517:
620:
542:
990:
1044:
592:
281:
1350:
1098:
1327:
569:
1582:
304:
256:
1525:
resolutions rejecting the result of the "spurious" 1847 Liberty Party convention and declaring the
National Liberty Party a "permanent" organization committed to universal application of the doctrine of equal rights. In pointed contrast to the more moderate position staked out by the Free Soilers, they declared all proslavery laws and constitutions to be null and void and asserted the power and obligation of the United States Congress to abolish slavery. They endorsed the
1071:
2506:
453:; however, he was not a member of the Liberty Party, had never belonged to any antislavery society, and stopped short of calling for the immediate abolition of slavery, instead adopting a policy of non-extension. Chase and his allies worked tirelessly throughout the summer in support of Hale's candidacy; their efforts were rewarded, as Hale was nominated overwhelmingly by the national convention, with 103 votes to 44 for Smith. Former
1304:
494:
233:
648:
1017:
467:
979:
consideration; an informal vote within the committee of conferees found a majority in favor of Van Buren. In exchange for
Liberty support for Van Buren, Chase negotiated acceptance of much of the Liberty Party's platform, including the non-extension of slavery. As a gesture to the party's Whig element, Charles Francis Adams Sr., son of the late
165:. Others opposed any cooperation with the major parties and argued the Liberty Party should adopt a broad reform platform in order to appeal to voters outside the antislavery movement. This group organized the Liberty League to promote their ideas within the party and included political abolitionists such as
1558:
In light of these opposite and characteristic proceedings, we cannot hesitate to decide, that the
Convention of 1843 was a genuine, and that of 1847 a spurious, Liberty Party Convention; and that, whilst the memory of the former should be cherished, that of the latter should be loathed by every lover
1245:
Slavery in the several States of this Union which recognize its existence, depends upon the State laws alone, which cannot be repealed or modified by the
Federal Government, and for which laws that Government is not responsible. We therefore propose no interference by Congress with slavery within the
437:
met with Hale in Boston in July 1847 to encourage him to make a public declaration of his candidacy. Hale, however, was concerned that accepting the party's nomination would weaken his position in the Senate and asked for the convention to be delayed until the following spring. When the Chase faction
181:
Unlike in 1844, there was no obvious candidate who could command the unanimous support of the
Liberty Party. While leaders of the Liberty League hoped to persuade Birney to stand for a third time, his reputation had been damaged by missteps during the 1844 campaign, and Birney himself was disinclined
1564:
The
Liberty Party is not a temporary but a permanent party—not a piece-of-an-idea party, but the whole-of-an-idea party—not bound to carry out the one idea of political justice against slavery only, but against wars, tariffs, the traffic of intoxicating drinks, land monopolies, and secret societies,
952:
withdrew from the
Philadelphia convention and called for a new meeting of antislavery advocates at Buffalo. Both groups recognized the importance of uniting all antislavery voters under one roof; when Dodge declined the vice presidential nomination, it opened the door for the Barnburners to join the
1272:
The acolytes of the
Liberty League were unimpressed by the result of the Free Soil convention. These abolitionists had objected to Hale in spite of his spirited opposition to the gag rule; they were hardly inclined to support Van Buren, who had endorsed the gag rule as president. In the wake of the
978:
parties in past elections. Most
Liberty men still supported Hale; but the importance of the Barnburners, by far the largest contingent of the new party, made Van Buren the early frontrunner for the nomination. McLean soon found he lacked sufficient support to be nominated and withdrew his name from
932:
who had risen to prominence by his exploits in a war most abolitionists considered immoral. Abolitionists thus faced a choice between a proslavery
Democrat and a slaveholding Whig. These conditions were ripe for a third candidate to emerge and unite the support of antislavery men of all parties, as
1570:
The slaveholder, as such, has no rights, and that slaveholding laws are no laws;—that the one is but a pirate, and the other but the bloody code of his bloodiest piracy;—and that every constitution, or compact, or religion, which justifies this pirate, or upholds his piracy, merits nothing better
1589:
Despite the optimism of the Free Soilers, Van Buren carried no electoral votes, finishing a distant third behind Cass and Taylor. His 10.13% of the popular vote, however, represents a dramatic improvement on Birney's 1844 result, owing largely to his popularity with antislavery Democrats. The
1524:
The platform adopted by the National Liberty Party at Buffalo completed the separation of the Liberty Leaguers from the majority faction of the Liberty Party who would go on to support Van Buren and the free soil movement in the general election. The delegates approved a preamble and thirteen
424:
on October 20, 1847. They aimed to secure Smith's nomination by the national party on a platform accepting the resolves of the Macedon convention. The contingent led by Chase, meanwhile, continued to seek support from disaffected members of the two major parties. In the months preceding the
1590:
National Liberty Party attracted sparse support; Smith received votes in only four states, including his native New York, where he polled 2,454 votes (0.56%). The Free Soil platform of 1848 provided the policy basis for the antislavery coalition that would come to power in the
3541:
3561:
516:
425:
convention, they began to promote Hale as a candidate capable of uniting a broad coalition of Liberty men, Conscience Whigs, and Independent Democrats on the basis of opposition to slavery's extension. A contingent of Liberty leaders including
880:
The nomination of Hale by the Liberty National Convention was a major victory for the coalitionists. Crucially, it secured a candidate who could be persuaded to withdraw if a coalition with antislavery Whigs and Democrats were later possible.
145:, one group favored cooperation with anti-slavery Whigs and Democrats, even suggesting Liberty candidates should be willing to withdraw in favor of major party candidates who pledged opposition to slavery. This strategy was most successful in
1256:
It is the duty of the federal government to relieve itself of all responsibility for the existence or continuance of slavery wherever the government possesses constitutional power to legislate on that subject, and is thus responsible for its
1285:. The party published an address to the people of the United States in which they asserted the antislavery character of the constitution and endorsed the immediate abolition of slavery in addition to a slew of political reforms, including
3644:
2329:
1273:
Utica convention, the dissidents met at Buffalo over June 14–15 to nominate Smith as the candidate of the "National Liberty Party;" Foote was again nominated for vice president against a crowded field that included Black abolitionist
3566:
619:
3546:
1227:
had no legal or constitutional authority to abolish slavery in the slave states. Instead, it occupied the narrower ground of opposing the admission of new slave states and territories. The platform made no mention of the
3184:
3571:
3556:
2322:
2035:
1262:
We accept the issue which the slave power has forced upon us; and to their demand for more slave states and more slave territory, our calm but final answer is: No more slave states and no more slave territory.
3498:
3232:
2537:
1585:
County results for the 1848 presidential election. Counties reporting pluralities for the Free Soil Party (Van Buren) are in green. In no county was the National Liberty Party (Smith) the largest party.
2854:
2291:
202:
to be Smith's running mate.) Seventy delegates were in attendance, including Goodell, who presided over the meeting. The convention adopted a platform endorsing an antislavery interpretation of the
2315:
964:. Leavitt stated that they "cannot support him, without deliberately giving the lie to all our own declarations for fifteen years past" as Van Buren was a "Northern man with Southern principles".
3551:
936:
In May 1848, Barnburners in New York, predicting a Cass victory, called for a convention of anti-Cass Democrats in Utica on June 22. This convention nominated Van Buren for president and Senator
3678:
3427:
2470:
2450:
1251:
In the judgement of this convention, Congress has no more power to make a slave than to make a king; no more power to institute or establish slavery than to institute or establish monarchy.
3712:
2435:
2415:
445:
Acceptance of Hale required a significant shift in the party's attitude and approach to politics. Hale had earned the high regard of many Liberty Party voters for his protests against the
2465:
2460:
1236:, unlike previous Liberty Party documents. It included planks endorsing traditional Democratic economic policies which many in the Liberty Party had long supported, including a federal
2425:
2360:
3639:
3392:
3357:
2440:
2028:
3608:
3432:
3337:
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2400:
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2530:
2490:
2445:
2430:
2420:
2410:
2395:
2380:
2365:
2355:
3312:
3222:
2485:
2385:
2375:
2370:
2350:
967:
The Buffalo Free Soil convention opened on August 9 with approximately 20,000 Democrats, Whigs, and Liberty men in attendance. Many of the Whigs hoped for the nomination of
3347:
3342:
3212:
2847:
1097:
3743:
3697:
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3307:
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3490:
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3327:
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3302:
3292:
3277:
3257:
3227:
3217:
3207:
2455:
2390:
888:
raised the question of westward expansion and the extension of slavery into the U.S. territories. In 1846, northern Whigs crossed party lines to support a proposal by
2877:
3442:
3417:
3322:
3262:
3242:
3237:
3202:
3192:
2523:
989:
1223:
Like the Liberty platform of 1844, but unlike the more radical Liberty League document, the national platform of the Free Soil Party accepted the premise that the
3722:
3684:
3377:
3332:
3272:
3247:
3197:
1896:
541:
3407:
3287:
3252:
2840:
591:
3412:
3367:
3267:
2296:
3536:
3624:
1043:
1107:
1070:
3173:
3167:
3162:
3157:
3152:
3147:
3142:
3137:
3132:
3127:
3122:
3117:
3112:
3107:
3102:
3097:
3092:
3087:
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3077:
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3067:
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3012:
3007:
3002:
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2912:
2907:
2902:
2897:
2892:
2887:
2882:
2698:
2671:
2657:
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2616:
2589:
2575:
2339:
2053:
2049:
2045:
1591:
949:
115:
43:
3717:
2821:
2734:
1050:
150:
2682:
280:
916:
due to his opposition to the annexation of Texas; they considered the rejection of Van Buren evidence of the party's subservience to the
3475:
2863:
2729:
2724:
2559:
2148:
957:
913:
901:
51:
39:
255:
3649:
3465:
3452:
2571:
1349:
303:
78:
was nominated for vice president. Van Buren and Adams received 291,409 popular votes in the national election, almost all from the
2641:
2142:
1595:
1326:
83:
912:. Cass's nomination enraged supporters of former President Martin Van Buren, who had been denied the nomination of his party in
3523:
2585:
123:
568:
2307:
996:
779:
599:
576:
392:
170:
35:
141:
After 1844, the party's growth plateaued, and party leaders began to consider the future trajectory of the movement. Led by
2796:
2069:
921:
2505:
3634:
3583:
3470:
961:
107:
79:
63:
968:
3659:
2063:
1856:
1229:
203:
55:
442:
requesting that his name not be placed in nomination at the Buffalo convention, but Tappan ignored this request.
3753:
3748:
2612:
2248:
1976:
1303:
1189:
1157:
1082:
1016:
493:
466:
232:
75:
17:
446:
2013:
2806:
1278:
1199:
1112:
737:
627:
526:
434:
59:
1537:
In keeping with previous Liberty League documents, the platform expressed general support for land reform,
2801:
2174:
1290:
1224:
928:
took no position on the Wilmot Proviso, but its candidate, General Zachary Taylor, was a slaveholder from
745:
420:
A deputation from the Liberty League was present when the Liberty Party held their national convention at
126:, received 62,025 votes in the 13 free states, representing 2.30% of the national total. (In New York and
2780:
1858:
Oliver Dyer's Phonographic Record of the Proceedings of the National Free Soil Convention at Buffalo, NY
1526:
2515:
1802:
1581:
1553:, and denounced Taylor and Cass as respectively an "enslaver" and "butcher of men" and a "demagogue."
940:
for vice president. In the aftermath of Taylor's nomination, a contingent of disgruntled Whigs led by
2816:
2270:
1760:"Proceedings of the National Liberty Convention," Signal of Liberty (Ann Arbor, MI) November 20, 1847
1550:
1438:
1274:
1077:
1055:
1023:
885:
800:
647:
604:
473:
162:
154:
3669:
3593:
3588:
3578:
3503:
1538:
909:
827:
758:
553:
450:
1997:
1890:
1546:
1500:
1430:
1357:
1286:
1282:
1179:
975:
766:
454:
2649:
3603:
3598:
3508:
2765:
2653:
1294:
1233:
980:
840:
655:
421:
402:
311:
219:
191:
71:
3674:
3654:
2811:
2626:
2608:
2240:
2201:
2095:
1989:
1812:
1534:
1448:
1402:
1363:
1340:
1317:
1167:
1149:
1007:
1001:
661:
610:
582:
507:
430:
246:
199:
91:
67:
2755:
2690:
2667:
2663:
2600:
2581:
2567:
2216:
2117:
1953:
Free Soil, Free Labor, Free Men: The Ideology of the Republican Party Before the Civil War
1420:
819:
787:
632:
374:
366:
265:
142:
119:
47:
198:
for vice president. (Burritt declined the nomination, and the League eventually promoted
2832:
2760:
2694:
2191:
2127:
2122:
2087:
1530:
1237:
905:
724:
457:
426:
95:
3737:
3513:
3480:
3460:
2770:
2196:
1808:
1456:
1088:
1034:
941:
484:
384:
356:
317:
288:
223:
195:
146:
131:
2775:
2750:
2622:
2265:
1617:
The Liberty Party, 1840-1848: Antislavery Third-Party Politics in the United States
1482:
1412:
1394:
1334:
1311:
1028:
945:
925:
893:
889:
848:
716:
703:
695:
548:
501:
478:
439:
348:
294:
240:
166:
158:
106:
The organizers of the Liberty Party found themselves at a crossroads following the
1926:
1910:
1699:
3664:
1565:
and whatever else is opposed to that comprehensive, great and glorious One Idea.
971:
956:
Members of the Liberty Party objected to Van Buren due to his opposition to the
937:
917:
884:
Events in the spring of 1848 soon presented such an opportunity. The end of the
211:
111:
2166:
2112:
207:
135:
87:
70:
was nominated for president by the Free Soil National Convention that met at
1985:
929:
110:. The party had experienced rapid growth from 1839 to 1844, particularly in
1542:
271:
215:
127:
114:, where Liberty candidates were elected to state legislative offices. In
1118:
2001:
1971:
897:
1993:
1580:
559:
1061:
638:
532:
2836:
2519:
2311:
2017:
908:
and nominated Lewis Cass for president on a platform endorsing
1759:
130:
the Liberty vote was more than the margin separating Democrat
896:, to exclude slavery from all of the territory acquired from
438:
failed to secure the delay of the convention, Hale wrote to
194:
over June 8–10, 1847 and nominated Smith for president and
46:. The conventions resulted in the creation of the national
1619:. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University. pp. 26–27.
974:, who had been available as a candidate for the Whig and
226:
received one vote apiece in the balloting for president.
118:, the Liberty nominees for president and vice president,
1240:, as well as public support for internal improvements.
1277:, Mott, (who would shortly play a leading role at the
1571:
than the utmost contempt, and the deepest execration.
2546:
Historical anti-slavery parties in the United States
3617:
3542:
elections in which the winner lost the popular vote
3522:
3489:
3451:
3183:
2870:
2789:
2743:
2712:
2681:
2640:
2599:
2558:
2551:
2258:
2231:
2214:
2184:
2157:
2140:
2105:
2078:
2061:
1811:: Charles Scribner's Sons. p. 323 – via
1634:. Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland & Co. p. 83.
1293:, abolition of the army and navy, free trade, and
218:within the League, prominent female abolitionists
18:1848 Free Soil & Liberty national Conventions
34:met in 1847 and 1848 to nominate candidates for
1972:"John P. Hale and the Liberty Party, 1847-1848"
1801:Haynes, George H. (1936). Malone, Dumas (ed.).
1632:United States Presidential Elections, 1788-1860
86:was great enough to deny his Democratic rival,
1928:Proceedings of the National Liberty Convention
1912:Proceedings of the National Liberty Convention
94:, throwing the state and the election to Whig
2848:
2531:
2323:
2029:
1883:National Party Platforms of the United States
523:Former State Superintendent of Common Schools
8:
1931:. Utica, NY: S.W. Green. 1848. pp. 6–9.
1915:. Utica, NY: S.W. Green. 1848. pp. 4–5.
66:into the U.S. territories. Former President
933:Chase and his allies had long anticipated.
2855:
2841:
2833:
2555:
2538:
2524:
2516:
2330:
2316:
2308:
2228:
2154:
2075:
2036:
2022:
2014:
1895:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
3744:1848 United States presidential election
3557:electoral vote changes between elections
2340:1848 United States presidential election
2050:1848 United States presidential election
1370:
1125:
958:abolition of slavery in Washington, D.C.
668:
324:
44:1848 United States presidential election
1607:
1299:
985:
462:
228:
153:a coalition of Liberty men, Whigs, and
27:Political meetings in the United States
1888:
1834:
1779:
1729:
210:, abolition of the army and navy, and
1479:
1232:or the civil and political rights of
1174:
7:
2864:United States presidential elections
983:, was nominated for vice president.
214:. Reflecting the influence of early
62:to oppose the westward extension of
3476:South Carolina presidential primary
902:1848 Democratic National Convention
3552:Electoral College results by state
3466:New Hampshire presidential primary
2338:State and district results of the
460:was nominated for vice president.
25:
3689:Vice presidential confirmations:
2504:
1861:. Buffalo, NY. 1848. p. 32.
1804:Dictionary of American Biography
1348:
1325:
1302:
1268:1848 National Liberty nomination
1096:
1069:
1042:
1015:
988:
646:
618:
590:
567:
540:
515:
492:
465:
302:
279:
254:
231:
82:; his popularity among northern
1955:. New York: Oxford. p. 83.
3499:List of nominating conventions
1:
2797:American Anti-Slavery Society
1615:Johnson, Reinhard O. (2009).
922:1848 Whig National Convention
32:Free Soil and Liberty parties
3584:Certificate of ascertainment
3471:Nevada presidential caucuses
1885:. Akron, OH. pp. 19–20.
953:growing free soil movement.
108:1844 United States elections
30:National conventions of the
3630:Historical election polling
3770:
3660:Red states and blue states
1881:Frederick, J.M.H. (1896).
1630:Dubin, Michael J. (2002).
1559:of the true Liberty Party.
1230:Fugitive Slave Act of 1793
960:and his stance during the
455:Ohio Supreme Court Justice
449:and his opposition to the
204:United States Constitution
190:The Liberty League met at
3708:
3562:electoral vote recipients
3547:Electoral College margins
2502:
2346:
2283:
1977:The New England Quarterly
1710:(19): 296. July 10, 1847.
1533:by 77 enslaved people in
1520:National Liberty platform
1376:
1373:
1190:Charles Francis Adams Sr.
1158:Charles Francis Adams Sr.
1131:
1128:
876:1848 Free Soil nomination
860:
675:Vice presidential ballot
674:
671:
409:
330:
327:
186:Liberty League convention
76:Charles Francis Adams Sr.
1970:Sewell, Richard (1964).
1704:Niles' National Register
416:Liberty Party convention
3723:Gubernatorial elections
2822:Radical Democracy Party
1377:Vice Presidential vote
1279:Seneca Falls Convention
1200:Henry Leavitt Ellsworth
1132:Vice Presidential vote
435:John Greenleaf Whittier
331:Vice Presidential vote
177:1847 Liberty nomination
90:, the crucial state of
52:political abolitionists
3567:popular votes received
3491:Nominating conventions
3453:Primaries and caucuses
2802:Anti-Nebraska movement
1586:
1291:progressive income tax
1225:United States Congress
1104:Former Commissioner of
746:Francis Julius LeMoyne
192:Macedon Lock, New York
1584:
1527:free-produce movement
969:Supreme Court Justice
600:Judge of Common Pleas
155:Independent Democrats
3650:Presidential debates
3572:popular-vote margins
3233:District of Columbia
2817:North American Party
2713:National conventions
2683:National Union Party
2552:Presidential tickets
2288:Other 1848 elections
1951:Foner, Eric (1995).
1551:Mexican-American War
1439:Samuel Ringgold Ward
1275:Samuel Ringgold Ward
1246:limits of any state.
1083:Charles F. Adams Sr.
1078:Former State Senator
886:Mexican-American War
672:Presidential ballot
163:United States Senate
60:Barnburner Democrats
3670:Tipping-point state
3640:Major party tickets
3594:Contingent election
3589:Certificate of vote
3579:Electoral Count Act
3504:Brokered convention
2744:Other party leaders
2735:1864 National Union
1492:Charles O. Shepard
910:popular sovereignty
828:Samuel C. Fessenden
759:Samuel C. Fessenden
554:Samuel C. Fessenden
451:annexation of Texas
74:on August 9, 1848;
3645:Major party losers
3185:Elections by state
2271:Joshua R. Giddings
1837:, p. 213-214.
1587:
1501:Frederick Douglass
1431:Frederick Douglass
1374:Presidential vote
1358:Frederick Douglass
1287:universal suffrage
1283:Frederick Douglass
1219:Free Soil platform
1180:Joshua R. Giddings
1129:Presidential vote
1113:Henry L. Ellsworth
1108:U.S. Patent Office
1056:Joshua R. Giddings
892:, a Democrat from
767:William L. Chaplin
328:Presidential vote
42:in advance of the
3731:
3730:
3604:Unpledged elector
3599:Faithless elector
3524:Electoral College
3509:Convention bounce
2871:Elections by year
2830:
2829:
2766:William H. Seward
2708:
2707:
2654:William L. Dayton
2513:
2512:
2305:
2304:
2279:
2278:
2210:
2209:
2175:William O. Butler
2136:
2135:
1517:
1516:
1295:utopian socialism
1289:, land reform, a
1234:African-Americans
1216:
1215:
981:John Quincy Adams
873:
872:
422:Buffalo, New York
413:
412:
403:Lydia Maria Child
220:Lydia Maria Child
72:Buffalo, New York
54:with antislavery
16:(Redirected from
3761:
3754:1848 conferences
3749:Martin Van Buren
3718:Senate elections
3675:Election recount
3655:October surprise
3625:Campaign slogans
3527:and popular vote
2857:
2850:
2843:
2834:
2812:Conscience Whigs
2781:Francis P. Blair
2642:Republican Party
2627:George W. Julian
2613:Charles F. Adams
2609:Martin Van Buren
2556:
2540:
2533:
2526:
2517:
2508:
2332:
2325:
2318:
2309:
2259:Other candidates
2249:Charles F. Adams
2247:Vice President:
2241:Martin Van Buren
2229:
2202:Martin Van Buren
2185:Other candidates
2173:Vice President:
2155:
2143:Democratic Party
2106:Other candidates
2096:Millard Fillmore
2094:Vice President:
2076:
2038:
2031:
2024:
2015:
2005:
1957:
1956:
1948:
1942:
1939:
1933:
1932:
1923:
1917:
1916:
1907:
1901:
1900:
1894:
1886:
1878:
1872:
1869:
1863:
1862:
1853:
1847:
1844:
1838:
1832:
1826:
1823:
1817:
1816:
1813:Internet Archive
1807:. Vol. 20.
1798:
1792:
1789:
1783:
1777:
1771:
1768:
1762:
1757:
1751:
1748:
1742:
1739:
1733:
1732:, p. 203–7.
1727:
1721:
1718:
1712:
1711:
1700:"Liberty League"
1696:
1690:
1687:
1681:
1678:
1672:
1669:
1663:
1660:
1654:
1651:
1645:
1642:
1636:
1635:
1627:
1621:
1620:
1612:
1596:Republican Party
1592:election of 1860
1547:secret societies
1535:Washington, D.C.
1466:Amos A. Sampson
1449:Charles C. Foote
1403:Charles C. Foote
1371:
1352:
1329:
1306:
1168:John Parker Hale
1150:Martin Van Buren
1126:
1100:
1073:
1046:
1019:
1002:Martin Van Buren
997:Former President
992:
808:Ichabod Codding
669:
650:
622:
594:
571:
544:
519:
496:
469:
431:Henry B. Stanton
325:
306:
283:
258:
235:
200:Charles C. Foote
68:Martin Van Buren
56:Conscience Whigs
21:
3769:
3768:
3764:
3763:
3762:
3760:
3759:
3758:
3734:
3733:
3732:
3727:
3713:House elections
3704:
3685:Guam straw poll
3613:
3526:
3518:
3485:
3447:
3179:
2866:
2861:
2831:
2826:
2785:
2756:Salmon P. Chase
2739:
2730:1860 Republican
2725:1856 Republican
2704:
2691:Abraham Lincoln
2677:
2668:Hannibal Hamlin
2664:Abraham Lincoln
2650:John C. Frémont
2636:
2601:Free Soil Party
2595:
2582:James G. Birney
2568:James G. Birney
2547:
2544:
2514:
2509:
2500:
2342:
2336:
2306:
2301:
2275:
2254:
2220:
2217:Free Soil Party
2206:
2180:
2146:
2132:
2118:John M. Clayton
2101:
2067:
2057:
2042:
2012:
1969:
1966:
1961:
1960:
1950:
1949:
1945:
1940:
1936:
1925:
1924:
1920:
1909:
1908:
1904:
1887:
1880:
1879:
1875:
1871:Johnson, 85–86.
1870:
1866:
1855:
1854:
1850:
1846:Johnson, 86–87.
1845:
1841:
1833:
1829:
1824:
1820:
1800:
1799:
1795:
1790:
1786:
1778:
1774:
1770:Johnson, 82–83.
1769:
1765:
1758:
1754:
1749:
1745:
1741:Johnson, 77–78.
1740:
1736:
1728:
1724:
1719:
1715:
1698:
1697:
1693:
1688:
1684:
1679:
1675:
1670:
1666:
1661:
1657:
1653:Johnson, 69–70.
1652:
1648:
1643:
1639:
1629:
1628:
1624:
1614:
1613:
1609:
1604:
1579:
1529:and the recent
1522:
1421:George Bradburn
1367:
1366:
1361:
1353:
1344:
1343:
1338:
1330:
1321:
1320:
1315:
1307:
1270:
1221:
1122:
1121:
1116:
1110:
1105:
1101:
1092:
1091:
1086:
1080:
1074:
1065:
1064:
1059:
1053:
1047:
1038:
1037:
1032:
1026:
1020:
1011:
1010:
1005:
999:
993:
904:repudiated the
878:
820:Salmon P. Chase
788:Salmon P. Chase
780:William Goodell
665:
664:
659:
651:
642:
641:
636:
633:Salmon P. Chase
630:
623:
614:
613:
608:
602:
595:
586:
585:
580:
577:William Goodell
572:
563:
562:
557:
551:
545:
536:
535:
530:
524:
520:
511:
510:
505:
497:
488:
487:
482:
476:
470:
418:
393:William Goodell
375:James G. Birney
367:James G. Birney
321:
320:
315:
307:
298:
297:
292:
284:
275:
274:
269:
266:James G. Birney
263:
259:
250:
249:
244:
236:
188:
179:
171:William Goodell
143:Salmon P. Chase
120:James G. Birney
104:
48:Free Soil Party
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3767:
3765:
3757:
3756:
3751:
3746:
3736:
3735:
3729:
3728:
3726:
3725:
3720:
3715:
3709:
3706:
3705:
3703:
3702:
3701:
3700:
3695:
3687:
3682:
3672:
3667:
3662:
3657:
3652:
3647:
3642:
3637:
3632:
3627:
3621:
3619:
3615:
3614:
3612:
3611:
3606:
3601:
3596:
3591:
3586:
3581:
3576:
3575:
3574:
3569:
3564:
3559:
3554:
3549:
3544:
3539:
3530:
3528:
3520:
3519:
3517:
3516:
3511:
3506:
3501:
3495:
3493:
3487:
3486:
3484:
3483:
3478:
3473:
3468:
3463:
3457:
3455:
3449:
3448:
3446:
3445:
3440:
3435:
3430:
3425:
3420:
3415:
3410:
3405:
3400:
3395:
3393:South Carolina
3390:
3385:
3380:
3375:
3370:
3365:
3360:
3358:North Carolina
3355:
3350:
3345:
3340:
3335:
3330:
3325:
3320:
3315:
3310:
3305:
3300:
3295:
3290:
3285:
3280:
3275:
3270:
3265:
3260:
3255:
3250:
3245:
3240:
3235:
3230:
3225:
3220:
3215:
3210:
3205:
3200:
3195:
3189:
3187:
3181:
3180:
3178:
3177:
3170:
3165:
3160:
3155:
3150:
3145:
3140:
3135:
3130:
3125:
3120:
3115:
3110:
3105:
3100:
3095:
3090:
3085:
3080:
3075:
3070:
3065:
3060:
3055:
3050:
3045:
3040:
3035:
3030:
3025:
3020:
3015:
3010:
3005:
3000:
2995:
2990:
2985:
2980:
2975:
2970:
2965:
2960:
2955:
2950:
2945:
2940:
2935:
2930:
2925:
2920:
2915:
2910:
2905:
2900:
2895:
2890:
2885:
2880:
2874:
2872:
2868:
2867:
2862:
2860:
2859:
2852:
2845:
2837:
2828:
2827:
2825:
2824:
2819:
2814:
2809:
2804:
2799:
2793:
2791:
2790:Related groups
2787:
2786:
2784:
2783:
2778:
2773:
2768:
2763:
2761:Charles Sumner
2758:
2753:
2747:
2745:
2741:
2740:
2738:
2737:
2732:
2727:
2722:
2720:1848 Free Soil
2716:
2714:
2710:
2709:
2706:
2705:
2703:
2702:
2695:Andrew Johnson
2687:
2685:
2679:
2678:
2676:
2675:
2661:
2646:
2644:
2638:
2637:
2635:
2634:
2620:
2605:
2603:
2597:
2596:
2594:
2593:
2579:
2564:
2562:
2553:
2549:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2542:
2535:
2528:
2520:
2511:
2510:
2503:
2501:
2499:
2498:
2493:
2488:
2483:
2478:
2473:
2471:South Carolina
2468:
2463:
2458:
2453:
2451:North Carolina
2448:
2443:
2438:
2433:
2428:
2423:
2418:
2413:
2408:
2403:
2398:
2393:
2388:
2383:
2378:
2373:
2368:
2363:
2358:
2353:
2347:
2344:
2343:
2337:
2335:
2334:
2327:
2320:
2312:
2303:
2302:
2300:
2299:
2294:
2284:
2281:
2280:
2277:
2276:
2274:
2273:
2268:
2262:
2260:
2256:
2255:
2253:
2252:
2244:
2235:
2233:
2226:
2212:
2211:
2208:
2207:
2205:
2204:
2199:
2194:
2192:James Buchanan
2188:
2186:
2182:
2181:
2179:
2178:
2170:
2161:
2159:
2152:
2138:
2137:
2134:
2133:
2131:
2130:
2128:Daniel Webster
2125:
2123:Winfield Scott
2120:
2115:
2109:
2107:
2103:
2102:
2100:
2099:
2091:
2088:Zachary Taylor
2082:
2080:
2073:
2059:
2058:
2043:
2041:
2040:
2033:
2026:
2018:
2011:
2008:
2007:
2006:
1994:10.2307/364011
1965:
1962:
1959:
1958:
1943:
1934:
1918:
1902:
1873:
1864:
1848:
1839:
1827:
1818:
1793:
1784:
1782:, p. 213.
1772:
1763:
1752:
1743:
1734:
1722:
1713:
1691:
1682:
1673:
1664:
1655:
1646:
1637:
1622:
1606:
1605:
1603:
1600:
1578:
1575:
1574:
1573:
1567:
1561:
1531:escape attempt
1521:
1518:
1515:
1514:
1511:
1507:
1506:
1503:
1497:
1496:
1493:
1489:
1488:
1485:
1480:
1477:
1476:
1473:
1470:
1467:
1463:
1462:
1459:
1454:
1451:
1445:
1444:
1441:
1436:
1433:
1427:
1426:
1423:
1418:
1415:
1409:
1408:
1405:
1400:
1397:
1391:
1390:
1387:
1385:
1382:
1379:
1378:
1375:
1369:
1368:
1355:
1354:
1347:
1345:
1332:
1331:
1324:
1322:
1309:
1308:
1301:
1269:
1266:
1265:
1264:
1259:
1253:
1248:
1220:
1217:
1214:
1213:
1210:
1206:
1205:
1202:
1196:
1195:
1192:
1186:
1185:
1182:
1176:
1175:
1173:
1170:
1164:
1163:
1160:
1155:
1152:
1146:
1145:
1142:
1140:
1137:
1134:
1133:
1130:
1124:
1123:
1103:
1102:
1095:
1093:
1076:
1075:
1068:
1066:
1051:Representative
1049:
1048:
1041:
1039:
1022:
1021:
1014:
1012:
995:
994:
987:
906:Wilmot Proviso
877:
874:
871:
870:
867:
864:
863:Alvan Stewart
861:
858:
857:
854:
851:
846:
843:
837:
836:
833:
830:
825:
822:
816:
815:
812:
809:
806:
803:
797:
796:
793:
790:
785:
782:
776:
775:
772:
769:
764:
761:
755:
754:
751:
748:
743:
740:
734:
733:
730:
727:
725:Leicester King
722:
719:
713:
712:
709:
706:
701:
698:
692:
691:
688:
685:
683:
680:
677:
676:
673:
667:
666:
653:
652:
645:
643:
628:City Councilor
625:
624:
617:
615:
597:
596:
589:
587:
574:
573:
566:
564:
547:
546:
539:
537:
522:
521:
514:
512:
499:
498:
491:
489:
472:
471:
464:
458:Leicester King
427:Joshua Leavitt
417:
414:
411:
410:
408:
405:
399:
398:
395:
390:
387:
381:
380:
377:
372:
369:
363:
362:
359:
354:
351:
345:
344:
341:
339:
336:
333:
332:
329:
323:
322:
309:
308:
301:
299:
286:
285:
278:
276:
261:
260:
253:
251:
238:
237:
230:
187:
184:
182:to run again.
178:
175:
173:, and others.
103:
100:
96:Zachary Taylor
40:vice president
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3766:
3755:
3752:
3750:
3747:
3745:
3742:
3741:
3739:
3724:
3721:
3719:
3716:
3714:
3711:
3710:
3707:
3699:
3696:
3694:
3691:
3690:
3688:
3686:
3683:
3680:
3676:
3673:
3671:
3668:
3666:
3663:
3661:
3658:
3656:
3653:
3651:
3648:
3646:
3643:
3641:
3638:
3636:
3633:
3631:
3628:
3626:
3623:
3622:
3620:
3616:
3610:
3609:Voter turnout
3607:
3605:
3602:
3600:
3597:
3595:
3592:
3590:
3587:
3585:
3582:
3580:
3577:
3573:
3570:
3568:
3565:
3563:
3560:
3558:
3555:
3553:
3550:
3548:
3545:
3543:
3540:
3538:
3535:
3534:
3532:
3531:
3529:
3525:
3521:
3515:
3514:Superdelegate
3512:
3510:
3507:
3505:
3502:
3500:
3497:
3496:
3494:
3492:
3488:
3482:
3481:Super Tuesday
3479:
3477:
3474:
3472:
3469:
3467:
3464:
3462:
3461:Iowa caucuses
3459:
3458:
3456:
3454:
3450:
3444:
3441:
3439:
3436:
3434:
3433:West Virginia
3431:
3429:
3426:
3424:
3421:
3419:
3416:
3414:
3411:
3409:
3406:
3404:
3401:
3399:
3396:
3394:
3391:
3389:
3386:
3384:
3381:
3379:
3376:
3374:
3371:
3369:
3366:
3364:
3361:
3359:
3356:
3354:
3351:
3349:
3346:
3344:
3341:
3339:
3338:New Hampshire
3336:
3334:
3331:
3329:
3326:
3324:
3321:
3319:
3316:
3314:
3311:
3309:
3306:
3304:
3301:
3299:
3298:Massachusetts
3296:
3294:
3291:
3289:
3286:
3284:
3281:
3279:
3276:
3274:
3271:
3269:
3266:
3264:
3261:
3259:
3256:
3254:
3251:
3249:
3246:
3244:
3241:
3239:
3236:
3234:
3231:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3196:
3194:
3191:
3190:
3188:
3186:
3182:
3176:
3175:
3171:
3169:
3166:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3071:
3069:
3066:
3064:
3061:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2949:
2946:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2936:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2926:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2911:
2909:
2906:
2904:
2901:
2899:
2896:
2894:
2891:
2889:
2886:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2876:
2875:
2873:
2869:
2865:
2858:
2853:
2851:
2846:
2844:
2839:
2838:
2835:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2794:
2792:
2788:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2771:Simon Cameron
2769:
2767:
2764:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2754:
2752:
2749:
2748:
2746:
2742:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2718:
2717:
2715:
2711:
2700:
2696:
2692:
2689:
2688:
2686:
2684:
2680:
2673:
2669:
2665:
2662:
2659:
2655:
2651:
2648:
2647:
2645:
2643:
2639:
2632:
2628:
2624:
2621:
2618:
2614:
2610:
2607:
2606:
2604:
2602:
2598:
2591:
2587:
2586:Thomas Morris
2583:
2580:
2577:
2573:
2569:
2566:
2565:
2563:
2561:
2560:Liberty Party
2557:
2554:
2550:
2541:
2536:
2534:
2529:
2527:
2522:
2521:
2518:
2507:
2497:
2494:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2484:
2482:
2479:
2477:
2474:
2472:
2469:
2467:
2464:
2462:
2459:
2457:
2454:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2439:
2437:
2436:New Hampshire
2434:
2432:
2429:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2419:
2417:
2416:Massachusetts
2414:
2412:
2409:
2407:
2404:
2402:
2399:
2397:
2394:
2392:
2389:
2387:
2384:
2382:
2379:
2377:
2374:
2372:
2369:
2367:
2364:
2362:
2359:
2357:
2354:
2352:
2349:
2348:
2345:
2341:
2333:
2328:
2326:
2321:
2319:
2314:
2313:
2310:
2298:
2295:
2293:
2289:
2286:
2285:
2282:
2272:
2269:
2267:
2264:
2263:
2261:
2257:
2251:
2250:
2245:
2243:
2242:
2237:
2236:
2234:
2230:
2227:
2224:
2219:
2218:
2213:
2203:
2200:
2198:
2197:Levi Woodbury
2195:
2193:
2190:
2189:
2187:
2183:
2177:
2176:
2171:
2169:
2168:
2163:
2162:
2160:
2156:
2153:
2150:
2145:
2144:
2139:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2121:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2110:
2108:
2104:
2098:
2097:
2092:
2090:
2089:
2084:
2083:
2081:
2077:
2074:
2071:
2066:
2065:
2060:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2039:
2034:
2032:
2027:
2025:
2020:
2019:
2016:
2009:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1978:
1973:
1968:
1967:
1963:
1954:
1947:
1944:
1938:
1935:
1930:
1929:
1922:
1919:
1914:
1913:
1906:
1903:
1898:
1892:
1884:
1877:
1874:
1868:
1865:
1860:
1859:
1852:
1849:
1843:
1840:
1836:
1831:
1828:
1822:
1819:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1805:
1797:
1794:
1788:
1785:
1781:
1776:
1773:
1767:
1764:
1761:
1756:
1753:
1747:
1744:
1738:
1735:
1731:
1726:
1723:
1717:
1714:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1695:
1692:
1689:Johnson, 282.
1686:
1683:
1677:
1674:
1668:
1665:
1659:
1656:
1650:
1647:
1644:Dubin, 88–90.
1641:
1638:
1633:
1626:
1623:
1618:
1611:
1608:
1601:
1599:
1597:
1593:
1583:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1566:
1562:
1560:
1556:
1555:
1554:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1519:
1512:
1510:Edward Smith
1509:
1508:
1504:
1502:
1499:
1498:
1494:
1491:
1490:
1486:
1484:
1481:
1478:
1474:
1471:
1468:
1465:
1464:
1460:
1458:
1457:Lucretia Mott
1455:
1452:
1450:
1447:
1446:
1442:
1440:
1437:
1434:
1432:
1429:
1428:
1424:
1422:
1419:
1416:
1414:
1411:
1410:
1406:
1404:
1401:
1398:
1396:
1393:
1392:
1388:
1386:
1383:
1381:
1380:
1372:
1365:
1360:
1359:
1351:
1346:
1342:
1337:
1336:
1328:
1323:
1319:
1314:
1313:
1305:
1300:
1298:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1267:
1263:
1260:
1258:
1254:
1252:
1249:
1247:
1243:
1242:
1241:
1239:
1238:homestead act
1235:
1231:
1226:
1218:
1211:
1208:
1207:
1203:
1201:
1198:
1197:
1193:
1191:
1188:
1187:
1183:
1181:
1178:
1177:
1171:
1169:
1166:
1165:
1161:
1159:
1156:
1153:
1151:
1148:
1147:
1143:
1141:
1138:
1136:
1135:
1127:
1120:
1115:
1114:
1109:
1099:
1094:
1090:
1089:Massachusetts
1085:
1084:
1079:
1072:
1067:
1063:
1058:
1057:
1052:
1045:
1040:
1036:
1035:New Hampshire
1031:
1030:
1025:
1018:
1013:
1009:
1004:
1003:
998:
991:
986:
984:
982:
977:
973:
970:
965:
963:
959:
954:
951:
950:Charles Allen
947:
943:
942:Massachusetts
939:
934:
931:
927:
923:
919:
915:
911:
907:
903:
899:
895:
891:
887:
882:
875:
868:
865:
862:
859:
855:
852:
850:
847:
844:
842:
839:
838:
834:
831:
829:
826:
823:
821:
818:
817:
813:
810:
807:
804:
802:
799:
798:
794:
791:
789:
786:
783:
781:
778:
777:
773:
770:
768:
765:
762:
760:
757:
756:
752:
749:
747:
744:
741:
739:
736:
735:
731:
728:
726:
723:
720:
718:
715:
714:
710:
707:
705:
702:
699:
697:
694:
693:
689:
686:
684:
681:
679:
678:
670:
663:
658:
657:
649:
644:
640:
635:
634:
629:
621:
616:
612:
607:
606:
601:
593:
588:
584:
579:
578:
570:
565:
561:
556:
555:
550:
543:
538:
534:
529:
528:
518:
513:
509:
504:
503:
495:
490:
486:
485:New Hampshire
481:
480:
475:
468:
463:
461:
459:
456:
452:
448:
443:
441:
436:
432:
428:
423:
415:
406:
404:
401:
400:
396:
394:
391:
388:
386:
385:Lucretia Mott
383:
382:
378:
376:
373:
370:
368:
365:
364:
360:
358:
357:Elihu Burritt
355:
352:
350:
347:
346:
342:
340:
337:
335:
334:
326:
319:
318:Massachusetts
314:
313:
305:
300:
296:
291:
290:
289:Lucretia Mott
282:
277:
273:
268:
267:
257:
252:
248:
243:
242:
234:
229:
227:
225:
224:Lucretia Mott
221:
217:
213:
209:
205:
201:
197:
196:Elihu Burritt
193:
185:
183:
176:
174:
172:
168:
164:
160:
156:
152:
148:
147:New Hampshire
144:
139:
137:
133:
132:James K. Polk
129:
125:
124:Thomas Morris
121:
117:
113:
109:
101:
99:
97:
93:
89:
85:
81:
77:
73:
69:
65:
61:
57:
53:
50:, a union of
49:
45:
41:
37:
33:
19:
3635:Election Day
3398:South Dakota
3388:Rhode Island
3383:Pennsylvania
3363:North Dakota
3172:
2776:Edward Bates
2751:Gerrit Smith
2719:
2623:John P. Hale
2572:Thomas Earle
2466:Rhode Island
2461:Pennsylvania
2287:
2266:John P. Hale
2246:
2238:
2222:
2215:
2172:
2164:
2141:
2093:
2085:
2062:
2054:1852 →
2046:← 1844
1981:
1975:
1952:
1946:
1937:
1927:
1921:
1911:
1905:
1882:
1876:
1867:
1857:
1851:
1842:
1830:
1825:Johnson, 83.
1821:
1803:
1796:
1791:Johnson, 83.
1787:
1775:
1766:
1755:
1750:Johnson, 81.
1746:
1737:
1725:
1720:Johnson, 80.
1716:
1707:
1703:
1694:
1685:
1676:
1671:Johnson, 77.
1667:
1662:Johnson, 65.
1658:
1649:
1640:
1631:
1625:
1616:
1610:
1588:
1569:
1563:
1557:
1545:, condemned
1523:
1483:Beriah Green
1472:John Curtis
1413:Beriah Green
1395:Gerrit Smith
1356:
1335:Beriah Green
1333:
1312:Gerrit Smith
1310:
1271:
1261:
1255:
1250:
1244:
1222:
1111:
1081:
1054:
1029:John P. Hale
1027:
1000:
976:Anti-Masonic
966:
962:Amistad case
955:
946:Henry Wilson
935:
926:Philadelphia
894:Pennsylvania
890:David Wilmot
883:
879:
849:Gerrit Smith
738:Samuel Lewis
717:Gerrit Smith
704:Owen Lovejoy
696:John P. Hale
654:
631:
603:
575:
552:
527:Samuel Lewis
525:
502:Gerrit Smith
500:
479:John P. Hale
477:
444:
440:Lewis Tappan
419:
349:Gerrit Smith
310:
295:Pennsylvania
287:
264:
262:Former Mayor
241:Gerrit Smith
239:
189:
180:
167:Gerrit Smith
159:John P. Hale
140:
105:
31:
29:
3665:Swing state
3313:Mississippi
3223:Connecticut
2807:Barnburners
2426:Mississippi
2361:Connecticut
2239:President:
2165:President:
2086:President:
1964:Works cited
1835:Sewell 1964
1780:Sewell 1964
1730:Sewell 1964
1680:Johnson, 65
1209:Scattering
972:John McLean
938:Henry Dodge
918:Slave Power
801:William Jay
605:William Jay
312:Lydia Child
212:land reform
149:, where in
112:New England
80:free states
3738:Categories
3428:Washington
3348:New Mexico
3343:New Jersey
3213:California
2441:New Jersey
2223:Convention
2167:Lewis Cass
2149:Convention
2113:Henry Clay
2070:Convention
2064:Whig Party
2010:Navigation
1988:: 200–23.
1941:Dubin, 96.
1602:References
1539:temperance
1257:existence.
944:delegates
208:free trade
136:Henry Clay
102:Background
88:Lewis Cass
3438:Wisconsin
3403:Tennessee
3308:Minnesota
3283:Louisiana
2496:Wisconsin
2476:Tennessee
2401:Louisiana
1986:MIT Press
1891:cite book
1577:Aftermath
930:Louisiana
216:feminists
134:and Whig
84:Democrats
36:president
3533:Results
3423:Virginia
3373:Oklahoma
3353:New York
3328:Nebraska
3318:Missouri
3303:Michigan
3293:Maryland
3278:Kentucky
3258:Illinois
3228:Delaware
3218:Colorado
3208:Arkansas
2491:Virginia
2446:New York
2431:Missouri
2421:Michigan
2411:Maryland
2396:Kentucky
2381:Illinois
2366:Delaware
2356:Arkansas
2232:Nominees
2158:Nominees
2079:Nominees
1809:New York
1549:and the
1543:pacifism
1364:New York
1341:New York
1318:New York
1008:New York
841:John Jay
662:New York
656:John Jay
611:New York
583:New York
549:Reverend
508:New York
447:gag rule
272:Michigan
247:New York
157:elected
128:Michigan
92:New York
3618:Related
3537:summary
3443:Wyoming
3418:Vermont
3323:Montana
3263:Indiana
3243:Georgia
3238:Florida
3203:Arizona
3193:Alabama
2486:Vermont
2386:Indiana
2376:Georgia
2371:Florida
2351:Alabama
1594:as the
1281:,) and
1119:Indiana
1024:Senator
626:Former
598:Former
474:Senator
161:to the
64:slavery
3378:Oregon
3333:Nevada
3273:Kansas
3248:Hawaii
3198:Alaska
2297:Senate
2002:364011
2000:
1541:, and
920:. The
900:. The
898:Mexico
433:, and
3408:Texas
3288:Maine
3253:Idaho
2481:Texas
2406:Maine
2292:House
1998:JSTOR
1984:(2).
560:Maine
3698:1974
3693:1973
3679:2000
3413:Utah
3368:Ohio
3268:Iowa
3174:2024
3168:2020
3163:2016
3158:2012
3153:2008
3148:2004
3143:2000
3138:1996
3133:1992
3128:1988
3123:1984
3118:1980
3113:1976
3108:1972
3103:1968
3098:1964
3093:1960
3088:1956
3083:1952
3078:1948
3073:1944
3068:1940
3063:1936
3058:1932
3053:1928
3048:1924
3043:1920
3038:1916
3033:1912
3028:1908
3023:1904
3018:1900
3013:1896
3008:1892
3003:1888
2998:1884
2993:1880
2988:1876
2983:1872
2978:1868
2973:1864
2968:1860
2963:1856
2958:1852
2953:1848
2948:1844
2943:1840
2938:1836
2933:1832
2928:1828
2923:1824
2918:1820
2913:1816
2908:1812
2903:1808
2898:1804
2893:1800
2888:1796
2883:1792
2878:1788
2699:1864
2672:1860
2658:1856
2631:1852
2617:1848
2590:1844
2576:1840
2456:Ohio
2391:Iowa
2048:)
1897:link
1389:1st
1384:1st
1172:183
1162:467
1154:254
1144:1st
1139:1st
1106:the
1062:Ohio
948:and
914:1844
700:103
690:2nd
682:1st
639:Ohio
533:Ohio
343:1st
338:1st
222:and
151:1846
122:and
116:1844
58:and
38:and
1990:doi
1443:12
1425:12
1407:44
1399:99
1362:of
1339:of
1316:of
1194:13
1184:23
1117:of
1087:of
1060:of
1033:of
1006:of
924:at
732:82
729:72
721:44
711:67
708:76
687:1st
660:of
637:of
609:of
581:of
558:of
531:of
506:of
483:of
361:63
353:67
316:of
293:of
270:of
245:of
138:.)
3740::
2290::
1996:.
1982:37
1980:.
1974:.
1893:}}
1889:{{
1708:22
1706:.
1702:.
1598:.
1513:1
1505:1
1495:3
1487:3
1475:3
1469:1
1461:5
1453:1
1435:1
1417:2
1297:.
1212:1
1204:3
869:2
866:1
856:0
853:1
845:1
835:0
832:1
824:1
814:4
811:1
805:1
795:0
792:1
784:1
774:0
771:1
763:3
753:5
750:4
742:4
429:,
407:1
397:3
389:1
379:5
371:6
206:,
169:,
98:.
3681:)
3677:(
2856:e
2849:t
2842:v
2701:)
2697:(
2693:/
2674:)
2670:(
2666:/
2660:)
2656:(
2652:/
2633:)
2629:(
2625:/
2619:)
2615:(
2611:/
2592:)
2588:(
2584:/
2578:)
2574:(
2570:/
2539:e
2532:t
2525:v
2331:e
2324:t
2317:v
2225:)
2221:(
2151:)
2147:(
2072:)
2068:(
2056:)
2052:(
2044:(
2037:e
2030:t
2023:v
2004:.
1992::
1899:)
1815:.
20:)
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