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almost to shock belief. This M. Magendie got a lady's greyhound. First of all he nailed its front, and then its hind, paws with the bluntest spikes that he could find, giving as reason that the poor beast, in its agony, might tear away from the spikes if they were at all sharp or cutting. He then doubled up its long ears, and nailed them down with similar spikes. (Cries of `Shame!') He then made a gash down the middle of the face, and proceeded to dissect all the nerves on one side of it.... After he had finished these operations, this surgical butcher then turned to the spectators, and said: `I have now finished my operations on one side of this dog's head, and I shall reserve the other side till to-morrow. If the servant takes care of him for the night, I am of the opinion that I shall be able to continue my operations upon him to-morrow with as much satisfaction to us all as I have done to-day; but if not, ALTHOUGH HE MAY HAVE LOST THE VIVACITY HE HAS SHOWN TO-DAY, I shall have the opportunity of cutting him up alive, and showing you the motion of the heart.' Mr. Martin added that he held in his hands the written declarations of Mr. Abernethy, of Sir
Everard Home (and of other distinguished medical men), all uniting in condemnation of such excessive and protracted cruelty as had been practised by this Frenchman." {1} Hansard's Parliamentary Reports, February 24, 1825.
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experience: "When I was a very young man, studying in Paris, I went to the first of a series of lectures which
Magendie gave upon experimental physiology; and I was so utterly repelled by what I witnessed that I never went again. In the first place, they were painful (in those days there were no anaesthetics), and sometimes they were severe; and then THEY WERE WITHOUT SUFFICIENT OBJECT. For example, Magendie made incisions into the skin of rabbits and other creatures TO SHOW THAT THE SKIN IS SENSITIVE! Surely all the world knows the skin is sensitive; no experiment is wanted to prove that. Several experiments he made were of a similar character, AND HE PUT THE ANIMALS TO DEATH, FINALLY, IN A VERY PAINFUL WAY.... Some of his experiments excited a strong feeling of abhorrence, not in the public merely, but among physiologists. There was his--I was going to say `famous' experiment; it might rather have been called `INFAMOUS' experiment upon vomiting .... Besides its atrocity, it was really purposeless." Evidence before Royal Commission, 1875, Questions 444, 474.
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they believed that it was a concession to scientists for allowing vivisection to continue at all. Ferrier would continue to vex the anti-vivisection movement in
Britain with his experiments when he had a debate with his German opponent, Friedrich Goltz. They would effectively enter the vivisection arena, with Ferrier presenting a monkey, and Goltz presenting a dog, both of which had already been operated on. Ferrier won the debate, but did not have a license, leading the anti-vivisection movement to sue him in 1881. Ferrier was not found guilty, as his assistant was the one operating, and his assistant did have a license. Ferrier and his practices gained public support, leaving the anti-vivisection movement scrambling. They made the moral argument that given recent developments, scientists would venture into more extreme practices to operating on "the cripple, the mute, the idiot, the convict, the pauper, to enhance the 'interest' of experiments".
646:. Ferrier was a pioneer in understanding the brain and used animals to show that certain locales of the brain corresponded to bodily movement elsewhere in the body in 1873. He put these animals to sleep, and caused them to move unconsciously with a probe. Ferrier was successful, but many decried his use of animals in his experiments. Some of these arguments came from a religious standpoint. Some were concerned that Ferrier's experiments would separate God from the mind of man in the name of science. Some of the anti-vivisection movement in England had its roots in Evangelicalism and Quakerism. These religions already had a distrust for science, only intensified by the recent publishing of Darwin's Theory of Evolution in 1859.
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be improved, as many of the current therapeutics were based on unproven, traditional theories that may or may not have helped the patient recover. The demand for more effective treatment shifted emphasis to research with the goal of understanding disease mechanisms and anatomy. This shift had a few effects, one of which was the rise in patient experimentation, leading to some moral questions about what was acceptable in clinical trials and what was not. An easy solution to the moral problem was to use animals in vivisection experiments, so as not to endanger human patients. This, however, had its own set of moral obstacles, leading to the anti-vivisection movement.
588:. Bell used an unconscious rabbit because of "the protracted cruelty of the dissection", which caused him to miss that the dorsal roots were also responsible for sensory information. Magendie, on the other hand, used conscious, six-week-old puppies for his own experiments. While Magendie's approach would today be considered an abuse of animal rights, both Bell and Magendie used the same rationalization for vivisection: the cost of animal experimentation being worth it for the benefit of humanity.
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584:. Magendie was a physiologist at the Académie Royale de Médecine in France, established in the first half of the 19th century. Magendie made several groundbreaking medical discoveries, but was far more aggressive than some of his other contemporaries with his use of animal experimentation. For example, the discovery of the different functionalities of dorsal and ventral spinal nerve roots was achieved by both Magendie, as well as a Scottish anatomist named
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physiologistsexpressed their disgust with how he conducted his work. One such visiting
American physiologist describes the animals as "victims" and the apparent sadism that Magendie displayed when teaching his classes. The cruelty in such experiments went so far as to lead to Magendie's role as an important figure in animal-rights legislation, such as his experiments being cited in the drafting of the British Cruelty to Animals Act 1876 and
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Neither side was pleased with how the
Cruelty to Animals Act 1876 was passed. The scientific community felt as though the government was restricting their ability to compete with the quickly advancing France and Germany with new regulations. The anti-vivisection movement was also unhappy, but because
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explicitly requires that any procedure that may cause pain use "tranquilizers, analgesics, and anesthetics" with exceptions when "scientifically necessary". The act does not define "scientific necessity" or regulate specific scientific procedures, but approval or rejection of individual techniques in
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At the turn of the 19th century, medicine was undergoing a transformation. The emergence of hospitals and the development of more advanced medical tools such as the stethoscope are but a few of the changes in the medical field. There was also an increased recognition that medical practices needed to
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practices, equally cruel, with which he thought the legislature ought to interfere. There was a
Frenchman by the name of Magendie, whom he considered a disgrace to Society. In the course of the last year this man, at one of his anatomical theatres, exhibited a series of experiments so atrocious as
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describing
Magendie as "disgrace to Society" after one of Magendie's public vivisections, described by Martin as "anatomical theatres", which was widely commented on at the time reportedly involving a greyhound's dissection potentially over two days. Magendie faced widespread opposition in British
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Many viewed
Magendie's work as cruel and unnecessarily torturous. One note is that Magendie carried out many of his experiments before the advent of anesthesia, but even after ether was discovered it was not used in any of his experiments or classes. Even during the period before anesthesia, other
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Another witness of
Magendie's cruelty was Dr. William Sharpey, LL.D., Fellow of the Royal Society, and for more than thirty years the professor of physiology in University College, London. ... Before the Royal Commission on Vivisection, in 1876, he gave the following account of his personal
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in
Britain determined that one could only conduct vivisection on animals with the appropriate license from the state, and that the work the physiologist was doing had to be original and absolutely necessary. The stage was set for such legislation by physiologist
524:"expressly directs that, in determining whether to grant a licence for an experimental project, 'the Secretary of State shall weigh the likely adverse effects on the animals concerned against the benefit likely to accrue.
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made up of an all-male group of physiologists was founded in 1908 to defend vivisection. In the 1920s, anti-vivisectionists exerted significant influence over the editorial decisions of medical journals.
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as living creatures, and that it is inherently immoral to inflict pain or injury on another living creature, regardless of the purpose or potential benefit to mankind.
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who described his experiments aside from cruel as "purposeless" and "without sufficient object", a feeling he claimed was shared among other physiologists.
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by organizations opposed to animal experimentation, but the term is rarely used by practicing scientists. Human vivisection, such as live
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states that Herophilos vivisected at least 600 live prisoners, although the accuracy of this claim is disputed by many historians.
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Balls, M., Goldberg, A. M., Fentem, J. H., Broadhead, C. L., Burch, R. L., Festing, M. F., ... & Van Zutphen, B. F. (1995).
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Mice are the most commonly used mammal species for live animal research. Such research is sometimes described as vivisection.
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Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part C: Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences
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Ross, Karen (2014). "Winning Women's Votes: Defending Animal Experimentation and Women's Clubs in New York, 1920–1930".
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prisoners of war were subjected to various forms of vivisection by the Japanese, in many cases without anesthesia.
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It is possible that human vivisection was practised by some Greek anatomists in Alexandria in the 3rd century BCE.
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Research requiring vivisection techniques that cannot be met through other means is often subject to an external
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Nicholas D. Kristof (March 17, 1995) New York Times. A special report.; Japan Confronting Gruesome War Atrocity
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Ethics and animal experimentation: what is debated? Ethics and animal experimentation: what is debated?
1637:. In Anti-Vivisection and the Profession of Medicine in Britain: A Social History. Palgrave Macmillan.
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1756:"Dr. Josef Mengele, ruthless Nazi concentration camp doctor – The Crime Library on trutv.com"
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The Ethics of Animal Experimentation: A Critical Analysis and Constructive Christian Proposal
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1394:"A History of Antivivisection from the 1800s to the Present: Part I (mid-1800s to 1914)"
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An ethical problem: or, Sidelights upon scientific experimentation on man and animals
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of Alexandria vivisected some criminals sent by the king. The early Christian writer
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1179:"US Code, Title 7: CHAPTER 54—TRANSPORTATION, SALE, AND HANDLING OF CERTAIN ANIMALS"
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In the United Kingdom, any experiment involving vivisection must be licensed by the
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Vivisection or Science? An Investigation into Testing Drugs and Safeguarding Health
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conducted for experimental purposes on a living organism, typically animals with a
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The three Rs: the way forward: the report and recommendations of ECVAM Workshop 11
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National Research Council (US) Institute for Laboratory Animal Research (1996).
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wanted better regulation subjected to surveillance, not full prohibition. The
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involved many medical experiments on live subjects, such as vivisections by
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1429:(2nd, revised ed.). London; New York: G. Bell and Sons; C.P. Farrell.
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review in conception and implementation, and in many jurisdictions use of
52:, to view living internal structure. The word is, more broadly, used as a
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society, among the general public but also his contemporaries, including
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each federally funded lab is determined on a case-by-case basis by the
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960:, book reviews, National Center for Biotechnology Information, p. 226.
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1331:"Animal Experiments in Biomedical Research: A Historical Perspective"
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advocated total abolition of vivisection whilst others such as the
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Read "Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals" at NAP.edu
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Anti-vivisectionists have played roles in the emergence of the
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Pensamiento. Revista de InvestigaciĂłn e InformaciĂłn FilosĂłfica
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910:. 25 March 2006. Archived from the original on 25 March 2006
596:, otherwise known as Martin's Act, with its namesake, Irish
714:. In an extensive article on the subject, Iranian academic
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One polarizing figure in the anti-vivisection movement was
1043:"CHINA: ORGAN PROCUREMENT AND JUDICIAL EXECUTION IN CHINA"
551:
movements, arguing that animals and humans have the same
3059:
University of California, Riverside 1985 laboratory raid
1247:. Alternatives to laboratory animals: ATLA, 23(6), 838.
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elaborated on human vivisection in his treatise called
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Moral Inquiries on the Situation of Man and of Brutes
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Finn, Michael A.; Stark, James F. (1 February 2015).
1470:. London; New York: G. Bell and Sons; C.P. Farrell.
1215:"American Association for Laboratory Animal Science"
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is legally mandated for any surgery likely to cause
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984:, British Union for the Abolition of Vivisection.
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613:David Ferrier and the Cruelty to Animals Act 1876
2438:List of international animal welfare conventions
1658:"Concept of sciart in the Andalusian Ibn Tufail"
928:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
4730:An Introduction to Animals and Political Theory
1073:"Dissect them alive: order not to be disobeyed"
621:Prior to vivisection for educational purposes,
80:An anesthetized pig used for training a surgeon
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1281:"Some popular fallacies about vivisection"
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2153:Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing
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4610:Evolutional Ethics and Animal Psychology
2867:Pain and suffering in laboratory animals
2308:Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act 1986
1999:Pain and suffering in laboratory animals
1883:Pain and suffering in laboratory animals
1605:"The Vivisection Controversy in America"
1071:Richard Lloyd Parry (25 February 2007).
1009:, Oxford University Press, 2005, p. 163.
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522:Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act 1986
2458:Universal Declaration on Animal Welfare
1329:Franco, Nuno Henrique (19 March 2013).
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834:, an execution method in Imperial China
752:(1937–1945). In the Filipino island of
600:and well known anti-cruelty campaigner
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2535:Cambridge Declaration on Consciousness
2302:Animal Experimentation Convention 1986
1142:from the original on 10 September 2017
921:
4746:Political Animals and Animal Politics
4334:Massachusetts Animal Rights Coalition
4259:Centre for Animals and Social Justice
2671:Concentrated animal feeding operation
2448:Timeline of animal welfare and rights
2403:Animal rights by country or territory
1552:from the original on 23 November 2020
1509:
1507:
1505:
1503:
1501:
1388:
1386:
1384:
1324:
1322:
1320:
1318:
1316:
1314:
1312:
949:Vivisection in Historical Perspective
736:research and development unit of the
7:
4477:Animalist Party with the Environment
2764:Animal testing on non-human primates
2183:New England Anti-Vivisection Society
1843:Animal testing on non-human primates
888:from the original on 2 November 2021
871:The Ethics of Animal Experimentation
838:New England Anti-Vivisection Society
64:, has been perpetrated as a form of
4901:Peaceable Kingdom: The Journey Home
3111:World Day for the End of Speciesism
1974:Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act
1716:Brozan, Nadine (15 November 1982).
1621:from the original on 31 March 2024.
1482:from the original on 13 August 2022
1441:from the original on 13 August 2022
1297:from the original on 9 January 2012
5026:Relations. Beyond Anthropocentrism
4369:United Activists for Animal Rights
4279:Doctors Against Animal Experiments
2418:Animal cruelty–Holocaust analogies
2173:Foundation for Biomedical Research
1758:. Crimelibrary.com. Archived from
1404:from the original on 2 August 2017
594:Cruel Treatment of Cattle Act 1822
14:
4570:On Abstinence from Eating Animals
4530:Animal Rights National Conference
4453:Animal Protection Party of Canada
4410:Canadian Anti-Vivisection Society
4264:Chinese Animal Protection Network
4189:American Anti-Vivisection Society
3668:Johann Friedrich Ludwig Volckmann
2423:Animal rights in Indian religions
2413:Animal rights and punk subculture
2178:National Anti-Vivisection Society
1736:from the original on 20 June 2022
1225:from the original on 2 April 2022
1195:from the original on 23 July 2009
786:American Anti-Vivisection Society
664:American Anti-Vivisection Society
5177:
5176:
4738:Animal Rights Without Liberation
4389:Voice for Animals Humane Society
3121:World Day for the End of Fishing
3116:World Day for Laboratory Animals
2546:Equal consideration of interests
1906:
1603:Recarte, Claudia Alonso (2014).
440:
110:
4459:Animal Justice Party of Finland
4344:Oxford Centre for Animal Ethics
3558:Karl Christian Friedrich Krause
3146:(academics, writers, activists)
3039:Monkey selfie copyright dispute
1833:Animal testing on invertebrates
1718:"OUT OF DEATH, A ZEST FOR LIFE"
1675:10.14422/pen.v75.i283.y2019.031
827:Intrinsic value (animal ethics)
576:Pro-vivisection cartoon in 1911
58:experimentation on live animals
4682:Animals, Property, and the Law
2759:Alternatives to animal testing
2428:Christianity and animal rights
2123:Americans for Medical Progress
1828:Alternatives to animal testing
1075:. Times Online. Archived from
868:Donna Yarri (18 August 2005).
781:Alternatives to animal testing
770:, usually without anesthesia.
1:
4319:Korea Animal Rights Advocates
3029:Cambridge University primates
2561:Ethics of uncertain sentience
2228:Understanding Animal Research
2027:Cambridge University primates
568:François Magendie (1783–1855)
4379:UPF-Centre for Animal Ethics
2529:Argument from marginal cases
1888:Testing cosmetics on animals
1464:Leffingwell, Albert (1916).
1423:Leffingwell, Albert (1916).
811:Experimentation on prisoners
639:Cruelty to Animals Act, 1876
4666:Morals, Reason, and Animals
4294:Farm Animal Rights Movement
4244:Anonymous for the Voiceless
2933:International primate trade
2408:Anarchism and animal rights
2218:Stop Sequani Animal Testing
1989:International primate trade
1535:10.1016/j.shpsc.2014.10.007
1266:Avon: New York, 1990, p. 77
874:. Oxford University Press.
5253:
4786:Making a Stand for Animals
4658:The Case for Animal Rights
4309:Hunt Saboteurs Association
4269:Cruelty Free International
4239:Anti-Vivisection Coalition
2769:Animal testing regulations
2320:Animal Welfare Act of 1966
2297:Animal testing regulations
2158:Cruelty Free International
2118:Anti-Vivisection Coalition
2065:Charles River Laboratories
1868:History of model organisms
1858:Animal testing regulations
791:Animal testing regulations
764:Nazi human experimentation
504:In the United States, the
40: 'alive' and
5212:Animal testing techniques
5172:
4941:The Ghosts in Our Machine
4778:Animal Ethics in the Wild
4557:
4546:
4214:Animal Legal Defense Fund
4170:
4156:
3513:William Hamilton Drummond
3151:
3137:
2872:Welfare of farmed insects
2499:Animal–industrial complex
2386:
2375:
1994:Laboratory animal allergy
1904:
1878:Laboratory animal sources
1863:History of animal testing
1853:Animal testing on rodents
1848:Animal testing on rabbits
1018:Paixao, RL; Schramm, FR.
817:History of animal testing
539:Anti-vivisection movement
224:Animal–industrial complex
5019:Journal of Animal Ethics
4885:Your Mommy Kills Animals
4274:Direct Action Everywhere
3683:Johann Heinrich Winckler
3628:Nathaniel Peabody Rogers
3085:Direct Action Everywhere
2789:Huntingdon Life Sciences
2774:Labcorp Drug Development
2731:Feedback (pork industry)
2696:Intensive animal farming
2433:History of animal rights
2223:Research Defence Society
2085:Labcorp Drug Development
2080:Huntingdon Life Sciences
1656:Maftouni, Nadia (2019).
1646:Tertullian, De Anima 10.
1631:Bates, A. W. H. (2017).
1150:– via www.nap.edu.
746:Second Sino-Japanese War
702:In the 12th century CE,
672:Research Defence Society
5154:Holocaust on your Plate
4925:An Apology to Elephants
4706:Do Animals Have Rights?
4642:Animals, Men and Morals
4618:Better-World Philosophy
4495:Italian Animalist Party
4374:United Poultry Concerns
4329:Last Chance for Animals
4224:Animal Liberation Front
4111:Maud Ingersoll Probasco
2601:Replaceability argument
2519:Animal-free agriculture
2314:Animal Welfare Act 1999
2193:Primate Freedom Project
2138:Animal Free Research UK
1838:Animal testing on frogs
1166:§ 2145(a)(3)(c)(v)
1118:2027/mdp.39015012532662
973:. Zed Books, 1999, and
813:, including vivisection
625:was administered as an
5222:Human subject research
5127:Salvation of Innocents
4674:Zoos and Animal Rights
4249:Beauty Without Cruelty
4209:Animal Justice Project
3548:John Zephaniah Holwell
3202:Stephen St. C. Bostock
2779:Great ape research ban
2398:Animal rights movement
1984:Great ape research ban
1668:(283 S.Esp): 543–551.
1286:The Fortnightly Review
1032:, Rio de Janeiro, 2007
822:Human subject research
738:Imperial Japanese Army
634:
577:
81:
50:central nervous system
26:
5227:Laboratory techniques
5146:Fairs and exhibitions
5033:The Animals' Defender
5005:Cahiers antispécistes
4933:Speciesism: The Movie
4754:Animal (De)liberation
4714:Striking at the Roots
4626:The Universal Kinship
4586:The Rights of Animals
4507:People Animals Nature
4501:Party for the Animals
4314:In Defense of Animals
4076:Nina Douglas-Hamilton
3468:David Renaud Boullier
3054:Silver Spring monkeys
2953:Wild animal suffering
2862:Pain in invertebrates
2701:Intensive pig farming
2591:Opposition to hunting
2556:Ethics of eating meat
2042:Silver Spring monkeys
1590:10.1353/nyh.2014.0050
951:by Nicholaas A. Rupke
742:human experimentation
620:
575:
79:
24:
4762:Sentientist Politics
4690:The Lives of Animals
4441:Animal Justice Party
4254:Born Free Foundation
4091:Lizzy Lind af Hageby
3965:Wendy Turner-Webster
3678:Adam Gottlieb Weigen
2900:Recreational fishing
2741:Ventilation shutdown
2509:Animal protectionism
2489:Animal consciousness
2326:Directive 2010/63/EU
2213:Speaking of Research
848:Speaking of Research
362:Animal protectionism
85:Regulations and laws
44: 'cutting') is
16:Experimental surgery
5217:Biology experiments
5186:( 139 )
5012:Etica & Animali
4998:Between the Species
4722:An American Trilogy
4415:Humanitarian League
4026:Frances Power Cobbe
3643:Arthur Schopenhauer
3638:Henry Stephens Salt
3518:Edward Payson Evans
3212:Stephen R. L. Clark
3069:War of the currents
2958:Wildlife management
2852:Pain in crustaceans
2847:Pain in cephalopods
2304:(Council of Europe)
1979:Biomedical Research
740:, undertook lethal
56:catch-all term for
4949:Unlocking the Cage
4770:Wild Animal Ethics
4594:The Ethics of Diet
4471:Animalist Movement
4447:Animal Politics EU
4359:Sentience Politics
3985:That Vegan Teacher
3603:Siobhan O'Sullivan
3588:José Ferrater Mora
3397:Steve F. Sapontzis
2890:Commercial fishing
2842:Pain in amphibians
2832:Cruelty to animals
2804:Operation Backfire
2643:Animal agriculture
2551:Emotion in animals
2032:Monkey Drug Trials
1898:Toxicology testing
1722:The New York Times
1702:2022-08-13 at the
1697:"Unmasking Horror"
1612:Franklin Institute
1348:10.3390/ani3010238
1186:www.aphis.usda.gov
1030:Cad. SaĂşde PĂşblica
1025:2011-07-16 at the
1005:2022-06-20 at the
980:2013-09-21 at the
956:2015-10-18 at the
801:Cruelty to animals
635:
578:
506:Animal Welfare Act
447:Animals portal
82:
72:Animal vivisection
27:
5194:
5193:
5187:
5168:
5167:
5164:
5163:
5135:Onward to Freedom
5103:Animal Liberation
5088:
5087:
4909:Forks Over Knives
4861:Peaceable Kingdom
4821:Shores of Silence
4813:A Cow at My Table
4698:Eternal Treblinka
4650:Animal Liberation
4542:
4541:
4538:
4537:
4429:
4428:
4364:Uncaged Campaigns
4339:Mercy for Animals
4304:Great Ape Project
4219:Animal Liberation
4165:(groups, parties)
4152:
4151:
4148:
4147:
4144:
4143:
4051:Elizabeth Farians
3960:Christine Townend
3900:Heather Nicholson
3830:Brigitte Gothière
3820:Antoine Goetschel
3706:
3705:
3367:Charles Patterson
3272:Gary L. Francione
3247:Josephine Donovan
3237:Daniel Dombrowski
3217:Alasdair Cochrane
3133:
3132:
3129:
3128:
3012:
3011:
2943:Predation problem
2827:Animal euthanasia
2736:Foam depopulation
2571:Insects in ethics
2335:
2334:
1262:Animal Liberation
1127:978-0-309-05377-8
722:and vivisection.
679:Human vivisection
582:François Magendie
483:
482:
327:Companion animals
5244:
5237:Research methods
5185:
5180:
5179:
4991:Animal Sentience
4980:
4845:Legally Blonde 2
4805:The Animals Film
4559:
4548:
4354:Rise for Animals
4179:
4172:
4158:
4021:Edith Carrington
3925:Craig Rosebraugh
3890:Virginia McKenna
3880:Jo-Anne McArthur
3810:Juliet Gellatley
3715:
3673:Mary Anne Warren
3613:Humphrey Primatt
3598:Edward Nicholson
3568:Charles R. Magel
3533:Thomas G. Gentry
3392:Richard D. Ryder
3332:Thomas Lepeltier
3162:
3153:
3139:
3106:World Animal Day
3064:Unnecessary Fuss
3024:Brown Dog affair
2994:Animals in sport
2984:Animal slaughter
2979:Animal sacrifice
2918:Culling wildlife
2721:Wildlife farming
2639:
2484:Animal cognition
2453:Total liberation
2388:
2377:
2362:
2355:
2348:
2339:
2048:Unnecessary Fuss
2022:Brown Dog affair
1910:
1807:
1800:
1793:
1784:
1772:
1771:
1769:
1767:
1762:on 10 April 2008
1752:
1746:
1745:
1743:
1741:
1713:
1707:
1694:
1688:
1687:
1677:
1653:
1647:
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1638:
1629:
1623:
1622:
1620:
1609:
1600:
1594:
1593:
1578:New York History
1573:
1562:
1561:
1559:
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1520:
1511:
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1489:
1487:
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1446:
1420:
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1409:
1400:. 10 June 2009.
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927:
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915:
904:
898:
897:
895:
893:
865:
750:Second World War
734:chemical warfare
660:women's suffrage
631:common sand frog
527:
475:
468:
461:
445:
444:
405:Environmentalism
132:Around the world
114:
104:
89:
62:organ harvesting
5252:
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5247:
5246:
5245:
5243:
5242:
5241:
5197:
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5195:
5190:
5160:
5141:
5084:
5065:Muutoksen kevät
5038:
4971:
4877:Behind the Mask
4792:
4602:Animals' Rights
4553:
4534:
4518:
4425:
4393:
4166:
4140:
4001:Cleveland Amory
3989:
3955:Darren Thurston
3950:Marianne Thieme
3805:Bruce Friedrich
3770:Joey Carbstrong
3755:Brigitte Bardot
3702:
3693:Jon Wynne-Tyson
3583:J. Howard Moore
3528:John Galsworthy
3508:Wilhelm Dietler
3451:
3447:Corey Lee Wrenn
3357:Martha Nussbaum
3267:Lawrence Finsen
3207:Paola Cavalieri
3182:Kristin Andrews
3157:
3147:
3125:
3094:
3073:
3008:
2962:
2904:
2876:
2837:Pain in animals
2813:
2745:
2711:Poultry farming
2630:
2462:
2382:
2371:
2366:
2336:
2331:
2285:
2266:Neal D. Barnard
2246:Colin Blakemore
2238:
2232:
2110:
2104:
2053:
2009:
2003:
1952:
1948:Syrian hamsters
1911:
1902:
1816:
1811:
1781:
1779:Further reading
1776:
1775:
1765:
1763:
1754:
1753:
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1715:
1714:
1710:
1704:Wayback Machine
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1027:Wayback Machine
1017:
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1007:Wayback Machine
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982:Wayback Machine
969:Croce, Pietro.
968:
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958:Wayback Machine
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607:William Sharpey
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4837:Meet Your Meat
4833:
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4634:The New Ethics
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4468:
4465:Animals' Party
4462:
4456:
4450:
4444:
4437:
4435:
4431:
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4427:
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4234:AnimaNaturalis
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4211:
4206:
4204:Animal Justice
4201:
4196:
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4185:
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4176:
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4167:
4161:
4154:
4153:
4150:
4149:
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4139:
4138:
4136:Gretchen Wyler
4133:
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4123:
4118:
4113:
4108:
4103:
4098:
4093:
4088:
4083:
4078:
4073:
4068:
4066:Lewis Gompertz
4063:
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4056:Emarel Freshel
4053:
4048:
4046:Muriel Dowding
4043:
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4028:
4023:
4018:
4013:
4008:
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3988:
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3980:Gary Yourofsky
3977:
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3895:Ingrid Newkirk
3892:
3887:
3882:
3877:
3872:
3867:
3862:
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3852:
3847:
3842:
3840:Charlotte Laws
3837:
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3817:
3812:
3807:
3802:
3797:
3792:
3787:
3782:
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3765:Yves Bonnardel
3762:
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3747:
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3740:Martin Balluch
3737:
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3700:
3695:
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3688:Steven M. Wise
3685:
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3633:Bernard Rollin
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3463:Jeremy Bentham
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3307:Kyle Johannsen
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3289:
3284:
3279:
3274:
3269:
3264:
3259:
3254:
3249:
3244:
3239:
3234:
3232:David DeGrazia
3229:
3224:
3219:
3214:
3209:
3204:
3199:
3194:
3189:
3184:
3179:
3174:
3172:Carol J. Adams
3168:
3166:
3159:
3149:
3148:
3142:
3135:
3134:
3131:
3130:
3127:
3126:
3124:
3123:
3118:
3113:
3108:
3102:
3100:
3096:
3095:
3093:
3092:
3087:
3081:
3079:
3075:
3074:
3072:
3071:
3066:
3061:
3056:
3051:
3046:
3044:Pit of despair
3041:
3036:
3031:
3026:
3020:
3018:
3014:
3013:
3010:
3009:
3007:
3006:
3001:
2996:
2991:
2986:
2981:
2976:
2974:Abandoned pets
2970:
2968:
2964:
2963:
2961:
2960:
2955:
2950:
2945:
2940:
2935:
2930:
2925:
2920:
2914:
2912:
2906:
2905:
2903:
2902:
2897:
2892:
2886:
2884:
2878:
2877:
2875:
2874:
2869:
2864:
2859:
2854:
2849:
2844:
2839:
2834:
2829:
2823:
2821:
2819:Animal welfare
2815:
2814:
2812:
2811:
2806:
2801:
2796:
2794:Model organism
2791:
2786:
2781:
2776:
2771:
2766:
2761:
2755:
2753:
2751:Animal testing
2747:
2746:
2744:
2743:
2738:
2733:
2728:
2726:Working animal
2723:
2718:
2716:Slaughterhouse
2713:
2708:
2703:
2698:
2693:
2691:Insect farming
2688:
2683:
2678:
2673:
2668:
2663:
2658:
2653:
2651:Animal product
2647:
2645:
2636:
2632:
2631:
2629:
2628:
2623:
2618:
2613:
2608:
2606:Sentiocentrism
2603:
2598:
2593:
2588:
2583:
2578:
2573:
2568:
2563:
2558:
2553:
2548:
2543:
2538:
2531:
2526:
2521:
2516:
2514:Animal welfare
2511:
2506:
2501:
2496:
2491:
2486:
2481:
2476:
2470:
2468:
2464:
2463:
2461:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2445:
2440:
2435:
2430:
2425:
2420:
2415:
2410:
2405:
2400:
2394:
2392:
2384:
2383:
2380:
2373:
2372:
2367:
2365:
2364:
2357:
2350:
2342:
2333:
2332:
2330:
2329:
2323:
2317:
2311:
2305:
2299:
2293:
2291:
2287:
2286:
2284:
2283:
2278:
2273:
2268:
2263:
2261:Ingrid Newkirk
2258:
2253:
2248:
2242:
2240:
2234:
2233:
2231:
2230:
2225:
2220:
2215:
2210:
2205:
2200:
2195:
2190:
2185:
2180:
2175:
2170:
2165:
2160:
2155:
2150:
2145:
2140:
2135:
2130:
2125:
2120:
2114:
2112:
2106:
2105:
2103:
2102:
2097:
2092:
2087:
2082:
2077:
2072:
2067:
2061:
2059:
2055:
2054:
2052:
2051:
2044:
2039:
2037:Pit of despair
2034:
2029:
2024:
2019:
2013:
2011:
2005:
2004:
2002:
2001:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1981:
1976:
1971:
1969:Animal welfare
1966:
1960:
1958:
1954:
1953:
1951:
1950:
1945:
1940:
1935:
1930:
1925:
1919:
1917:
1913:
1912:
1905:
1903:
1901:
1900:
1895:
1890:
1885:
1880:
1875:
1870:
1865:
1860:
1855:
1850:
1845:
1840:
1835:
1830:
1824:
1822:
1818:
1817:
1814:Animal testing
1812:
1810:
1809:
1802:
1795:
1787:
1780:
1777:
1774:
1773:
1747:
1708:
1689:
1648:
1639:
1624:
1595:
1563:
1497:
1456:
1415:
1380:
1341:(1): 238–273.
1308:
1277:Carroll, Lewis
1268:
1249:
1236:
1206:
1170:
1153:
1126:
1090:
1079:on 23 May 2011
1060:
1034:
1011:
996:Yarri, Donna.
986:
962:
935:
899:
880:
859:
858:
856:
853:
851:
850:
845:
840:
835:
829:
824:
819:
814:
808:
803:
798:
793:
788:
783:
777:
775:
772:
716:Nadia Maftouni
680:
677:
655:
652:
614:
611:
602:Richard Martin
569:
566:
560:
557:
553:natural rights
545:animal welfare
540:
537:
518:Home Secretary
481:
480:
478:
477:
470:
463:
455:
452:
451:
450:
449:
434:
433:
430:
429:
424:
419:
414:
413:
412:
402:
396:
394:Related topics
393:
392:
389:
388:
385:
384:
379:
377:Sentiocentrism
374:
369:
364:
359:
353:
350:
349:
346:
345:
342:
341:
340:
339:
334:
324:
323:
322:
317:
312:
302:
301:
300:
293:Animal testing
290:
289:
288:
283:
278:
268:
267:
266:
261:
256:
251:
241:
236:
231:
226:
220:
217:
216:
213:
212:
209:
208:
203:
202:
201:
196:
185:
180:
179:
176:
175:
172:
171:
170:
169:
162:Primate rights
159:
154:
149:
147:Animal cruelty
144:
139:
134:
129:
127:Animal welfare
123:
120:
119:
116:
115:
107:
106:
98:
97:
86:
83:
73:
70:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5249:
5238:
5235:
5233:
5230:
5228:
5225:
5223:
5220:
5218:
5215:
5213:
5210:
5208:
5205:
5204:
5202:
5183:
5175:
5174:
5171:
5156:
5155:
5151:
5150:
5148:
5144:
5137:
5136:
5132:
5129:
5128:
5124:
5121:
5120:
5116:
5113:
5112:
5111:Tame Yourself
5108:
5105:
5104:
5100:
5099:
5097:
5095:
5091:
5081:
5080:
5076:
5074:
5073:
5072:No Compromise
5069:
5067:
5066:
5062:
5060:
5059:
5055:
5053:
5052:
5048:
5047:
5045:
5041:
5035:
5034:
5030:
5028:
5027:
5023:
5021:
5020:
5016:
5014:
5013:
5009:
5007:
5006:
5002:
5000:
4999:
4995:
4993:
4992:
4988:
4987:
4985:
4981:
4978:
4974:
4967:
4966:
4962:
4959:
4958:
4954:
4951:
4950:
4946:
4943:
4942:
4938:
4935:
4934:
4930:
4927:
4926:
4922:
4919:
4918:
4914:
4911:
4910:
4906:
4903:
4902:
4898:
4895:
4894:
4890:
4887:
4886:
4882:
4879:
4878:
4874:
4871:
4870:
4866:
4863:
4862:
4858:
4855:
4854:
4850:
4847:
4846:
4842:
4839:
4838:
4834:
4831:
4830:
4826:
4823:
4822:
4818:
4815:
4814:
4810:
4807:
4806:
4802:
4801:
4799:
4795:
4788:
4787:
4783:
4780:
4779:
4775:
4772:
4771:
4767:
4764:
4763:
4759:
4756:
4755:
4751:
4748:
4747:
4743:
4740:
4739:
4735:
4732:
4731:
4727:
4724:
4723:
4719:
4716:
4715:
4711:
4708:
4707:
4703:
4700:
4699:
4695:
4692:
4691:
4687:
4684:
4683:
4679:
4676:
4675:
4671:
4668:
4667:
4663:
4660:
4659:
4655:
4652:
4651:
4647:
4644:
4643:
4639:
4636:
4635:
4631:
4628:
4627:
4623:
4620:
4619:
4615:
4612:
4611:
4607:
4604:
4603:
4599:
4596:
4595:
4591:
4588:
4587:
4583:
4580:
4579:
4575:
4573:(3rd century)
4572:
4571:
4567:
4566:
4564:
4560:
4556:
4549:
4545:
4531:
4528:
4527:
4525:
4521:
4514:
4511:
4508:
4505:
4503:(Netherlands)
4502:
4499:
4496:
4493:
4490:
4487:
4484:
4481:
4478:
4475:
4472:
4469:
4466:
4463:
4460:
4457:
4454:
4451:
4448:
4445:
4442:
4439:
4438:
4436:
4432:
4422:
4419:
4416:
4413:
4411:
4408:
4406:
4403:
4402:
4400:
4396:
4390:
4387:
4385:
4382:
4380:
4377:
4375:
4372:
4370:
4367:
4365:
4362:
4360:
4357:
4355:
4352:
4350:
4347:
4345:
4342:
4340:
4337:
4335:
4332:
4330:
4327:
4325:
4322:
4320:
4317:
4315:
4312:
4310:
4307:
4305:
4302:
4300:
4297:
4295:
4292:
4290:
4287:
4285:
4282:
4280:
4277:
4275:
4272:
4270:
4267:
4265:
4262:
4260:
4257:
4255:
4252:
4250:
4247:
4245:
4242:
4240:
4237:
4235:
4232:
4230:
4229:Animal Rising
4227:
4225:
4222:
4220:
4217:
4215:
4212:
4210:
4207:
4205:
4202:
4200:
4199:Animal Ethics
4197:
4195:
4192:
4190:
4187:
4186:
4184:
4180:
4177:
4173:
4169:
4164:
4159:
4155:
4137:
4134:
4132:
4129:
4127:
4124:
4122:
4119:
4117:
4114:
4112:
4109:
4107:
4104:
4102:
4099:
4097:
4096:Jessie Mackay
4094:
4092:
4089:
4087:
4084:
4082:
4079:
4077:
4074:
4072:
4071:James Granger
4069:
4067:
4064:
4062:
4059:
4057:
4054:
4052:
4049:
4047:
4044:
4042:
4039:
4037:
4034:
4032:
4029:
4027:
4024:
4022:
4019:
4017:
4014:
4012:
4009:
4007:
4006:Henry B. Amos
4004:
4002:
3999:
3998:
3996:
3992:
3986:
3983:
3981:
3978:
3976:
3975:Louise Wallis
3973:
3971:
3968:
3966:
3963:
3961:
3958:
3956:
3953:
3951:
3948:
3946:
3943:
3941:
3940:Kim Stallwood
3938:
3936:
3935:Jasmin Singer
3933:
3931:
3930:Nathan Runkle
3928:
3926:
3923:
3921:
3918:
3916:
3915:David Olivier
3913:
3911:
3908:
3906:
3903:
3901:
3898:
3896:
3893:
3891:
3888:
3886:
3883:
3881:
3878:
3876:
3873:
3871:
3868:
3866:
3863:
3861:
3858:
3856:
3853:
3851:
3848:
3846:
3843:
3841:
3838:
3836:
3833:
3831:
3828:
3826:
3823:
3821:
3818:
3816:
3813:
3811:
3808:
3806:
3803:
3801:
3800:John Feldmann
3798:
3796:
3793:
3791:
3788:
3786:
3783:
3781:
3778:
3776:
3775:Aymeric Caron
3773:
3771:
3768:
3766:
3763:
3761:
3758:
3756:
3753:
3751:
3748:
3746:
3745:Carole Baskin
3743:
3741:
3738:
3736:
3733:
3731:
3728:
3726:
3723:
3722:
3720:
3716:
3713:
3709:
3699:
3696:
3694:
3691:
3689:
3686:
3684:
3681:
3679:
3676:
3674:
3671:
3669:
3666:
3664:
3661:
3659:
3656:
3654:
3651:
3649:
3648:Laurids Smith
3646:
3644:
3641:
3639:
3636:
3634:
3631:
3629:
3626:
3624:
3621:
3619:
3618:James Rachels
3616:
3614:
3611:
3609:
3606:
3604:
3601:
3599:
3596:
3594:
3591:
3589:
3586:
3584:
3581:
3579:
3576:
3574:
3571:
3569:
3566:
3564:
3563:John Lawrence
3561:
3559:
3556:
3554:
3551:
3549:
3546:
3544:
3541:
3539:
3536:
3534:
3531:
3529:
3526:
3524:
3521:
3519:
3516:
3514:
3511:
3509:
3506:
3504:
3501:
3499:
3496:
3494:
3491:
3489:
3486:
3484:
3481:
3479:
3476:
3474:
3473:Brigid Brophy
3471:
3469:
3466:
3464:
3461:
3460:
3458:
3454:
3448:
3445:
3443:
3440:
3438:
3437:Tatjana Višak
3435:
3433:
3430:
3428:
3427:David Sztybel
3425:
3423:
3422:Cass Sunstein
3420:
3418:
3415:
3413:
3410:
3408:
3405:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3390:
3388:
3387:Mark Rowlands
3385:
3383:
3382:Evelyn Pluhar
3380:
3378:
3375:
3373:
3370:
3368:
3365:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3345:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3337:Andrew Linzey
3335:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3322:Will Kymlicka
3320:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3302:Dale Jamieson
3300:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3283:
3282:Valéry Giroux
3280:
3278:
3277:Robert Garner
3275:
3273:
3270:
3268:
3265:
3263:
3260:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3250:
3248:
3245:
3243:
3242:Sue Donaldson
3240:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3230:
3228:
3225:
3223:
3222:J. M. Coetzee
3220:
3218:
3215:
3213:
3210:
3208:
3205:
3203:
3200:
3198:
3195:
3193:
3190:
3188:
3187:Tom Beauchamp
3185:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3175:
3173:
3170:
3169:
3167:
3163:
3160:
3154:
3150:
3145:
3140:
3136:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3103:
3101:
3097:
3091:
3090:Hunt sabotage
3088:
3086:
3083:
3082:
3080:
3078:Methodologies
3076:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3021:
3019:
3015:
3005:
3002:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2982:
2980:
2977:
2975:
2972:
2971:
2969:
2965:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2949:
2946:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2936:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2926:
2924:
2923:Hare coursing
2921:
2919:
2916:
2915:
2913:
2911:
2907:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2888:
2887:
2885:
2883:
2879:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2850:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2824:
2822:
2820:
2816:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2762:
2760:
2757:
2756:
2754:
2752:
2748:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2734:
2732:
2729:
2727:
2724:
2722:
2719:
2717:
2714:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2704:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2689:
2687:
2684:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2666:Chick culling
2664:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2652:
2649:
2648:
2646:
2644:
2640:
2637:
2633:
2627:
2626:Vegetarianism
2624:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2559:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2539:
2537:
2536:
2532:
2530:
2527:
2525:
2524:Anthrozoology
2522:
2520:
2517:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2494:Animal ethics
2492:
2490:
2487:
2485:
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1964:Animal rights
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1257:Singer, Peter
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945:Tansey, E.M.
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4584:
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4568:
4421:Oxford Group
4289:Every Animal
4182:Contemporary
4131:Andrew Tyler
4121:Nell Shipman
4061:André Géraud
3970:Jerry Vlasak
3945:Lynda Stoner
3920:Alex Pacheco
3855:Evanna Lynch
3850:Howard Lyman
3835:Wayne Hsiung
3795:Chris DeRose
3785:Rod Coronado
3718:Contemporary
3658:Thomas Tryon
3578:Mary Midgley
3573:Jean Meslier
3553:Soame Jenyns
3543:John Hildrop
3538:Arthur Helps
3503:Richard Dean
3478:Peter Buchan
3417:Gary Steiner
3412:Peter Singer
3407:JĂ©rĂ´me Segal
3372:David Pearce
3362:Clare Palmer
3352:David Nibert
3342:Clair Linzey
3252:Joan Dunayer
3177:Aysha Akhtar
3165:Contemporary
3034:McLibel case
2989:Animal trial
2948:Seal hunting
2910:Wild animals
2895:Fishing bait
2857:Pain in fish
2808:
2676:Fish farming
2656:Battery cage
2576:Meat paradox
2533:
2474:Abolitionism
2271:Jerry Vlasak
2256:Gill Langley
2046:
1764:. Retrieved
1760:the original
1750:
1738:. Retrieved
1721:
1711:
1692:
1665:
1661:
1651:
1642:
1633:
1627:
1611:
1598:
1584:(1): 26–40.
1581:
1577:
1556:23 September
1554:. Retrieved
1526:
1522:
1491:
1484:. Retrieved
1466:
1459:
1450:
1443:. Retrieved
1425:
1418:
1406:. Retrieved
1397:
1338:
1334:
1299:. Retrieved
1290:
1284:
1271:
1260:
1252:
1239:
1227:. Retrieved
1218:
1209:
1197:. Retrieved
1185:
1173:
1156:
1144:. Retrieved
1100:
1093:
1081:. Retrieved
1077:the original
1051:. Retrieved
1046:
1037:
1029:
1014:
998:
970:
965:
948:
912:. Retrieved
902:
890:. Retrieved
870:
863:
762:
724:
711:
701:
691:states that
688:
682:
657:
654:20th century
648:
636:
590:
586:Charles Bell
579:
562:
559:19th century
542:
530:
515:
503:
484:
417:Deep ecology
357:Abolitionism
276:Bullfighting
239:Wild animals
218:Animal abuse
41:
37:
29:
28:
18:
5207:Vivisection
4976:Periodicals
4853:The Meatrix
4829:The Witness
4443:(Australia)
4417:(1891–1919)
4299:Faunalytics
4126:Henry Spira
4116:Hans Ruesch
4106:Jill Phipps
4101:Norm Phelps
4081:Barry Horne
4041:Royal Dixon
4036:Karen Davis
4016:Ernest Bell
3910:Ric O'Barry
3905:Jack Norris
3875:Dan Mathews
3780:Jake Conroy
3750:Barbi Twins
3725:James Aspey
3663:Gary Varner
3653:John Styles
3493:Henry Crowe
3442:Paul Waldau
3432:Michael Tye
3327:Renan Larue
3312:Melanie Joy
3297:Oscar Horta
3292:John Hadley
3262:Catia Faria
3257:Mylan Engel
3227:Alice Crary
3197:Steven Best
3192:Marc Bekoff
3158:and writers
3099:Observances
3004:Live export
2938:Ivory trade
2809:Vivisection
2784:Green Scare
2681:Fur farming
2586:Open rescue
2581:Nonviolence
2290:Legislation
2237:Writers and
2010:experiments
1293:: 847–854.
1083:10 December
1047:www.hrw.org
758:Moro Muslim
689:De Medicina
337:Abandonment
332:Puppy mills
320:Oceanariums
271:Bloodsports
244:Consumption
199:Vegetarians
167:in research
30:Vivisection
5232:Physiology
5201:Categories
4965:Seaspiracy
4869:Earthlings
4509:(Portugal)
4483:DierAnimal
4398:Historical
4194:Animal Aid
4086:Marie Huot
4031:Joan Court
4011:Bob Barker
3994:Historical
3885:LuĂsa Mell
3865:Keith Mann
3860:Bill Maher
3845:Ronnie Lee
3815:Tal Gilboa
3790:Karen Dawn
3730:Greg Avery
3608:Rod Preece
3523:T. Forster
3483:Mona Caird
3456:Historical
3317:Hilda Kean
3287:Lori Gruen
2621:Vegaphobia
2611:Speciesism
2504:Animal law
2251:Carl Cohen
2148:Boyd Group
2109:Groups and
1916:Testing on
1301:13 October
975:"About Us"
947:Review of
855:References
806:Dissection
730:biological
708:Ibn Tufail
704:Andalusian
697:Tertullian
693:Herophilos
627:anesthetic
623:chloroform
499:vertebrate
491:anesthesia
382:Speciesism
234:Mutilation
54:pejorative
32:(from
5119:Manifesto
5058:Bite Back
5043:Magazines
4917:Vegucated
4515:(Germany)
4513:V-ParteiÂł
4491:(Germany)
4485:(Belgium)
4461:(Finland)
4284:Equanimal
3870:Jim Mason
3825:Mark Gold
3760:Gene Baur
3735:Matt Ball
3711:Activists
3623:Tom Regan
3402:Jeff Sebo
3347:Dan Lyons
3156:Academics
3144:Advocates
2999:Live food
2799:Nafovanny
2706:Livestock
2686:Fur trade
2661:Bile bear
2596:Personism
2391:Overviews
2281:Tipu Aziz
2239:activists
2111:campaigns
2095:Nafovanny
2058:Companies
1740:13 August
1730:0362-4331
1684:171734089
1529:: 12–23.
1486:13 August
1445:13 August
1357:2076-2615
914:13 August
533:Australia
427:Welfarism
372:Personism
305:Captivity
189:Advocates
5182:Category
5051:Arkangel
4983:Journals
4957:Dominion
4893:The Cove
4523:Activism
4467:(Sweden)
4455:(Canada)
4449:(Europe)
4163:Movement
3698:Voltaire
2616:Veganism
2566:Ethology
2467:Concepts
2198:Pro-Test
2100:Shamrock
2017:Britches
1933:Primates
1893:Three Rs
1734:Archived
1700:Archived
1616:Archived
1547:Archived
1543:25437634
1480:Archived
1439:Archived
1408:20 April
1402:Archived
1375:26487317
1295:Archived
1223:Archived
1190:Archived
1162:7 U.S.C.
1140:Archived
1136:25121211
1023:Archived
1003:Archived
978:Archived
954:Archived
924:cite web
886:Archived
843:Pro-Test
774:See also
754:Mindanao
748:and the
726:Unit 731
629:to this
422:Humanism
315:Circuses
298:Cosmetic
182:Movement
152:Veganism
142:Timeline
121:Overview
94:a series
92:Part of
4497:(Italy)
4479:(Spain)
4473:(Italy)
4434:Parties
2928:Hunting
2882:Fishing
2541:Carnism
1943:Rodents
1938:Rabbits
1766:1 March
1476:3145143
1435:3145143
1366:4495509
1335:Animals
1053:17 June
892:18 June
832:Lingchi
796:Bionics
720:autopsy
497:to any
410:Radical
367:Carnism
286:Fishing
281:Hunting
229:Killing
137:History
66:torture
46:surgery
5184:
5157:(2003)
5138:(2014)
5130:(2014)
5122:(2008)
5114:(1991)
5106:(1987)
5094:Albums
4968:(2021)
4960:(2018)
4952:(2016)
4944:(2013)
4936:(2013)
4928:(2013)
4920:(2011)
4912:(2011)
4904:(2009)
4896:(2009)
4888:(2007)
4880:(2006)
4872:(2005)
4864:(2004)
4856:(2003)
4848:(2003)
4840:(2002)
4832:(2000)
4824:(2000)
4816:(1998)
4808:(1981)
4789:(2022)
4781:(2022)
4773:(2020)
4765:(2018)
4757:(2016)
4749:(2014)
4741:(2012)
4733:(2010)
4725:(2009)
4717:(2008)
4709:(2005)
4701:(2001)
4693:(1999)
4685:(1995)
4677:(1993)
4669:(1987)
4661:(1983)
4653:(1975)
4645:(1971)
4637:(1907)
4629:(1906)
4621:(1899)
4613:(1897)
4605:(1892)
4597:(1883)
4589:(1838)
4581:(1824)
4175:Groups
2635:Issues
2479:Ahimsa
2075:Harlan
2070:Envigo
1957:Issues
1728:
1682:
1541:
1474:
1433:
1373:
1363:
1355:
1229:15 May
1199:15 May
1164:
1146:15 May
1134:
1124:
1049:. 1994
878:
685:Celsus
662:. The
520:. The
487:ethics
264:Cattle
254:Horses
206:Groups
194:Vegans
42:sectio
5079:Satya
4797:Films
4562:Books
4384:Viva!
3017:Cases
2967:Other
2208:SPEAK
2133:AALAS
1923:Frogs
1873:IACUC
1680:S2CID
1619:(PDF)
1608:(PDF)
1550:(PDF)
1519:(PDF)
1219:AALAS
1193:(PDF)
1182:(PDF)
706:Arab
351:Ideas
38:vivus
36:
34:Latin
4324:L214
3049:SHAC
2328:(EU)
2322:(US)
2316:(NZ)
2310:(UK)
2203:SHAC
2163:PETA
2128:AAAS
1768:2010
1742:2022
1726:ISSN
1558:2019
1539:PMID
1488:2022
1472:OCLC
1447:2022
1431:OCLC
1410:2017
1371:PMID
1353:ISSN
1303:2016
1231:2019
1201:2019
1148:2019
1132:PMID
1122:ISBN
1085:2009
1055:2024
930:link
916:2022
894:2016
876:ISBN
732:and
728:, a
637:The
547:and
495:pain
310:Zoos
259:Cats
249:Dogs
2168:ALF
2143:ALF
1670:doi
1586:doi
1531:doi
1361:PMC
1343:doi
1114:hdl
1106:doi
687:in
531:In
5203::
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