1857 Wallachian parliamentary election

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the two peoples "components of the same trunk, spread into several ancestries", as well as to their shared history, "even our name", being erased by the intrusion of foreigners; the shorter version simply acknowledged Moldavian primacy in upholding union as a "patriotic feat". Meanwhile, the Wallachian Divan continued to face dissent in its own ranks, particularly over whether its deputies could rule on the future organization of "Romania". In early November, Christian Tell and Ștefan Golescu attempted to replicate the Moldavian example and pass legislation which could see the Divan taking on more parliamentary responsibilities. They were defeated by a conjectural alliance of deputies, headlined by Dulie, Nicolae Rucăreanu and A. G. Golescu—a rift which ran through both the National Party and the Golescu family.

978:, who had kept a low profile ever since 1848, publicized his own manifesto, which offered a crossover of liberal and conservative doctrines, chiding youth for the Talleyrand incident. This younger Ghica did not oppose union with Moldavia, but advised its partisans not to draw too much attention to their project. This revival failed to impress the returning exiles, with Serrurie writing in November that boyardom needed to be "burned alive and its ashes scattered". Heliade's conservatives, who maintained some links with the Ghicas, also began reorganizing themselves into a more cohesive group: by November, Heliade and his associate Niculae Rusu Locusteanu were putting out their own newspaper, 1624:, a near-complete count revealed that "only 3 or 4 deputies were doubtfully unionist, but even they will likely follow the general mood"; all of the 17 second-class peasant deputies were selected from among National Party affiliates. This was similar to the concurrent Moldavian election, where a minuscule number of the September Divan were separatists. C. A. Crețulescu and party colleague Grigore N. Filipescu were elected as grand boyars for Brăila County, part of an all-unionist sweep which also gave seats to Mihalache Marghiloman, Marcu N. Dulie, and the peasant Stroe Ivașcu. Of the prominent revolutionaries in Wallachia, Ion Brătianu won by four votes in the landowners college at 360: 110: 1024: 35: 1049: 1347:, where he and Nicolae Rucăreanu staged political plays which propagated the nationalist slogans. The Bucharest trend was also witnessed in Prahova, were, as historian Silvia Marton notes, "liberals and unionists feverishly organized themselves". Before May, Costaforu had traveled around Wallachia, spreading his philosophy among the various clubs. This activity was observed and criticized by the Russian consul, Konstantin Basily, who argued that calls for a "social revolution" would compromise any "political reform" that was expected of the union. 1612:. Unbeknown to the Romanian unionists of both countries, in August 1857 Britain and France agreed not to recognize union, regardless of the election results. However, the unionists could still count on unofficial backing by their French contacts, who hinted that all one had to do to obtain the union was to get the mass of the people to vote for it. Russia also kept favorably neutral: Basily condemned Vogoride's act, privately expressing hopes that a politically diverse landscape would weaken Ottoman control of both countries. 2505:; increased autonomy toward the Ottoman Empire, with the (re)introduction of Capitulations; a new Divan with a fuller democratic mandate. Bibescu openly supported the election of Westerner, but for particular reasons: he argued that a European prince could not only pacify tensions between the classes, but also instill a greater political ideal. A main issue of contention between conservative and radical unionists was that of electoral law and philosophy: radicals such as Rosetti felt themselves bound by an 2490: 192: 96: 1065: 103: 1356: 2542:

rulers of the Romanian state were to be baptized Orthodox, and that parliamentary debates be carried out in a form of Romanian that lower-class deputies could follow. On November 27, Bibescu resigned and left the country, arguing that progressive elements, though a minority of the country, were "imposing their ruinous politicking on the majority". On the right, the Știrbeists were evasive on the topic of union: Știrbei and his son

5330: 552: 1428:

propaganda; Costaforu diverted attention from his own radicalism by informing him that Bibescu had preemptively endorsed secularization. Basily became disappointed by both camps, promising them that Russia would never allow for monastery land to be confiscated. Știrbei, meanwhile, also published a constitutional project with virtually the same proposals as Crețulescu's. The

1343:. The established platform was communicated to the local party branches of Wallachia, which also organized in the open. While heading the National Party as a whole, C. A. Crețulescu also organized the Brăila County section. At Vlașca, Serrurie held a chair on the regional Committee, alongside State Ariton and Ioniță Gurki. Aricescu emerged as the radical unionist leader in 1312:, the unionist campaign also relied on direct tactics, including oratory: voter interest was exceptionally high, with as many as 700 attendees at campaign meeting in Bucharest in March (almost half of the entire electoral basin). Majority groups rejected the radical platform advanced by the Ghicas, leading Bosianu to withdraw from the National Party. Before March 3 ( 2529:(November 2). Its consultative function fulfilled, the Divan only survived to late December 1857, closing some days after the Moldavian assembly. By then, as the attention moved to social issues, the conservative and liberal factions were again emerging, and clashing. Robescu and other right-wing unionists signaled this by asking that positive references to the 2647:. Each county dispatched 3 rural deputies, of whom 2 were directly elected; cities and towns voted 1 deputy each, except for Bucharest, which had 3, Craiova and Ploiești, which sent 2. Candidates, who had to be aged 30 and possess 400 ducats to their name, could be elected in several constituencies at once, but were required to settle for only one. 859:. Consultation was going to take place including in respect to the Principalities' union—although the latter was opposed by the Ottomans and the Austrians. The Ottoman viewpoint was embraced by Palmerston and Clarendon, who tried to persuade the French into renouncing the foreign dynasty scheme, which was particularly disliked by Abdulmejid. 1388:; and full respect for the property rights. This was a significant moment in history, signaling that the staunchest conservatives had renounced the notion of boyar-only representation, and only slightly amended the language of liberal ideologists. Hoping to attract support from the lower classes, they also reputedly promised a 1316:: March 15), he was talked into rejoining and awarded with a seat on the Unified Committees, alongside Costaforu. The party as a whole, co-chaired by C. A. Crețulescu and banker Lazăr (Lazaros) Kalenderoglu, issued a program demanding union under a foreign dynasty, with autonomy, perpetual neutrality, extended suffrage, and 1408:. Bibescu himself was welcomed in triumph by the city, but remained hesitant about capturing the unionist movement for his own goals. In April, however, Quinezu displayed his conversion to liberal radicalism. Alongside Petru "Pera" Opran, he put out the draft of a constitution which rejected any attempted return of 1814:, the Divan's president, and tacitly endorsed the union, with N. Golescu elected vice president by a large margin. The Divan's secretaries included D. Brătianu (elected with 85 votes), C. A. Crețulescu, Rosetti, Turnavitu, Ștefan Golescu, and Bosianu. Iancu Ionașcu oversaw the official printing office. 2551:

had alleged that peasants were not interested in the vote, describing peasant candidates to a boyar assembly as "sheep among wolves". In the peasant college of Vâlcea, interest in voting had been marginal, possibly a sign that this class did not find itself represented. In one Divan session, peasant

2541:

During the disputes, church deputies also blocked conservative advances by siding with the progressive unionist agenda, arguing in writing that its demands needed to be imposed on the European powers. In a private letter, Calinic made additional demands to condition his left-wing allies: that future

1118:. The bishops were members by right; clergy also elected 6 or 10 deputies altogether—4 of which represented the high clergy. Outside the church class, there were 90 Divan deputies, representing the 17 counties, with at least one deputy per county capital and at least 4 from the rural constituencies. 2537:

In late November, more controversy was sparked by the letter sent to the Moldavian Divan, which A. G. Golescu described as "unbecoming and dangerous", initiating a public dispute with the other deputies. Two variants of the letter were eventually sent: a longer one, which made explicit reference to

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Also fearing the growth of democratic unionism, Bibescu's party channeled the conservative vote, forming its own Unionist Committee on March 10 (March 22). This faction insisted on maintaining boyar representation; however, Bibescuists also claimed authorship for the core unionist program, accusing

2650:

In the rural constituencies, all those under 1,000 ducats could only vote indirectly—prompting members of the National Party to donate some of their land to landless colleagues, in a bid to increase their relative voting power; that threshold was set at 6,000 ducats in the cities, but property as

2642:

of January 1857 in matters of electoral legislation, operating some major changes, all of them having a conservative bias, and cutting the electoral corps back to some 2,000 voters, less than half of whom voted directly. The five classes of both Principalities were replaced with two, of rural and

2596:

officially dissolved the Wallachian Divan. Its text described the country as a "province and integral part" of the Ottoman territory, which caused consternation among the deputies; 24 of them signed to a letter of protest. It then fell on the European powers to evaluate the demands stated by both

2678:

Ghica survived for the rest of his term as a "powerless plaything" of the boyardom, his executive power rendered null by their "petty intrigues". The political spectrum was again dividing itself, with moderates such as Costaforu and Boerescu declaring themselves placated by the Convention, while

941:. Filipescu also used this confusion to set up a clandestine Unionist Committee, which branched out into all Wallachian cities and began petitioning foreign governments to obtain a timetable for the unification. The Committee was also behind the enthusiastic welcoming of the French Commissioner, 680:; others, including the Romanian Revolutionary Committee of Paris, militated both against Știrbei and for unification. Another wing of the unionist movement was a "bourgeois group", clandestinely formed during autumn 1854 to support Alexandru II Ghica's return on the throne. Its members included 2528:

News of the deputies' vote on union were received with much enthusiasm in both Bucharest and Craiova; the celebrations were witnessed by Aman, and are the source for one of his other political paintings. The four principles were drafted into a motion, carried by unanimous suffrage on October 21

770:

in his ministry. Writing at the time, Maiorescu also advised Știrbei to seek counsel from the more "mature" among Wallachia's revolutionary exiles. In February 1856, Știrbei issued letters of protest, directed against the Ottomans' attempt to re-annex the Principalities—but also criticizing the

1756:) and Nicolae Lahovari. Both were contested by conservative voters, as was the peasant deputy Stamate Budurescu (allegedly a career criminal). The issues subsided when all deputies, most of whom were unaffiliated, agreed to support the shared platform of conservative and progressive unionists. 580:

but suspended the elective monarchy. Princes were designated by Abdulmejid, with Știrbei taking the throne of Wallachia for a period of seven years. The Assembly, reconstituted as the "National Divan", mainly preserved consultative functions, being composed entirely of bureaucrats, judges, and

1427:

In May, Konstantin Basily arrived in Bucharest to observe the situation on Russia's behalf. He was welcomed by the Bibescu party, whose members complained that Costaforu was inciting an anti-boyar revolution in the provinces. Basily was upset, and demanded that Costaforu tone down his party's

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to be arrested at Craiova. Although technically a minority in the new chamber, with the vast majority of delegates favoring Bibescu, radical unionists colluded to advance Cuza as the surprise option, and also stoked tensions between the various conservative unionists. Conservatives such as

1133:

Boyars were controversially merged into a single group, and, except for the wealthiest, were not allowed to vote outside their home county, partially confirming Bibescu's earlier limitations of suffrage. High-ranking boyars, comprising some 90 people, were thus fused with the 2,700 of the

1710:, and the non-affiliated Constantin Văleanu and Ioan Slăvițescu. The Solomon family, which had a hold on the county, attempted to replace Tănase with the more conservative Ioan Niculescu; arrested for fraud, then exonerated, Tănase was able to take his seat in the Divan during November. 2572:, who demanded "laws based on justice" and an increased electoral weight for the peasantry. Debates over the suspension of the corvée ensued, with the boyars advancing their own report. It restated that land used by the peasants was boyar property paid for in labor, and noted that 300:, cooperated with Crețulescu's Committee, although disagreeing over some core policies. These groups held an absolute majority in the Divan, with only some seats going to non-unionists. Together, they formulated demands for union and increased autonomy, postponing debates about 2568:, published from December 1857: though discussing the peasantry's "precarious state", he also advised self-restraint on both sides of the social divide. In its final sessions, the Divan heard another plea from peasant delegates Tănase of Olt and Marin Pârcălăbescu of 1596:, who published Vogoride's secret correspondence. Though Ispirescu spent time in jail for this breach of censorship laws, the plot's exposure alienated Wallachian conservatives, who denounced Vogoride as a conspirator. Another clampdown was signaled by the closure of 4377:

Gherghe, pp. 105–106, 164–167; Giurescu, p. 141; Hêrjeu, pp. 192–194; Preda, pp. 77, 78; Xenopol, pp. 355–356. See also Clain, pp. 32–33; Demetriescu, pp. 25–26; Filitti, pp. 355–356; Maciu (1959), pp. 69–71 and (1967), pp. 424–425; Stanomir, pp. 50–51; Stroia, p.

601:

causes to 1856. In this context, there was a noticeable rapprochement between Bibescu and the exiled revolutionaries, pushing Știrbei to adopt an even more conservative stance, and making him more reliant on the military. His repressive regime was cut short by the

585:. Most revolutionary leaders were either expelled or self-exiled. This group only included 23 men; however, the government also began a clampdown on political activities, persecuting even those remotely associated with the 1848 cause—for instance, the architect 1203:, which elected two delegates each, with all county delegates electing one deputy per county. The latter provision was especially unpopular with the boyars, who feared a surge of "mean passions". Resigning from the ministry in April 1857, N. Crețulescu asked 1548:"are creating intrigue and division". Elsewhere, differences of opinion between the unionists were muted by agreements between voters. For instance, all 292 voters registered in Vlașca vowed to support the candidate deemed best during Unionist Committee 1444:

On March 11 (March 23), 1857, the Austrians evacuated Bucharest, and the longest ever campaigning in Romanian political history began officially. Its staples now included political imagery. At an early stage, most unionist propaganda art was produced by

937:, and Plagino were all driven into passivity or collaboration with the National Party. Most boyars rallied with yet another conservative-and-unionist faction, which was headed by Bibescu; Ghica sought to counter the trend, outing himself as a backer of 1296:

joined the club on its creation, but left within days, alleging that it only existed to serve the Ghicas; in fact, Costaforu was attempting to energize the middle class into preventing all boyar candidacies for the Divan, and hinted at designs for a

1441:. It depicted itself as a moderate and dispassionate voice in politics, and on such grounds presented arguments in support of the common unionist platform; by June, Bosianu himself had endorsed the project to import a Western European ruling house. 1619:

ensured that election in Wallachia was beyond reproach. Ghica also postponed the final date of voting from September 17 (New Style: September 29) to September 21 (October 3). The results came in as a landslide for the unionist camps: according to

669:, the former revolutionary, who drafted a unionist project stressed the need for a Wallachian on the throne, and also promised to draw the resulting state into Austria's sphere of influence—though both regarded the latter proposal as unrealistic. 2552:

deputy Gheorghiță Lupescu advanced a concrete proposal for direct suffrage. Described as untimely by Crețulescu, it was withdrawn by its proponent; a motion was passed according to which the Divan would refrain from ruling on electoral matters.

319:". This document outlawed class privilege, but also reinforced old suffrage laws, eliminating the peasant vote. It also prevented the two states from fully merging, keeping the key institutions separate—but a loophole in the text allowed a 4791:

Apostol, pp. 243–244; Giurescu, p. 142; Stroia, p. 83. See also Clain, pp. 38–39; Florea, p. 29; Gherghe, pp. 174–176; Hêrjeu, pp. 199–201; Ș. Ionescu, pp. 102–103; Iorga (1939), pp. 732–733; Nicolescu & Nicoară, pp. 3–4; Xenopol, pp.

1281:, Costaforu invited the grand boyars to voluntarily relinquish all privilege or risk placing themselves "outside the nation." His party did not support land reforms, but stated its opposition to the corvée system, declaring it a breach on 2500:

In Moldavia and Wallachia alike, the unionist camps of all hues agreed on the core agenda, with demands which they presented to the overseeing powers: the unification under the name of "Romania", with the election of a foreign hereditary

1399:

Before April, some conservatives quit this group to join Crețulescu's Committee, which now clarified its stance by declaring itself against land reforms. Bibescuists remained especially strong at Craiova, where party organizers included

1105:"no longer controlled production", they maintained some local importance as "professional and fiscal organizations", and were still assigned an electoral function. The document was also expressly against the political enfranchisement of 1088:

at 30, while splitting the electoral corps into five classes of voters, with massive enfranchisement. There were 10,141 qualified electors in Wallachia, as opposed to only 2,954 in Moldavia. At core, the Divans would still preserve

596:

The National Party was reconstructed in exile by the 1848 revolutionaries, who, from ca. 1850, began pressing for union above all other points on the agenda, although its leaders remained committed to international republican and

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be erased from the Divan's addresses. In October, Bibescu warned that party politics were the sordid future of the post-union era, "making this forsaken country of ours into an arena, collecting all her strengths and vitality".

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were hopeful that they could preserve friendly relations with the Ottoman Empire, which they prioritized over the nationalist goals. Another major rift opposed the landed or urban classes to the peasantry. During the election,

649:, he consolidated conservatism, refusing to grant entry permits to exile radicals, and instituting heavy censorship of the media. Both however endorsed the unionist cause, explicitly so from 1855, when Crețulescu lobbied the 2679:

radicals such as Brătianu openly embraced the concept of an "independent Romania". Despite its anti-revolutionary bias, the new electoral law again produced a victory for the unionist camps, when it came to voting in the

933:, but did not consider doing the same for conservative governors who were "persecuting the unionists". He had also split the conservatives by ordering a purge of Știrbeists from the administration; Barbu Știrbei, his son 1733:

and Scarlat Voinescu, had 49 and 44, respectively. The latter two, alongside fellow delegates Constantin Ciochinescu and Nae Stănescu, were pledged to the National Party—Pâcleanu had only arrived there as a supporter of

1461:. Hailed as a milestone in patriotic artistry, it was followed soon after by mass prints of Petre Alexandrescu's similarly titled piece. Aricescu and Rucăreanu's work in theater was taken up in Bucharest by brothers 5254:, "The Union of Roumania in the Private Letters of Palmerston, Clarendon and Cowley, 1855–7"; "Four Documents on the Future of Roumania—by Henry Stanley, D. Bratianu, Lord Palmerston and Albert, Prince Consort", in 1432:

party also reemerged, once Bosianu again withdrew from the National Party venture, establishing his own Unionist Committee, and hoping to elect Dimitrie Ghica as Prince. Very few joined him, since, at the time, the

528:) within a republicized elective monarchy. Most revolutionaries agreed that there was still no social grounding for universal direct suffrage. Some elections based on these quasi-democratic principles were held at 409:

were voted in by 56 electors, and the county representatives, generally low-ranking boyars, by some 400 electors. This mixture of modernizing and traditional elements was arrived at by repressing both the emerging

1564:. Opposition to the unionist project came from the outsiders Heliade and Rusu Locusteanu. They endorsed the union on principle, but objected to the Divans being convened by the Porte; overall, they also favored a 964:

returned in the early months of 1857. At that stage, authorities began observing that unionist propaganda was already being taken to the streets and the villages—in November, schoolteacher Constantin Tănase of

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attached; groups included: state-recognized professionals, regardless of wealth, who had been living in the respective town or city for no less than three years; homeowners with a taxable wealth set at 8,000

928:

Ghica, who remained an anti-unionist and "not a man of progress", sought to clamp down perceived unionist cells in the state apparatus. He tried to depose Iancu Marghiloman from his position as governor of

748:Știrbei, who emerged as the Austrian favorite in a close race with Bibescu, continued to preserve an ambiguous, "extremely prudent", course. In 1855, seeking to curtail the Ghicas' influence, he repressed 2555:

As explained in a speech by Ion Brătianu, nominally a leader of the "far-left", all middle- and upper-class deputies agreed on not instituting or demanding universal suffrage. Overall, Brătianu advocated

1142:), although candidates had to own at least 334 hectares (1.3 square miles). By September, the category had been restructured to include 753 voters, about 20% of whom were concentrated in Ilfov and Buzău. 1738:

Ghica. Both former Princes were able to recover from this setback: as titular grand boyars, they could still run in two or more constituencies, taking Divan seats at Dolj. Știrbei also ran (and lost) in

696:. As noted by diplomat Henry Stanley, the Wallachians were also divided along geopolitical priorities. Boyars, who were especially fearful of land reform, included "many Russian partizans [ 5209:

Liviu Iulian Roman, "Implicarea elitelor din Moldova în desființarea cezurii. Considerații asupra primei legi a presei din spațiul românesc — 13 mai 1856", in Raduț Bîlbîie, Mihaela Teodor (eds.),

503:, the Prince clamped down on the boyars' electoral privilege by outlawing multiple registrations and by imposing his own candidates: 18 of 20 elected by the first estate were his close associates. 327:, Wallachia voted a conservative "elective assembly", dominated by Bibescu supporters. Pressured by the National Party, which threatened violence, this new parliament gave its vote to a Moldavian, 1729:

Other prominent conservatives elected to the Divan included Princes Bibescu and Știrbei. Both ran at Buzău, but lost by large margins: Bibescu had 11 votes, and Știrbei 2, whereas the winners,

945:, which doubled as an anti-Ottoman and anti-Austrian demonstration. Some 80 men also greeted Talleyrand in Buzău, asking him to promote the "union of both principalities as a strong state". 921:, brother of the resigning minister, asking him to sponsor a unionist gazette. Crețulescu refused, reportedly because he disliked the movement's anti-boyar radicalization and "anarchism". 1794:

Wallachia's ad hoc Divan opened on September 29 (October 10), seven days after its Moldavian counterpart. The rainy weather did not chase away the crowd gathering in a show of support on

829: 1771:

was more reserved about his opinions at that stage, and described by church historian Natalia Manoilescu-Dinu as "duplicitous". Calinic's enthusiasm was replicated by Filotei, the

1335:

From April, coordination between the two branches of the National Party was enhanced by the arrival to Bucharest of a Moldavian delegation comprising, among others, Kogălniceanu,

3185:

Clain, pp. 16–19; Giurescu, pp. 141–142; Hêrjeu, pp. 175–184; Maciu (1959), pp. 45, 47–48, 54, 59–60; Marton, pp. 45–46; Potra I, p. 20; Preda, pp. 68–69; Temperley, pp. 219–229

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Both Bibescu and Știrbei were slowly made to reconsider under this pressure—they only ceded to, and voted for, Cuza under the assumption that the Ottomans would invalidate this

1112:

Overall, there were 94 to 100 deputies. Accounts differ because of the unspecified number of supplementary seats for the Wallachian clergy, which now enfranchised priests and

788:

With the defeat of Russia drawing near, exiled unionists began presenting their case to the Ottoman statesmen, introducing their project as a moderate guarantee against both

637:'s editorial in support of union under Ottoman suzerainty. Also in June, Austrian troops occupied both Principalities, preventing Russia from maintaining a presence in the 532:, but the process was cut short by more pressing political issues. The new forms of representation allowed peasant deputies such as Ene Cojocaru to demand the abolition of 5113:

Cornel Manolescu, Ion D. Tîlvănoiu, "Oameni politici din Olt și Romanați (I). Deputați ai județelor Olt și Romanați în Divanul ad-hoc al Țării Românești în anul 1857", in

1180:

produced an urban constituency comprising, overall, 3,000 voters: 1,300 were in Bucharest (about 2% of that city's population), and 285 at Craiova, with as few as 43 for

6219: 6204: 4943: 315:

The Divan resolutions were taken into account by the European powers, and some were written into the Paris Convention of 1858, which became the new organic law for the "

1227:

was again published from December 1856, signalling the lifting of censorship. By then, its "anti-feudal" campaign was also assisted by Costaforu's theoretical journal,

2619:. Under the Convention, both the thrones and the assemblies remained separate. The legislatures were only supervised by a quasi-federal Central Commission, meeting in 1023: 661:

and possibly ruled upon by Știrbei. In such proposals, Știrbei also insisted that Wallachia preserve its dominant role, and campaigned against moving the capital to

2954:

Berindei, p. 408; Giurescu, p. 137; Iorga (1939), p. 699; Maciu (1959), pp. 43, 45 and (1967), pp. 418–422; Stanomir, pp. 35–36; Xenopol, pp. 301–317, 327–330, 354

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entered the assembly hall and forced through the invalidation of seven conservative mandates, then stood their ground menacingly as Cuza was proposed and voted as

6275: 2643:

urban voters, subdivided into groups which elected directly or indirectly; the voting age was lowered to 25, and the minimum property requirement was set as 100

6214: 1389: 714: 705:

While still present in the Principalities, Austrian envoys gave some endorsement to the more radical projects for peasant emancipation. According to historian

433:", which was increasingly anti-Russian. This period saw early projects to unite Wallachia and Moldavia, with even liberal Russians encouraging the idea of a " 6019: 6014: 6009: 6004: 5999: 5318: 6265: 5296: 817: 1768: 722: 1802:

and adorned with the National Party's slogans. The Divan's first session saw enthusiastic speeches, including one by Rosetti which ended with shouts of

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reported that the latter only had 6 members, less than half of those who had registered with the Committee. Unionism of various hues was also spread by

6209: 6184: 1683:

Constantin Rădulescu (for the landowners), and Stan Panaiti (for the peasantry). Winners for the National Party also included, among the boyars of

429:

had been forged, giving legislative oversight to the Russian envoys. Although the event ended in defeat for the deputies, it helped consolidate a "

6224: 6199: 6194: 6174: 6164: 3246: 1208: 2615:, but did not allow hereditary rule and limited eligibility to local men of property, of any social standing, with a view to formally abolishing 495:. He soon found himself at odds with the National Party over the issue of mines concessions and dismissed the Assembly, effectively ruling as an 730: 4007:

Apostol, pp. 242–243; Clain, pp. 23–27; Giura, pp. 11, 12; Hêrjeu, pp. 184–194, 198; Preda, pp. 74–77; Stroia, pp. 74–77; Xenopol, pp. 337–352

3415:

Gheorghe Cristea, "Idei asociaționiste în România. Forme de asociere ale țărănimii. Obștea sătească de arendare a pământului (1864—1907)", in

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In 1857, Știrbei had advanced projects to drastically reduce electoral participation, seen by him as a meritocracy that discriminated between

1655:

The same trend was observed throughout the country, with Basily noting that the "men of '48" and the "unhinged" were in control of the Divan.

998:, and even suggesting the violent expropriation of boyar estates; Bolintineanu described their agenda as "something out of a madman's brain". 6179: 6099: 5222: 5197: 5133: 5108: 4998:

Maria Huminic, "Colaborarea dintre unioniștii moldoveni și munteni în lumina unor documente ale vremii aflate în Muzeul Unirii din Iași", in

4951: 4933: 449: 1767:, described union as "the crowning of our battles and of the blood we shed for the Cross", pushing his monks to vote in favor; Metropolitan 1277:

During the last days of February, Costaforu and Bosianu split with Bellu, establishing a "free assembly" of the National Party. Writing for

1048: 892:, the Union Committee, formed on March 16, was confronted two days later by the Assembly of Landowners, which rejected the unionist agenda; 359: 5650: 5644: 5639: 5634: 5629: 5599: 5594: 5589: 5584: 5579: 5574: 5569: 5564: 5559: 2616: 1561: 888:

that "Bucharest is now crisscrossed by committees overseen by the Central committee. This was replicated in just about every district." In

411: 109: 1552:. In that context, very few Wallachians still rejected union, and those who did never formed a party of their own. As noted by historian 5710: 5704: 5699: 5694: 2584:

While Brătianu had officially embraced moderation and gradualism, radicalized members of the National Party, including Bolintineanu and

1722:

Alexandru Emanuel Florescu, who declared that he would. Ialomița's richer peasant category had sent Răducanu Cucuti, a supporter of the

1385: 1285:. Union, Costaforu argued, was an "old idea of our nation", the "political tendency of the whole people", and was therefore inevitable. 582: 3668:

Demetriescu, p. 26; Maciu (1959), pp. 69–71. See also Maciu (1965), pp. 101–102; Stanomir, pp. 45–47; Tănase, p. 90; Vârtosu, pp. 45–47

1187:

The other two classes, both rural, voted indirectly: 8,000 non-aristocratic landowners were defined as having at least 11 hectares (27

1784: 816:

of pervasive encroachment on Wallachian and Moldavian autonomy. During those weeks, Ottoman and Austrian diplomats met with envoys of

6080: 5054:"Memorii, corespondență, însemnări. Știri despre revoluționarii exilați de la 1848 și cauza Unirii într-o corespondență inedită", in 1609: 761: 376: 258: 6255: 6189: 6123: 5176: 456: 1788: 6025: 969:

was under surveillance for having collected signatures in support of the National Party agenda. In September, Alexandru's nephew,

824:

to discuss the property regime in Wallachia and Moldavia. Though divided between a radical anti-boyar position taken by Austria's

487:, picking 69% of the votes in the last round. Although nepotistic, his government introduced various liberal reforms, including a 6046: 5311: 642: 565: 406: 305: 6075: 1577: 6260: 6169: 726: 273: 2623:, with attributions only in the matter of "legislation of common interests to both Principalities", having some elements of a 1702:

was able to prevent his conservative critics from getting elected, in particular Catargiu. The unionist sweep was balanced by

942: 6270: 5689: 5684: 5679: 5674: 5669: 5624: 5619: 5614: 5609: 5604: 5554: 5549: 5544: 5539: 5534: 5529: 5524: 5519: 5514: 5509: 5504: 5499: 5494: 5489: 5484: 5479: 5474: 5469: 5464: 5449: 5369: 5364: 5354: 4823:

Cornelia Apostol, "Aspecte privind participarea lucrătorilor și tîrgoveților la înfăptuirea Unirii Principatelor Române", in

615: 6148: 6143: 6128: 6118: 6113: 6108: 5439: 5434: 1806:("Long Live Romania!"). It subsequently organized itself: two committees were set up to validate the deputies and come up a 1145:

Urban constituencies included all 17 county capitals, each electing one deputy, except for Bucharest's 4, and for 2 each in

500: 254: 6090: 6070: 6065: 6060: 6055: 5156:

Petre Popa, Paul Dicu, "Participarea piteștenilor la principalele evenimente ale istoriei naționale din epoca modernă", in

2742:. The Principalities' merger and the name "Romania" were eventually recognized in December 1861, with Cuza styling himself 1084:

sanctioning elections. This was read out publicly in Bucharest in March, and signed into law by Ghica in April. It set the

5974: 5969: 5964: 5959: 5954: 5949: 5944: 5939: 5934: 5929: 5919: 5914: 5909: 5844: 5839: 5374: 5359: 5168: 1313: 557: 507: 216: 1064: 2711: 324: 6138: 2707:. The Ottoman Empire supported Știrbeist conservatives, but reportedly kept neutral during the actual round of voting. 2684: 2598: 1473:

ridiculed an emerging mass panic, according to which a comet would strike Wallachia before the union could take place.

6085: 5304: 2530: 1772: 1412:

Princes. He created an especially vibrant unionist cell and electoral committee, which also comprised figures such as

1078:

After consultations with Western plenipotentiaries, the Sultan took the initiative and, on January 13, 1857, issued a

862:

With censorship laws still in place, the unionist campaign was supported from Moldavia by the National Party magazine

418: 2509:, or "dutiful program", whereas conservatives rejected such notions as impinging on individual freedom. Persuaded by 1900: 918: 281: 120: 5459: 5454: 5444: 5429: 5424: 5419: 5414: 5404: 5399: 5389: 5384: 5379: 4632:

Preda, pp. 79–81. See also Clain, p. 34; Giurescu, p. 142; Hêrjeu, p. 195; Maciu (1967), pp. 425–426; Purece, p. 114

868:. Public disputes were focused on conflicts between the conservatives Știrbei and Alexandru Ghica, who took over as 832:, they eventually agreed on the need to suspend the corvée and eliminate all remaining forms of personal servitude. 709:, they did so in order to stoke social conflict, as the unionist nationalism embraced by boyars raised the issue of 34: 5980: 5924: 5904: 5899: 5894: 5889: 5884: 5879: 5874: 5869: 5864: 5859: 5854: 5849: 5834: 5829: 5824: 5819: 5814: 5809: 5804: 5799: 5794: 5789: 5784: 5779: 5774: 5769: 5764: 5759: 5754: 5749: 5744: 5739: 5734: 5729: 5409: 5394: 5125: 2282: 1688: 801: 5005:Ștefan Ionescu, "Locuri și oameni din București reflectați în literatura de la mijlocul secolului al XIX-lea", in 2764:

also provided Cuza with sweeping executive powers, which he immediately used against his conservative Assemblies.

990:

as a balanced reformist. They differed from all other factions in their solution to the peasant issue, advocating

2003: 1659:

came first in the Bucharest constituency, taking 1,004 votes, while Magheru took a seat as a great landowner for

1317: 1263: 1157:

moved up to where it had two. Voting rights were only extended to some portions of the urban class, with various

848: 738: 650: 629:(the western third of Wallachia). Here, the Ottoman authorities had allowed the liberals to put out a newspaper, 611: 573: 472: 289: 130: 3976: 1652:, alongside Aricescu, were among the elected (although Aricescu's victory was touched by allegations of fraud). 1628:, while Rosetti took a seat for the bourgeois class at Bucharest. Two of the three Bucharest seats also went to 1231:. In February of the following year, C. A. Crețulescu was finally allowed to put out a moderate unionist paper, 952:

Ghica's resolve by making their way back into the country, sometimes with Știrbei's tacit endorsement: Magheru,

729:

of the West and the Ottomans, regarding them as inalienably Ottoman. He remained agnostic about union, although

6250: 6229: 4971: 1780: 1775:, who openly adhered to the National Party platform. Clergymen elected in their respective class included four 1536:, regained Bucharest during June. Highly popular with what Bălăceanu called the "socialist youth", they joined 1106: 825: 702:]", while the middle classes were mostly against Russia, with students and peasants generally pro-Ottoman. 430: 414:, which wanted more complete freedoms, and the traditionalist boyars, who resented power-sharing combinations. 277: 140: 2601:

and eventually convened at Paris in August 1858. The resulting Convention of Paris recognized the concept of "

1764: 912:, Grigore D. Marghiloman, Constantin Robescu, Alecu Sihleanu, and Panaite Tufelcică. Filipescu also contacted 771:

Wallachian revolutionaries active in Ottoman ranks. He also pressed for a boyar assembly to review and reform

677: 5237:

Marian Stroia, "Rusia și românii de la războiul Crimeii la Unirea Principatelor. Sinteza unei atitudini", in

4623:

Giurescu, p. 142; Preda, pp. 78–79. See also Clain, pp. 33–34; Hêrjeu, p. 195; Nicolescu & Nicoară, p. 3

2543: 1807: 1321: 934: 797: 742: 521: 284:, was on this topic indistinguishable from the conservative unionist factions, respectively led by brothers 230: 3016:

Maciu (1959), pp. 45–47; Xenopol, pp. 318–319, 326–327, 355. See also Clain, pp. 14–16; Hêrjeu, pp. 181–182

2714:, after which negotiations began about whether Cuza should also be put up as a candidate in Bucharest. The 1798:, Bucharest. The celebration lasted into the night, with Bucharest festively lit with the newly introduced 4963: 2573: 2200: 1528:

The democratic side of unionism was by then completely free to organize, and its most radical proponents,

897: 885: 836: 590: 541: 480: 442: 309: 234: 2560:

for "the general interest", hoping not to antagonize the conservatives. The same ideal was championed by

1961: 1374:

the Crețulescu group of plagiarism. In their version, it included references to a hereditary monarch, or

5346: 2631:. A technicality made it legally possible for the same person to be elected as ruler of both countries. 2602: 1760: 1557: 1262:—according to historian Vasile Maciu, Bellu was infiltrated into the group by Bibescu partisans such as 914: 809: 634: 516: 491:

with Moldavia, the defense of education in the national language, and the first steps toward abolishing

476: 316: 246: 3251: 2727:

Ghica and Catargiu reconciled with each other and also joined the National Party coalition. A guild of

2704: 2019: 1787:, and Vasile of Buzău. Other seats were taken by Atanasie Stoenescu of Sadova Monastery and Ieronim of 875: 646: 607: 2905:

Clain, p. 14; Giurescu, p. 139; Hêrjeu, pp. 161–162, 182; Iorga (1910), pp. 136, 186–188; Preda, p. 67

2489: 2425: 2141: 1933: 1730: 1633: 1355: 957: 5661: 5334: 5035:"Cugetători români de acum o sută de ani. I. Trei conservatori în epoca de unire și consolidare", in 5022: 2624: 2585: 2192: 1879: 1637: 1478: 1466: 1401: 1393: 1392:. Bibescu himself held no official seat on the organization, which was nominally headed by Catargiu, 1282: 1204: 953: 821: 464: 398: 394: 386: 381: 364: 225: 4265:

Ciprian-Marius Sîrbu, "Episcopii Râmnicului și viața politică românească în perioada 1859–1918", in

3905: 2719: 2659:, which now had only 7 qualified direct voters in the rural constituencies, while its capital town, 2120: 1714:

also contrasted the general trend, having elected as a boyar deputies Ioan C. Roset—a member of the

1437:

himself supported the notion of electing a foreigner. Bosianu established his own newspaper, called

1243:

faction, moved closer to the National Party, hoping to defeat Bibescu. Also in February, two of the

757: 666: 17: 5991: 5227: 5214: 3596:

Maciu (1959), p. 68 & (1965), p. 99. See also Giurescu, p. 141; Potra I, p. 479; Vârtosu, p. 46

2688: 2628: 2557: 2494: 2380: 2148: 1749: 1726:, while the other deputies, Stoica Radu Cojocariu and Ion Vasile, declared for the National Party. 1329: 1298: 1259: 1177: 852: 844: 733:

and Napoleon came to support the idea. Napoleon, "eager as he was to dismantle the creation of the

598: 402: 328: 250: 5275: 5268:

Dorina Tomescu, Raluca Velicu, "Constantin D. Aricescu. O viață închinată culturii românești", in

5145:

Vasile Novac, "Activitatea politică a argeșenilor și mușcelenilor reflectată în paginile ziarului

4746:

Hêrjeu, pp. 197–199; 268; Xenopol, pp. 377, 380–381. See also Clain, p. 34; Demetriescu, pp. 27–28

2221: 1707: 1293: 448:

Following Ghica's ouster, his replacement was to be elected by the estates and then recognized by

95: 5063: 4875: 3909: 2635: 2506: 2257: 1795: 1779:, represented four sees: Constantin of Râmnic (a "fully committed partisan of the Union"), Iancu 1462: 1405: 1211:, to withdraw that requirement (although he conceded on the inclusion of non-boyars and guilds). 1158: 1134:

low-and-middle boyar category; the only requirement for membership was owning an estate over 111

991: 840: 734: 706: 689: 685: 586: 492: 438: 422: 301: 293: 4868:

Mihai Cojocariu, "Exilul politic românesc după 1848. Perspectiva lui Dimitrie Bolintineanu", in

2700: 2569: 2313: 2070: 1759:

In the church sections, the bishops led campaigns for or against union. As early as April 1857,

1711: 1706:, which elected unionists Constantin Tănase and Iancu Ionașcu, along with the arch-conservative 1192: 385:

as a constitutional law imposed on both vassals. Introducing modernizing principles such as the

1687:, Captain Eliodor Lapati and Nicolae Butculescu, with both Marghiloman and Robescu elected for 1101:, such as recognizing the political importance of liberal professions. Although, in the 1850s, 1093:

as the electoral principle, retaining a characteristic of its 1840s predecessors; however, the

672:Știrbei and Maiorescu's vision was endorsed by some of the more conservative exiles, including 191: 5218: 5193: 5172: 5129: 5104: 5026: 4989: 4975: 4947: 4929: 4891: 4852: 4773:

Clain, p. 38; Gherghe, p. 174; Hêrjeu, pp. 199–200; Iorga (1939), pp. 732–733; Xenopol, p. 378

3917: 3901: 2728: 2667:, there were only 8 voters in all. In Moldavia, the same rules created an infamous paradox at 2184: 1871: 1649: 1645: 1470: 1450: 1417: 1413: 1336: 1325: 995: 909: 864: 793: 718: 606:, in which Western powers sided with the Ottomans against Russia. The events also interrupted 525: 484: 266: 102: 1718:

party who initially announced that he would not endorse the union; and Bibescu's son-in-law,

1592:, to the National Party. Attempts to repress Moldavian unionism were exposed in Wallachia by 5251: 2408: 2375: 2344: 2040: 2008: 1895: 1740: 1692: 1684: 1605: 1589: 1565: 1549: 1446: 1196: 1191:), and sent 5 electors and 1 deputy per county (although their numbers ranged from 1,630 in 1169: 1039: 673: 529: 496: 468: 285: 215:

in September 1857. They restored a liberalizing trend that had been repressed following the

170: 125: 5047:"Contribuția fondatorilor Școlii române de drept la propaganda unionistă (1857–1859)", in 4900: 4887: 4737:

Giura, pp. 12–13; Hêrjeu, p. 198; Preda, pp. 84–88, 91; Stroia, pp. 81–83; Xenopol, p. 379

4715: 2561: 2444: 2128: 1656: 1601: 1593: 1254:, published an "ultra-liberal" manifesto for the foreseeable elections. They now attacked 622: 4956:

Lucian Giura, "Știri din presa austriacă referitoare la Unirea Principatelor Române", in

1928: 1866: 1858: 1625: 1560:, and also those boyars who feared competition from the more numerous Moldavians for the 961: 930: 5076:"Organizarea mișcarii pentru Unire în anii 1855–1857 în Moldova și Țara Românească", in 4782:

Demetriescu, p. 28. See also Giura, pp. 13–14; Hêrjeu, p. 205; Iorga (1939), pp. 732–733

2914:

Demetriescu, pp. 24–25; Hêrjeu, pp. 161–163; Iorga (1910), pp. 106–111; Preda, pp. 65–68

5181: 4879: 3309:

Berindei, p. 409; Iorga (1939), p. 705; Maciu (1959), pp. 62–65, 68 & (1965), p. 98

2739: 2589: 2249: 2115: 2048: 1753: 1608:

by the unionists. This tactic invalidated the scrutiny there, and Moldavia had its own

1585: 1533: 1367: 1340: 1267: 1123: 975: 593:, who circulated revolutionary poetry in manuscript form, was arrested and imprisoned. 372: 320: 297: 242: 4830:

Paul Barbu, "Ioan Maiorescu — activitatea sa politică și diplomatică (1848—1859)", in

2923:

Adrian Niculescu, "O experiență finită. Să sperăm! Un secol al exilului românesc", in

2691:

for the throne. In Wallachia, conservative unionism took hold with the triumvirate of

2576:

and the resulting drop of labor costs justified maintaining and expanding the corvée.

261:, and, like them, had unusually lax criteria for participation, allowing peasants and 6244: 5285: 5012: 3866:

Anca Maria Zamfir, "Mihai Viteazul în pictura românească. De la model la clișeu", in

2656: 2652: 2514: 2179: 2133: 1691:. Guilds also gave their votes to former revolutionaries, including Iancu Ionașcu at 1553: 1529: 1344: 986:. It published political essays critical of other emergent factions, and praised the 901: 880: 856: 813: 488: 4986:

Istoria Partidului Național Liberal; De la origină până în zilele noastre. Volumul 1

241:

functioned as a protectorates of the European powers; both were also clients of the

4837: 4641:

Gherghe, pp. 175–176; Giurescu, p. 142; Nicolescu & Nicoară, p. 3; Preda, p. 78

2101: 1799: 1454: 1363: 1127: 1098: 804:. Still a conditional Știrbeist, Maiorescu opposed the ideological threat posed by 654: 452: 405:. The electoral corps was exceedingly small: 20 representatives of the upper-crust 208: 197: 66: 5138:

Valeriu Nicolescu, Marius-Adrian Nicoară, "Buzoienii și Unirea Principatelor", in

4713:

J. F. Herzog (contributor: Mircea Dumitriu), "Călătorie spre Țara Românească", in

2660: 1604:

as editor. The prolonged dispute culminated in attempted fraud by Vogoride and an

1270:, who hoped that ideological conflicts would distract both groups from pushing an 1181: 764:. Știrbei again attempted to contain the movement by co-opting Carada as a junior 645:

as military supervisor, Știrbei was reconfirmed as Prince. Alongside his minister

219:, also giving expression to the national awakening that was taking part among the 2806:

Demetriescu, pp. 19–21; Hêrjeu, pp. 86–98; Preda, pp. 57–59; Xenopol, pp. 160–169

1449:, with historical scenes that reminded Wallachians about an earlier union, under 5211:

Elita culturală și presa (Congresul Național de istorie a presei, ediția a VI-a)

3998:

Clain, p. 23; Maciu (1959), pp. 60–62, 66–67, 72–73. See also Roman, pp. 281–284

2518: 2035: 1992: 1660: 1381: 1271: 1251: 1154: 1139: 1119: 1090: 789: 710: 603: 561: 460: 175: 5019:

Viața și domnia lui Barbu Dimitrie Știrbei, domn al Țerii-Romănești (1849–1856)

2664: 2620: 2216: 1703: 1641: 1173: 1085: 983: 966: 905: 805: 1752:(who had nearly been invalidated over questions regarding his estate outside 839:; Ottoman sovereignty was kept in check by Austria, Russia, Britain, France, 401:"; in Wallachia, this comprised 42 members—19 of whom were elected by the 17 5721: 2757: 2696: 2106: 1776: 1745: 1679: 1055: 681: 658: 506:

However, within two years, he and his friendly Assembly were toppled by the

220: 212: 4587:

Tîlvănoiu, p. 27. See also Manolescu & Tîlvănoiu, p. 100; Tănase, p. 93

1150: 904:

established for this purpose was particularly active in the border town of

533: 5230:, "Epoca adunărilor ad-hoc ca laborator de reflecție constituțională", in 5030: 4856: 3758:

Demetriescu, pp. 25–26; Maciu (1959), p. 71. See also Iorga (1939), p. 710

3731:

Demetriescu, pp. 25–27. See also Iorga (1939), p. 732; Stanomir, pp. 44–45

752:

and encouraged radical unionists to publish a more left-wing paper called

692:, and banker Cristache Polihroniadi, who together sponsored the newspaper 540:. The issue became entangled with a lengthy and divisive discussion about 4993: 2611: 1673: 1376: 1200: 1164: 971: 889: 870: 766: 339: 333: 238: 5122:"Republica de la Ploiești" și începuturile parlamentarismului în România 4979: 4910:

Mihai Florea, "Însemnări despre prezența teatrului în actul Unirii", in

4895: 3974:

Eugenia Tudor, "Miscellanea. Petre Ispirescu: 'Împăratul basmelor'", in

272:

The result in both countries was a sweep for parties which demanded the

5338: 5329: 5189: 4968:

Istoria Bucureștilor. Din cele mai vechi timpuri pînă în zilele noastre

3203:

Huminic, p. 30; Maciu (1959), pp. 50–54, 60–61; Roman, pp. 280, 284–285

1997: 1664: 1146: 1135: 1114: 1034: 1030: 884:. In July, Grigore Ioranu of the National Party informed the Moldavian 662: 638: 626: 537: 425:, were in open conflict, the boyars having discovered that sections of 4016:

Hêrjeu, pp. 187–188, 195; Temperley, p. 231. See also Berindei, p. 409

1514:

Which soul will remain unshaken? What heart wouldn't feel that twitch?

514:

was denounced and publicly burned. During this brief interregnum, the

437:" dukedom; at least one such proposal, drafted by the Moldavian boyar 2878:

Filitti, pp. 355, 357; Preda, pp. 60–63. See also Hêrjeu, pp. 142–147

2668: 1576:

The principles behind the suffrage were first put to the test in the

1250:

s counsels, Costaforu and Bosianu, alongside his nephew Dimitrie and

1080: 737:", also envisaged a foreign dynasty for the new state, moving either 4903:, "Un proect de constituție inedit al lui Cuza Vodă dela 1863", in 2655:. Extreme discrepancies resulting from these requirements included 1420:, and Grigore Lăceanu; together, they put out a nationalist paper, 610:'s designs to participate with other former revolutionaries in the 3785:

Gherghe, pp. 15–17, 23–24, 71, 138–157, 185–200, 205–206, 268, 314

2644: 1544:. As reported in late 1857 by a disgruntled Bolintineanu, radical 1424:. They ended up rejecting Bibescu, whom they found to be "timid". 1102: 874:(regent); the National Party was organizing more discreetly, with 434: 262: 3914:

Istoria literaturii române. II: De la Școala Ardeleană la Junimea

1810:; one was chaired by Grigore Gr. Ghica. Metropolitan Neofit was, 1366:—personifications of Moldavia (left) and Wallachia as maidens in 1188: 835:

In March 1856, a Western protectorate was established under the

796:; some in this group also wished for union to be effected under 756:. During September, members of this group, led by a 19-year-old 5300: 5232:

Annals of the University of Bucharest. Political Science Series

572:

The clampdown by a joint Ottoman–Russian intervention, and the

2752: 1816: 1483: 698: 4441:

D. Bodin, "Premize la un curs despre Tudor Vladimirescu", in

2671:, where there was only one qualified voter, Vladimir Stoica. 196:

Wallachian constituencies, by number of deputies sent to the

4851:, Vol. I. Bucharest: Typ. Curții Regale F. Göbl Fii, 1893. 2833:

Bibescu, pp. 33–53; Hêrjeu, pp. 99–101; Preda, pp. 23, 51–54

5241:, Vol. XVI, Issues 1–2, January–April 2005, pp. 69–86. 5101:

Viața și activitatea Sfântului Ierarh Calinic de la Cernica

5083:"Participarea lui Gh. Costaforu la lupta pentru Unire", in 4801:

Preda, pp. 85–86. See also Gheorghe & Șerbu, pp. 27, 47

4128: 4126: 1632:

men, with only one taken by a Ghica partisan, the merchant

1520:

Peace and industry creating, on this soil that is so rich?

1518:

Strong, well-governed into justice, and united as one pair,

1516:

Who does not want our country to emerge as bright and fair,

5244:

Constanța Tănase, "Buzoienii și Unirea Principatelor", in

5186:

Rumânii fericiți. Vot și putere de la 1831 până în prezent

4423:

Giurescu, p. 141; Vârtosu, pp. 46–47; Xenopol, pp. 355–356

2597:

Divans. This they did in a new conference, delayed by the

2513:

leftists, a majority of the Divan agreed on the notion of

1481:, who contributed propaganda such as this March 30 piece: 948:

Over those months, the revolutionary exiles began testing

4988:. Bucharest: Institutul de Arte Grafice Speranța, 1915. 4849:

Domnia lui Bibescu. Corespondință și documente, 1843—1856

4840:, "Legături și convergențe istorice româno-franceze", in 4168:

I. D. Suciu, "Recenzii. Apostol Stan, Constantin Vlăduț,

4086:

Preda, pp. 76–77; Stroia, pp. 76–77; Xenopol, pp. 351–352

1199:); 220,000 peasants were represented through their 2,931 3047:; Maciu (1967), pp. 421–424, 425; Temperley, pp. 237–240 2674:

According to the Swiss traveler Johann Fridolin Herzog,

2638:

and purely governed ones. The Convention supplanted the

1667:

city constituents; with the other Vlașca deputies being

1648:

as peasant deputy; in neighboring Muscel, Alexandru and

379:. The result was a shared Russian–Ottoman custody, with 725:

rejected the proposal to make Wallachia and Moldavia a

5261:

Ion D. Tîlvănoiu, "Gânduri de ziua învățătorului", in

4921:, Vol. XVI, Issues 89–91, January–June 1937, pp. 7–22. 3448: 3446: 1510:

Reading that old cherished volume of Romanian history,

1239:

Ghica also renounced anti-unionism and, alongside the

625:

intervened to clamp down on revolutionary activity in

4341:

Novac, p. 237; Purece, p. 113. See also Stroia, p. 77

4073:

Vitalie Buzu, "Județul Ialomița în Epoca Unirii", in

1512:

Showing multitudes of virtues and our great vitality,

1153:. Brăila was eventually relegated to one deputy, and 4810:

Preda, pp. 87–90. See also Maciu (1967), pp. 427–429

2945:Ș. Ionescu, p. 93; Tomescu & Velicu, pp. 104–105 2842:

Bibescu, pp. 33–53; Hêrjeu, pp. 99–100; Preda, p. 54

1176:(voting indirectly—with 4 electors per guild). This 499:

from 1844 to 1846. When finally elections were held

6157: 6035: 5990: 5720: 5660: 5345: 5140:Întrezăriri. Revistă Sătească de Știință și Cultură 5090:"Premisele proclamării independenței României", in 4940:

Miniștrii de interne (1862–2007). Mică enciclopedie

3881:

Studii și Cercetări de Istoria Artei. Artă Plastică

3879:Adrian-Silvan Ionescu, "Modernitatea lui Aman", in 3339: 3337: 3335: 3333: 2651:defined for that class could include many forms of 2493:The ad hoc Divan of Wallachia in 1858, as drawn by 1477:had by then won the adherence of a Știrbeist poet, 63: 3767:Maciu (1959), p. 71. See also Filitti, pp. 354–355 3300:Maciu (1959), p. 68. See also Bibescu, pp. 370–371 2683:. In Moldavia, the Elective Assembly was voted in 2663:, produced 17 voters of all categories. In nearby 1499:Cu legi bune, cu legi drepte, în tărie și-n unire, 4865:. Piatra Neamț: Imprimeria Județului Neamț, 1929. 3569:Preda, pp. 71, 72–73, 74. See also Purece, p. 110 2718:made a final attempt at intimidation by ordering 1457:of Craiova completed an allegorical canvass, the 5158:Pitești, Pagini de Istorie. Studii și Comunicări 4203:Demetriescu, p. 27. See also Purece, pp. 112–113 4107: 4105: 4103: 4101: 3230:Nicolescu & Nicoară, p. 3; Tănase, pp. 90–91 1168:—or 20,000 in Bucharest; attested tradesman and 878:forming a club for what he called the Bucharest 828:and a strongly conservative project advanced by 4926:Emanoil Chinezu – om politic, avocat și istoric 4863:Din trecutul mișcărilor pentru Unirea românilor 3695:Florea, pp. 24–25; Tomescu & Velicu, p. 105 3247:"Francmasoneria, Focșanii și Unirea de la 1859" 3043:Maciu (1959), pp. 46–47. See also Isar (1988), 2990:Adrian T. Pascu, "Din istoricul presei Unirii: 2860:Preda, p. 59. See also Hêrjeu, pp. 100–103, 129 1491:Când citim în vechea carte a istoriei străbune, 1384:; a limited Ottoman rule with adherence to the 960:had regained Bucharest before the end of 1856. 536:, which survived despite there being no formal 308:also dissuaded peasant deputies from demanding 5202:Sergiu Purece, "Județul Vîlcea și Unirea", in 3461:Preda, pp. 69–73. See also Stanomir, pp. 39–41 2851:Hêrjeu, pp. 101–108, 181; Xenopol, pp. 182–190 2605:" under Ottoman suzerainty. It designated the 1493:Virtuți mari, ilustre fapte ale nației române, 1489: 5312: 5280:Analele Brăilei. Revistă de Cultură Regională 5151:Argessis. Studii și Comunicări, Seria Istorie 5103:. Bucharest: Editura Cuvântul Vieții, 2015. 4574:(1857—1861) și problemele Transilvaniei", in 3427: 3425: 3149:Maciu (1959), pp. 47–48; Xenopol, pp. 326–327 2936:Potra I, pp. 452–453; II, pp. 84–85, 125, 223 1501:Cultivând artele păcii pe al său tărâm bogat? 812:, prepared for print a brochure accusing the 8: 5278:, "La Brăila, în preajma Unirii (1857)", in 4914:, Vol. IV, Issue 1, January 1959, pp. 20–31. 3989:Bibescu, p. 370. See also Huminic, pp. 31–32 2695:, favoring either Bibescu or Barbu Știrbei: 2448:, June 1975, pp. 16–17; and Clain, pp. 31–32 371:The Principalities had been occupied by the 27: 5066:, "Austria și reforma agrară din 1864", in 3794:Gherghe, pp. 123–137, 156–168, 267–268, 314 3238: 3236: 3055: 3053: 1580:, where conflicts opposed an anti-unionist 1497:Cine n-are dor să vază țara sa în fericire, 1011:Categories enfranchised under the election 908:, reuniting boyar and bourgeois activists: 5319: 5305: 5297: 5149:în perioada august 1857 – iunie 1859", in 5142:, Vol. VII, Issue 25, March 2019, pp. 3–5. 4884:Discursuri parlamentare. 1859–1862 iunie 8 4668:Preda, pp. 81–84. See also Filitti, p. 356 4261: 4259: 4257: 4069: 4067: 3980:, Vol. XX, Issue 11, November 1967, p. 163 2588:, began preparing for reorganization as a 1695:and Constantin T. Grigorescu at Ploiești. 1495:Care inimă stă rece? Care suflet nemișcat? 1097:introduced radically new divisions of the 847:. The Treaty also specified the notion of 721:. Although he welcomed constitutionalism, 475:—, with each other, with the anti-Russian 26: 4905:Anuarul Institutului de Istorie Națională 3551:Preda, pp. 71–72. See also Purece, p. 110 2972:Iorga (1910), pp. 50–54, 136–137, 139–141 1130:had 8, 4 of them representing Bucharest. 2488: 2477: Affiliation unknown/no affiliation 1354: 614:. However, most failed to enlist in the 551: 358: 4872:, Vol. VI, Issues 1–2, 1998, pp. 84–90. 4659:Preda, pp. 82–83. See also Clain, p. 34 3515:Preda, p. 73. See also Clain, pp. 31–32 3327:Maciu (1959), p. 65 & (1965), p. 99 2797:Hêrjeu, pp. 78–88; Xenopol, pp. 147–149 2772: 1019: 5290:Istoria partidelor politice în România 5094:, Vol. 20, Issue 3, 1967, pp. 411–438. 5058:, Vol. 41, Issue 4, 1988, pp. 437–443. 4844:, Vol. 32, Issue 3, 1979, pp. 405–428. 4834:, Vol. 41, Issue 4, 1988, pp. 419–436. 4528:Studii și articole de istorie, Vol. II 4077:, Vol. IX, Issue 8, August 2011, p. 22 2896:Xenopol, pp. 154–156, 259–263, 288–295 2440: 1819: 1644:, taking all 78 bourgeois votes, with 1615:"Severe and sound" supervision by the 1600:, which reappeared from Brussels with 1235:, published in Bucharest. Eventually, 417:By 1836, the Assembly and the titular 28:1857 Wallachian parliamentary election 5087:, Vol. 18, Issue 1, 1965, pp. 89–115. 5080:, Vol. XII, Issue 1, 1959, pp. 43–73. 4917:Ioan Georgescu, "Eugeniu Carada", in 4570:Gr. Chiriță, "Periodicul bucureștean 3419:, Vol. 35, Issue 2, 1982, pp. 231–234 2998:, Vol. 31, Issue 2, 1978, pp. 323–328 1453:. In July 1857, the debuting painter 657:for a unified Romania, governed from 393:also reformed representation for the 7: 5256:Revue Historique du Sud-est Européen 5169:Editura științifică și enciclopedică 5070:, Vol. XXIX, 1946–1947, pp. 297–353. 5051:, Vol. 37, Issue 1, 1984, pp. 29–46. 4938:Constantin Gheorghe, Miliana Șerbu, 4847:Gheorghe Bibescu (Georges Bibesco), 4359:Gheorghe & Șerbu, pp. 39, 63, 84 4350:Novac, pp. 237, 239; Potra I, p. 479 304:; middle-class progressives and the 18:1857 Wallachian legislative election 5007:Materiale de Istorie și Muzeografie 4578:, Vol. 25, Issue 1, 1972, pp. 83–84 4445:, Vol. XIV, Fascicle I, 1934, p. 36 4432:Giurescu, pp. 141–142; Preda, p. 77 3749:Maciu (1965), p. 102; Stroia, p. 73 800:, who was at the time the reigning 223:. The toppling of the conservative 141:Unionist Committee (National Party) 75: 6266:Parliamentary elections in Romania 5282:, Issues 2–3/1929, pp. 45–47. 2687:, and unanimously selected deputy 1109:who had been enslaved until 1856. 508:liberal-and-nationalist Revolution 233:made them possible: following the 148:Unionist Committee (conservative) 145:Unionist Committee (conservative) 25: 4944:Romanian Ministry of the Interior 4907:, Vol. V, 1928–1930, pp. 354–400. 4176:, Vol. 23, Issue 6, 1970, p. 1251 3947:Apostol, p. 242; Potra II, p. 105 3659:Maciu (1959), p. 69; Preda, p. 73 479:, and with the arch-conservative 257:. It ran in conjunction with the 6276:History of Wallachia (1821–1859) 5328: 5117:, Issue 9/2018, pp. 93–100. 4534:, Vol. XI, Issue 2, 1958, p. 217 3361:Manolescu & Tîlvănoiu, p. 94 2750:, and being referred to only as 2592:. On February 22, 1858, another 1743:, where the boyar seats went to 1380:; representative government and 1209:France's Ambassador to the Porte 1063: 1047: 1022: 325:repeat elections of January 1859 276:. In Wallachia, the progressive 190: 108: 101: 94: 33: 5292:. Bucharest: Albert Baer, 1910. 5272:, Vol. XXIV, 2012, pp. 101–108. 5265:, Issue 6/2013, pp. 26–46. 5258:, Issues 7–9/1937, pp. 218–242. 4454:Hêrjeu, p. 194; Xenopol, p. 355 3194:Temperley, pp. 230–231, 241–242 1677:Nae Tătăranu (for the boyars), 1332:and the suspension of corvées. 1320:. The extended agenda proposed 65:All ≈100 eligible seats in the 5115:Memoria Oltului și Romanaților 5039:, Vol. XXI, 1939, pp. 699–747. 3870:, Vol. XXVI, 2003, pp. 264–265 3212:Maciu (1959), pp. 47–49, 62–63 2710:The Assembly of Bucharest was 2485:Divan resolutions and disputes 1562:ranks and offices of the court 1390:confiscation of monastery land 633:, which, in June 1854, hosted 1: 5204:Buridava. Studii și Materiale 5009:, Vol. III, 1965, pp. 89–103. 4827:, Vol. VI, 1982, pp. 241–245. 3904:, "Grigore Alexandrescu", in 568:". Political allegory of 1868 558:Wallachian Revolution of 1848 292:. A fourth party, supporting 5206:, Vol. 3, 1979, pp. 109–117. 5153:, Vol. X, 2001, pp. 233–256. 5068:Memoriile Secțiunii Istorice 5037:Memoriile Secțiunii Istorice 4278:Manoilescu-Dinu, pp. 136–137 1610:repeat election in September 1070:Peasants of Wallachia (1854) 377:war with the Ottomans (1829) 5160:, Vol. I, 1986, pp. 97–156. 5025:: Vălenii de Munte, 1910. 4212:Manolescu & Tîlvănoiu, 3883:, Vol. 1 (45), 2011, p. 102 2927:, Issue 1 (53), 2001, p. 48 2078:Alexandru Emanuel Florescu 1663:. Serrurie won the vote of 1459:Union of the Principalities 1360:Union of the Principalities 830:Lord Stratford de Redcliffe 247:spontaneous rallies of 1848 6292: 5248:, Vol. I, 2009, pp. 89–99. 5234:, Vol. 2, 2000, pp. 35–67. 5092:Studii. Revistă de Istorie 5085:Studii. Revistă de Istorie 5078:Studii. Revistă de Istorie 5002:, Vol. I, 1970, pp. 29–42. 4960:, Issue 1/2009, pp. 10–15. 4928:. Craiova: Sitech, 2009. 4576:Studii. Revistă de Istorie 4532:Studii. Revistă de Istorie 4526:S. Columbeanu, "Recenzii. 4405:Stanomir, pp. 50–54, 65–67 4305:Clain, p. 31; Preda, p. 73 4174:Studii. Revistă de Istorie 3956:Xenopol, pp. 331, 337, 354 3245:Bogdan Constantin Dogaru, 2352:Eliodor (Heliodor) Lapati 2321:Stănuță Cesianu (Cezianu) 1876:Teodosie (Tudose) Mugescu 1578:Moldavian election of July 1396:, and Scarlat Bărcănescu. 760:, publicly celebrated the 583:Wallachian Orthodox Church 399:Ordinary National Assembly 365:Ordinary National Assembly 5335:Elections and referendums 5167:, Vols. I–II. Bucharest: 5099:Natalia Manoilescu-Dinu, 4972:Editura pentru literatură 4508:Iorga (1910), pp. 191–192 4075:Helis. Revistă de Cultură 3965:Iorga (1939), pp. 709–712 3929:Maciu (1965), pp. 105–106 3776:Iorga (1939), pp. 731–732 3713:Maciu (1965), pp. 104–105 3650:Maciu (1965), pp. 100–104 3406:Iorga (1939), pp. 706–713 3370:Iorga (1939), pp. 700–705 2815:Xenopol, pp. 174–176, 181 2455: National Party and 2271:Constantin T. Grigorescu 1318:representative government 1126:had 6 deputies each, and 612:New South Wales gold rush 574:Convention of Balta Liman 259:Moldavian Divan elections 188: 72: 42: 32: 6256:1857 elections in Europe 5213:pp. 268–285. Bucharest: 3912:, Eugen Todoran (eds.), 3614:Maciu (1965), pp. 99–102 3158:Isar (1988), pp. 440–442 2254:Constantin I. Filipescu 1901:Constantin A. Crețulescu 1556:, they included Colonel 1362:, July 1857 painting by 919:Constantin A. Crețulescu 618:, as they had intended. 282:Constantin A. Crețulescu 121:Constantin A. Crețulescu 5347:Parliamentary elections 4924:Cosmin Lucian Gherghe, 4886:, pp. 5–68. Bucharest: 4878:, "Barbu Katargiu", in 4719:, September 1977, p. 20 4490:Manoilescu-Dinu, p. 136 4443:Revista Istorică Română 4296:Manoilescu-Dinu, p. 135 4269:, Vol. 10, 2012, p. 172 4132:Popa & Dicu, p. 122 3857:Maciu (1959), pp. 71–72 3605:Maciu (1959), pp. 68–69 3587:Maciu (1965), pp. 98–99 3488:Popa & Dicu, p. 119 3479:Stanomir, pp. 39–40, 48 3440:Maciu (1959), pp. 65–66 3264:Maciu (1959), pp. 48–49 3007:Maciu (1959), pp. 44–49 2712:elected in January 1859 2442:Based on full lists in 2299:Constantin Argintoianu 2287:Grigore D. Marghiloman 2268:Cristache Polihroniadi 1941:Constantin Ciochinescu 1808:parliamentary procedure 1322:equality before the law 783: 713:among the Romanians of 522:universal male suffrage 463:brothers with discreet 231:Danubian Principalities 6261:Elections in Wallachia 5662:Presidential elections 5165:Din Bucureștii de ieri 4964:Constantin C. Giurescu 3848:Isar (1984), pp. 30–34 3722:Demetriescu, pp. 25–27 3641:Isar (1984), pp. 35–36 3632:Isar (1984), pp. 34–36 3273:Temperley, pp. 235–236 3113:Temperley, pp. 234–235 3086:Temperley, pp. 219–229 3068:Temperley, pp. 233–234 2617:boyar ranks and titles 2574:mechanized agriculture 2531:peasant revolt of 1821 2521:as a throwback to the 2497: 2201:Constantin D. Aricescu 2084:Stoica Radu Cojocariu 2004:Barbu Dimitrie Știrbei 1914:Mihalache Marghiloman 1568:under a native ruler. 1508: 1490: 1487: 1370: 1264:Constantin N. Brăiloiu 1229:Magazinul Judecătoresc 1215:Unionist consolidation 665:. He found an ally in 591:Constantin D. Aricescu 569: 481:Alecu Filipescu-Vulpea 473:Barbu Dimitrie Știrbei 455:. The vote took place 443:Principality of Serbia 368: 290:Barbu Dimitrie Știrbei 131:Barbu Dimitrie Știrbei 6271:September 1857 events 3916:, p. 314. Bucharest: 3176:Lapedatu, pp. 297–302 3077:Lapedatu, pp. 300–302 2981:Potra II, pp. 101–104 2603:United Principalities 2492: 2419:Constantin Rădulescu 1905:Grigore N. Filipescu 1671:Emanuel Lahovari and 1358: 826:Prince Prokesch-Osten 810:Constantin Hurmuzachi 731:Villiers of Clarendon 678:Ion Heliade Rădulescu 635:Dimitrie Bolintineanu 555: 517:Proclamation of Islaz 362: 343:, of both countries. 317:United Principalities 249:, this was the first 4728:Maciu (1967), p. 426 4605:Maciu (1967), p. 427 4596:Xenopol, pp. 156–157 4561:Filitti, pp. 357–358 4552:Filitti, pp. 356–357 4543:Xenopol, pp. 356–359 4517:Iorga (1939), p. 711 4499:Bibescu, pp. 367–368 4414:Gherghe, pp. 164–165 4368:Tîlvănoiu, pp. 27–28 4224:Preda, pp. 59–60, 74 4185:Tîlvănoiu, pp. 26–28 4120:Maciu (1965), p. 106 3623:Maciu (1965), p. 100 3379:Iorga (1939), p. 705 3025:Xenopol, pp. 318–319 2625:constitutional court 2193:Alexandru G. Golescu 2165:Dimitrie Viișoreanu 2045:Zamfir C. Broșteanu 2013:Petrache Cernătescu 1689:Râmnicu Sărat County 1479:Grigore Alexandrescu 1394:Ion Emanuel Florescu 1283:personal sovereignty 954:Alexandru G. Golescu 735:1815 Vienna treaties 556:Participants in the 441:, also included the 395:estates of the realm 387:separation of powers 382:Regulamentul Organic 375:during the latter's 235:1856 Treaty of Paris 226:Regulamentul Organic 4650:Stanomir, pp. 60–65 4242:Purece, pp. 110–113 3908:, Ion C. Chițimia, 3830:Maciu (1959), p. 70 3740:Stanomir, pp. 44–45 3578:Maciu (1959), p. 48 3452:Maciu (1959), p. 69 3397:Isar (1988), p. 439 3291:Maciu (1959), p. 62 3059:Maciu (1965), p. 97 2963:Hêrjeu, pp. 164–165 2689:Alexandru Ioan Cuza 2629:election commission 2558:class collaboration 2394:Nicolae Iancovescu 2388:Nicolae Iancovescu 2349:Nicolae Butculescu 2327:Marin Pârcălăbescu 2296:Gheorghiță Lupescu 2293:Constantin Cotescu 2290:Constantin Robescu 2226:Constantin Văleanu 1330:freedom of contract 1299:democratic republic 1260:class collaboration 1178:electoral geography 1159:grandfather clauses 886:Mihail Kogălniceanu 853:public consultation 745:to the new throne. 723:Viscount Palmerston 599:European federalist 465:nationalist agendas 419:Prince of Wallachia 329:Alexandru Ioan Cuza 274:union with Moldavia 251:public consultation 167:Leader's seat 29: 5992:European elections 5064:Alexandru Lapedatu 5056:Revista de Istorie 5049:Revista de Istorie 5000:Cercetări Istorice 4876:Anghel Demetriescu 4842:Revista de Istorie 4832:Revista de Istorie 4764:Georgescu, pp. 8–9 4481:Huminic, pp. 33–34 4472:Huminic, pp. 32–33 4463:Novac, pp. 237–238 4287:Tănase, pp. 90, 92 4141:Novac, pp. 236–237 4095:Vârtosu, pp. 46–47 3417:Revista de Istorie 3255:, January 24, 2015 3034:Barbu, pp. 429–430 2996:Revista de Istorie 2507:imperative mandate 2498: 2391:Stamate Budurescu 2258:Ion C. Cantacuzino 2232:Constantin Tănase 2189:Nicolae Rucăreanu 2159:Constantin Cârjeu 2156:Grigore Miculescu 2112:Grigore Gr. Ghica 1969:Evghenie Predescu 1966:Costache Costescu 1824: 1796:Dealul Mitropoliei 1558:Dimitrie Papazoglu 1406:Nicolae Haralambie 1371: 1351:Emerging consensus 1201:village assemblies 992:collective farming 906:Focșanii Munteniei 855:, instituting the 802:Prince of Moldavia 762:fall of Sevastopol 707:Alexandru Lapedatu 690:Gheorghe Costaforu 686:Constantin Bosianu 651:Palmerston cabinet 647:Nicolae Crețulescu 570: 526:indirect elections 477:Iordache Filipescu 459:, confronting two 423:Alexandru II Ghica 369: 347:Historical context 302:universal suffrage 294:Alexandru II Ghica 207:Elections for the 153:Leader since 6238: 6237: 5223:978-973-32-0922-5 5198:978-973-46-2201-6 5134:978-973-50-5160-0 5109:978-973-7866-27-1 4952:978-973-745-048-7 4934:978-606-530-315-7 4919:Arhivele Olteniei 4686:Preda, pp. 81, 83 4233:Tănase, pp. 91–92 4194:Marton, pp. 45–46 4052:Stroia, pp. 76–77 4034:Stroia, pp. 74–76 3918:Editura Academiei 3902:Silvian Iosifescu 3812:Stroia, pp. 73–74 3542:Preda, pp. 71, 73 3506:Preda, pp. 70, 73 3388:Ș. Ionescu, p. 97 3252:Ziarul de Vrancea 3104:Temperley, p. 222 2992:Jurnalul Craiovei 2925:Dosarele Istoriei 2756:by his overlord, 2705:Ioan A. Filipescu 2599:war in Montenegro 2564:in his newspaper 2482: 2481: 2465: Bibescuists 2413:Emanuel Lahovari 2385:Nicolae Lahovari 2318:Ștefan Vlădoianu 2056:Barbu B. Gănescu 2020:Nicolae Pleșoianu 1938:Scarlat Voinescu 1880:Dimitrie Brătianu 1872:Scarlat Turnavitu 1820: 1804:Trăiască România! 1646:Scarlat Turnavitu 1638:Dimitrie Brătianu 1526: 1525: 1451:Michael the Brave 1337:Vasile Alecsandri 1326:right to property 1258:for its views on 1220:Forging alliances 1205:Édouard Thouvenel 996:utopian socialism 910:Alexandru Plagino 876:Ioan I. Filipescu 794:Greek nationalism 739:Francis of Modena 631:Jurnalul Craiovei 608:Nicolae Pleșoianu 548:Repressive regime 485:exhaustive ballot 483:. Bibescu won by 407:boyar aristocracy 397:, producing the " 367:, 1831 watercolor 267:indirect suffrage 205: 204: 184: 183: 59: 58: 55:1859 → 47:← 1846 16:(Redirected from 6283: 5333: 5332: 5321: 5314: 5307: 5298: 5252:Harold Temperley 5246:Analele Buzăului 5239:Revista Istorică 5215:Editura Militară 4811: 4808: 4802: 4799: 4793: 4789: 4783: 4780: 4774: 4771: 4765: 4762: 4756: 4753: 4747: 4744: 4738: 4735: 4729: 4726: 4720: 4711: 4705: 4702: 4696: 4693: 4687: 4684: 4678: 4677:Preda, pp. 81–82 4675: 4669: 4666: 4660: 4657: 4651: 4648: 4642: 4639: 4633: 4630: 4624: 4621: 4615: 4612: 4606: 4603: 4597: 4594: 4588: 4585: 4579: 4568: 4562: 4559: 4553: 4550: 4544: 4541: 4535: 4524: 4518: 4515: 4509: 4506: 4500: 4497: 4491: 4488: 4482: 4479: 4473: 4470: 4464: 4461: 4455: 4452: 4446: 4439: 4433: 4430: 4424: 4421: 4415: 4412: 4406: 4403: 4397: 4394: 4388: 4385: 4379: 4375: 4369: 4366: 4360: 4357: 4351: 4348: 4342: 4339: 4333: 4332:Giurescu, p. 141 4330: 4324: 4323:Preda, pp. 77–78 4321: 4315: 4312: 4306: 4303: 4297: 4294: 4288: 4285: 4279: 4276: 4270: 4263: 4252: 4249: 4243: 4240: 4234: 4231: 4225: 4222: 4216: 4210: 4204: 4201: 4195: 4192: 4186: 4183: 4177: 4170:Gheorghe Magheru 4166: 4160: 4157: 4151: 4148: 4142: 4139: 4133: 4130: 4121: 4118: 4112: 4109: 4096: 4093: 4087: 4084: 4078: 4071: 4062: 4061:Preda, pp. 73–74 4059: 4053: 4050: 4044: 4041: 4035: 4032: 4026: 4025:Berindei, p. 409 4023: 4017: 4014: 4008: 4005: 3999: 3996: 3990: 3987: 3981: 3977:Viața Românească 3972: 3966: 3963: 3957: 3954: 3948: 3945: 3939: 3938:Cojocariu, p. 87 3936: 3930: 3927: 3921: 3899: 3893: 3890: 3884: 3877: 3871: 3864: 3858: 3855: 3849: 3846: 3840: 3837: 3831: 3828: 3822: 3819: 3813: 3810: 3804: 3801: 3795: 3792: 3786: 3783: 3777: 3774: 3768: 3765: 3759: 3756: 3750: 3747: 3741: 3738: 3732: 3729: 3723: 3720: 3714: 3711: 3705: 3702: 3696: 3693: 3687: 3684: 3678: 3675: 3669: 3666: 3660: 3657: 3651: 3648: 3642: 3639: 3633: 3630: 3624: 3621: 3615: 3612: 3606: 3603: 3597: 3594: 3588: 3585: 3579: 3576: 3570: 3567: 3561: 3558: 3552: 3549: 3543: 3540: 3534: 3533:Preda, pp. 72–73 3531: 3525: 3522: 3516: 3513: 3507: 3504: 3498: 3495: 3489: 3486: 3480: 3477: 3471: 3468: 3462: 3459: 3453: 3450: 3441: 3438: 3432: 3431:Cojocariu, p. 88 3429: 3420: 3413: 3407: 3404: 3398: 3395: 3389: 3386: 3380: 3377: 3371: 3368: 3362: 3359: 3353: 3350: 3344: 3343:Potra II, p. 105 3341: 3328: 3325: 3319: 3316: 3310: 3307: 3301: 3298: 3292: 3289: 3283: 3280: 3274: 3271: 3265: 3262: 3256: 3244: 3240: 3231: 3228: 3222: 3219: 3213: 3210: 3204: 3201: 3195: 3192: 3186: 3183: 3177: 3174: 3168: 3165: 3159: 3156: 3150: 3147: 3141: 3138: 3132: 3129: 3123: 3120: 3114: 3111: 3105: 3102: 3096: 3095:Berindei, p. 408 3093: 3087: 3084: 3078: 3075: 3069: 3066: 3060: 3057: 3048: 3041: 3035: 3032: 3026: 3023: 3017: 3014: 3008: 3005: 2999: 2988: 2982: 2979: 2973: 2970: 2964: 2961: 2955: 2952: 2946: 2943: 2937: 2934: 2928: 2921: 2915: 2912: 2906: 2903: 2897: 2894: 2888: 2887:Preda, pp. 61–62 2885: 2879: 2876: 2870: 2869:Preda, pp. 63–65 2867: 2861: 2858: 2852: 2849: 2843: 2840: 2834: 2831: 2825: 2822: 2816: 2813: 2807: 2804: 2798: 2795: 2789: 2786: 2780: 2779:Preda, pp. 39–47 2777: 2685:in December 1858 2476: 2471: Știrbeists 2470: 2464: 2454: 2426:Grigore Serrurie 2381:Ioan Oteteleșanu 2324:Gheorghe Cârjeu 2262:Gheorghe Morcov 2229:Ioan Slăvițescu 2142:Dimitrie Culoglu 2081:Răducanu Cucuti 2041:Gheorghe Magheru 2024:Grigore Lăceanu 2009:Gheorghe Bibescu 1972:Hristache Fusea 1944:Costache Moglan 1934:Nicolae Pâcleanu 1817: 1765:Bishop of Râmnic 1750:Ioan Oteteleșanu 1731:Nicolae Pâcleanu 1640:won the seat at 1634:Dimitrie Culoglu 1606:election boycott 1590:Nicolae Vogoride 1566:crowned republic 1503: 1484: 1447:Constantin Lecca 1368:national costume 1291: 1249: 1170:master craftsmen 1067: 1051: 1040:Horezu Monastery 1026: 982:, from exile in 958:Grigore Serrurie 943:Baron Talleyrand 924:By August 1856, 674:Gheorghe Magheru 501:in November 1846 497:absolute monarch 469:Gheorghe Bibescu 457:in December 1842 286:Gheorghe Bibescu 245:. Excluding the 237:, Wallachia and 194: 126:Gheorghe Bibescu 112: 105: 98: 74: 73: 44: 43: 37: 30: 21: 6291: 6290: 6286: 6285: 6284: 6282: 6281: 6280: 6251:1857 in Romania 6241: 6240: 6239: 6234: 6153: 6036:Other elections 6031: 5986: 5722:Local elections 5716: 5656: 5341: 5327: 5325: 5295: 5270:Muzeul Național 5263:Memoria Oltului 5120:Silvia Marton, 5023:Neamul Românesc 4901:Ioan C. Filitti 4888:Editura Minerva 4825:Muzeul Național 4819: 4814: 4809: 4805: 4800: 4796: 4790: 4786: 4781: 4777: 4772: 4768: 4763: 4759: 4754: 4750: 4745: 4741: 4736: 4732: 4727: 4723: 4716:Magazin Istoric 4712: 4708: 4703: 4699: 4694: 4690: 4685: 4681: 4676: 4672: 4667: 4663: 4658: 4654: 4649: 4645: 4640: 4636: 4631: 4627: 4622: 4618: 4613: 4609: 4604: 4600: 4595: 4591: 4586: 4582: 4569: 4565: 4560: 4556: 4551: 4547: 4542: 4538: 4525: 4521: 4516: 4512: 4507: 4503: 4498: 4494: 4489: 4485: 4480: 4476: 4471: 4467: 4462: 4458: 4453: 4449: 4440: 4436: 4431: 4427: 4422: 4418: 4413: 4409: 4404: 4400: 4395: 4391: 4386: 4382: 4376: 4372: 4367: 4363: 4358: 4354: 4349: 4345: 4340: 4336: 4331: 4327: 4322: 4318: 4313: 4309: 4304: 4300: 4295: 4291: 4286: 4282: 4277: 4273: 4264: 4255: 4250: 4246: 4241: 4237: 4232: 4228: 4223: 4219: 4211: 4207: 4202: 4198: 4193: 4189: 4184: 4180: 4167: 4163: 4158: 4154: 4149: 4145: 4140: 4136: 4131: 4124: 4119: 4115: 4110: 4099: 4094: 4090: 4085: 4081: 4072: 4065: 4060: 4056: 4051: 4047: 4042: 4038: 4033: 4029: 4024: 4020: 4015: 4011: 4006: 4002: 3997: 3993: 3988: 3984: 3973: 3969: 3964: 3960: 3955: 3951: 3946: 3942: 3937: 3933: 3928: 3924: 3900: 3896: 3891: 3887: 3878: 3874: 3865: 3861: 3856: 3852: 3847: 3843: 3838: 3834: 3829: 3825: 3821:Filitti, p. 355 3820: 3816: 3811: 3807: 3803:Gherghe, p. 130 3802: 3798: 3793: 3789: 3784: 3780: 3775: 3771: 3766: 3762: 3757: 3753: 3748: 3744: 3739: 3735: 3730: 3726: 3721: 3717: 3712: 3708: 3703: 3699: 3694: 3690: 3685: 3681: 3676: 3672: 3667: 3663: 3658: 3654: 3649: 3645: 3640: 3636: 3631: 3627: 3622: 3618: 3613: 3609: 3604: 3600: 3595: 3591: 3586: 3582: 3577: 3573: 3568: 3564: 3559: 3555: 3550: 3546: 3541: 3537: 3532: 3528: 3523: 3519: 3514: 3510: 3505: 3501: 3497:Gherghe, p. 124 3496: 3492: 3487: 3483: 3478: 3474: 3470:Stanomir, p. 40 3469: 3465: 3460: 3456: 3451: 3444: 3439: 3435: 3430: 3423: 3414: 3410: 3405: 3401: 3396: 3392: 3387: 3383: 3378: 3374: 3369: 3365: 3360: 3356: 3351: 3347: 3342: 3331: 3326: 3322: 3317: 3313: 3308: 3304: 3299: 3295: 3290: 3286: 3281: 3277: 3272: 3268: 3263: 3259: 3242: 3241: 3234: 3229: 3225: 3220: 3216: 3211: 3207: 3202: 3198: 3193: 3189: 3184: 3180: 3175: 3171: 3166: 3162: 3157: 3153: 3148: 3144: 3139: 3135: 3131:Georgescu, p. 8 3130: 3126: 3122:Stanomir, p. 36 3121: 3117: 3112: 3108: 3103: 3099: 3094: 3090: 3085: 3081: 3076: 3072: 3067: 3063: 3058: 3051: 3042: 3038: 3033: 3029: 3024: 3020: 3015: 3011: 3006: 3002: 2989: 2985: 2980: 2976: 2971: 2967: 2962: 2958: 2953: 2949: 2944: 2940: 2935: 2931: 2922: 2918: 2913: 2909: 2904: 2900: 2895: 2891: 2886: 2882: 2877: 2873: 2868: 2864: 2859: 2855: 2850: 2846: 2841: 2837: 2832: 2828: 2823: 2819: 2814: 2810: 2805: 2801: 2796: 2792: 2787: 2783: 2778: 2774: 2770: 2701:Emanoil Băleanu 2636:active citizens 2586:George Crețianu 2582: 2562:Vasile Boerescu 2487: 2478: 2474: 2472: 2468: 2466: 2462: 2460: 2452: 2450: 2445:Magazin Istoric 2361:Alecu Petrescu 2129:Nicolae Golescu 2125:Mircea Mălăeru 2104: 2016:Nicolae Mazâlu 1995: 1975:Stancu Stănilă 1908:Marcu N. Dulie 1835:Landowners (2) 1832:Landowners (1) 1823: 1822:County deputies 1773:Bishop of Buzău 1657:Nicolae Golescu 1602:Nicolae Ionescu 1594:Petre Ispirescu 1574: 1522: 1519: 1517: 1515: 1513: 1511: 1505: 1500: 1498: 1496: 1494: 1492: 1467:Iorgu Caragiale 1402:Emanoil Quinezu 1353: 1289: 1247: 1222: 1217: 1076: 1075: 1074: 1071: 1068: 1059: 1052: 1043: 1027: 1016: 1015: 1007: 898:the Freemasonry 837:Treaty of Paris 822:Imperial France 798:Grigore V Ghica 786: 784:Ghica's regency 781: 743:Robert of Parma 623:Austrian Empire 581:bishops of the 550: 412:liberal current 357: 349: 255:in eleven years 229:regime in both 217:1848 revolution 201: 189: 64: 38: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6289: 6287: 6279: 6278: 6273: 6268: 6263: 6258: 6253: 6243: 6242: 6236: 6235: 6233: 6232: 6227: 6222: 6217: 6212: 6207: 6202: 6197: 6192: 6187: 6182: 6177: 6172: 6167: 6161: 6159: 6155: 6154: 6152: 6151: 6146: 6141: 6136: 6131: 6126: 6121: 6116: 6111: 6102: 6093: 6088: 6083: 6078: 6073: 6068: 6063: 6058: 6049: 6039: 6037: 6033: 6032: 6030: 6029: 6022: 6017: 6012: 6007: 6002: 5996: 5994: 5988: 5987: 5985: 5984: 5977: 5972: 5967: 5962: 5957: 5952: 5947: 5942: 5937: 5932: 5927: 5922: 5917: 5912: 5907: 5902: 5897: 5892: 5887: 5882: 5877: 5872: 5867: 5862: 5857: 5852: 5847: 5842: 5837: 5832: 5827: 5822: 5817: 5812: 5807: 5802: 5797: 5792: 5787: 5782: 5777: 5772: 5767: 5762: 5757: 5752: 5747: 5742: 5737: 5732: 5726: 5724: 5718: 5717: 5715: 5714: 5707: 5702: 5697: 5692: 5687: 5682: 5677: 5672: 5666: 5664: 5658: 5657: 5655: 5654: 5647: 5642: 5637: 5632: 5627: 5622: 5617: 5612: 5607: 5602: 5597: 5592: 5587: 5582: 5577: 5572: 5567: 5562: 5557: 5552: 5547: 5542: 5537: 5532: 5527: 5522: 5517: 5512: 5507: 5502: 5497: 5492: 5487: 5482: 5477: 5472: 5467: 5462: 5457: 5452: 5447: 5442: 5437: 5432: 5427: 5422: 5417: 5412: 5407: 5402: 5397: 5392: 5387: 5382: 5377: 5372: 5367: 5362: 5357: 5351: 5349: 5343: 5342: 5326: 5324: 5323: 5316: 5309: 5301: 5294: 5293: 5283: 5273: 5266: 5259: 5249: 5242: 5235: 5225: 5207: 5200: 5182:Cristian Preda 5179: 5163:George Potra, 5161: 5154: 5143: 5136: 5118: 5111: 5097: 5096: 5095: 5088: 5081: 5073:Vasile Maciu, 5071: 5061: 5060: 5059: 5052: 5044:Nicolae Isar, 5042: 5041: 5040: 5033: 5010: 5003: 4996: 4984:N. N. Hêrjeu, 4982: 4961: 4954: 4936: 4922: 4915: 4908: 4898: 4880:Barbu Catargiu 4873: 4866: 4861:Daniel Clain, 4859: 4845: 4835: 4828: 4820: 4818: 4815: 4813: 4812: 4803: 4794: 4784: 4775: 4766: 4757: 4748: 4739: 4730: 4721: 4706: 4697: 4688: 4679: 4670: 4661: 4652: 4643: 4634: 4625: 4616: 4614:Hêrjeu, p. 196 4607: 4598: 4589: 4580: 4563: 4554: 4545: 4536: 4519: 4510: 4501: 4492: 4483: 4474: 4465: 4456: 4447: 4434: 4425: 4416: 4407: 4398: 4389: 4387:Hêrjeu, p. 194 4380: 4370: 4361: 4352: 4343: 4334: 4325: 4316: 4307: 4298: 4289: 4280: 4271: 4253: 4251:Purece, p. 113 4244: 4235: 4226: 4217: 4205: 4196: 4187: 4178: 4161: 4152: 4143: 4134: 4122: 4113: 4097: 4088: 4079: 4063: 4054: 4045: 4036: 4027: 4018: 4009: 4000: 3991: 3982: 3967: 3958: 3949: 3940: 3931: 3922: 3906:Alexandru Dima 3894: 3885: 3872: 3859: 3850: 3841: 3839:Hêrjeu, p. 193 3832: 3823: 3814: 3805: 3796: 3787: 3778: 3769: 3760: 3751: 3742: 3733: 3724: 3715: 3706: 3697: 3688: 3686:Vârtosu, p. 46 3679: 3677:Huminic, p. 31 3670: 3661: 3652: 3643: 3634: 3625: 3616: 3607: 3598: 3589: 3580: 3571: 3562: 3553: 3544: 3535: 3526: 3517: 3508: 3499: 3490: 3481: 3472: 3463: 3454: 3442: 3433: 3421: 3408: 3399: 3390: 3381: 3372: 3363: 3354: 3352:Hêrjeu, p. 268 3345: 3329: 3320: 3311: 3302: 3293: 3284: 3275: 3266: 3257: 3232: 3223: 3221:Huminic, p. 30 3214: 3205: 3196: 3187: 3178: 3169: 3160: 3151: 3142: 3133: 3124: 3115: 3106: 3097: 3088: 3079: 3070: 3061: 3049: 3036: 3027: 3018: 3009: 3000: 2983: 2974: 2965: 2956: 2947: 2938: 2929: 2916: 2907: 2898: 2889: 2880: 2871: 2862: 2853: 2844: 2835: 2826: 2817: 2808: 2799: 2790: 2781: 2771: 2769: 2766: 2740:personal union 2720:Eugeniu Carada 2653:capital assets 2590:secret society 2581: 2578: 2486: 2483: 2480: 2479: 2473: 2467: 2461: 2451: 2438: 2437: 2434: 2431: 2428: 2423: 2420: 2417: 2414: 2411: 2405: 2404: 2401: 2398: 2395: 2392: 2389: 2386: 2383: 2378: 2372: 2371: 2368: 2365: 2362: 2359: 2356: 2353: 2350: 2347: 2341: 2340: 2337: 2334: 2331: 2328: 2325: 2322: 2319: 2316: 2310: 2309: 2306: 2303: 2300: 2297: 2294: 2291: 2288: 2285: 2279: 2278: 2275: 2272: 2269: 2266: 2263: 2260: 2255: 2252: 2246: 2245: 2242: 2239: 2236: 2235:Iancu Ionașcu 2233: 2230: 2227: 2224: 2219: 2213: 2212: 2209: 2206: 2203: 2198: 2195: 2190: 2187: 2185:Ștefan Golescu 2182: 2176: 2175: 2172: 2169: 2166: 2163: 2160: 2157: 2154: 2153:Iancu Ipceanu 2151: 2145: 2144: 2139: 2138:Grigore Joran 2136: 2131: 2126: 2123: 2121:Ioan Brezoianu 2118: 2116:Dimitrie Ghica 2113: 2110: 2098: 2097: 2094: 2091: 2088: 2085: 2082: 2079: 2076: 2075:Ioan C. Roset 2073: 2067: 2066: 2063: 2060: 2057: 2054: 2051: 2049:Christian Tell 2046: 2043: 2038: 2032: 2031: 2028: 2025: 2022: 2017: 2014: 2011: 2006: 2001: 1989: 1988: 1985: 1982: 1979: 1978:Răducanu Ioan 1976: 1973: 1970: 1967: 1964: 1958: 1957: 1954: 1951: 1948: 1945: 1942: 1939: 1936: 1931: 1925: 1924: 1921: 1918: 1915: 1912: 1909: 1906: 1903: 1898: 1892: 1891: 1888: 1885: 1882: 1877: 1874: 1869: 1864: 1863:Ștefan Burchi 1861: 1855: 1854: 1851: 1848: 1845: 1842: 1839: 1836: 1833: 1830: 1826: 1825: 1821: 1650:Ștefan Golescu 1573: 1570: 1534:Christian Tell 1524: 1523: 1506: 1418:Gheorghe Chițu 1414:Barbu Bălcescu 1352: 1349: 1341:Dimitrie Ralet 1268:Barbu Catargiu 1221: 1218: 1216: 1213: 1195:to only 12 in 1073: 1072: 1069: 1062: 1060: 1053: 1046: 1044: 1028: 1021: 1018: 1017: 1010: 1009: 1008: 1006: 1000: 976:Dimitrie Ghica 849:representation 785: 782: 780: 777: 758:Eugeniu Carada 667:Ioan Maiorescu 643:Count Coronini 560:prosecuted by 549: 546: 431:National Party 373:Russian Empire 356: 350: 348: 345: 321:personal union 298:Dimitrie Ghica 278:National Party 243:Ottoman Empire 203: 202: 195: 186: 185: 182: 181: 178: 173: 168: 164: 163: 160: 157: 154: 150: 149: 146: 143: 138: 134: 133: 128: 123: 118: 114: 113: 106: 99: 92: 88: 87: 84: 81: 78: 70: 69: 61: 60: 57: 56: 53: 51:September 1857 48: 40: 39: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6288: 6277: 6274: 6272: 6269: 6267: 6264: 6262: 6259: 6257: 6254: 6252: 6249: 6248: 6246: 6231: 6228: 6226: 6223: 6221: 6218: 6216: 6213: 6211: 6208: 6206: 6203: 6201: 6198: 6196: 6193: 6191: 6188: 6186: 6183: 6181: 6178: 6176: 6173: 6171: 6168: 6166: 6163: 6162: 6160: 6156: 6150: 6147: 6145: 6142: 6140: 6137: 6135: 6132: 6130: 6127: 6125: 6122: 6120: 6117: 6115: 6112: 6110: 6106: 6103: 6101: 6097: 6094: 6092: 6089: 6087: 6084: 6082: 6079: 6077: 6074: 6072: 6069: 6067: 6064: 6062: 6059: 6057: 6053: 6050: 6048: 6044: 6041: 6040: 6038: 6034: 6028: 6027: 6023: 6021: 6018: 6016: 6013: 6011: 6008: 6006: 6003: 6001: 5998: 5997: 5995: 5993: 5989: 5983: 5982: 5978: 5976: 5973: 5971: 5968: 5966: 5963: 5961: 5958: 5956: 5953: 5951: 5948: 5946: 5943: 5941: 5938: 5936: 5933: 5931: 5928: 5926: 5923: 5921: 5918: 5916: 5913: 5911: 5908: 5906: 5903: 5901: 5898: 5896: 5893: 5891: 5888: 5886: 5883: 5881: 5878: 5876: 5873: 5871: 5868: 5866: 5863: 5861: 5858: 5856: 5853: 5851: 5848: 5846: 5843: 5841: 5838: 5836: 5833: 5831: 5828: 5826: 5823: 5821: 5818: 5816: 5813: 5811: 5808: 5806: 5803: 5801: 5798: 5796: 5793: 5791: 5788: 5786: 5783: 5781: 5778: 5776: 5773: 5771: 5768: 5766: 5763: 5761: 5758: 5756: 5753: 5751: 5748: 5746: 5743: 5741: 5738: 5736: 5733: 5731: 5728: 5727: 5725: 5723: 5719: 5713: 5712: 5708: 5706: 5703: 5701: 5698: 5696: 5693: 5691: 5688: 5686: 5683: 5681: 5678: 5676: 5673: 5671: 5668: 5667: 5665: 5663: 5659: 5653: 5652: 5648: 5646: 5643: 5641: 5638: 5636: 5633: 5631: 5628: 5626: 5623: 5621: 5618: 5616: 5613: 5611: 5608: 5606: 5603: 5601: 5598: 5596: 5593: 5591: 5588: 5586: 5583: 5581: 5578: 5576: 5573: 5571: 5568: 5566: 5563: 5561: 5558: 5556: 5553: 5551: 5548: 5546: 5543: 5541: 5538: 5536: 5533: 5531: 5528: 5526: 5523: 5521: 5518: 5516: 5513: 5511: 5508: 5506: 5503: 5501: 5498: 5496: 5493: 5491: 5488: 5486: 5483: 5481: 5478: 5476: 5473: 5471: 5468: 5466: 5463: 5461: 5458: 5456: 5453: 5451: 5448: 5446: 5443: 5441: 5438: 5436: 5433: 5431: 5428: 5426: 5423: 5421: 5418: 5416: 5413: 5411: 5408: 5406: 5403: 5401: 5398: 5396: 5393: 5391: 5388: 5386: 5383: 5381: 5378: 5376: 5373: 5371: 5368: 5366: 5363: 5361: 5358: 5356: 5353: 5352: 5350: 5348: 5344: 5340: 5336: 5331: 5322: 5317: 5315: 5310: 5308: 5303: 5302: 5299: 5291: 5287: 5286:A. D. Xenopol 5284: 5281: 5277: 5274: 5271: 5267: 5264: 5260: 5257: 5253: 5250: 5247: 5243: 5240: 5236: 5233: 5229: 5228:Ioan Stanomir 5226: 5224: 5220: 5216: 5212: 5208: 5205: 5201: 5199: 5195: 5191: 5187: 5183: 5180: 5178: 5177:973-29-0018-0 5174: 5170: 5166: 5162: 5159: 5155: 5152: 5148: 5144: 5141: 5137: 5135: 5131: 5127: 5124:. Bucharest: 5123: 5119: 5116: 5112: 5110: 5106: 5102: 5098: 5093: 5089: 5086: 5082: 5079: 5075: 5074: 5072: 5069: 5065: 5062: 5057: 5053: 5050: 5046: 5045: 5043: 5038: 5034: 5032: 5028: 5024: 5020: 5017: 5016: 5014: 5013:Nicolae Iorga 5011: 5008: 5004: 5001: 4997: 4995: 4991: 4987: 4983: 4981: 4977: 4973: 4970:. Bucharest: 4969: 4965: 4962: 4959: 4955: 4953: 4949: 4945: 4942:. Bucharest: 4941: 4937: 4935: 4931: 4927: 4923: 4920: 4916: 4913: 4909: 4906: 4902: 4899: 4897: 4893: 4889: 4885: 4881: 4877: 4874: 4871: 4867: 4864: 4860: 4858: 4854: 4850: 4846: 4843: 4839: 4836: 4833: 4829: 4826: 4822: 4821: 4816: 4807: 4804: 4798: 4795: 4788: 4785: 4779: 4776: 4770: 4767: 4761: 4758: 4752: 4749: 4743: 4740: 4734: 4731: 4725: 4722: 4718: 4717: 4710: 4707: 4701: 4698: 4692: 4689: 4683: 4680: 4674: 4671: 4665: 4662: 4656: 4653: 4647: 4644: 4638: 4635: 4629: 4626: 4620: 4617: 4611: 4608: 4602: 4599: 4593: 4590: 4584: 4581: 4577: 4573: 4567: 4564: 4558: 4555: 4549: 4546: 4540: 4537: 4533: 4529: 4523: 4520: 4514: 4511: 4505: 4502: 4496: 4493: 4487: 4484: 4478: 4475: 4469: 4466: 4460: 4457: 4451: 4448: 4444: 4438: 4435: 4429: 4426: 4420: 4417: 4411: 4408: 4402: 4399: 4393: 4390: 4384: 4381: 4374: 4371: 4365: 4362: 4356: 4353: 4347: 4344: 4338: 4335: 4329: 4326: 4320: 4317: 4311: 4308: 4302: 4299: 4293: 4290: 4284: 4281: 4275: 4272: 4268: 4262: 4260: 4258: 4254: 4248: 4245: 4239: 4236: 4230: 4227: 4221: 4218: 4215: 4209: 4206: 4200: 4197: 4191: 4188: 4182: 4179: 4175: 4171: 4165: 4162: 4159:Novac, p. 236 4156: 4153: 4150:Stroia, p. 77 4147: 4144: 4138: 4135: 4129: 4127: 4123: 4117: 4114: 4108: 4106: 4104: 4102: 4098: 4092: 4089: 4083: 4080: 4076: 4070: 4068: 4064: 4058: 4055: 4049: 4046: 4040: 4037: 4031: 4028: 4022: 4019: 4013: 4010: 4004: 4001: 3995: 3992: 3986: 3983: 3979: 3978: 3971: 3968: 3962: 3959: 3953: 3950: 3944: 3941: 3935: 3932: 3926: 3923: 3919: 3915: 3911: 3907: 3903: 3898: 3895: 3892:Florea, p. 24 3889: 3886: 3882: 3876: 3873: 3869: 3863: 3860: 3854: 3851: 3845: 3842: 3836: 3833: 3827: 3824: 3818: 3815: 3809: 3806: 3800: 3797: 3791: 3788: 3782: 3779: 3773: 3770: 3764: 3761: 3755: 3752: 3746: 3743: 3737: 3734: 3728: 3725: 3719: 3716: 3710: 3707: 3704:Marton, p. 46 3701: 3698: 3692: 3689: 3683: 3680: 3674: 3671: 3665: 3662: 3656: 3653: 3647: 3644: 3638: 3635: 3629: 3626: 3620: 3617: 3611: 3608: 3602: 3599: 3593: 3590: 3584: 3581: 3575: 3572: 3566: 3563: 3557: 3554: 3548: 3545: 3539: 3536: 3530: 3527: 3521: 3518: 3512: 3509: 3503: 3500: 3494: 3491: 3485: 3482: 3476: 3473: 3467: 3464: 3458: 3455: 3449: 3447: 3443: 3437: 3434: 3428: 3426: 3422: 3418: 3412: 3409: 3403: 3400: 3394: 3391: 3385: 3382: 3376: 3373: 3367: 3364: 3358: 3355: 3349: 3346: 3340: 3338: 3336: 3334: 3330: 3324: 3321: 3318:Tănase, p. 89 3315: 3312: 3306: 3303: 3297: 3294: 3288: 3285: 3282:Tănase, p. 91 3279: 3276: 3270: 3267: 3261: 3258: 3254: 3253: 3248: 3243:(in Romanian) 3239: 3237: 3233: 3227: 3224: 3218: 3215: 3209: 3206: 3200: 3197: 3191: 3188: 3182: 3179: 3173: 3170: 3167:Barbu, p. 432 3164: 3161: 3155: 3152: 3146: 3143: 3140:Barbu, p. 431 3137: 3134: 3128: 3125: 3119: 3116: 3110: 3107: 3101: 3098: 3092: 3089: 3083: 3080: 3074: 3071: 3065: 3062: 3056: 3054: 3050: 3046: 3040: 3037: 3031: 3028: 3022: 3019: 3013: 3010: 3004: 3001: 2997: 2993: 2987: 2984: 2978: 2975: 2969: 2966: 2960: 2957: 2951: 2948: 2942: 2939: 2933: 2930: 2926: 2920: 2917: 2911: 2908: 2902: 2899: 2893: 2890: 2884: 2881: 2875: 2872: 2866: 2863: 2857: 2854: 2848: 2845: 2839: 2836: 2830: 2827: 2821: 2818: 2812: 2809: 2803: 2800: 2794: 2791: 2785: 2782: 2776: 2773: 2767: 2765: 2763: 2759: 2755: 2754: 2749: 2745: 2741: 2736: 2734: 2730: 2726: 2721: 2717: 2713: 2708: 2706: 2702: 2698: 2694: 2690: 2686: 2682: 2677: 2672: 2670: 2666: 2662: 2658: 2657:Muscel County 2654: 2648: 2646: 2641: 2637: 2632: 2630: 2626: 2622: 2618: 2614: 2613: 2608: 2604: 2600: 2595: 2591: 2587: 2579: 2577: 2575: 2571: 2567: 2563: 2559: 2553: 2550: 2549:Conservatorul 2545: 2539: 2535: 2532: 2526: 2524: 2520: 2516: 2515:unicameralism 2512: 2508: 2504: 2496: 2495:Frédéric Damé 2491: 2484: 2458: 2449: 2446: 2443: 2439: 2435: 2432: 2429: 2427: 2424: 2422:Stan Panaiti 2421: 2418: 2416:Nae Tătăranu 2415: 2412: 2410: 2407: 2406: 2402: 2399: 2396: 2393: 2390: 2387: 2384: 2382: 2379: 2377: 2374: 2373: 2369: 2366: 2363: 2360: 2358:Preda Cernat 2357: 2355:Mihail Pancu 2354: 2351: 2348: 2346: 2343: 2342: 2338: 2335: 2332: 2330:Ion Dimitriu 2329: 2326: 2323: 2320: 2317: 2315: 2312: 2311: 2307: 2304: 2301: 2298: 2295: 2292: 2289: 2286: 2284: 2283:Râmnicu Sărat 2281: 2280: 2276: 2273: 2270: 2267: 2265:Ene Cojocaru 2264: 2261: 2259: 2256: 2253: 2251: 2248: 2247: 2243: 2240: 2237: 2234: 2231: 2228: 2225: 2223: 2220: 2218: 2215: 2214: 2210: 2207: 2204: 2202: 2199: 2196: 2194: 2191: 2188: 2186: 2183: 2181: 2178: 2177: 2173: 2170: 2167: 2164: 2161: 2158: 2155: 2152: 2150: 2147: 2146: 2143: 2140: 2137: 2135: 2134:C. A. Rosetti 2132: 2130: 2127: 2124: 2122: 2119: 2117: 2114: 2111: 2108: 2103: 2100: 2099: 2095: 2092: 2089: 2086: 2083: 2080: 2077: 2074: 2072: 2069: 2068: 2064: 2061: 2058: 2055: 2052: 2050: 2047: 2044: 2042: 2039: 2037: 2034: 2033: 2029: 2026: 2023: 2021: 2018: 2015: 2012: 2010: 2007: 2005: 2002: 1999: 1994: 1991: 1990: 1986: 1983: 1980: 1977: 1974: 1971: 1968: 1965: 1963: 1960: 1959: 1955: 1952: 1949: 1947:Nae Stănescu 1946: 1943: 1940: 1937: 1935: 1932: 1930: 1927: 1926: 1922: 1919: 1916: 1913: 1911:Stroe Ivașcu 1910: 1907: 1904: 1902: 1899: 1897: 1894: 1893: 1889: 1886: 1883: 1881: 1878: 1875: 1873: 1870: 1868: 1865: 1862: 1860: 1857: 1856: 1853:Burghers (4) 1852: 1850:Burghers (3) 1849: 1847:Burghers (2) 1846: 1844:Burghers (1) 1843: 1841:Peasants (2) 1840: 1838:Peasants (1) 1837: 1834: 1831: 1828: 1827: 1818: 1815: 1813: 1809: 1805: 1801: 1797: 1792: 1790: 1786: 1783:, Constantin 1782: 1778: 1774: 1770: 1766: 1762: 1757: 1755: 1751: 1748: 1747: 1742: 1741:Vâlcea County 1737: 1732: 1727: 1725: 1721: 1717: 1713: 1709: 1705: 1701: 1696: 1694: 1690: 1686: 1682: 1681: 1676: 1675: 1670: 1666: 1662: 1658: 1653: 1651: 1647: 1643: 1639: 1635: 1631: 1627: 1623: 1622:Stéoa Dunărei 1618: 1613: 1611: 1607: 1603: 1599: 1598:Stéoa Dunărei 1595: 1591: 1587: 1583: 1579: 1571: 1569: 1567: 1563: 1559: 1555: 1554:A. D. Xenopol 1551: 1547: 1543: 1539: 1535: 1531: 1530:C. A. Rosetti 1521: 1507: 1504: 1502: 1486: 1485: 1482: 1480: 1476: 1472: 1468: 1464: 1460: 1456: 1452: 1448: 1442: 1440: 1436: 1431: 1425: 1423: 1422:Vocea Oltului 1419: 1415: 1411: 1407: 1403: 1397: 1395: 1391: 1387: 1386:Capitulations 1383: 1379: 1378: 1369: 1365: 1361: 1357: 1350: 1348: 1346: 1345:Muscel County 1342: 1338: 1333: 1331: 1327: 1324:, a codified 1323: 1319: 1315: 1311: 1307: 1302: 1300: 1295: 1294:Ion Bălăceanu 1288: 1284: 1280: 1275: 1273: 1269: 1265: 1261: 1257: 1253: 1246: 1242: 1238: 1234: 1230: 1226: 1219: 1214: 1212: 1210: 1206: 1202: 1198: 1197:Brăila County 1194: 1190: 1185: 1183: 1179: 1175: 1171: 1167: 1166: 1160: 1156: 1152: 1148: 1143: 1141: 1137: 1131: 1129: 1125: 1121: 1117: 1116: 1110: 1108: 1104: 1100: 1096: 1092: 1087: 1083: 1082: 1066: 1061: 1057: 1050: 1045: 1041: 1037: 1036: 1032: 1025: 1020: 1014: 1005: 1001: 999: 997: 993: 989: 985: 981: 980:Conservatorul 977: 974: 973: 968: 963: 959: 955: 951: 946: 944: 940: 936: 932: 927: 922: 920: 917: 916: 911: 907: 903: 902:Masonic Lodge 899: 895: 894:Stéoa Dunărei 891: 887: 883: 882: 881:sans-culottes 877: 873: 872: 867: 866: 865:Stéoa Dunărei 860: 858: 857:ad hoc Divans 854: 850: 846: 842: 838: 833: 831: 827: 823: 819: 815: 814:Sublime Porte 811: 807: 803: 799: 795: 791: 778: 776: 774: 769: 768: 763: 759: 755: 751: 746: 744: 740: 736: 732: 728: 724: 720: 716: 712: 708: 703: 701: 700: 695: 691: 687: 683: 679: 675: 670: 668: 664: 660: 656: 652: 648: 644: 640: 636: 632: 628: 624: 619: 617: 613: 609: 605: 600: 594: 592: 588: 584: 579: 575: 567: 563: 559: 554: 547: 545: 543: 539: 535: 531: 527: 524:(tempered by 523: 519: 518: 513: 509: 504: 502: 498: 494: 490: 489:customs union 486: 482: 478: 474: 470: 466: 462: 458: 454: 451: 446: 444: 440: 436: 432: 428: 424: 420: 415: 413: 408: 404: 400: 396: 392: 388: 384: 383: 378: 374: 366: 361: 354: 351: 346: 344: 342: 341: 336: 335: 331:, who became 330: 326: 322: 318: 313: 311: 307: 303: 299: 295: 291: 287: 283: 280:, chaired by 279: 275: 270: 268: 264: 260: 256: 252: 248: 244: 240: 236: 232: 228: 227: 222: 218: 214: 211:were held in 210: 199: 193: 187: 179: 177: 174: 172: 171:Brăila County 169: 166: 165: 161: 158: 155: 152: 151: 147: 144: 142: 139: 136: 135: 132: 129: 127: 124: 122: 119: 116: 115: 111: 107: 104: 100: 97: 93: 90: 89: 85: 83:Second party 82: 79: 76: 71: 68: 62: 54: 52: 49: 46: 45: 41: 36: 31: 19: 6133: 6104: 6096:Transylvania 6095: 6051: 6042: 6024: 5979: 5709: 5649: 5289: 5279: 5276:Emil Vârtosu 5269: 5262: 5255: 5245: 5238: 5231: 5210: 5203: 5185: 5164: 5157: 5150: 5146: 5139: 5121: 5114: 5100: 5091: 5084: 5077: 5067: 5055: 5048: 5036: 5018: 5006: 4999: 4985: 4967: 4958:Transilvania 4957: 4939: 4925: 4918: 4911: 4904: 4883: 4869: 4862: 4848: 4841: 4838:Dan Berindei 4831: 4824: 4806: 4797: 4787: 4778: 4769: 4760: 4755:Giura, p. 12 4751: 4742: 4733: 4724: 4714: 4709: 4704:Preda, p. 85 4700: 4695:Preda, p. 84 4691: 4682: 4673: 4664: 4655: 4646: 4637: 4628: 4619: 4610: 4601: 4592: 4583: 4575: 4571: 4566: 4557: 4548: 4539: 4531: 4527: 4522: 4513: 4504: 4495: 4486: 4477: 4468: 4459: 4450: 4442: 4437: 4428: 4419: 4410: 4401: 4396:Preda, p. 76 4392: 4383: 4373: 4364: 4355: 4346: 4337: 4328: 4319: 4314:Clain, p. 31 4310: 4301: 4292: 4283: 4274: 4266: 4247: 4238: 4229: 4220: 4213: 4208: 4199: 4190: 4181: 4173: 4169: 4164: 4155: 4146: 4137: 4116: 4111:Preda, p. 74 4091: 4082: 4074: 4057: 4048: 4043:Giura, p. 11 4039: 4030: 4021: 4012: 4003: 3994: 3985: 3975: 3970: 3961: 3952: 3943: 3934: 3925: 3913: 3897: 3888: 3880: 3875: 3867: 3862: 3853: 3844: 3835: 3826: 3817: 3808: 3799: 3790: 3781: 3772: 3763: 3754: 3745: 3736: 3727: 3718: 3709: 3700: 3691: 3682: 3673: 3664: 3655: 3646: 3637: 3628: 3619: 3610: 3601: 3592: 3583: 3574: 3565: 3560:Preda, p. 73 3556: 3547: 3538: 3529: 3524:Preda, p. 70 3520: 3511: 3502: 3493: 3484: 3475: 3466: 3457: 3436: 3416: 3411: 3402: 3393: 3384: 3375: 3366: 3357: 3348: 3323: 3314: 3305: 3296: 3287: 3278: 3269: 3260: 3250: 3226: 3217: 3208: 3199: 3190: 3181: 3172: 3163: 3154: 3145: 3136: 3127: 3118: 3109: 3100: 3091: 3082: 3073: 3064: 3044: 3039: 3030: 3021: 3012: 3003: 2995: 2994:(1854)", in 2991: 2986: 2977: 2968: 2959: 2950: 2941: 2932: 2924: 2919: 2910: 2901: 2892: 2883: 2874: 2865: 2856: 2847: 2838: 2829: 2824:Preda, p. 68 2820: 2811: 2802: 2793: 2788:Preda, p. 46 2784: 2775: 2761: 2751: 2747: 2746:rather than 2743: 2737: 2732: 2724: 2715: 2709: 2692: 2680: 2675: 2673: 2649: 2639: 2633: 2610: 2606: 2593: 2583: 2565: 2554: 2548: 2544:George Barbu 2540: 2536: 2527: 2523:Regulamentul 2522: 2519:upper houses 2510: 2502: 2499: 2456: 2447: 2441: 2222:Ioan Solomon 2162:Ioan Roateș 1867:Ion Brătianu 1811: 1803: 1800:gas lighting 1793: 1781:of Bucharest 1758: 1744: 1735: 1728: 1723: 1719: 1715: 1708:Ioan Solomon 1699: 1697: 1678: 1672: 1668: 1654: 1629: 1621: 1616: 1614: 1597: 1581: 1575: 1545: 1541: 1540:and shunned 1537: 1527: 1509: 1488: 1474: 1458: 1455:Theodor Aman 1443: 1438: 1434: 1429: 1426: 1421: 1410:Regulamentul 1409: 1398: 1375: 1372: 1364:Theodor Aman 1359: 1334: 1309: 1305: 1303: 1286: 1278: 1276: 1255: 1244: 1240: 1236: 1232: 1228: 1224: 1223: 1186: 1163: 1144: 1140:square miles 1132: 1113: 1111: 1099:body politic 1094: 1079: 1077: 1054:Merchant of 1033: 1012: 1003: 987: 979: 970: 962:Ion Brătianu 949: 947: 938: 931:Buzău County 925: 923: 913: 893: 879: 869: 863: 861: 834: 808:, and, with 787: 773:Regulamentul 772: 765: 753: 749: 747: 715:Transylvania 704: 697: 693: 688:, economist 671: 655:Napoleon III 630: 620: 616:Ottoman Army 595: 578:Regulamentul 577: 571: 515: 512:Regulamentul 511: 505: 493:Roma slavery 453:Abdulmejid I 447: 427:Regulamentul 426: 416: 391:Regulamentul 390: 380: 370: 353:Regulamentul 352: 338: 332: 314: 271: 224: 209:ad hoc Divan 206: 198:ad hoc Divan 86:Third party 80:First party 67:ad hoc Divan 50: 6158:Referendums 4870:Xenopoliana 3910:Paul Cornea 2087:Ion Vasile 2053:Ioan Voicu 1661:Gorj County 1586:Teodor Balș 1471:vaudevilles 1382:meritocracy 1272:egalitarian 1252:Barbu Bellu 1091:corporatism 790:Pan-Slavism 779:Preparation 727:condominium 711:irredentism 604:Crimean War 589:. The poet 587:Iacob Melic 576:, restored 542:land reform 439:Leonte Radu 310:land reform 306:boyar elite 265:to vote by 253:to be held 6245:Categories 6210:2007 (Nov) 6205:2007 (May) 6185:1941 (Nov) 6180:1941 (Mar) 6081:1857 (Sep) 6076:1857 (Jul) 6043:Bessarabia 5440:1888 (Oct) 5435:1888 (Jan) 5365:1866 (Nov) 5360:1866 (Apr) 4817:References 4572:Nationalul 2760:. The new 2566:Naționalul 2517:, viewing 2197:Tică Ioan 1812:ex officio 1777:protopopes 1174:journeymen 1086:voting age 984:Bellinzona 806:Ottomanism 562:Russophile 461:Russophile 355:background 6105:Wallachia 5217:, 2013. 5192:, 2011. 5171:, 1990. 5128:, 2016. 5126:Humanitas 5031:876302354 4974:, 1966. 4946:, 2007. 4890:, 1914. 4857:891289855 2758:Abdulaziz 2716:Caimacams 2697:Ioan Manu 2693:Caimacams 2661:Câmpulung 2580:Aftermath 2511:Concordia 2345:Teleorman 2149:Mehedinți 2107:Bucharest 1962:Dâmbovița 1769:Neofit II 1746:Logothete 1685:Teleorman 1680:Postelnic 1630:Concordia 1582:Caimacams 1550:primaries 1538:Concordia 1475:Concordia 1314:New Style 1306:Concordia 1287:Concordia 1256:Concordia 1233:Concordia 1182:Târgu Jiu 1056:Bucharest 1002:Election 682:Ion Ghica 659:Bucharest 520:promised 323:. In the 221:Romanians 213:Wallachia 6052:Moldavia 5188:. Iași: 4994:38789356 4267:Buridava 3868:Cumidava 2748:Hospodar 2744:Domnitor 2733:Hospodar 2725:Caimacam 2681:Hospodar 2676:Caimacam 2612:Hospodar 2607:Domnitor 2570:Romanați 2503:Domnitor 2457:Caimacam 2314:Romanați 2071:Ialomița 1789:Bistrița 1785:of Argeș 1754:Bălcești 1736:Caimacam 1716:Caimacam 1712:Ialomița 1700:Caimacam 1674:Paharnic 1617:Caimacam 1469:. Their 1463:Costache 1435:Beizadea 1430:Caimacam 1377:Domnitor 1274:agenda. 1245:Caimacam 1237:Caimacam 1193:Romanați 1165:kuruşlar 1155:Ploiești 1136:hectares 1107:Romanies 1031:Oltenian 988:Caimacam 972:Beizadea 950:Caimacam 926:Caimacam 871:Caimacam 845:Sardinia 767:Dragoman 719:Bukovina 403:counties 340:Domnitor 334:Hospodar 239:Moldavia 5339:Romania 5190:Polirom 5147:Românul 4980:1279610 4912:Teatrul 4896:8154101 4792:379–382 2729:tanners 2665:Pitești 2627:and an 2621:Focșani 2459:faction 2250:Prahova 2105:(incl. 1998:Craiova 1996:(incl. 1829:County 1761:Calinic 1724:Caimcam 1693:Slatina 1665:Giurgiu 1642:Pitești 1572:Results 1546:émigrés 1439:România 1304:Beyond 1147:Craiova 1124:Prahova 1115:stareți 1042:, 1860) 841:Prussia 818:Britain 641:. With 639:Balkans 627:Oltenia 538:serfdom 337:, then 117:Leader 91: 77: 5221: 5196: 5175: 5132: 5107: 5029: 4992: 4978: 4950: 4932: 4894: 4855: 4530:", in 4214:passim 4172:", in 3920:, 1968 3045:passim 2762:firman 2669:Ismail 2645:ducats 2640:firman 2594:firman 2475: 2469: 2463: 2453: 2409:Vlașca 2376:Vâlcea 2180:Muscel 1896:Brăila 1763:, the 1542:Timpul 1339:, and 1310:Timpul 1279:Timpul 1241:Timpul 1225:Timpul 1172:; and 1151:Brăila 1103:guilds 1095:firman 1081:firman 1058:(1860) 1035:stareț 1013:firman 1004:firman 939:Timpul 935:George 843:, and 754:Patria 750:Timpul 694:Timpul 566:boyars 534:corvée 530:Vlașca 450:Sultan 435:Dacian 263:guilds 137:Party 3249:, in 2768:Notes 2525:era. 2102:Ilfov 1929:Buzău 1859:Argeș 1626:Argeș 1290:' 1248:' 1189:acres 1138:(0.4 1128:Ilfov 890:Buzău 180:Dolj 162:1856 159:1856 156:1857 6230:2019 6225:2018 6220:2012 6215:2009 6200:2003 6195:1991 6190:1986 6175:1938 6170:1866 6165:1864 6149:1861 6144:1860 6139:1859 6134:1857 6129:1846 6124:1842 6119:1841 6114:1836 6109:1831 6100:1918 6091:1860 6086:1858 6071:1847 6066:1842 6061:1837 6056:1832 6047:1917 6026:2029 6020:2024 6015:2019 6010:2014 6005:2009 6000:2007 5981:2028 5975:2024 5970:2020 5965:2016 5960:2012 5955:2008 5950:2004 5945:2000 5940:1996 5935:1992 5930:1987 5925:1985 5920:1982 5915:1980 5910:1977 5905:1975 5900:1969 5895:1967 5890:1965 5885:1963 5880:1961 5875:1958 5870:1956 5865:1953 5860:1950 5855:1938 5850:1937 5845:1936 5840:1930 5835:1926 5830:1914 5825:1912 5820:1911 5815:1907 5810:1905 5805:1901 5800:1899 5795:1895 5790:1891 5785:1890 5780:1888 5775:1884 5770:1883 5765:1879 5760:1876 5755:1874 5750:1871 5745:1870 5740:1869 5735:1866 5730:1864 5711:2024 5705:2019 5700:2014 5695:2009 5690:2004 5685:2000 5680:1996 5675:1992 5670:1990 5651:2024 5645:2020 5640:2016 5635:2012 5630:2008 5625:2004 5620:2000 5615:1996 5610:1992 5605:1990 5600:1985 5595:1980 5590:1975 5585:1969 5580:1965 5575:1961 5570:1957 5565:1952 5560:1948 5555:1946 5550:1939 5545:1937 5540:1933 5535:1932 5530:1931 5525:1928 5520:1927 5515:1926 5510:1922 5505:1920 5500:1919 5495:1918 5490:1914 5485:1912 5480:1911 5475:1907 5470:1905 5465:1901 5460:1899 5455:1895 5450:1892 5445:1891 5430:1884 5425:1883 5420:1879 5415:1878 5410:1877 5405:1876 5400:1875 5395:1874 5390:1871 5385:1870 5380:1869 5375:1868 5370:1867 5355:1864 5219:ISBN 5194:ISBN 5173:ISBN 5130:ISBN 5105:ISBN 5027:OCLC 4990:OCLC 4976:OCLC 4948:ISBN 4930:ISBN 4892:OCLC 4853:OCLC 2436:N/A 2433:N/A 2430:N/A 2403:N/A 2400:N/A 2397:N/A 2370:N/A 2367:N/A 2364:N/A 2339:N/A 2336:N/A 2333:N/A 2308:N/A 2305:N/A 2302:N/A 2277:N/A 2274:N/A 2244:N/A 2241:N/A 2238:N/A 2211:N/A 2208:N/A 2205:N/A 2174:N/A 2171:N/A 2168:N/A 2096:N/A 2093:N/A 2090:N/A 2065:N/A 2062:N/A 2059:N/A 2036:Gorj 2030:N/A 2027:N/A 1993:Dolj 1987:N/A 1984:N/A 1981:N/A 1956:N/A 1953:N/A 1950:N/A 1923:N/A 1920:N/A 1917:N/A 1890:N/A 1887:N/A 1884:N/A 1698:The 1588:and 1532:and 1465:and 1404:and 1308:and 1266:and 1149:and 1122:and 1120:Dolj 994:and 956:and 900:. A 851:and 820:and 792:and 717:and 676:and 663:Iași 653:and 621:The 471:and 363:The 296:and 288:and 176:Dolj 5337:in 2753:Bey 2609:as 2217:Olt 1720:Aga 1704:Olt 1669:Aga 1029:An 967:Olt 915:Aga 741:or 699:sic 6247:: 6107:: 6098:: 6054:: 6045:: 5288:, 5184:, 5021:. 5015:, 4966:, 4882:, 4378:78 4256:^ 4125:^ 4100:^ 4066:^ 3445:^ 3424:^ 3332:^ 3235:^ 3052:^ 2735:. 2703:, 2699:, 2109:) 2000:) 1791:. 1636:. 1584:, 1416:, 1328:, 1301:. 1292:s 1207:, 1184:. 775:. 684:, 544:. 510:. 445:. 421:, 389:, 312:. 269:. 5320:e 5313:t 5306:v 1038:( 564:" 467:— 200:. 20:)

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Knowledge (XXG)

1857 Wallachian parliamentary election

Index