756:, thicket, and woodland regions of western Africa. The majority of records of the western green mamba are from within the continuous forest, but the Gambia and Guinea-Bissau records are from isolated forests. The species persists in areas where the tree cover has been removed, providing that sufficient hedges and thicket remain. Found in some suitably vegetated suburbs and towns and parklands therein. It is largely confined to areas where rainfall exceeds 1,500 millimetres (60 in). In Togo, however, its range extends into the drier open forests of the north, the Guinean savannas of the west, and the littoral zone.
340:. Some consider this species not to be a particularly aggressive snake, but others have suggested that they are extremely nervous and are prone to attack aggressively when cornered. Conflict with humans is low compared to some other species found in the region. Bites to people by this species are quite uncommon. Their mortality rate, however, is high; many of the recorded bites have been fatal. Rapid progression of severe, life-threatening symptoms are hallmarks of mamba bites. Bites with envenomation can be rapidly fatal.
217:
31:
842:, although bites from this species are rare as it is rarely encountered. When bitten, symptoms rapidly begin to manifest, usually within the first 15 minutes or less. The extraordinary speed with which the venom spreads through tissue and produces rapid manifestations of life-threatening symptoms is unique to mambas. Common symptoms of a bite from a western green mamba include local pain and swelling, although uncommon, local necrosis can be moderate,
75:
618:
50:
775:(v3.1, 2011). The conservation status of this species was last assessed in July 2012 and published in 2013, and it was classed as such due to a wide distribution, fairly generalist habits, stable population and the lack of major threats. However, its habitat and population is highly fragmented. Despite not being listed in the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (
832:
2081:
791:, the western green mamba spends most of its time in the forest canopy, at times at considerable height, though on occasion commonly go to the ground. When it wants to sleep it seeks out tree branches that offer dense cover. It generally retreats if encountered. The oldest recorded western green mamba was a captive specimen that lived 18.7 years.
850:, hypotension (low blood pressure), diarrhea, dizziness, and paralysis. Left untreated, new and more severe symptoms rapidly progress. All symptoms worsen and the victim eventually dies due to suffocation resulting from paralysis of the respiratory muscles. Bites with envenomation can be rapidly fatal, which can be possible in 30 minutes.
629:
above the medium-sized eyes, which have round pupils and yellowish brown irises. When threatened or otherwise aroused, the western green mamba is capable of flattening its neck area into a slight hood. The snake is bright green fading to yellow or orange towards the tail. Its scales have prominent
1296:
Ainsworth, Stuart; Petras, Daniel; Engmark, Mikael; Süssmuth, Roderich D.; Whiteley, Gareth; Albulescu, Laura-Oana; Kazandjian, Taline D.; Wagstaff, Simon C.; Rowley, Paul; Wüster, Wolfgang; Dorrestein, Pieter C.; Arias, Ana Silvia; Gutiérrez, José M.; Harrison, Robert A.; Casewell, Nicholas R.;
1194:
Ainsworth, Stuart; Petras, Daniel; Engmark, Mikael; Süssmuth, Roderich D.; Whiteley, Gareth; Albulescu, Laura-Oana; Kazandjian, Taline D.; Wagstaff, Simon C.; Rowley, Paul; Wüster, Wolfgang; Dorrestein, Pieter C.; Arias, Ana Silvia; Gutiérrez, José M.; Harrison, Robert A.; Casewell, Nicholas R.;
911:
The speed of onset of envenomation means that urgent medical attention is needed. Standard first aid treatment for any bite from a suspectedly venomous snake is the application of a pressure bandage, minimisation of the victim's movement, and rapid conveyance to a hospital or clinic. Due to the
624:
The western green mamba has a long and slender body with a long tapering tail. The average length of an adult is between 1.4 metres (4.6 ft) and 2.1 metres (7 ft), with large approaching 2.4 metres (8 ft) long. The long thin head has a distinct
857:
as well. It is thought this may reflect the species' preferred prey—small mammals for the mainly land-dwelling black mamba, versus birds for the other predominantly arboreal mambas. Unlike that of many snake species, the venom of mambas has little
862:. Overall, the venom of the western green mamba is more potent than that of the eastern green mamba, similar or slightly less potent than that of Jameson's mamba, and much less potent than that of the black mamba.
891:
of the venom administered to mice via the intraperitoneal (IP) route was 0.33 mg/kg. In another test using mice that were administered the western green mamba's venom via the intraperitoneal (IP) route the
1507:
900:
toxicity of 0.5 mg/kg has been reported, with an average wet venom yield of 100 mg. Like other mamba species, western green mamba venom is among the most rapid-acting venom of snakes.
371:
from two specimens of western green mambas collected in
Liberia, naming it for his friend Ogden Hammond of South Carolina. These were later deemed the same species by Belgian-British zoologist
2413:
853:
Similar to the venom of most other mambas, the western green mamba's contains predominantly three-finger toxin agents. The exception is the black mamba, whose venom lacks the potent
2322:
873:, and fasciculins. The toxicity of the venom can vary tremendously depending on various factors including diet, geographical location, age-dependent change, and other factors. The
1299:"The medical threat of mamba envenoming in sub-Saharan Africa revealed by genus-wide analysis of venom composition, toxicity and antivenomics profiling of available antivenoms"
1197:"The medical threat of mamba envenoming in sub-Saharan Africa revealed by genus-wide analysis of venom composition, toxicity and antivenomics profiling of available antivenoms"
945:
Snakes of
Medical Importance include those with highly dangerous venom resulting in high rates of morbidity and mortality, or those that are common agents in snakebite.
2239:
394:. In addition to being called the western green mamba, this species is also commonly known as the West African green mamba, and formerly Hallowell's green mamba.
2278:
661:
The number and pattern of scales on a snake's body are a key element of identification to species level. The western green mamba has 13 rows of long and thin
2388:
1518:
665:
at midbody, fewer than any similar species. Each is double the length of the ventral scales. There are 211 to 225 ventral scales, 105 to 128 divided
2213:
2358:
2252:
1026:
1979:
1746:
1665:
1374:
1265:
1824:
2408:
1904:
1572:
Segniagbeto, Gabriel
Hoinsoude; Trape, Jean François; David, Patrick; Ohler, Annemarie; Dubois, Alain; Glitho, Isabelle Adolé (2011).
1464:
1255:
887:
for this species is 0.79 mg/kg and 0.71 mg/kg, respectively (Christensen and
Anderson (1967)). One study determined the LD
2026:
Gutiérrez, José María; Calvete, Juan J.; Habib, Abdulrazaq G.; Harrison, Robert A.; Williams, David J.; Warrell, David A. (2017).
2403:
1683:"Exploring the international trade in African snakes not listed on CITES: Highlighting the role of the internet and social media"
349:
313:
species, capable of navigating through trees swiftly and gracefully. It will also descend to ground level to pursue prey such as
306:
206:
2363:
2257:
1298:
1196:
1018:
2085:
779:), the western green mamba is collected and sold internationally, and is one of the more expensive African snake species.
1066:
1736:
1481:
1395:
74:
734:
2027:
1574:"The snake fauna of Togo: systematics, distribution and biogeography, with remarks on selected taxonomic problems"
2398:
2283:
1681:
Jensen, Timm Juul; Auliya, Mark; Burgess, Neil David; Aust, Patrick Welby; Pertoldi, Cino; Strand, Julie (2019).
839:
1762:
1792:
1573:
769:
746:
2142:
553:
390:. Analysis of the components of the venom of all mambas places the western green mamba as sister species to
372:
838:
The western green mamba is classified as a snake of medical importance in western SubSaharan Africa by the
30:
2104:
874:
216:
920:
is sometimes administered, though the main treatment is the administration of the appropriate antivenom.
1303:
1201:
878:
626:
570:
189:
996:
2393:
2187:
2151:
1996:
1694:
1630:
321:
39:
633:
The western green mamba can be mistaken for similar species such as green bushsnakes of the genus
382:
by
Dumeril in 1856, and generally uncorrected by subsequent authors. In 1936, Dutch herpetologist
2060:
1710:
1596:
1338:
1236:
881:
807:
The western green mamba generally hunts in trees though can also hunt on the ground. It preys on
430:
232:
69:
1836:
494:
477:
398:
391:
2244:
397:
Analysis of the components of the venom of all mambas places the western green mamba sister to
2304:
2270:
2174:
2052:
2008:
1975:
1937:
1885:
1742:
1661:
1460:
1370:
1330:
1261:
1228:
1106:
1098:
2317:
2309:
2156:
2042:
1945:
1927:
1919:
1875:
1702:
1638:
1588:
1320:
1312:
1218:
1210:
991:
859:
854:
722:
666:
2291:
1793:"Guidelines for the production, control and regulation of snake antivenom immunoglobulins"
1426:
917:
678:
2092:
1698:
1634:
973:
617:
348:
The western green mamba was first described by the
American herpetologist and physician
1880:
1859:
1615:
383:
333:
325:
294:
1932:
2382:
2265:
1342:
1240:
982:
772:
765:
706:
662:
59:
54:
1714:
1600:
1124:
1051:
328:. Its venom is a highly potent mixture of rapid-acting presynaptic and postsynaptic
2349:
2179:
2064:
1150:
714:
635:
1642:
320:
The western green mamba is a shy and agile snake that lives mainly in the coastal
1923:
1086:
1056:. Vol. 3. London: Natural History Museum (London) Publications. p. 435.
677:
scales above, the fourth and sometimes fifth one located under the eye, and 9–10
2226:
2136:
1316:
1214:
870:
738:
690:
674:
656:
329:
831:
1706:
913:
866:
788:
753:
694:
670:
337:
2127:
2012:
2200:
1682:
640:
86:
2056:
1334:
1232:
1110:
1053:
Catalogue of the Snakes in the
British Museum (Natural History), Volume III
2080:
1941:
1889:
737:, though may theoretically be found in Sarakawa and Djamdé forests in the
2343:
2296:
2166:
2121:
2047:
820:
310:
156:
146:
126:
106:
1325:
1257:
Venomous Snakes of the World: A Manual for Use by U.S. Amphibious Forces
1223:
1072:
2218:
847:
816:
742:
718:
698:
357:
314:
116:
1592:
2231:
1858:
Shipolin, RA.; Bailey, GS; Edwardson, JA; Banks, BCE. (August 1973).
1544:
843:
812:
710:
305:. This species was first described in 1844 by American herpetologist
96:
2098:
2205:
1860:"Separation and Characterization of Polypeptides from the Venom of
830:
808:
776:
726:
702:
616:
364:
298:
166:
136:
865:
The venom consists mainly of both pre-synaptic and post-synaptic
1658:
Guide des serpents d'Afrique occidentale : Savane et désert
1102:
730:
2192:
2102:
1616:"Biogeography of the Reptiles of the Central African Republic"
1254:
Department of the Navy Bureau of
Medicine and Surgery (2013).
1155:
Proceedings of the
Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia
1091:
Proceedings of the
Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia
967:
965:
963:
961:
936:
A divided scale is one split down the midline into two scales.
309:. The western green mamba is a fairly large and predominantly
749:
are more likely to be misidentification of Jameson's mamba.
1459:(1 ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 109.
1172:
Brongersma, Leo Daniel (1936). "Herpetological note XIII".
1974:. United States: Krieger Publishing Company. p. 300.
705:, including the intervening countries (from west to east)
752:
Western green mambas live mainly in the coastal tropical
1151:"On a new genus and two new species of African serpents"
630:
black margins, giving the species a networked pattern.
1825:"Immediate First Aid for bites by Western Green Mamba (
1835:. University of California, San Diego. Archived from
1791:
WHO Expert Committee on Biological Standardization.
912:
neurotoxic nature of green mamba venom, an arterial
2333:
2111:
1427:"Hood-spreading by the mambas of the African genus
733:. It is common in Togo, found as far north as the
997:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T13265799A13265808.en
896:was 0.045 mg/kg. Another experimental IV LD
1189:
1187:
1087:"Description of new species of African reptiles"
367:adjective "green". In 1852, Hallowell described
1517:. Government of South Australia. Archived from
1455:Chippaux, Jean-Phillipe; Jackson, Kate (2019).
1045:
1043:
2414:Taxa named by Edward Hallowell (herpetologist)
1995:Dreyer, S. B.; Dreyer, J. S. (November 2013).
1767:AnAge:The Animal Ageing and Longevity Database
1730:
1728:
1726:
1724:
1260:. New York: Skyhorse Publishing. p. 200.
846:, headache, drowsiness, difficulty breathing,
1905:"Bacterial Toxins: A Table of Lethal Amounts"
8:
1997:"Snake Bite: A review of Current Literature"
1450:
1448:
1360:
1358:
1356:
1354:
1352:
356:, from a specimen collected in Liberia. The
2001:East and Central African Journal of Surgery
1567:
1565:
799:The species lays a clutch of 6 to 14 eggs.
2099:
1819:
1817:
215:
48:
29:
20:
2046:
1931:
1879:
1324:
1222:
995:
657:Snake scale § Nomenclature of scales
1506:Hutchinson, Mark; Williams, Ian (2018).
1435:Journal of East African Natural History
1027:Integrated Taxonomic Information System
957:
929:
403:Dendroapsis j. jamesoni and j. kaimosae
1786:
1784:
1614:Chirio, Laurent; Ineich, Ivan (2006).
1508:"Key to the Snakes of South Australia"
1390:
1388:
1386:
972:Luiselli, L.; Segniagbeto, G. (2013).
1763:"AnAge entry for Dendroaspis viridis"
1735:Spawls, Steve; Branch, Bill (2020) .
689:The western green mamba is native to
7:
1800:WHO Technical Report Series, No. 964
1457:Snakes of Central and Western Africa
1365:Spawls, Steve; Branch, Bill (1995).
1285:. London: Penguin Books. p. 42.
2389:IUCN Red List least concern species
2095:- Green Mamba Video filmed in Gabon
1480:Marais, Johan (19 September 2019).
983:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
545:
469:
462:
455:
422:
415:
408:
405:), as shown in the cladogram below.
324:, thicket, and woodland regions of
1881:10.1111/j.1432-1033.1973.tb03202.x
1549:Australian Reptile Online Database
745:are dubious, and reports from the
14:
1050:Boulenger, George Albert (1896).
673:. Its mouth is lined with 7 to 9
386:pointed the correct spelling was
2079:
1868:European Journal of Biochemistry
1769:. Human Ageing Genomic Resources
1741:. Bloomsbury. pp. 125–126.
73:
1281:Cansdale, George Soper (1955).
2035:Nature Reviews Disease Primers
1972:Snake Venoms and Envenomations
1738:The Dangerous Snakes of Africa
1656:Trape, J.F.; Mané, Y. (2006).
1623:African Journal of Herpetology
1367:The Dangerous Snakes of Africa
773:Red List of Threatened Species
764:This species is classified as
293:) is a long, thin, and highly
269:Dendroaspis viridis hallowelli
260:Dendroaspis viridis hallowelli
1:
1687:Biodiversity and Conservation
1643:10.1080/21564574.2006.9635538
1425:Pitman, Charles R.S. (1965).
1369:. Blandford. pp. 51–52.
1073:Reptarium.cz Reptile Database
1924:10.1128/MMBR.46.1.86-94.1982
1404:Clinical Toxinology Resource
1486:African Snakebite Institute
1317:10.1016/j.jprot.2017.08.016
1215:10.1016/j.jprot.2017.08.016
1075:. Accessed 2 February 2016.
2430:
2409:Reptiles described in 1844
1545:"snake scale count search"
1149:Hallowell, Edward (1852).
654:
378:The genus was misspelt as
1707:10.1007/s10531-018-1632-9
1660:(in French). IRD Orstom.
1297:Calvete, Juan J. (2018).
1195:Calvete, Juan J. (2018).
1129:Numen — The Latin Lexicon
1125:"Definition of "viridis""
840:World Health Organization
567:
550:
543:
517:
491:
474:
467:
460:
453:
427:
420:
413:
317:and other small mammals.
238:
231:
223:
214:
195:
188:
70:Scientific classification
68:
46:
37:
28:
23:
1406:. University of Adelaide
1174:Zoologische Mededelingen
990:: e.T13265799A13265808.
747:Central African Republic
685:Distribution and habitat
274:Barnett & Emms, 2005
2404:Reptiles of West Africa
1912:Microbiological Reviews
1515:South Australian Museum
1283:Reptiles of West Africa
735:Alédjo Wildlife Reserve
554:Dendroaspis angusticeps
495:Dendroaspis j. kaimosae
478:Dendroaspis j. jamesoni
373:George Albert Boulenger
2028:"Snakebite envenoming"
1970:Chippaux, JP. (2006).
1085:Hallowell, E. (1844).
835:
621:
2088:at Wikimedia Commons
1482:"Western Green Mamba"
1304:Journal of Proteomics
1202:Journal of Proteomics
834:
783:Behaviour and ecology
620:
571:Dendroaspis polylepis
2048:10.1038/nrdp.2017.63
1543:Macdonald, Stewart.
24:Western green mamba
2157:Dendroaspis_viridis
2143:Dendroaspis viridis
2113:Dendroaspis viridis
2086:Dendroaspis viridis
1862:Dendroaspis viridis
1827:Dendroaspis viridis
1699:2019BiCon..28....1J
1635:2006AfJH...55...23C
1398:Dendroaspis viridis
1068:Dendroaspis viridis
1021:Dendroaspis viridis
976:Dendroaspis viridis
916:may be beneficial.
760:Conservation status
521:Dendroaspis viridis
322:tropical rainforest
290:Dendroaspis viridis
285:western green mamba
225:Dendroaspis viridis
199:Dendroaspis viridis
40:Conservation status
1951:on 24 January 2014
1903:Gill, DM. (1982).
1802:. pp. 224–226
836:
803:Diet and predators
622:
431:Ophiophagus hannah
369:Dinophis hammondii
251:Dinophis hammondii
2374:
2373:
2335:Leptophis viridis
2305:Open Tree of Life
2105:Taxon identifiers
2084:Media related to
1981:978-1-57524-272-9
1748:978-1-4729-6028-3
1667:978-2-7099-1600-4
1593:10.5252/z2011n3a4
1376:978-0-88359-029-4
1267:978-1-62087-623-7
645:Dispholidus typus
609:
608:
600:
599:
591:
590:
582:
581:
532:
531:
506:
505:
442:
441:
354:Leptophis viridis
281:
280:
275:
265:
256:
247:
242:Leptophis viridis
63:
2421:
2399:Snakes of Africa
2367:
2366:
2354:
2353:
2352:
2326:
2325:
2313:
2312:
2300:
2299:
2287:
2286:
2274:
2273:
2261:
2260:
2248:
2247:
2235:
2234:
2222:
2221:
2209:
2208:
2196:
2195:
2183:
2182:
2170:
2169:
2160:
2159:
2147:
2146:
2145:
2132:
2131:
2130:
2100:
2083:
2069:
2068:
2050:
2032:
2023:
2017:
2016:
1992:
1986:
1985:
1967:
1961:
1960:
1958:
1956:
1950:
1944:. Archived from
1935:
1909:
1900:
1894:
1893:
1883:
1855:
1849:
1848:
1846:
1844:
1839:on 15 March 2016
1821:
1812:
1811:
1809:
1807:
1797:
1788:
1779:
1778:
1776:
1774:
1759:
1753:
1752:
1732:
1719:
1718:
1678:
1672:
1671:
1653:
1647:
1646:
1620:
1611:
1605:
1604:
1578:
1569:
1560:
1559:
1557:
1555:
1540:
1534:
1533:
1531:
1529:
1523:
1512:
1503:
1497:
1496:
1494:
1492:
1477:
1471:
1470:
1452:
1443:
1442:
1422:
1416:
1415:
1413:
1411:
1392:
1381:
1380:
1362:
1347:
1346:
1328:
1293:
1287:
1286:
1278:
1272:
1271:
1251:
1245:
1244:
1226:
1191:
1182:
1181:
1169:
1163:
1162:
1146:
1140:
1139:
1137:
1135:
1121:
1115:
1114:
1082:
1076:
1064:
1058:
1057:
1047:
1038:
1037:
1035:
1033:
1015:
1009:
1008:
1006:
1004:
999:
969:
946:
943:
937:
934:
860:phospholipase A2
855:alpha-neurotoxin
679:sublabial scales
669:, and a divided
667:subcaudal scales
546:
470:
463:
456:
423:
416:
409:
350:Edward Hallowell
332:(dendrotoxins),
307:Edward Hallowell
273:
263:
254:
245:
219:
201:
78:
77:
57:
52:
51:
33:
21:
16:Species of snake
2429:
2428:
2424:
2423:
2422:
2420:
2419:
2418:
2379:
2378:
2375:
2370:
2362:
2357:
2348:
2347:
2342:
2329:
2321:
2316:
2308:
2303:
2295:
2292:Observation.org
2290:
2282:
2277:
2269:
2264:
2256:
2251:
2243:
2238:
2230:
2225:
2217:
2212:
2204:
2199:
2191:
2186:
2178:
2173:
2165:
2163:
2155:
2150:
2141:
2140:
2135:
2126:
2125:
2120:
2107:
2077:
2072:
2030:
2025:
2024:
2020:
1994:
1993:
1989:
1982:
1969:
1968:
1964:
1954:
1952:
1948:
1907:
1902:
1901:
1897:
1857:
1856:
1852:
1842:
1840:
1823:
1822:
1815:
1805:
1803:
1795:
1790:
1789:
1782:
1772:
1770:
1761:
1760:
1756:
1749:
1734:
1733:
1722:
1680:
1679:
1675:
1668:
1655:
1654:
1650:
1618:
1613:
1612:
1608:
1576:
1571:
1570:
1563:
1553:
1551:
1542:
1541:
1537:
1527:
1525:
1524:on 18 July 2019
1521:
1510:
1505:
1504:
1500:
1490:
1488:
1479:
1478:
1474:
1467:
1454:
1453:
1446:
1424:
1423:
1419:
1409:
1407:
1394:
1393:
1384:
1377:
1364:
1363:
1350:
1295:
1294:
1290:
1280:
1279:
1275:
1268:
1253:
1252:
1248:
1193:
1192:
1185:
1171:
1170:
1166:
1148:
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1143:
1133:
1131:
1123:
1122:
1118:
1084:
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1049:
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741:. Records from
725:(Ivory Coast),
687:
659:
653:
615:
610:
601:
592:
583:
533:
507:
443:
399:Jameson's mamba
392:Jameson's mamba
346:
297:species of the
271:
262:
255:Hallowell, 1852
253:
246:Hallowell, 1844
244:
210:
203:
197:
184:
181:D. viridis
72:
64:
53:
49:
42:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2427:
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2223:
2210:
2197:
2184:
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2097:
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2075:External links
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1962:
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1874:(2): 337–344.
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918:Tetanus toxoid
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384:Leo Brongersma
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326:western Africa
295:venomous snake
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1991:
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1983:
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1925:
1921:
1917:
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1441:(2): 110–115.
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1184:
1179:
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1120:
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1078:
1074:
1070:
1069:
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1028:
1024:
1022:
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989:
985:
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906:
904:
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833:
826:
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818:
814:
810:
802:
800:
794:
792:
790:
782:
780:
778:
774:
771:
767:
766:Least Concern
759:
757:
755:
750:
748:
744:
740:
736:
732:
728:
724:
723:Côte d'Ivoire
720:
716:
712:
708:
707:Guinea-Bissau
704:
700:
697:and southern
696:
692:
684:
682:
680:
676:
672:
668:
664:
663:dorsal scales
658:
650:
648:
646:
642:
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637:
631:
628:
619:
612:
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410:
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395:
393:
389:
385:
381:
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374:
370:
366:
362:
359:
358:specific name
355:
351:
343:
341:
339:
335:
331:
327:
323:
318:
316:
312:
308:
304:
300:
296:
292:
291:
286:
270:
267:
264:Yeomans, 1993
261:
258:
252:
249:
243:
240:
239:
237:
234:
230:
226:
222:
218:
213:
208:
202:
200:
194:
191:
190:Binomial name
187:
183:
182:
177:
174:
173:
170:
169:
165:
162:
161:
158:
155:
152:
151:
148:
145:
142:
141:
138:
135:
132:
131:
128:
125:
122:
121:
118:
115:
112:
111:
108:
105:
102:
101:
98:
95:
92:
91:
88:
85:
82:
81:
76:
71:
67:
61:
56:
55:Least Concern
45:
41:
36:
32:
27:
22:
19:
2376:
2334:
2112:
2078:
2041:(3): 17063.
2038:
2034:
2021:
2007:(3): 45–52.
2004:
2000:
1990:
1971:
1965:
1953:. Retrieved
1946:the original
1918:(1): 86–94.
1915:
1911:
1898:
1871:
1867:
1861:
1853:
1841:. Retrieved
1837:the original
1832:
1826:
1804:. Retrieved
1799:
1771:. Retrieved
1766:
1757:
1737:
1690:
1686:
1676:
1657:
1651:
1629:(1): 23–59.
1626:
1622:
1609:
1584:
1580:
1552:. Retrieved
1548:
1538:
1526:. Retrieved
1519:the original
1514:
1501:
1489:. Retrieved
1485:
1475:
1456:
1438:
1434:
1428:
1420:
1408:. Retrieved
1403:
1397:
1366:
1326:10261/279110
1308:
1302:
1291:
1282:
1276:
1256:
1249:
1224:10261/279110
1209:: 173–189 .
1206:
1200:
1177:
1173:
1167:
1158:
1154:
1144:
1132:. Retrieved
1128:
1119:
1094:
1090:
1080:
1067:
1062:
1052:
1030:. Retrieved
1020:
1013:
1001:. Retrieved
987:
981:
975:
941:
932:
910:
902:
871:cardiotoxins
864:
852:
837:
815:, including
806:
798:
786:
768:(LC) on the
763:
751:
715:Sierra Leone
688:
660:
644:
636:Philothamnus
634:
632:
623:
569:
568:
552:
551:
520:
519:
518:
493:
492:
476:
475:
429:
428:
402:
396:
387:
379:
377:
368:
360:
353:
347:
334:cardiotoxins
319:
302:
289:
288:
284:
282:
268:
259:
250:
241:
224:
198:
196:
180:
179:
167:
18:
2394:Dendroaspis
2227:iNaturalist
2137:Wikispecies
1693:(1): 1–19.
1429:Dendroaspis
1311:: 173–189.
1097:: 169–172.
1003:19 November
867:neurotoxins
739:Kara Region
691:West Africa
675:supralabial
613:Description
388:Dendroaspis
352:in 1844 as
338:fasciculins
330:neurotoxins
303:Dendroaspis
168:Dendroaspis
153:Subfamily:
2383:Categories
2350:Q109522047
1833:Toxicology
1581:Zoosystema
1528:8 February
1161:: 203–204.
953:References
914:tourniquet
811:and small
754:rainforest
671:anal scale
655:See also:
380:Dendraspis
133:Suborder:
2013:2073-9990
1806:1 January
1431:Schlegel"
1343:217018550
1241:217018550
907:Treatment
821:squirrels
651:Scalation
641:boomslang
207:Hallowell
175:Species:
137:Serpentes
93:Kingdom:
87:Eukaryota
2344:Wikidata
2271:13265799
2245:10373939
2164:BioLib:
2122:Wikidata
2057:28905944
1955:17 March
1715:57373462
1601:84017614
1335:28843532
1233:28843532
1103:12030019
795:Breeding
344:Taxonomy
311:arboreal
233:Synonyms
157:Elapinae
147:Elapidae
143:Family:
127:Squamata
117:Reptilia
107:Chordata
103:Phylum:
97:Animalia
83:Domain:
60:IUCN 3.1
2364:1057818
2323:viridis
2219:2469890
2128:Q741280
2065:4916503
1942:6806598
1890:4360896
1843:4 March
1773:24 July
1695:Bibcode
1631:Bibcode
1410:4 March
1134:4 March
1111:1382862
1071:at the
1032:4 March
848:vertigo
817:rodents
813:mammals
789:diurnal
787:Mostly
743:Nigeria
719:Liberia
699:Senegal
681:below.
639:or the
627:canthus
363:is the
361:viridis
315:rodents
301:genus,
209:, 1844)
163:Genus:
123:Order:
113:Class:
58: (
2310:109060
2258:700484
2206:DNDAVI
2193:795077
2063:
2055:
2011:
1978:
1940:
1933:373212
1930:
1888:
1745:
1713:
1664:
1599:
1463:
1373:
1341:
1333:
1264:
1239:
1231:
1180:: 135.
1109:
1101:
844:ataxia
729:, and
711:Guinea
695:Gambia
227:range
2297:98902
2240:IRMNG
2232:30407
2180:34M6T
2167:58735
2061:S2CID
2031:(PDF)
1949:(PDF)
1908:(PDF)
1796:(PDF)
1711:S2CID
1619:(PDF)
1597:S2CID
1577:(PDF)
1554:3 May
1522:(PDF)
1511:(PDF)
1491:8 May
1339:S2CID
1237:S2CID
924:Notes
827:Venom
809:birds
777:CITES
727:Ghana
703:Benin
693:from
365:Latin
299:mamba
2359:ITIS
2284:8621
2279:NCBI
2266:IUCN
2253:ITIS
2214:GBIF
2201:EPPO
2053:PMID
2009:ISSN
1976:ISBN
1957:2014
1938:PMID
1886:PMID
1845:2014
1808:2019
1775:2021
1743:ISBN
1662:ISBN
1627:2006
1556:2019
1530:2019
1493:2021
1461:ISBN
1412:2014
1371:ISBN
1331:PMID
1262:ISBN
1229:PMID
1136:2014
1107:OCLC
1099:LCCN
1034:2014
1005:2021
988:2013
877:and
819:and
770:IUCN
731:Togo
336:and
283:The
2188:EoL
2175:CoL
2152:ADW
2043:doi
1928:PMC
1920:doi
1876:doi
1703:doi
1639:doi
1589:doi
1321:hdl
1313:doi
1309:172
1219:hdl
1211:doi
1207:172
992:doi
701:to
647:).
2385::
2361::
2346::
2320::
2318:RD
2307::
2294::
2281::
2268::
2255::
2242::
2229::
2216::
2203::
2190::
2177::
2154::
2139::
2124::
2059:.
2051:.
2037:.
2033:.
2005:18
2003:.
1999:.
1936:.
1926:.
1916:46
1914:.
1910:.
1884:.
1872:40
1870:.
1866:.
1831:.
1829:)"
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1798:.
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1301:.
1235:.
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1042:^
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980:.
960:^
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894:50
892:LD
889:50
884:50
882:LD
879:IV
875:SC
869:,
823:.
721:,
717:,
713:,
709:,
375:.
272:–
2067:.
2045::
2039:3
2015:.
1984:.
1959:.
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1847:.
1810:.
1777:.
1751:.
1717:.
1705::
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1007:.
994::
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
