHO-EM
2280:DACRAs
2276:Amylin
2091:WHO-EM
1855:RxList
1790:
1754:
1719:
1681:
1645:
1485:
1444:
1434:
1395:
1385:
1209:
1089:
1054:
1046:
1011:
951:
908:
763:Pfizer
650:. The
600:moiety
593:ligand
541:is an
478:SMILES
435:441.54
340:ChEMBL
309:D00395
3967:CITCO
3721:BADGE
3427:PPARγ
3306:PPARδ
3087:PPARα
2790:Other
2648:Other
1896:Oral
1600:(PDF)
1293:(PDF)
1282:(PDF)
1052:S2CID
853:Wyeth
795:liver
660:liver
498:InChI
444:JSmol
320:ChEBI
4539:and
4358:DHEA
4122:AITC
3987:DHEA
3152:DHEA
3071:PPAR
2534:GCGR
2184:PPAR
2180:TZDs
1904:and
1818:2014
1788:PMID
1752:PMID
1717:PMID
1679:PMID
1643:PMID
1608:2012
1564:2012
1542:2012
1516:2012
1483:PMID
1442:PMID
1393:PMID
1348:2012
1319:2012
1265:2012
1239:2012
1207:ISBN
1153:2012
1122:2012
1087:PMID
1044:PMID
1009:PMID
949:PMID
906:ISBN
885:2012
813:and
805:and
797:and
580:and
561:.
551:drug
545:and
300:KEGG
280:UNII
269:5389
229:2693
209:5591
127:data
4168:PXR
3912:CAR
2318:ATP
1910:A10
1780:doi
1744:doi
1709:doi
1671:doi
1635:doi
1473:doi
1432:PMC
1424:doi
1420:346
1383:PMC
1375:doi
1311:BBC
1079:doi
1075:331
1036:doi
999:doi
939:doi
828:(CH
365:EPA
199:CID
92:WHO
4896::
3014::
2379::
2338::
2104::
2043:,
1900:,
1853:.
1837:.
1809:.
1786:.
1776:51
1774:.
1750:.
1740:21
1738:.
1715:.
1705:24
1703:.
1691:^
1677:.
1667:59
1665:.
1641:.
1631:14
1629:.
1616:^
1581:.
1533:.
1507:.
1495:^
1481:.
1469:49
1467:.
1463:.
1440:.
1430:.
1418:.
1414:.
1391:.
1381:.
1371:22
1369:.
1365:.
1339:.
1327:^
1309:.
1284:.
1256:.
1230:.
1169:.
1144:.
1130:^
1113:.
1099:^
1085:.
1073:.
1050:.
1042:.
1032:13
1030:.
1007:.
995:49
993:.
989:.
970:.
947:.
935:86
933:.
929:.
876:.
843:.
783:,
411:27
405:24
163:RS
4374:)
4370:(
4364:)
4360:(
3993:)
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3885:t
3878:v
3718::
3647:2
3454:2
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2536:)
2316:K
2186:)
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2053:(
2047:)
2039:(
2005:)
2001:(
1926:/
1912:)
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1758:.
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1685:.
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1649:.
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1610:.
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1215:.
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1155:.
1124:.
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1038::
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1001::
974:.
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914:.
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417:O
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