409:, are still the remains of a stone wall and a few cellars, which remained from the terrible earthquake of 1746. In connection of the quake, after a few powerful shocks, the ocean had first retreated and then flowed back with a terrible force and engulfed the town and the fortress of Callao, and 24 vessels which carried silver worth 300 million piasters, and the 4 000 inhabitants of the town. Some of the fort’s walls remained intact, and within these walls 22 persons survived these events. After this terrible devastation, bodies of the drowned were thrown to the beach by the waves of the ocean, and later they were collected and stacked in the cellars. In time the bodies decomposed, the cellars collapsed, and piles of skulls and bones came to the surface from the ruins. We stood for a long time in the Callao harbor in 1817, and we often took walks to the surrounding area, and with feelings of pity we looked upon the earthly remains of such a large group of people, people like us, scattered on the ground, to the shame of coming generations. When facing a sight such as this, views on the vanity of the world and all worldly things appear in our mind completely different from the views we earlier had when floating with the whirl of these vanities.
333:, which reached the coast half an hour following the shock, causing great damage at all Peruvian ports. Callao was worst affected, with a 24-meter runup, and 5 kilometer inundation that destroyed all 23 vessels that were in its harbor. Callao's walls were destroyed and the city was inundated, killing most of the 5–6,000 inhabitants, leaving less than two hundred survivors. Those that tried to escape inland were overtaken by the wave. Eyewitness accounts indicate two waves, the first of which was up to 80 feet (24 m) high. Four of the boats were carried across the ruined port and thrown up to nearly a mile inland, including the warships
30:
435:
65:
51:
37:
267:, on the downgoing plate. It also marks a major change in the subduction geometry between 'flat-slab' subduction to the northwest and normally dipping subduction to the southeast. The ridge appears to act as a barrier to rupture propagation, reducing the potential earthquake magnitude. The 1746 earthquake is interpreted to be a
290:
in the south of the country. Significant damage from the earthquake affected an area of about 44,000 square kilometers and it was felt up to 750 km away. The estimated rupture length was 350 km. There were at least 200 aftershocks observed in the first 24 hours after the mainshock, out of a
320:
in the south. In Lima, all offices and all 74 churches were either damaged or destroyed leaving just 25 of the original 3,000 houses standing. Only 1,141 out of the population of 60,000 died in Lima from the earthquake shaking, despite the amount of damage. This is attributed to the intensity of the
400:
office, Kiril
Timofeevich Khlebnikov (1784–1838) visited Callao. His account of the events of what happened on 28 October 1746 may have slight factual mistakes, but he is generally considered a good witness of things he saw with his own eyes, and his attitude in writing history is characterised as
321:
shaking increasing as the earthquake went on, giving the inhabitants the chance to escape. The total number of casualties, including those from the tsunami, was almost 6,000, although some chroniclers give higher figures for Lima, partly due to the inclusion of the effects of subsequent epidemics.
389:. A key part of these proposals was to restrict buildings to a single storey and widen the roads, but the plans were diluted following opposition from groups within the city and second floors were allowed as long as they used bamboo in their construction rather than adobe bricks.
259:
at a rate of 61 mm per year. It has been the location for many large and damaging earthquakes since historical records began, most of which triggered devastating tsunamis. The southern segment of the
Peruvian part of this plate boundary is affected by the presence of the
422:
survived the earthquake intact, it became a special object of veneration in the city. There is an annual procession in which the image is carried through the streets of Lima, and it is customary for the faithful to wear purple during the month of
October in commemoration.
605:
525:
National
Geophysical Data Center / World Data Service (NGDC/WDS): NCEI/WDS Global Significant Earthquake Database. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information (1972).
987:
378:
1412:
1640:
1615:
1620:
773:
1256:
946:
746:
1138:
579:
474:
Chlieh, M.; Perfettini H.; Tavera H.; Avouac J.-P., Remy D.; Nocquet J.M.; Rolandone F.; Bondoux F.; Gabalda G. & Bonvalot S. (2011).
621:
Sladen, A.; Tavera H.; Simons M.; Avouac J.P.; Konca A.O.; Perfettini H.; Audin L.; Fielding E.J.; Ortega F. & Cavagnoud R. (2010).
29:
663:
119:
1528:
854:
1523:
1405:
973:
898:
p. xvi, xxii. Edited with an introduction by
Svetlana G. Fedorova. Translated from the Russian edition of 1985 by Serge Lecomte and
168:
702:
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623:"Source model of the 2007 Mw 8.0 Pisco, Peru earthquake: Implications for seismogenic behavior of subduction megathrusts"
1398:
1473:
1421:
444:
291:
total of 1,700 recorded in the following 112 days, although they caused no further casualties or significant damage.
1610:
1323:
1318:
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was destroyed, despite having been rebuilt further inland after the devastating tsunami that accompanied the
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1374:
1343:
1313:
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1133:
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1077:
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1020:
286:, was the largest to strike central Peru in recorded history, and the second largest of all time, after the
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1303:
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104:
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583:
795:
938:
862:
2011 Global
Assessment Report on Disaster Risk Reduction Revealing Risk, Redefining Development
942:
742:
401:
sober and realistic. It is also known that he kept a diary. Khlebnikov wrote in his memoirs:
828:
642:
530:
495:
419:
889:
562:
475:
271:
that ruptured the whole of the northern segment of the plate interface within this zone.
814:
638:
491:
931:
710:
1604:
893:
476:"Interseismic Coupling and Seismic Potential along the Central Andes Subduction Zone"
397:
738:
Shaky
Colonialism: The 1746 Earthquake-Tsunami in Lima, Peru, and Its Long Aftermath
736:
439:
386:
342:
261:
248:
252:
134:
121:
405:
In Lima I saw... an extremely astonishing sight. There, near the village of
216:
965:
664:"Assessment of the size of large and great historical earthquakes in Peru"
604:
A contemporary description of the events by one of the few survivors, the
647:
622:
500:
350:
219:
was located about 90 km (56 mi) north-northwest of the capital
832:
330:
313:
224:
1390:
796:"Evaluation of Tsunami Risk from Regional Earthquakes at Pisco, Peru"
534:
354:
309:
228:
357:. Other particularly devastating tsunamis have occurred in Peru in
231:. It was the deadliest earthquake in Peru’s history prior to the
915:Кирилъ Тимоѳеевичъ Хлѣбниковъ: “Взглядъ на полвѣка моей жизни”,
884:Русская Америка в «записках» К. Т. Хлебникова: Ново-Архангельск.
305:
220:
1394:
969:
207:
on 28 October with a moment magnitude of 8.6–8.8 and a maximum
279:
The earthquake, with an estimated magnitude of 8.6–8.8
696:
694:
692:
392:
In 1817, 70 years after the earthquake and the tsunami, the
223:, which was almost completely destroyed, and the subsequent
312:
and everything else along the central
Peruvian coast from
529:. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information.
882:
794:
Okal, E.A.; Borrero J.C. & Synolakis C.E. (2006).
1542:
1466:
1428:
1352:
1296:
1265:
1219:
1163:
1147:
1091:
1065:
1039:
1003:
709:. University of Southern California. Archived from
662:Dorbath, L.; Cisternas A. & Dorbath C. (1990).
189:
181:
160:
150:
113:
99:
91:
76:
64:
930:
803:Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America
671:Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America
304:The earthquake completely destroyed the city of
403:
204:
1406:
981:
8:
385:, with the help of the French mathematician
19:
574:
572:
1413:
1399:
1391:
988:
974:
966:
929:Ferreira, C.; Dargent-Chamont, E. (2003).
18:
822:
646:
499:
730:
728:
582:. U.S. Geological Survey. Archived from
461:
937:. Greenwood Publishing Group. p.
558:
547:
520:
518:
516:
514:
512:
377:The rebuilding of Lima was planned by
469:
467:
465:
7:
741:. Duke University Press. p. 8.
527:"Significant Earthquake Information"
308:in 3–4 minutes, and also destroyed
349:. The tsunami was also noticed at
14:
1524:1987 Santiago de Chuco earthquake
855:"Box 1.1 A tale of two disasters"
919:, 1836, часть CLXXV, p. 371–372.
774:"Comments for the Tsunami Event"
770:National Geophysical Data Center
433:
63:
49:
35:
28:
1641:1746 disasters in South America
1616:1746 in the Viceroyalty of Peru
627:Journal of Geophysical Research
480:Journal of Geophysical Research
161:
1621:Megathrust earthquakes in Peru
450:List of historical earthquakes
1:
1585:2021 Northern Peru earthquake
1555:2005 Northern Peru earthquake
1550:2001 southern Peru earthquake
1529:1990–91 Alto Mayo earthquakes
1504:November 1960 Peru earthquake
886:Наука, М., 1985, с. 7, 14. /
379:Jose Antonio Manso de Velasco
50:
16:Megathrust earthquake in Peru
701:USC Tsunami Research Group.
227:devastated the port city of
36:
1474:1928 Chachapoyas earthquake
1446:1746 Lima–Callao earthquake
1436:1586 Lima–Callao earthquake
1257:1766 Southeastern Caribbean
933:Culture and Customs of Peru
445:List of earthquakes in Peru
329:The earthquake triggered a
201:1746 Lima–Callao earthquake
20:1746 Lima–Callao earthquake
1657:
418:Because the mural of the
24:
1534:1996 Chimbote earthquake
997:18th-century earthquakes
394:Russian-American Company
1457:1877 Iquique earthquake
1631:1746 natural disasters
1590:2022 Chilca earthquake
1514:1970 Ancash earthquake
1499:1953 Tumbes earthquake
1494:1947 Satipo earthquake
1489:1946 Ancash earthquake
557:Cite journal requires
411:
396:employee, head of the
1626:18th-century tsunamis
1451:1868 Arica earthquake
1139:1739 Yinchuan–Pingluo
735:Walker, C.F. (2008).
703:"Historical Tsunamis"
580:"Earthquakes of Peru"
288:1868 Arica earthquake
1580:2021 Mala earthquake
1575:2019 Peru earthquake
1570:2018 Peru earthquake
1565:2014 Peru earthquake
1560:2007 Peru earthquake
1519:1974 Lima earthquake
1509:1966 Peru earthquake
1484:1942 Peru earthquake
1479:1940 Lima earthquake
1441:1687 Peru earthquake
1334:1786 Kangding-Luding
648:10.1029/2009JB006429
501:10.1029/2010JB008166
347:1687 Peru earthquake
257:South American Plate
243:Peru lies above the
1459:(now part of Chile)
1453:(now part of Chile)
1422:Earthquakes in Peru
1273:1770 Port-au-Prince
1181:1751 Port-au-Prince
904:The Limestone Press
815:2006BuSSA..96.1634O
639:2010JGRB..115.2405S
492:2011JGRB..11612405C
341:. The port city of
245:convergent boundary
131: /
21:
1278:1771 Great Yaeyama
833:10.1785/0120050158
707:Tsunamis From Peru
209:Mercalli intensity
1611:1740s earthquakes
1598:
1597:
1388:
1387:
948:978-0-313-30318-0
900:Richard A. Pierce
894:Novo-Arkhangel’sk
748:978-0-8223-4189-5
608:, is to be found
606:Marqués de Ovando
197:
196:
1648:
1429:Pre 20th century
1415:
1408:
1401:
1392:
1155:1746 Lima–Callao
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809:(5): 1634–1648.
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535:10.7289/V5TD9V7K
522:
507:
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471:
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420:Lord of Miracles
316:in the north to
269:megathrust event
239:Tectonic setting
206:
205:22:30 local time
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1636:History of Lima
1601:
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1324:1783 New Jersey
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486:(B12): B12405.
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440:Peru portal
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383:viceroy of Peru
375:
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233:1970 earthquake
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135:11.35°S 77.28°W
133:
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92:Local time
83:
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80:28 October 1746
77:Local date
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1339:1787 New Spain
1336:
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1319:1783 Calabrian
1316:
1311:
1306:
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1283:1773 Guatemala
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1211:1759 Near East
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1129:1738 Dangjiang
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1119:1737 Kamchatka
1116:
1114:1733 Dongchuan
1111:
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1057:1717 Guatemala
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633:(B2): B02405.
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151:Areas affected
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140:-11.35; -77.28
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1196:1755 Cape Ann
1194:
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1189:
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1177:
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1125:
1124:1737 Valdivia
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1120:
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1115:
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1107:
1105:
1104:1732 Montreal
1102:
1100:
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1090:
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1064:
1058:
1055:
1053:
1050:
1048:
1045:
1044:
1042:
1038:
1032:
1031:1709 Zhongwei
1029:
1027:
1024:
1022:
1019:
1017:
1016:1703 Apennine
1014:
1012:
1011:1700 Cascadia
1009:
1008:
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1375:1797 Sumatra
1344:1787 Boricua
1314:1782 Mendoza
1252:1766 Marmara
1237:1763 Komárom
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1134:1738 Vrancea
1109:1732 Irpinia
1078:1722 Algarve
1052:1716 Algiers
1021:1703 Genroku
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550:cite journal
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255:beneath the
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1380:1799 Vendée
1304:1780 Tabriz
1288:1778 Kashan
1232:1762 Arakan
1227:1761 Lisbon
1201:1755 Meknes
1191:1755 Lisbon
1171:1751 Takada
1083:1727 Tabriz
1073:1721 Tabriz
1047:1714 Bhutan
864:. p. 3
590:10 November
414:Remembrance
387:Louis Godin
339:San Antonio
249:Nazca Plate
138: /
1605:Categories
1365:1792 Unzen
1206:1756 Düren
1186:1754 Cairo
954:3 November
892:. Part I:
868:9 November
838:9 November
779:3 November
754:3 November
717:9 November
681:2 November
456:References
407:Bellavista
300:Earthquake
275:Earthquake
253:subducting
247:where the
190:Casualties
84:1746-10-28
1360:1790 Oran
1309:1780 Java
1247:1766 Cuba
1026:1707 Hōei
888:Notes on
819:CiteSeerX
381:then the
373:Aftermath
217:epicenter
164:intensity
114:Epicenter
100:Magnitude
540:14 April
427:See also
351:Acapulco
170:MMI XI (
103:8.6–8.8
906:, 1994.
811:Bibcode
635:Bibcode
488:Bibcode
331:tsunami
325:Tsunami
314:Chancay
225:tsunami
215:). The
213:Extreme
211:of XI (
182:Tsunami
172:Extreme
126:77°17′W
123:11°21′S
82: (
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365:, and
355:Mexico
335:Fermín
318:Cañete
310:Callao
295:Damage
229:Callao
1353:1790s
1297:1780s
1266:1770s
1220:1760s
1164:1750s
1148:1740s
1092:1730s
1066:1720s
1040:1710s
1004:1700s
858:(PDF)
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398:Sitka
343:Pisco
262:Nazca
193:5,941
95:22:30
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956:2011
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610:here
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563:help
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367:1868
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