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260:. Chambord believed the restored monarchy had to eliminate all traces of the Revolution, especially the Tricolor flag, in order to restore the unity between the monarchy and the nation, which the revolution had sundered. Compromise on this was impossible if the nation were to be made whole again. The general population, however, was unwilling to abandon the Tricolor flag. Chambord's decision thus ruined the hopes of a quick restoration of the
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241:, the head of the Bourbon branch supported by Legitimists, back on the throne had failed on account of the comte's intransigence. President MacMahon was supposed to lead him to the National Assembly and have him acclaimed as king. However, the Comte de Chambord rejected this plan in the
229:
in 1870 as a transitory state while they negotiated who would be king. Until the 1876 elections, the royalist movement dominated the legislature, thus creating the paradox of a
Republic led by anti-republicans. The royalist deputies supported
268:. A "temporary" republican government was therefore established. Chambord lived on until 1883, but by that time, enthusiasm for a monarchy had faded, and the Comte de Paris was never offered the French throne.
234:, a declared monarchist of the legitimist party, as president of the Republic. His term was set to seven years – the time to find a compromise between the two rival royalist factions.
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by the president. New elections resulted in the royalists increasing their seat totals, but nonetheless resulted in a majority for the
Republicans. Thus, the interpretation of the
367:, which brought 323 Republicans and 209 royalists to the Chamber, marking a clear rejection of the President's move. MacMahon had either to submit himself or to resign, as had
313:
Political crisis was thus inevitable. It involved a struggle for supremacy between the monarchist
President of the Republic and the republican Chamber of Deputies.
264:. Monarchists therefore resigned themselves to wait for the death of the ageing, childless Chambord, when the throne could be offered to his more liberal heir, the
295:, which gave disproportionate influence to rural areas, the majority was made up of monarchists, who had a majority of only one seat (151 against 149 Republicans)
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remained a gap between these long-time rivals (and indeed continues, to be a main criterion of distinction between the French left-wing and its right-wing).
427:' words that "the Republic is the form of government which divides the least". These newly rallied became the first right-wing republicans of France. After
205:. The crisis ultimately sealed the defeat of the royalist movement, and was instrumental in creating the conditions for the longevity of the Third Republic.
519:), so that both presidential and parlementary elections may be synchronous, in order to avoid any further "cohabitation" and thus conflict between the
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Ministers are responsible to the
Chamber of Deputies. (Following the 1896 institutional crisis, the Senate obtained the right to control ministers.)
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government, while the
Republicans in the chamber considered the parliament as the supreme political body, which decided the policies of the nation.
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Even with de Gaulle's disappearance from the political scene a year after the May 1968 crisis, little changed until the 1980s, when the various
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494:(since 1958) was specifically tailored to his needs, but this specificity was also rested on the President's personal
482:, he designed a constitution that strengthened the President. His 1962 reform to have the president elected by direct
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The crisis sealed the defeat of the royalists. President MacMahon accepted his defeat and resigned in
January 1879.
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of 5 July 1871, reiterated by a 23 October 1873 letter, in which he explained that in no case would he abandon the
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Steven D. Kale, "The
Monarchy According to the King: The Ideological Content of the 'Drapeau Blanc,' 1871–1873."
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The
Chamber refused to place its trust in the new government. On 16 May 1877, 363 French deputies – among them
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217:, the elections for the National Assembly had brought about a monarchist majority, divided into
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608:, "to submit oneself or to resign" – is still often used in the modern French political debate.
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severely restricted, so much that it was never used again under the Third
Republic. After the
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Quand la France aura fait entendre sa voix souveraine, il faudra se soumettre ou se démettre.
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renewed the conflict between the presidency and the prime minister. Subsequently
President
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The crisis was triggered by President MacMahon, who dismissed the moderate republican
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must remain exceptional. It was not used again during the Third Republic; even
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189:, the parliament on 16 May 1877 refused to support the new government and was
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Mitchell, Allan. "Thiers, MacMahon, and the Conseil supérieur de la Guerre."
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proposed to reduce the term of the presidency from seven to five years (the
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470:(1946–1958) was again founded on this parliamentary system, something which
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415:, whose intransigence had resulted in the breakdown of the alliance between
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486:(instead of being elected by deputies and senators) further increased his
478:). Thus, when de Gaulle had the opportunity to come back to power in the
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France Under the Republic: The Development of Modern France (1870–1939)
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France Under the Republic: The Development of Modern France (1870–1939)
225:, which conceived the republican institutions created by the fall of
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18:
387:, and accepted Dufaure's interpretation of the constitution:
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heard, then one will have to submit himself or resign" (
302:, the overwhelming majority was composed of republicans.
137:, a monarchist symbol) confronted by republican leader
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famously called for: "When France will have let its
145:, a republican symbol) shouting “Submit or resign!”.
275:joined with the initiative of moderate Republicans
127:A contemporary caricature on the crisis: President
49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
379:). MacMahon thus appointed a moderate republican,
16:Constitutional crisis in the French Third Republic
490:. The constitution designed by de Gaulle for the
165:concerning the distribution of power between the
8:
435:and members of the right-wing of the late
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
568:
527:branches. This change was accepted by
285:the constitutional laws of the Republic
454:was definitely rejected in favor of a
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402:did not dare to dissolve it in 1940.
47:adding citations to reliable sources
557:Alleged military conspiracy of 1877
431:(1914–18), some of the independent
309:was MacMahon, an avowed monarchist.
252:, symbol of the monarchy (with its
256:), in exchange for the republican
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450:In the constitutional field, the
552:France in the nineteenth century
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676:Prince Philippe, Count of Paris
34:needs additional citations for
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439:allied themselves with these
651:Political history of France
606:se soumettre ou se démettre
377:se soumettre ou se démettre
692:
630:French historical studies
541:Cohabitation (government)
460:dissolution of parliament
396:dissolution of parliament
237:In 1873, a plan to place
632:6.2 (1969), pp. 232–252.
604:This famous sentence –
385:president of the Council
361:dissolved the parliament
239:Henri, comte de Chambord
592:(1988) 2#4 pp. 399–426.
474:despised and rejected (
437:Radical-Socialist Party
443:republicans, although
329:. MacMahon favoured a
327:Albert, duc de Broglie
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666:Constitutional crises
646:French Third Republic
546:French Third Republic
413:The Comte de Chambord
350:vote of no confidence
163:French Third Republic
159:constitutional crisis
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625:(1940), pp. 127–143.
476:le régime des partis
456:parliamentary system
381:Jules Armand Dufaure
199:parliamentary system
129:Patrice de Mac Mahon
58:"16 May 1877 crisis"
43:improve this article
507:François Mitterrand
458:, and the right of
452:presidential system
342:Jean Casimir-Perier
300:Chamber of Deputies
215:Franco-Prussian War
203:presidential system
183:Moderate Republican
579:(1940) pp. 127–43.
529:referendum in 2000
484:universal suffrage
480:crisis of May 1958
338:Georges Clemenceau
155:Crise du seize mai
151:16 May 1877 crisis
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472:Charles de Gaulle
354:Manifeste des 363
201:prevailed over a
195:1875 Constitution
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445:anticlericalism
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363:and called for
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283:to vote for
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143:Phrygian cap
134:fleur-de-lys
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41:Please help
36:verification
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548:(1871–1940)
525:legislative
516:quinquennat
429:World War I
417:Legitimists
348:– passed a
323:Jules Simon
277:Jules Ferry
219:Legitimists
187:Jules Simon
173:. When the
171:legislature
640:Categories
563:References
421:Orleanists
317:The crisis
250:white flag
244:white flag
223:Orleanists
209:Background
177:president
69:newspapers
521:executive
488:authority
441:pragmatic
407:Aftermath
359:MacMahon
307:president
271:In 1875,
246:manifesto
191:dissolved
167:president
153:(French:
141:(under a
131:(under a
535:See also
496:charisma
433:radicals
262:monarchy
258:tricolor
175:royalist
169:and the
157:) was a
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