63:
83:
121:
520:
74:
54:
2663:
terrestrial species nested within
Hydrophiinae. This led to removing the Australasian terrestrial species and placing them in the Hydrophiinae. This has been support in subsequent recent genomic analyses, though these same studies also found the subfamily Elapinae to be paraphyletic in respect to the Hydrophiinae. These studies have found
732:
The venom of spitting cobras is more cytotoxic rather than neurotoxic. It damages local cells, especially those in eyes, which are deliberately targeted by the snakes. The venom may cause intense pain on contact with the eye and may lead to blindness. It is not lethal on skin if no wound provides any
745:
The table below lists out all of the elapid genera and no subfamilies. In the past, many subfamilies were recognized, or have been suggested for the
Elapidae, including the Elapinae, Hydrophiinae (sea snakes), Micrurinae (coral snakes), Acanthophiinae (Australian elapids), and the Laticaudinae (sea
669:
Terrestrial elapids are found worldwide in tropical and subtropical regions, mostly in the
Southern Hemisphere. Most prefer humid tropical environments, though there are many that can still be found in arid environments. Sea snakes occur mainly in the Indian Ocean and the south-west Pacific. They
746:
kraits). Currently, none are universally recognized. Molecular evidence via techniques like karyotyping, protein electrophoretic analyses, immunological distance and DNA sequencing, suggests reciprocal monophyly of two groups: African, Asian, and New World
Elapinae versus Australasian and marine
2632:
This however does not touch the number of elapidae that are under threat, for instance 9% of elapid sea snakes are threatened with another 6% near-threatened. A rather large road block that stands in the way of more species being put under protection is lack of knowledge of the taxa; many known
728:
is promptly required to be administered if bitten by any elapids. Specific antivenoms are the only cure to treat elapidae bites. There are commercial monovalent and polyvalent antivenoms for cobras, mambas, and some other important elapids. Recently, experimental antivenoms based on recombinant
2662:
The elapids in the past were considered to have two subfamilies–the
Elapinae made of terrestrial species and Hydrophiinae made of the marine species. In 1997, Slowinski, Knight and Rooney found in their phylogenetic analysis using amino acid sequences from venom proteins, that the Australasian
661:) are the sea snakes least adapted to aquatic life. Their bodies are less compressed laterally, and they have thicker bodies and ventral scaling. Because of this, they are capable of some land movement. They spend much of their time on land, where they lay their eggs and digest prey.
441:; almost all have long, slender bodies with smooth scales, a head covered with large shields (and not always distinct from the neck), and eyes with rounded pupils. Also like colubrids, their behavior is usually quite active and fast, with most of the females being
474:), sometimes considered to be a separate family, have adapted to a marine way of life in different ways and to various degrees. All have evolved paddle-like tails for swimming and the ability to excrete salt. Most also have laterally compressed bodies, their
2536:
With the dangers the taxa presents given their venomous nature it is very difficult for activists and conservationists alike to get species on protection lists such as the IUCN red-list and CITES Apenndix lists. Some of the protected species are:
3376:
565:, taipan, mamba, and king cobra) have long fangs on quite mobile maxillae and can make fast strikes. A few species are capable of spraying their venom from forward-facing holes in their fangs for defense, as exemplified by
2683:
forming successive outgroups to
Hydrophiinae. Since there are available clade names for these groups (with the exception of Elapsoidea), it is ideal to bring back the subfamilies Calliophiinae, Micrurinae, Najinae, and
2633:
species have little research done on their behaviors or actual population as they live in very remote areas or live in habitats that are so vast its nearly impossible to conduct population studies, like the sea snakes.
1430:
The coasts of Timor (Indonesian Sea), New
Caledonia, Australia (Northern Territory, Queensland, Western Australia), and in the Southeast Asian Sea along the coasts of China, Taiwan, Japan, and the Ryukyu Islands
3374:
Scanlon J,Lee M, Archer M, 2002, Mid-Tertiary elapid snakes (Squamata, Colubroidea) from
Riversleigh, northern Australia: early steps in a continent-wide adaptive radiation, Geobios 36 (2003) 573–601
633:), but many taxa have narrow prey preferences (stenophagy) and correlated morphological specializations, for example feeding almost exclusively on other serpents (especially the king cobra and
3373:
756:
and the 'true sea snakes' evolved separately from
Australasian land snakes. Asian cobras, coral snakes, and American coral snakes also appear to be monophyletic, while African cobras do not.
2230:
Angola, Burundi, Cameroon, Central
African Republic, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Congo, Gabon, Ghana, Kenya, Nigeria, Rwanda, Uganda, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Togo, Nigeria
1197:
India, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Nepal, Indonesia, Cambodia, Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand, Burma, Brunei, the Philippines, Vietnam, Laos, southern China, Japan (Ryukyu Islands), Taiwan
2742:; Rooney, Alejandro P. (1997). "Inferring species trees from gene trees: a phylogenetic analysis of the Elapidae (Serpentes) based on the amino acid sequences of venom proteins".
3057:
3900:
1632:
3926:
1670:
3228:
706:
that clot or solidify blood. Most members are venomous to varying extents, and some are considered among the world's most venomous snakes based upon their
716:
values, such as the taipans. Large species, mambas and cobras included, are dangerous for their ability to inject large quantities of venom upon a single
3009:
3874:
3509:
459:(internal hatchings with live births). Furthermore, they can also be sluggish, ambush predators with partially fragmented head shields, similar to
3913:
3323:
4023:
654:, have shown that this species can satisfy about 20% of its oxygen requirements in this manner, allowing for prolonged dives. The sea kraits (
4018:
3167:
2722:
549:
bone. Usually only one fang is in place on each side at any time. The maxilla is intermediate in both length and mobility between typical
418:
venom that is channeled by their hollow fangs, and some may contain other toxic components in varying proportions. The family includes 55
511:
is the world's longest venomous snake with a maximum length of 5.85 m (19.2 ft) and an average mass of 6 kg (13 lb).
645:
lift their inferior body parts, expand hoods, and hiss if threatened; kraits often curl up before hiding their heads down their bodies.
1470:
3476:
2066:
Bangladesh, Myanmar, Cambodia, China, India, Andaman Islands, Indonesia, Laos, Thailand, Vietnam, western Malaysia, the Philippines
3111:"Horse immunization with short-chain consensus α-neurotoxin generates antibodies against broad spectrum of elapid venomous species"
1391:
867:
3975:
885:, South China Sea, Gulf of Thailand, and coasts of Australia (Northern Territory, Queensland, Western Australia), New Caledonia,
3288:
750:. The Australian terrestrial elapids are technically 'hydrophiines', although they are not sea snakes. It is believed that the
3030:
Chanhome L, Cox MJ, Vasaruchapong T, Chaiyabutr N, Sitprija V (June 2011). "Characterization of venomous snakes of Thailand".
3918:
3319:
3091:
545:
diet, making them the only non-venomous elapids). The fangs, which are enlarged and hollow, are the first two teeth on each
3346:
3258:"The good, the bad and the ugly: Australian snake taxonomists and a history of the taxonomy of Australia's venomous snakes"
1712:
3502:
3822:
3809:
398:
regions around the world, with terrestrial forms in Asia, Australia, Africa, and the Americas and marine forms in the
541:, in which fangs are present as a vestigial feature but without venom production, as they have specialized toward a
3521:
3073:
1685:
3931:
3197:
1626:
1497:
120:
100:
359:
4008:
2787:
223:
3357:
2266:
1403:
African or venomous garter snakes (not related to North American garter snakes, which are harmless to humans)
832:
648:
In general, sea snakes are able to respire through their skin. Experiments with the yellow-bellied sea snake,
3458:
2105:
912:
495:
species are small serpents typically 50 cm (20 in) and down to 18 cm (7.1 in) in length.
486:). The reduction in ventral scaling has greatly diminished their terrestrial mobility, but aids in swimming.
4013:
3495:
3005:
1364:
228:
2931:
82:
3749:
3193:
2751:
2735:
2344:
1897:
341:
347:
3952:
3827:
3051:
62:
2864:
2167:
3980:
3848:
3796:
3462:
3454:
3122:
2959:
2943:
2935:
2880:
2811:
2795:
2791:
2642:
2622:
1775:
1443:
2756:
2948:"A Species-Level Phylogeny of Extant Snakes with Description of a New Colubrid Subfamily and Genus"
2860:
2553:
1575:
1139:
2800:"A phylogeny and revised classification of Squamata, including 4161 species of lizards and snakes"
3659:
2939:
2614:
2593:
2545:
2402:
2078:
964:
710:
691:
650:
578:
434:
407:
115:
3253:
1977:
3957:
2739:
2708:
2163:
2159:
1751:
narrow-headed sea snake, graceful small-headed slender seasnake, common small-headed sea snake
630:
557:(very short, highly mobile). When the mouth is closed, the fangs fit into grooved slots in the
4003:
3939:
3835:
3472:
3280:
3220:
3148:
2987:
2906:
2839:
2769:
2718:
2569:
1819:
1055:
941:
702:, which cause heart dysfunctions and cellular damage, respectively. Cobra venom also contains
479:
3967:
3905:
2927:
1328:
Southern Australia (Western Australia, South Australia, Victoria, Tasmania, New South Wales)
729:
toxins have shown that it is feasible to create antivenoms with a wide spectrum of coverage.
455:
family, such as shorter, stout bodies, rough/keeled scales, broad heads, cat-like pupils and
3722:
3644:
3272:
3212:
3138:
3130:
3039:
2977:
2967:
2896:
2888:
2829:
2819:
2761:
2561:
2260:
2126:
1859:
1733:
1262:
1224:
1182:
908:
852:
607:
507:
are mid- to large sized snakes which can reach 2 m (6 ft 7 in) or above. The
369:
308:
270:
3944:
2352:
376:
characterized by their permanently erect fangs at the front of the mouth. Most elapids are
3732:
3584:
3380:
3361:
3350:
2585:
2505:
2153:
1095:
886:
790:
637:). Elapids may display a series of warning signs if provoked, either obviously or subtly.
561:
floor and usually below the front edge of the eye and are angled backwards; some elapids (
519:
2348:
670:
occupy coastal waters and shallows, and are common in coral reefs. However, the range of
3417:
3126:
2963:
2884:
2815:
3787:
3712:
3669:
3654:
3561:
3171:
3143:
3110:
2982:
2947:
2901:
2868:
2834:
2799:
2027:
1973:
1739:
1548:
566:
528:
475:
387:
207:
445:(egg-layers). Exceptions to these generalizations occur; for example, certain adders (
406:. Members of the family have a wide range of sizes, from the 18 cm (7.1 in)
3997:
3717:
3704:
3694:
3649:
3624:
3579:
3569:
2499:
2423:
2417:
South Chinese Sea (Malaysia, Gulf of Thailand), Indian Ocean (Sumatra, Java, Borneo)
2099:
1706:
1653:
1569:
1412:
1289:
1123:
1049:
992:
960:
902:
619:
595:
537:
456:
399:
382:
104:
3257:
3689:
3684:
3634:
3619:
3609:
3604:
3198:"Phylogenetic relationships of elapid snakes based on cytochrome b mtDNA sequences"
2396:
2372:
2338:
2287:
1767:
1755:
1542:
1358:
1352:
Southern Australia (Western Australia, South Australia, Victoria, New South Wales)
1024:
956:
848:
777:
747:
717:
695:
471:
464:
460:
403:
254:
3276:
3109:
de la Rosa G, Olvera F, Archundia IG, Lomonte B, Alagón A, Corzo G (August 2019).
629:) in either humid or arid environments. Some species have very generalised diets (
3840:
3801:
3095:
2972:
3887:
3814:
3781:
3727:
3674:
3639:
3629:
3594:
3343:
2664:
2520:
Egypt, Israel, Lebanon, Syria, Jordan, Iraq, Iran, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Turkey
2447:
2317:
2048:
1891:
1867:
1839:
1256:
1107:
826:
589:
447:
415:
108:
3134:
3043:
767:, but the group was moved to another family. In contrast to what is typical of
3664:
3599:
3168:"Guidelines for the Prevention and Clinical Management of Snakebite in Africa"
2869:"Diversification rates and phenotypic evolution in venomous snakes (Elapidae)"
2680:
2601:
2471:
2311:
2236:
2212:
2188:
1855:
1803:
1491:
1437:
1385:
1203:
1176:
1115:
1018:
1010:
984:
935:
760:
699:
683:
625:
613:
583:
550:
508:
483:
438:
411:
395:
248:
96:
3772:
3861:
3574:
2824:
2577:
2132:
2072:
1847:
1827:
1815:
1799:
1679:
1620:
1596:
1563:
Philippines (Luzon, Panay, Negros, Cebu, Mindoro, Catanduanes, Polillo is.)
1518:
1334:
1310:
1283:
1220:
1143:
927:
882:
861:
752:
725:
703:
655:
554:
535:
from glands located towards the rear of the upper jaw (except for the genus
491:
452:
442:
192:
132:
73:
3284:
3224:
3216:
3152:
2991:
2910:
2843:
2765:
1912:
United States (Arizona, southwestern New Mexico), Mexico (Sonora, Sinaloa)
390:
of rearing upwards while spreading out a neck flap. Elapids are endemic to
2773:
3766:
3551:
3539:
2676:
1997:
1918:
1831:
1823:
1811:
1791:
1232:
1152:
1135:
1119:
1111:
1076:
1040:
980:
976:
890:
542:
377:
241:
172:
152:
31:
3077:
2892:
17:
3545:
2021:
1966:
1835:
1807:
1759:
1127:
1099:
968:
894:
674:
extends across the Pacific to the coasts of Central and South America.
601:
546:
423:
391:
162:
53:
3892:
3589:
3533:
1851:
1787:
1464:
972:
768:
707:
634:
504:
496:
419:
363:
352:
142:
3879:
3743:
1754:
on the coasts of the Indian Ocean and West Pacific, from around the
3866:
3354:
1304:
Central Queensland and central northern New South Wales, Australia
3679:
3518:
2672:
2668:
1843:
1795:
1763:
1103:
734:
721:
642:
638:
558:
532:
518:
500:
478:
are much reduced in size, their nostrils are located dorsally (no
373:
182:
3487:
1942:
1783:
1779:
1771:
1131:
687:
686:
for immobilizing prey and defense. The main group of toxins are
234:
3747:
3491:
3166:
Regional Office for Africa, World Health Organization (2010).
294:
3853:
599:). Many species are more or less specialized burrowers (e.g.
720:
and/or striking at a high position proximal to the victim's
326:
320:
314:
288:
273:
3424:
Lataste, 1887 (Ophidia: Elapidae: Bungarinae) in Turkey".
282:
771:, the family Elapidae was not renamed. In the meantime,
694:(3FTx). Other toxic components in some species comprise
1039:
Australia (South Australia, New South Wales, Victoria,
523:
The lateral view of a king cobra's skull showing fangs
1485:
Mainland Australia, southern New Guinea, Aru Islands
332:
3396:
Lataste, 1887 (Ophidia: Elapidae) and the status of
2715:. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
2015:
Southern Australia, including many offshore islands
329:
323:
317:
291:
285:
279:
3756:
3703:
3560:
489:Members of this family have a wide range of sizes.
311:
276:
3056:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of September 2024 (
1590:Eastern Australia (New South Wales, Queensland)
1536:Eastern Australia (New South Wales, Queensland)
2703:
2701:
781:and moved back to the Elapidae. However, Nagy
3503:
2855:
2853:
682:Venoms of species in the Elapidae are mainly
8:
2922:
2920:
581:, while some are strongly arboreal (African
2645:, overview of all snake families and genera
1700:Southeast Asian and Indo-Australian waters
1647:Indoaustralian and Southeast Asian waters.
3744:
3510:
3496:
3488:
3469:. San Francisco: W.H. Freeman and Company.
3467:Introduction to Herpetology, Third Edition
1512:South Africa, Zimbabwe, Lesotho, Eswatini
889:, southern New Guinea, Indonesia, western
795:
410:to the 5.85 m (19 ft 2 in)
38:
3142:
2981:
2971:
2900:
2833:
2823:
2755:
789:, which should have been assigned to the
2120:Northern Australia, southern New Guinea
1614:Northern Australia, southern New Guinea
1170:Australia (New South Wales, Queensland)
724:, which is vulnerable to neurotoxicity.
386:. Many members of this family exhibit a
3324:Integrated Taxonomic Information System
3314:
3312:
3310:
3308:
2697:
2655:
2527:* Not including the nominate subspecies
3392:Nilson G, Rastegar-Pouyani N (2007). "
3069:
3067:
3049:
1936:Southern North America, South America
785:(2005) regard it as a sister taxon to
482:), and they give birth to live young (
3205:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
2744:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
7:
2251:venomous brown snakes (and dugites)
1509:rinkhals/ring-necked spitting cobra
1455:Grey's mudsnake/ mangrove sea snake
3440:Eifes, C.T. & Livingstone 2013.
733:chance for the toxins to enter the
1250:New Guinea, continental Australia
847:Australia, New Guinea, Indonesia (
380:, with the exception of the genus
25:
3479:. (Family Elapidae, pp. 329–333).
3090:Thomas S, Griessel E (Dec 1999).
3092:"LD50 Scores for various snakes"
2441:New Guinea (and nearby islands)
763:for the Elapidae was originally
307:
269:
119:
81:
72:
61:
52:
3294:from the original on 2012-10-10
3234:from the original on 2019-03-14
3012:from the original on 2015-04-02
2387:hooded snakes (and curl snake)
3426:Russian Journal of Herpetology
3402:Russian Journal of Herpetology
2713:The New Encyclopedia of Snakes
2203:black snakes (and king brown)
2147:Bougainville Island, Solomons
451:) have commonalities with the
1:
4024:Endemic fauna of Saudi Arabia
3277:10.1016/j.toxicon.2006.07.016
3078:Reptarium.cz Reptile Database
95:From the top left clockwise:
4019:Taxa named by Friedrich Boie
2973:10.1371/journal.pone.0161070
2610:Lower Risk/Near threatened:
2513:
2510:
2486:
2483:
2458:
2455:
2434:
2431:
2410:
2407:
2383:
2380:
2360:
2357:
2325:
2322:
2298:
2295:
2274:
2271:
2247:
2244:
2223:
2220:
2199:
2196:
2175:
2172:
2140:
2137:
2117:Northern mangrove sea snake
2113:
2110:
2086:
2083:
2059:
2056:
2035:
2032:
2008:
2005:
1985:
1982:
1953:
1950:
1929:
1926:
1905:
1902:
1882:New Guinea small-eyed snake
1878:
1875:
1747:
1744:
1720:
1717:
1693:
1690:
1664:
1661:
1640:
1637:
1607:
1604:
1583:
1580:
1556:
1553:
1529:
1526:
1505:
1502:
1478:
1475:
1451:
1448:
1423:
1420:
1399:
1396:
1372:
1369:
1345:
1342:
1321:
1318:
1297:
1294:
1270:
1267:
1243:
1240:
1214:
1211:
1190:
1187:
1163:
1160:
1087:
1084:
1063:
1060:
1032:
1029:
1003:
1000:
949:
946:
920:
917:
875:
872:
840:
837:
437:elapids look similar to the
364:
353:
3080:. Accessed 3 November 2008.
1854:, as well as in Australia (
1822:/West Pacific in Thailand,
527:All elapids have a pair of
4040:
3416:Ugurtas IH, Papenfuss TJ,
3256:, Fry BG (December 2006).
3135:10.1038/s41467-019-11639-2
3044:10.5372/1905-7415.0503.043
2873:Royal Society Open Science
2867:, King B, Palci A (2016).
1724:Solomons small-eyed snake
1376:southwestern grass snakes
1325:southeastern grass snakes
1167:rainforest crowned snakes
358:
346:
345:
29:
3528:
3196:, Keogh JS (April 2000).
2594:Hoplocephalus bungaroides
2438:New Guinea forest snakes
426:and over 170 subspecies.
220:
215:
116:Scientific classification
114:
94:
46:
41:
27:Family of venomous snakes
3355:Cyberlizard's home pages
3006:"Definition of 'elapid'"
2804:BMC Evolutionary Biology
2329:Australian coral snakes
553:(long, less mobile) and
30:Not to be confused with
3420:(2001). "New record of
2825:10.1186/1471-2148-13-93
1458:Northwestern Australia
1036:Australian copperheads
216:Subfamilies and genera
3422:Walterinnesia aegyptia
3394:Walterinnesia aegyptia
3217:10.1006/mpev.1999.0725
3046:(inactive 2024-09-12).
2766:10.1006/mpev.1997.0434
2093:Australia, New Guinea
1635:& Latreille, 1801
1427:turtlehead sea snakes
1194:Oriental coral snakes
524:
3953:Paleobiology Database
3115:Nature Communications
2626:(Black-striped snake)
2302:Solomons coral snake
1909:Western coral snakes
1611:Port Darwin mudsnake
522:
2736:Slowinski, Joseph B.
2681:African gartersnakes
2643:List of snake genera
2623:Simoselaps calonotus
2597:(Broad-headed snake)
2414:anomalous sea snake
2108:& Natsuno, 1974
1776:United Arab Emirates
1587:broad-headed snakes
1560:Barred coral snakes
1067:shovel-nosed snakes
414:. Most species have
302:, commonly known as
101:oriental coral snake
3127:2019NatCo..10.3642D
3098:on 1 February 2012.
2964:2016PLoSO..1161070F
2893:10.1098/rsos.150277
2885:2016RSOS....350277L
2816:2013BMCEE..13...93P
2618:(Short-nosed snake)
2573:(Lake Cronin snake)
2554:Austrelaps labialis
2517:black desert cobra
2462:rough-scaled snake
2332:Mainland Australia
1406:Sub-Saharan Africa
1277:Sub-Saharan Africa
1146:, Taiwan, Thailand
1140:Peninsular Malaysia
692:three-finger toxins
3660:Pseudoxyrhophiidae
3379:2019-03-12 at the
3360:2007-11-24 at the
3349:2007-07-02 at the
3008:. dictionary.com.
2615:Elapognathus minor
2570:Echiopsis atriceps
2565:(Ornamental snake)
2562:Denisonia maculate
2557:(Pygmy copperhead)
2546:Ophiophagus hannah
2465:Eastern Australia
2281:Western Australia
2182:Western Australia
2179:Lake Cronin snake
1482:pale-naped snakes
1379:Western Australia
1301:ornamental snakes
953:shieldnose cobras
672:Hydrophis platurus
651:Hydrophis platurus
525:
408:white-lipped snake
3991:
3990:
3940:Open Tree of Life
3750:Taxon identifiers
3741:
3740:
3400:Mocquard, 1905".
3174:on March 25, 2016
3032:Asian Biomedicine
2723:978-0-691-13295-2
2650:Explanatory notes
2589:(Dunmall's snake)
2524:
2523:
1972:(A.M.C. Duméril,
1820:Malay Archipelago
924:burrowing snakes
879:olive sea snakes
577:Most elapids are
480:internasal scales
368:"sea-fish") is a
262:
261:
211:
16:(Redirected from
4031:
3984:
3983:
3971:
3970:
3961:
3960:
3948:
3947:
3935:
3934:
3922:
3921:
3909:
3908:
3896:
3895:
3883:
3882:
3870:
3869:
3857:
3856:
3844:
3843:
3831:
3830:
3818:
3817:
3805:
3804:
3792:
3791:
3790:
3777:
3776:
3775:
3745:
3723:Leptotyphlopidae
3645:Psammodynastidae
3512:
3505:
3498:
3489:
3470:
3441:
3438:
3432:
3414:
3408:
3390:
3384:
3371:
3365:
3344:The Hydrophiidae
3341:
3335:
3334:
3332:
3330:
3316:
3303:
3302:
3300:
3299:
3293:
3262:
3249:
3243:
3242:
3240:
3239:
3233:
3202:
3190:
3184:
3183:
3181:
3179:
3170:. Archived from
3163:
3157:
3156:
3146:
3106:
3100:
3099:
3094:. Archived from
3087:
3081:
3071:
3062:
3061:
3055:
3047:
3027:
3021:
3020:
3018:
3017:
3002:
2996:
2995:
2985:
2975:
2924:
2915:
2914:
2904:
2857:
2848:
2847:
2837:
2827:
2784:
2778:
2777:
2759:
2732:
2726:
2716:
2705:
2685:
2660:
2602:Ogmodon vitianus
2429:Boulenger, 1896
2305:Solomon Islands
2261:Rhinoplocephalus
2144:Hediger's snake
2127:Parapistocalamus
2003:Boulenger, 1896
1873:Boulenger, 1896
1860:Papua New Guinea
1734:Microcephalophis
1727:Solomon Islands
1602:Boulenger, 1896
1524:Fitzinger, 1861
1340:Fitzinger, 1843
1225:Papua New Guinea
1007:collared adders
998:Fitzinger, 1843
796:
608:Parapistocalamus
531:fangs to inject
470:Sea snakes (the
422:with around 360
367:
362:
356:
351:
350:
339:
338:
335:
334:
331:
328:
325:
322:
319:
316:
313:
301:
300:
297:
296:
293:
290:
287:
284:
281:
278:
275:
206:
124:
123:
85:
76:
65:
56:
39:
21:
4039:
4038:
4034:
4033:
4032:
4030:
4029:
4028:
4009:Venomous snakes
3994:
3993:
3992:
3987:
3979:
3974:
3966:
3964:
3956:
3951:
3943:
3938:
3930:
3925:
3917:
3912:
3904:
3899:
3891:
3886:
3878:
3873:
3865:
3860:
3852:
3847:
3839:
3834:
3826:
3821:
3813:
3808:
3800:
3795:
3786:
3785:
3780:
3771:
3770:
3765:
3752:
3742:
3737:
3733:Xenotyphlopidae
3699:
3610:Cylindrophiidae
3585:Atractaspididae
3556:
3524:
3516:
3486:
3453:
3450:
3448:Further reading
3445:
3444:
3439:
3435:
3415:
3411:
3391:
3387:
3381:Wayback Machine
3372:
3368:
3362:Wayback Machine
3351:Wayback Machine
3342:
3338:
3328:
3326:
3318:
3317:
3306:
3297:
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3260:
3251:
3250:
3246:
3237:
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3231:
3200:
3192:
3191:
3187:
3177:
3175:
3165:
3164:
3160:
3108:
3107:
3103:
3089:
3088:
3084:
3072:
3065:
3048:
3029:
3028:
3024:
3015:
3013:
3004:
3003:
2999:
2958:(9): e0161070.
2926:
2925:
2918:
2859:
2858:
2851:
2786:
2785:
2781:
2757:10.1.1.324.3013
2734:
2733:
2729:
2707:
2706:
2699:
2694:
2689:
2688:
2661:
2657:
2652:
2639:
2586:Furina dunmalli
2534:
2293:McDowell, 1970
2278:Müller's snake
2154:Paroplocephalus
1948:Laurenti, 1768
1818:, and into the
1096:Andaman Islands
887:Loyalty Islands
819:
814:
803:
791:Atractaspididae
743:
714:
680:
667:
575:
567:spitting cobras
529:proteroglyphous
517:
432:
310:
306:
272:
268:
205:
118:
90:
89:
88:
87:
86:
78:
77:
68:
67:
66:
58:
57:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4037:
4035:
4027:
4026:
4021:
4016:
4014:Snake families
4011:
4006:
3996:
3995:
3989:
3988:
3986:
3985:
3972:
3962:
3949:
3936:
3923:
3910:
3897:
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3858:
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3819:
3806:
3793:
3778:
3762:
3760:
3754:
3753:
3748:
3739:
3738:
3736:
3735:
3730:
3725:
3720:
3715:
3713:Anomalepididae
3709:
3707:
3701:
3700:
3698:
3697:
3692:
3687:
3682:
3677:
3672:
3670:Tropidophiidae
3667:
3662:
3657:
3655:Pseudaspididae
3652:
3647:
3642:
3637:
3632:
3627:
3622:
3617:
3612:
3607:
3602:
3597:
3592:
3587:
3582:
3577:
3572:
3566:
3564:
3562:Alethinophidia
3558:
3557:
3555:
3554:
3548:
3542:
3536:
3529:
3526:
3525:
3517:
3515:
3514:
3507:
3500:
3492:
3485:
3484:External links
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2491:
2490:bandy-bandies
2488:
2485:
2482:
2481:Günther, 1858
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2457:
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2453:Günther, 1863
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2378:Worrell, 1961
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2242:Günther, 1858
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2222:
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2218:Günther, 1858
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2054:Günther, 1864
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1978:A.H.A. Duméril
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1495:
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1477:
1474:
1471:A.M.C. Duméril
1468:
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1326:
1323:
1320:
1317:
1316:Worrell, 1961
1314:
1306:
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1302:
1299:
1296:
1293:
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1278:
1275:
1272:
1269:
1266:
1260:
1252:
1251:
1248:
1245:
1242:
1239:
1236:
1228:
1227:
1218:
1216:
1213:
1210:
1209:Worrell, 1961
1207:
1199:
1198:
1195:
1192:
1189:
1186:
1180:
1172:
1171:
1168:
1165:
1162:
1159:
1158:Günther, 1863
1156:
1148:
1147:
1092:
1089:
1086:
1083:
1080:
1072:
1071:
1068:
1065:
1062:
1059:
1053:
1045:
1044:
1037:
1034:
1031:
1028:
1022:
1014:
1013:
1008:
1005:
1002:
999:
996:
988:
987:
954:
951:
948:
945:
939:
931:
930:
925:
922:
919:
916:
906:
898:
897:
880:
877:
874:
871:
865:
857:
856:
845:
842:
839:
836:
830:
822:
821:
816:
811:
808:
805:
800:
742:
739:
712:
679:
676:
666:
663:
574:
571:
516:
513:
476:ventral scales
431:
428:
388:threat display
260:
259:
258:
257:
252:
245:
238:
231:
226:
218:
217:
213:
212:
200:
196:
195:
190:
186:
185:
180:
176:
175:
170:
166:
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160:
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150:
146:
145:
140:
136:
135:
130:
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125:
112:
111:
92:
91:
80:
79:
71:
70:
69:
60:
59:
51:
50:
49:
48:
47:
44:
43:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4036:
4025:
4022:
4020:
4017:
4015:
4012:
4010:
4007:
4005:
4002:
4001:
3999:
3982:
3977:
3973:
3969:
3963:
3959:
3954:
3950:
3946:
3941:
3937:
3933:
3928:
3924:
3920:
3915:
3911:
3907:
3902:
3898:
3894:
3889:
3885:
3881:
3876:
3872:
3868:
3863:
3859:
3855:
3850:
3846:
3842:
3837:
3833:
3829:
3824:
3820:
3816:
3811:
3807:
3803:
3798:
3794:
3789:
3783:
3779:
3774:
3768:
3764:
3763:
3761:
3759:
3755:
3751:
3746:
3734:
3731:
3729:
3726:
3724:
3721:
3719:
3718:Gerrhopilidae
3716:
3714:
3711:
3710:
3708:
3706:
3705:Scolecophidia
3702:
3696:
3695:Xenophidiidae
3693:
3691:
3688:
3686:
3683:
3681:
3678:
3676:
3673:
3671:
3668:
3666:
3663:
3661:
3658:
3656:
3653:
3651:
3650:Psammophiidae
3648:
3646:
3643:
3641:
3638:
3636:
3633:
3631:
3628:
3626:
3625:Lamprophiidae
3623:
3621:
3618:
3616:
3613:
3611:
3608:
3606:
3603:
3601:
3598:
3596:
3593:
3591:
3588:
3586:
3583:
3581:
3580:Anomochilidae
3578:
3576:
3573:
3571:
3570:Acrochordidae
3568:
3567:
3565:
3563:
3559:
3553:
3549:
3547:
3543:
3541:
3537:
3535:
3531:
3530:
3527:
3523:
3520:
3513:
3508:
3506:
3501:
3499:
3494:
3493:
3490:
3483:
3478:
3477:0-7167-0020-4
3474:
3471:xi + 378 pp.
3468:
3464:
3460:
3456:
3452:
3451:
3447:
3437:
3434:
3431:(3): 239-245.
3430:
3427:
3423:
3419:
3413:
3410:
3406:
3403:
3399:
3395:
3389:
3386:
3382:
3378:
3375:
3370:
3367:
3364:. Accessed .
3363:
3359:
3356:
3352:
3348:
3345:
3340:
3337:
3325:
3321:
3315:
3313:
3311:
3309:
3305:
3290:
3286:
3282:
3278:
3274:
3271:(7): 919–30.
3270:
3266:
3259:
3255:
3248:
3245:
3230:
3226:
3222:
3218:
3214:
3211:(1): 157–64.
3210:
3206:
3199:
3195:
3189:
3186:
3173:
3169:
3162:
3159:
3154:
3150:
3145:
3140:
3136:
3132:
3128:
3124:
3120:
3116:
3112:
3105:
3102:
3097:
3093:
3086:
3083:
3079:
3075:
3070:
3068:
3064:
3059:
3053:
3045:
3041:
3038:(3): 311–28.
3037:
3033:
3026:
3023:
3011:
3007:
3001:
2998:
2993:
2989:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2965:
2961:
2957:
2953:
2949:
2945:
2941:
2937:
2933:
2929:
2923:
2921:
2917:
2912:
2908:
2903:
2898:
2894:
2890:
2886:
2882:
2879:(1): 150277.
2878:
2874:
2870:
2866:
2862:
2856:
2854:
2850:
2845:
2841:
2836:
2831:
2826:
2821:
2817:
2813:
2809:
2805:
2801:
2797:
2793:
2789:
2783:
2780:
2775:
2771:
2767:
2763:
2758:
2753:
2750:(3): 349–62.
2749:
2745:
2741:
2737:
2731:
2728:
2724:
2720:
2714:
2710:
2704:
2702:
2698:
2691:
2682:
2678:
2674:
2670:
2666:
2659:
2656:
2649:
2644:
2641:
2640:
2636:
2634:
2625:
2624:
2620:
2617:
2616:
2612:
2611:
2609:
2604:
2603:
2599:
2596:
2595:
2591:
2588:
2587:
2583:
2580:
2579:
2575:
2572:
2571:
2567:
2564:
2563:
2559:
2556:
2555:
2551:
2548:
2547:
2543:
2542:
2540:
2539:
2538:
2531:
2529:
2528:
2519:
2516:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2501:
2500:Walterinnesia
2497:
2496:
2492:
2489:
2480:
2476:
2474:
2473:
2469:
2468:
2464:
2461:
2452:
2450:
2449:
2445:
2444:
2440:
2437:
2428:
2426:
2425:
2424:Toxicocalamus
2421:
2420:
2416:
2413:
2404:
2401:
2399:
2398:
2394:
2393:
2389:
2386:
2377:
2375:
2374:
2370:
2369:
2365:
2363:
2354:
2350:
2346:
2343:
2341:
2340:
2336:
2335:
2331:
2328:
2319:
2316:
2314:
2313:
2309:
2308:
2304:
2301:
2292:
2290:
2289:
2285:
2284:
2280:
2277:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2262:
2258:
2257:
2253:
2250:
2241:
2239:
2238:
2234:
2233:
2229:
2226:
2217:
2215:
2214:
2210:
2209:
2205:
2202:
2194:Wagler, 1830
2193:
2191:
2190:
2186:
2185:
2181:
2178:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2158:
2156:
2155:
2151:
2150:
2146:
2143:
2134:
2131:
2129:
2128:
2124:
2123:
2119:
2116:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2101:
2100:Parahydrophis
2097:
2096:
2092:
2089:
2080:
2077:
2075:
2074:
2070:
2069:
2065:
2062:
2053:
2051:
2050:
2046:
2045:
2041:
2038:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2023:
2019:
2018:
2014:
2011:
2002:
2000:
1999:
1995:
1994:
1990:
1988:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1969:
1968:
1964:
1963:
1960:Africa, Asia
1959:
1956:
1947:
1945:
1944:
1940:
1939:
1935:
1933:coral snakes
1932:
1924:Wagler, 1824
1923:
1921:
1920:
1916:
1915:
1911:
1908:
1899:
1896:
1894:
1893:
1889:
1888:
1884:
1881:
1872:
1870:
1869:
1865:
1864:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1841:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1761:
1757:
1753:
1750:
1741:
1738:
1736:
1735:
1731:
1730:
1726:
1723:
1714:
1711:
1709:
1708:
1707:Loveridgelaps
1704:
1703:
1699:
1696:
1687:
1684:
1682:
1681:
1677:
1676:
1672:
1669:
1667:
1659:
1656:
1655:
1654:Incongruelaps
1651:
1650:
1646:
1643:
1634:
1631:
1628:
1625:
1623:
1622:
1618:
1617:
1613:
1610:
1601:
1599:
1598:
1594:
1593:
1589:
1586:
1577:
1574:
1572:
1571:
1570:Hoplocephalus
1567:
1566:
1562:
1559:
1550:
1547:
1545:
1544:
1540:
1539:
1535:
1533:swamp snakes
1532:
1523:
1521:
1520:
1516:
1515:
1511:
1508:
1499:
1496:
1494:
1493:
1489:
1488:
1484:
1481:
1472:
1469:
1467:
1466:
1462:
1461:
1457:
1454:
1445:
1442:
1440:
1439:
1435:
1434:
1429:
1426:
1418:Krefft, 1869
1417:
1415:
1414:
1413:Emydocephalus
1410:
1409:
1405:
1402:
1393:
1390:
1388:
1387:
1383:
1382:
1378:
1375:
1366:
1363:
1361:
1360:
1356:
1355:
1351:
1348:
1339:
1337:
1336:
1332:
1331:
1327:
1324:
1315:
1313:
1312:
1308:
1307:
1303:
1300:
1291:
1288:
1286:
1285:
1281:
1280:
1276:
1273:
1264:
1261:
1259:
1258:
1254:
1253:
1249:
1246:
1237:
1235:
1234:
1230:
1229:
1226:
1222:
1219:
1217:
1208:
1206:
1205:
1201:
1200:
1196:
1193:
1184:
1181:
1179:
1178:
1174:
1173:
1169:
1166:
1157:
1155:
1154:
1150:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1122:, Indonesia (
1121:
1117:
1114:, Sri Lanka,
1113:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1094:India (incl.
1093:
1090:
1082:Daudin, 1803
1081:
1079:
1078:
1074:
1073:
1069:
1066:
1057:
1054:
1052:
1051:
1050:Brachyurophis
1047:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1035:
1026:
1023:
1021:
1020:
1016:
1015:
1012:
1009:
1006:
997:
995:
994:
993:Aspidomorphus
990:
989:
986:
982:
978:
974:
970:
966:
962:
961:Cape Province
958:
955:
952:
943:
940:
938:
937:
933:
932:
929:
926:
923:
914:
910:
907:
905:
904:
903:Antaioserpens
900:
899:
896:
892:
888:
884:
881:
878:
869:
866:
864:
863:
859:
858:
854:
850:
846:
844:death adders
843:
834:
831:
829:
828:
824:
823:
817:
812:
809:
806:
801:
798:
797:
794:
792:
788:
784:
780:
779:
774:
770:
766:
762:
757:
755:
754:
749:
740:
738:
736:
730:
727:
723:
719:
715:
709:
705:
701:
697:
693:
689:
685:
677:
675:
673:
664:
662:
660:
658:
653:
652:
646:
644:
640:
636:
632:
628:
627:
622:
621:
620:Toxicocalamus
616:
615:
610:
609:
604:
603:
598:
597:
596:Hoplocephalus
593:, Australian
592:
591:
586:
585:
580:
572:
570:
568:
564:
560:
556:
552:
548:
544:
540:
539:
538:Emydocephalus
534:
530:
521:
514:
512:
510:
506:
502:
498:
494:
493:
487:
485:
481:
477:
473:
468:
466:
465:Gaboon vipers
462:
458:
457:ovoviviparous
454:
450:
449:
444:
440:
436:
429:
427:
425:
421:
417:
413:
409:
405:
404:Indian Oceans
401:
397:
393:
389:
385:
384:
383:Emydocephalus
379:
375:
371:
366:
361:
357:, variant of
355:
349:
343:
342:Ancient Greek
337:
305:
299:
266:
256:
253:
251:
250:
246:
244:
243:
239:
237:
236:
232:
230:
227:
225:
224:Calliophiinae
222:
221:
219:
214:
209:
204:
201:
198:
197:
194:
191:
189:Superfamily:
188:
187:
184:
181:
178:
177:
174:
171:
168:
167:
164:
161:
158:
157:
154:
151:
148:
147:
144:
141:
138:
137:
134:
131:
128:
127:
122:
117:
113:
110:
106:
105:inland taipan
102:
98:
93:
84:
75:
64:
55:
45:
40:
37:
33:
19:
3757:
3690:Xenopeltidae
3685:Xenodermidae
3635:Micrelapidae
3620:Homalopsidae
3614:
3605:Cyclocoridae
3466:
3436:
3428:
3425:
3421:
3412:
3404:
3401:
3398:Naja morgani
3397:
3393:
3388:
3369:
3339:
3327:. Retrieved
3296:. Retrieved
3268:
3264:
3252:Williams D,
3247:
3236:. Retrieved
3208:
3204:
3194:Slowinski JB
3188:
3176:. Retrieved
3172:the original
3161:
3118:
3114:
3104:
3096:the original
3085:
3052:cite journal
3035:
3031:
3025:
3014:. Retrieved
3000:
2955:
2951:
2876:
2872:
2807:
2803:
2782:
2747:
2743:
2740:Knight, Alec
2730:
2712:
2665:coral snakes
2658:
2631:
2621:
2613:
2605:(Fiji snake)
2600:
2592:
2584:
2576:
2568:
2560:
2552:
2549:(King cobra)
2544:
2541:Vulnerable:
2535:
2532:Conservation
2526:
2525:
2498:
2478:
2470:
2446:
2422:
2397:Thalassophis
2395:
2371:
2339:Sinomicrurus
2337:
2310:
2288:Salomonelaps
2286:
2259:
2235:
2227:tree cobras
2211:
2187:
2152:
2125:
2098:
2071:
2047:
2020:
2012:tiger snake
1996:
1965:
1941:
1917:
1898:K.P. Schmidt
1890:
1866:
1768:Saudi Arabia
1756:Persian Gulf
1732:
1705:
1678:
1673:, Australia
1652:
1629:
1619:
1595:
1568:
1543:Hemibungarus
1541:
1517:
1490:
1463:
1436:
1411:
1384:
1359:Elapognathus
1357:
1333:
1309:
1282:
1255:
1231:
1202:
1175:
1151:
1075:
1048:
1017:
991:
957:South Africa
934:
901:
860:
849:Seram Island
825:
810:Subspecies*
786:
782:
778:Homoroselaps
776:
775:was renamed
772:
764:
758:
751:
748:Hydrophiinae
744:
731:
718:envenomation
696:cardiotoxins
681:
671:
668:
665:Distribution
656:
649:
647:
624:
618:
612:
606:
600:
594:
588:
582:
576:
562:
536:
526:
490:
488:
472:Hydrophiinae
469:
461:rattlesnakes
446:
433:
381:
303:
264:
263:
255:Hydrophiinae
247:
240:
233:
202:
36:
3888:iNaturalist
3782:Wikispecies
3728:Typhlopidae
3675:Uropeltidae
3640:Prosymnidae
3630:Loxocemidae
3595:Bolyeriidae
3329:27 November
3121:(1): 3642.
2944:Lailvaux SP
2792:Burbrink FT
2684:Bungarinae.
2448:Tropidechis
2063:King cobra
2049:Ophiophagus
1892:Micruroides
1885:New Guinea
1868:Micropechis
1842:, southern
1840:Philippines
1697:sea kraits
1671:Riversleigh
1644:sea snakes
1257:Dendroaspis
1247:whipsnakes
1238:Gray, 1842
1108:Afghanistan
1106:, Vietnam,
971:, southern
827:Acanthophis
787:Atractaspis
735:bloodstream
590:Dendroaspis
579:terrestrial
563:Acanthophis
448:Acanthophis
435:Terrestrial
430:Description
396:subtropical
109:black mamba
3998:Categories
3665:Pythonidae
3600:Colubridae
3320:"Elapidae"
3298:2010-09-18
3238:2019-10-14
3016:2009-07-13
2936:Grismer LL
2932:McKelvy AD
2928:Figueroa A
2865:Sanders KL
2709:Mattison C
2692:References
2493:Australia
2472:Vermicella
2403:P. Schmidt
2390:Australia
2312:Simoselaps
2254:Australia
2237:Pseudonaja
2213:Pseudohaje
2206:Australia
2189:Pseudechis
1991:Australia
1856:Queensland
1804:Bangladesh
1492:Hemachatus
1444:M.A. Smith
1438:Ephalophis
1386:Elapsoidea
1204:Cryptophis
1177:Calliophis
1116:Bangladesh
1070:Australia
1019:Austrelaps
1011:New Guinea
985:Mozambique
936:Aspidelaps
913:Wellington
818:Geographic
761:type genus
704:hemotoxins
700:cytotoxins
684:neurotoxic
626:Vermicella
614:Simoselaps
584:Pseudohaje
509:king cobra
484:viviparity
439:Colubridae
416:neurotoxic
412:king cobra
249:Elapsoidea
229:Micrurinae
179:Suborder:
97:king cobra
3680:Viperidae
3575:Aniliidae
3532:Kingdom:
2810:(1): 93.
2752:CiteSeerX
2581:(Bardick)
2345:Slowinski
2267:F. Müller
2073:Oxyuranus
2028:W. Peters
1848:Hong Kong
1828:Singapore
1816:Indonesia
1800:Sri Lanka
1680:Laticauda
1627:Latreille
1621:Hydrophis
1597:Hydrelaps
1549:W. Peters
1519:Hemiaspis
1365:Boulenger
1335:Echiopsis
1311:Drysdalia
1284:Denisonia
1221:Australia
1144:Singapore
965:Transvaal
942:Fitzinger
928:Australia
883:Timor Sea
862:Aipysurus
753:Laticauda
726:Antivenom
657:Laticauda
631:euryphagy
551:colubrids
547:maxillary
515:Dentition
492:Drysdalia
453:Viperidae
443:oviparous
193:Elapoidea
183:Serpentes
139:Kingdom:
133:Eukaryota
42:Elapidae
4004:Elapidae
3815:Elapidae
3802:Elapidae
3788:Elapidae
3767:Wikidata
3758:Elapidae
3615:Elapidae
3552:Squamata
3546:Reptilia
3540:Chordata
3538:Phylum:
3534:Animalia
3522:families
3465:(1978).
3418:Orlov NL
3377:Archived
3358:Archived
3347:Archived
3289:Archived
3285:16999982
3254:Wüster W
3229:Archived
3225:10764543
3153:31409779
3074:Elapidae
3010:Archived
2992:27603205
2952:PLOS ONE
2946:(2016).
2911:26909162
2844:23627680
2798:(2013).
2796:Wiens JJ
2788:Pyron RA
2717:272 pp.
2711:(2007).
2637:See also
2578:E. curta
2090:taipans
2079:Kinghorn
1998:Notechis
1980:, 1854)
1919:Micrurus
1832:Cambodia
1824:Malaysia
1812:Thailand
1792:Pakistan
1713:McDowell
1686:Laurenti
1349:bardick
1263:Schlegel
1233:Demansia
1153:Cacophis
1136:Sulawesi
1120:Cambodia
1112:Pakistan
1077:Bungarus
1041:Tasmania
981:Zimbabwe
977:Botswana
891:Malaysia
868:Lacépède
853:Tanimbar
807:Species
741:Taxonomy
573:Behavior
555:viperids
543:fish egg
392:tropical
378:venomous
265:Elapidae
242:Bungarus
203:Elapidae
199:Family:
173:Squamata
163:Reptilia
153:Chordata
149:Phylum:
143:Animalia
129:Domain:
32:Elopidae
18:Elapinae
3968:7166075
3773:Q186554
3550:Order:
3544:Class:
3459:Goin OB
3455:Goin CJ
3407:: 7-14.
3265:Toxicon
3178:July 9,
3144:6692343
3123:Bibcode
3076:at the
2983:5014348
2960:Bibcode
2940:Bell CD
2902:4736917
2881:Bibcode
2835:3682911
2812:Bibcode
2774:9417893
2508:, 1887
2506:Lataste
2405:, 1852
2355:, 2001
2320:, 1859
2269:, 1885
2170:, 2000
2168:Scanlon
2135:, 1934
2081:, 1923
2030:, 1864
2022:Ogmodon
1967:Neelaps
1957:cobras
1900:, 1928
1836:Vietnam
1808:Myanmar
1778:(UAE),
1760:Bahrain
1742:, 1832
1715:, 1970
1688:, 1768
1633:Sonnini
1578:, 1830
1551:, 1862
1500:, 1822
1498:Fleming
1473:, 1853
1446:, 1931
1394:, 1866
1367:, 1896
1292:, 1869
1274:mambas
1265:, 1848
1185:, 1834
1128:Sumatra
1100:Myanmar
1091:kraits
1058:, 1863
1056:Günther
1027:, 1963
1025:Worrell
969:Namibia
944:, 1843
915:, 1985
895:Vietnam
870:, 1804
835:, 1803
804:author
602:Ogmodon
505:taipans
424:species
400:Pacific
340:, from
304:elapids
208:F. Boie
169:Order:
159:Class:
3981:342638
3965:uBio:
3919:174348
3906:115519
3867:1ELPAF
3590:Boidae
3475:
3463:Zug GR
3283:
3223:
3151:
3141:
2990:
2980:
2909:
2899:
2861:Lee MS
2842:
2832:
2772:
2754:
2721:
2679:, and
2677:kraits
2673:mambas
2669:cobras
2353:Lawson
2351:&
2349:Boundy
2166:&
2106:Burger
1976:&
1974:Bibron
1858:) and
1852:Taiwan
1850:, and
1838:, the
1814:, and
1788:Kuwait
1740:Lesson
1576:Wagler
1465:Furina
1392:Bocage
1290:Krefft
973:Angola
911:&
833:Daudin
820:range
813:Common
799:Genus
783:et al.
769:botany
708:murine
643:mambas
639:Cobras
635:kraits
623:, and
559:buccal
503:, and
501:mambas
497:Cobras
420:genera
374:snakes
370:family
365:éllops
210:, 1827
3976:WoRMS
3958:38153
3945:57862
3901:IRMNG
3893:30403
3828:34453
3519:Snake
3292:(PDF)
3261:(PDF)
3232:(PDF)
3201:(PDF)
2477:Gray
2366:Asia
2164:Scott
2160:Keogh
2042:Fiji
2039:bola
1844:China
1796:India
1790:) to
1764:Qatar
1104:Nepal
909:Wells
815:name
802:Taxon
773:Elaps
765:Elaps
722:brain
678:Venom
533:venom
360:ἔλλοψ
354:élaps
3932:8602
3927:NCBI
3914:ITIS
3880:9455
3875:GBIF
3862:EPPO
3854:1716
3823:BOLD
3473:ISBN
3331:2006
3281:PMID
3221:PMID
3180:2021
3149:PMID
3058:link
2988:PMID
2907:PMID
2840:PMID
2770:PMID
2719:ISBN
2671:and
2373:Suta
2133:Roux
1943:Naja
1786:and
1784:Iraq
1780:Iran
1772:Oman
1223:and
1183:Gray
1132:Bali
1124:Java
893:and
851:and
759:The
698:and
690:and
688:PLA2
659:spp.
641:and
587:and
402:and
394:and
348:ἔλαψ
235:Naja
107:and
3849:EoL
3841:9LQ
3836:CoL
3810:AFD
3797:ADW
3353:at
3273:doi
3213:doi
3139:PMC
3131:doi
3040:doi
2978:PMC
2968:doi
2897:PMC
2889:doi
2830:PMC
2820:doi
2762:doi
2432:11
2381:11
2323:13
2318:Jan
1951:39
1930:51
1927:83
1638:34
1397:10
1191:11
1188:15
1138:),
1098:),
1085:12
967:),
463:or
372:of
4000::
3978::
3955::
3942::
3929::
3916::
3903::
3890::
3877::
3864::
3851::
3838::
3825::
3812::
3799::
3784::
3769::
3461:,
3457:,
3405:14
3322:.
3307:^
3287:.
3279:.
3269:48
3267:.
3263:.
3227:.
3219:.
3209:15
3207:.
3203:.
3147:.
3137:.
3129:.
3119:10
3117:.
3113:.
3066:^
3054:}}
3050:{{
3034:.
2986:.
2976:.
2966:.
2956:11
2954:.
2950:.
2942:,
2938:,
2934:,
2930:,
2919:^
2905:.
2895:.
2887:.
2875:.
2871:.
2863:,
2852:^
2838:.
2828:.
2818:.
2808:13
2806:.
2802:.
2794:,
2790:,
2768:.
2760:.
2746:.
2738:;
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2667:,
2514:0
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2408:1
2384:0
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2358:8
2347:,
2326:3
2299:0
2296:1
2275:0
2272:1
2248:2
2245:8
2224:0
2221:2
2200:0
2197:7
2176:0
2173:1
2162:,
2141:0
2138:1
2114:0
2111:1
2087:2
2084:3
2060:0
2057:1
2036:0
2033:1
2009:0
2006:1
1986:0
1983:2
1954:3
1906:2
1903:1
1879:0
1876:1
1846:,
1834:,
1830:,
1826:,
1810:,
1806:,
1802:,
1798:,
1794:,
1782:,
1774:,
1770:,
1766:,
1762:,
1748:0
1745:1
1721:0
1718:1
1694:0
1691:5
1665:0
1662:1
1657:†
1641:3
1630:In
1608:0
1605:1
1584:0
1581:3
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