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212:. Although deemed masters of war and artillery at that time, Italians had not anticipated the innovations in French siege weaponry. Prior to this, field artillery guns were huge, large-caliber bombards: superguns that, along with enormous stones or other projectiles, were dragged from destination to destination. These behemoths could only be used effectively in sieges, and more often than not provided just a psychological effect on the battlefield; owning these giant
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reasons. First, teams of horses could now move these cannons fast enough to keep up with their armies and no longer had to stop and dismount them from their carriages to achieve the proper range before firing; second, the capability to adjust firing angle without having to lift the entire weight of the gun allowed tactical selection and reselection of targets rather than being deployed solely on the first target chosen.
162:
25:
221:, an Italian historian and statesman, wrote that the cannons were placed against town walls so quickly, spaced together so closely and shot so rapidly and with such force that the time for a significant amount of damage to be inflicted went from a matter of days (as with bombards) to a matter of hours. For the first time in history, as seen in the
497:(stone-polishing) cylinder runs on a pair of rollers, similar to trunnions. The sugar industry uses rotating cylinders up to 22 feet (7 m) in diameter, 131 ft (40 m) long, and weighing around 1,000 tons. These rotate at around 30 revolutions per hour. They are supported on a pathring, which runs on trunnions. Similar devices called
186:
transportation. The gun would recoil causing the carriage to move backwards several feet but men or a team of horses could put it back into firing position. It became easier to rapidly transport these large siege guns, maneuver them from transportation mode to firing position, and they could go wherever a team of men or horses could pull them.
308:
recommended lubrication of its pre-packed front suspension trunnions on some models using a sodium base grease every 32,000 miles (51,000 km) or three years. In 1963 it incorporated molded rubber "Clevebloc" bushings on the upper trunnion of others to seal out dirt and retain silicone lubricant
299:
In older cars, the trunnion is part of the suspension and either allows free movement of the rear wheel hub in relation to the chassis or allows the front wheel hub to rotate with the steering. On many cars (such as those made by
Triumph) the trunnion is machined from a brass or bronze casting and is
216:
did not guarantee any army a victory. The French saw the limitations of these massive weapons and focused their efforts on improving their smaller and lighter guns, which used smaller, more manageable projectiles combined with larger amounts of gunpowder. Equipping them with trunnions was key for two
185:
Trunnions were mounted near the center of mass to allow the barrel to be elevated to any desired angle, without having to dismount it from the carriage upon which it rested. Some guns had a second set of trunnions placed several feet back from the first pair, which could be used to allow for easier
173:
in the early 15th century, a new way of mounting them became necessary. Stouter gun carriages were created with reinforced wheels, axles, and “trails” which extended behind the gun. Guns were now as long as 2.5 metres (8 ft) in length and they were capable of shooting iron projectiles weighing
482:
In mechanical engineering, it is one part of a rotating joint where a shaft (the trunnion) is inserted into (and turns inside) a full or partial cylinder. Often used in opposing pairs, this joint allows tight tolerances and strength from a large surface contact area between the trunnion and the
252:
emperors, were able to expand their territories and maintain a tighter control over the land they already occupied. With the potential threat of their land and castles being seized, the nobility began to pay their taxes and more closely follow their ruler’s mandates. With siege guns mounted on
247:
Whoever could afford these new weapons had the tactical advantage over their neighbors and smaller sovereignties, which could not incorporate them into their army. Smaller states, such as the principalities of Italy, began to conglomerate. Preexisting stronger entities, such as France or the
472:
In wind turbine generators, trunnions are used as two of three or more mounting points for the gearbox (transferring power from the rotor to the generator) which allows for limited movement due to torque variations and an accessible way to remote and service the drive-train
232:
Defensive tactics and fortifications had to be altered since these new weapons could be transported so speedily and aimed with much more accuracy at strategic locations. Two significant changes were the additions of a ditch and low, sloping ramparts of packed earth
413:, trunnion pins are affixed to the sides of payload items allowing them to be secured to receivers mounted on the sills of the payload bay. These receivers can be remotely commanded to secure and release selected items. Similar keel pins protrude from the
333:
In axles, the term refers to the type of suspension used on a multi-axle configurations. It is a "short axle pivoted at or near its mid-point about a horizontal axis transverse to its own centerline, normally used in pairs in conjunction with a
229:, artillery weaponry played a very decisive part in the victory of the invading army over the city under siege. Cities that had proudly withstood sieges for up to seven years fell swiftly with the advent of these new weapons.
253:
trunnions, stronger and larger states were formed, but because of this, struggles between neighboring governments with consolidated power began to ensue and would continue to plague Europe for the next few centuries.
330:, the term refers to the tailgate attachment points. Rather than using conventional tailgate hinges, trunnions are used to permit quick toolless removal and installation of the pickup tailgate.
282:. This gate opens and closes by pivoting on a trunnion which extends into the mass of the dam or lock. The Tainter gate is used in water control dams and locks worldwide. The
194:
Due to its capabilities, the French- and
Burgundy-designed siege gun, equipped with its trunnions, required little significant modification from around 1465 to the 1840s.
469:
In nuclear power plants, when the steam generators are replaced, trunnions are used to upend them, to get them on the rail system, to shuttle them out of containment.
316:
or landing gear to the airframe. For aircraft equipped with retractable landing gear, the trunnion is pivoted to permit rotation of the entire gear assembly.
508:
In mining, some refining plants utilise drum scrubbers in the process that are supported by a large trunnion and associated trunnion bearings at each end.
111:
Alternatively, a trunnion is a shaft that positions and supports a tilting plate. This is a misnomer, as in reality it is a cradle for the true trunnion.
973:
Operator's, Organizational, Direct
Support, and General Support Maintenance Manual for Compressor, Rotary, Air, DED, 250 CFM, 100 Psi Trailer-mounted
392:
that allows the striplight to be mounted on the floor. Sometimes trunnions are also equipped with casters to allow the striplight to be moved easily.
197:
154:
to be raised and lowered easily, the integral casting of trunnions is seen by military historians as one of the most important advances in early
118:
section below), it is one part of a rotating joint where a shaft (the trunnion) is inserted into (and turns inside) a full or partial cylinder.
808:
424:, a trunnion (either featuring external pins or internal pockets) can be an alternative body mounting type, as opposed to a flange or pin eye.
904:
877:
784:
750:
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77:
338:
in order to achieve two axis of oscillation." This type of suspension allows 60,000 pounds (27,000 kg) to be loaded on an axle group.
35:
46:
490:
engineering, these are self-contained concentric bearings that are designed to offer fluid movement in a critical area of the steering.
995:
1030:
684:
668:
652:
633:
617:
598:
64:
323:, the term refers to the protrusions on the vehicle frame on which the blade frame attaches and hinges allowing vertical movement.
679:
Benedict, Phillip; Gutmann, Myran (2005) Early Modern Europe: From Crisis to
Stability. Rosemont Publishing and Printing Corp.
237:) that would surround the city and absorb the impact of the cannonballs, and the replacement of round watchtowers with angular
927:
663:
Cipolla, Carlo M. (1965) Guns and Sails in the Early Phase of
European Expansion 1400–1700. Collins Clear-Type Press, London.
1025:
740:
146:, the trunnions are two projections cast just forward of the center of mass of the cannon and fixed to a two-wheeled movable
1040:
344:
In the valve train of a pushrod engine, the term refers to the fixed axle that acts as a pivot point for the valve rocker.
971:
209:
774:
715:
894:
427:
In steelmaking, on the
Bessemer converter. There are trunnions on either side to be able to pour out the molten steel.
406:
In waste collection, the trunnion is the bar on the front of a
Dumpster that connects to the back of a garbage truck.
1035:
377:
are usually mounted on a pair of trunnions to allow the beam pattern to be correctly pointed on the Earth from the
135:
612:
Duffy, Chris (1979). Siege
Warfare: The Fortress in the Early Modern World 1494–1660. Routledge & Kegan Paul.
593:
Duffy, Chris (1979) Siege
Warfare: The Fortress in the Early Modern World 1494-1660. Routledge & Kegan Paul.
385:
108:
used as a mounting or pivoting point. First associated with cannons, they are an important military development.
838:
222:
370:
283:
218:
205:
39:
that states a
Knowledge (XXG) editor's personal feelings or presents an original argument about a topic.
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The term is also used to describe the wheel that a rotating cylinder runs on. For example, a
179:
126:
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374:
305:
213:
155:
949:
81:
The trunnions are the protrusions from the side of the barrel that rest on the carriage.
456:
287:
1019:
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459:, with the road deck on one side of the trunnion, and the counterweight on the other.
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transits. It is parallel to the horizontal axis defined by the tubular spirit bubble.
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McNeill, William H. (1982) The Pursuit of Power. University of Chicago Press.
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side of payload items, into matching holes in the bottom of the payload bay.
320:
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170:
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In aviation, the term refers to the structural component that attaches the
899:. American Institute of Aeronautics & Astronautics. pp. 175–177.
536:
494:
487:
102:
466:, trunnions are used to pivot sample buckets in swinging-bucket rotors.
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from 10 to 25 kilograms (25 to 50 lb). When discharged, these
414:
196:
160:
125:
76:
976:. Department of the Army Technical Manual. 1990. pp. 150–151
776:
Collector's Originality Guide Triumph TR2 TR3 TR4 TR5 TR6 TR7 TR8
628:
Manucy, Albert (2008) Artillery Through the Ages. BiblioBazaar.
271:
178:
balls were comparable in range and accuracy with stone-firing
18:
36:
personal reflection, personal essay, or argumentative essay
1008:
A bearing used as a pivot to swivel or turn an assembly.
452:
telescope designs, commonly known as altitude bearings.
42:
896:
Aircraft landing gear design: principles and practices
388:, a trunnion is a bracket attached to both ends of a
341:
In trailers, leveling jacks may have trunnion mounts.
643:
641:
608:
606:
742:Original Triumph TR4/4A/5/6: The Restorer's Guide
165:16th-century depiction of a cannon with trunnions
441:, the trunnion axis is the axis about which the
169:With the creation of larger and more powerful
208:and the French army used this new gun in the
8:
366:. They are usually tubular and convey steam.
399:, they are the assembly that holds a saw's
286:basin alone has 321 Tainter gates, and the
201:Gun trunnions often bear factory markings
65:Learn how and when to remove this message
714:Society of Automotive Engineers (1915).
528:
362:on either side of an oscillating steam
115:
455:In structural engineering, a type of
130:Early Chinese cannon with trunnions,
7:
930:. Volkema Thomas Miller & Scott
773:Piggott, Bill; Clay, Simon (2009).
739:Piggott, Bill; Clay, Simon (2003).
717:SAE transactions, Volume 10, Part 1
114:In mechanical engineering (see the
16:Protrusion for mount or pivot point
403:to the underside of the saw table.
14:
807:Schultz, Morton J. (June 1965).
304:properly. Between 1962 and 1965
23:
779:. MBI Publishing. p. 108.
328:Chevrolet GMC C/K pickup trucks
241:. These towers would be deemed
701:Dunn County Historical Society
319:In heavy equipment, such as a
1:
872:. McGraw–Hill. p. 266.
745:. MotorBooks International.
868:Lombardo, David A. (1993).
1057:
1000:Engineering-Dictionary.org
893:Currey, Norman S. (1988).
386:stage lighting instruments
136:Zhejiang Provincial Museum
928:"Trucking terms Glossary"
870:Advanced Aircraft Systems
1031:Mechanisms (engineering)
809:"To lube or not to lube"
371:communication satellites
309:for the life of the car.
300:prone to failure if not
284:Upper Mississippi River
150:. As they allowed the
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358:, they are supporting
223:1512 battle of Ravenna
219:Francesco Guicciardini
210:1494 invasion of Italy
202:
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82:
45:by rewriting it in an
1026:Hardware (mechanical)
200:
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134:(1271–1368). Kept in
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80:
1041:Artillery components
566:A History of Warfare
190:Initial significance
101: 'trunk') is a
996:"BEARING, TRUNNION"
952:. Watson and Chalin
541:The Free Dictionary
422:hydraulic cylinders
379:geostationary orbit
349:In other technology
227:Battle of Marignano
697:"The Tainter Gate"
203:
167:
140:
83:
47:encyclopedic style
34:is written like a
1036:Bridge components
906:978-0-930403-41-6
879:978-0-07-038603-7
839:"American Motors"
813:Popular Mechanics
786:978-0-7603-3576-5
752:978-0-7603-1738-9
580:978-0-679-73082-8
478:Trunnion bearings
206:King Charles VIII
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544:. Retrieved
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501:are used in
499:rotary kilns
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360:gudgeon pins
336:walking beam
280:Tainter gate
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132:Yuan Dynasty
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464:centrifuges
439:theodolites
397:woodworking
294:In vehicles
276:canal locks
103:cylindrical
1020:Categories
849:: 57. 1963
546:2010-08-23
537:"trunnion"
524:References
483:cylinder.
390:striplight
171:siege guns
106:protrusion
91:Old French
89:(from
55:March 2020
450:Dobsonian
443:telescope
432:surveying
321:bulldozer
268:floodgate
266:A common
980:22 April
956:22 April
934:22 April
912:22 April
853:22 April
843:Car Life
823:22 April
792:22 April
758:22 April
724:22 April
563:(1994).
512:See also
495:lapidary
488:airframe
375:antennas
364:cylinder
270:used in
250:Habsburg
239:bastions
180:bombards
87:trunnion
409:On the
302:greased
278:is the
262:In dams
214:mortars
97:trognon
41:Please
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518:Gimbal
503:cement
373:, the
257:Usages
235:glacis
152:muzzle
144:cannon
415:nadir
401:arbor
142:In a
93:
982:2013
958:2013
936:2013
914:2013
901:ISBN
874:ISBN
855:2013
825:2013
794:2013
781:ISBN
760:2013
747:ISBN
726:2013
681:ISBN
665:ISBN
649:ISBN
630:ISBN
614:ISBN
595:ISBN
575:ISBN
437:and
274:and
272:dams
817:123
486:In
448:In
430:In
420:On
395:In
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354:In
326:In
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