382:
was descended from a
Gorilla or not, the Bp. chafed him and asked whether he had a preference for the descent being on the father's side or the mother's side? This gave Huxley the opportunity of saying that he would sooner claim kindred with an Ape than with a man like the Bp. who made so ill a use of his wonderful speaking powers to try and burke, by a display of authority, a free discussion on what was, or was not, a matter of truth, and reminded him that on questions of physical science 'authority' had always been bowled out by investigation, as witness astronomy and geology. A lot of people afterwards spoke ... the feeling of the meeting was very much against the Bp.
326:
282:, that "the brain of the gorilla was more different from that of man than from that of the lowest primate particularly because only man had a posterior lobe, a posterior horn, and a hippocampus minor." Huxley was convinced this was incorrect and had researched its errors. For the first time he spoke publicly on this point and "denied altogether that the difference between the brain of the gorilla and man was so great" in a "direct and unqualified contradiction" of Owen, citing previous studies as well as promising to provide detailed support for his position.
394:, when Huxley heard this he whispered to Brodie, "The Lord hath delivered him into mine hands". Huxley's own contemporary account, in a letter to Henry Dyster on September 9, 1860, makes no mention of this remark. Huxley rose to defend Darwin's theory, finishing his speech with the now-legendary assertion that he was not ashamed to have a monkey for his ancestor, but he would be ashamed to be connected with a man who used great gifts to obscure the truth. Later retellings indicate that this statement had a tremendous effect on the audience, and
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120:
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22:
518:" and it is often regarded as a key moment in the acceptance of evolution. However, at the time it received only a few passing references in newspapers, and Brooke argues that "the event almost completely disappeared from public awareness until it was resurrected in the 1890s as an appropriate tribute to a recently deceased hero of scientific education".
111:
development, as laid down by Darwin, any one can be so enamoured of this so-called law, or hypothesis, as to go into jubilation for his great great grandfather having been an ape or a gorilla?", whereas another suggests he may have said that "it was of little consequence to himself whether or not his grandfather might be called a monkey or not."
362:, "On the Intellectual Development of Europe, considered with reference to the views of Mr. Darwin and others, that the progression of organisms is determined by law". By all accounts, Draper's presentation was long and boring. After Draper had finished, Henslow called on several other speakers, including
497:
the more we thus exercise, and by exercising improve our intellectual faculties, the more worthy shall we be, the better shall we be fitted to come nearer to our God." Therefore, a case could be made for saying that for the many clerics in the audience, the underlying conflict was between traditional
452:
Notably, all three major participants felt they had had the best of the debate. Wilberforce wrote that, "On
Saturday Professor Henslow ... called on me by name to address the Section on Darwin's theory. So I could not escape and had quite a long fight with Huxley. I think I thoroughly beat him."
429:
twenty-five years earlier. FitzRoy denounced Darwin's book and, "lifting an immense Bible first with both hands and afterwards with one hand over his head, solemnly implored the audience to believe God rather than man". He was believed to have said: "I believe that this is the Truth, and had I known
386:
According to Lucas, "Wilberforce, contrary to the central tenet of the legend, did not prejudge the issue", but Lucas is in a minority on this, as Jensen makes clear. Wilberforce criticised Darwin's theory on ostensibly scientific grounds, arguing that it was not supported by the facts, and he noted
381:
In the Nat. Hist. Section we had another hot
Darwinian debate ... After Huxley was called upon by Henslow to state his views at greater length, and this brought up the Bp. of Oxford ... Referring to what Huxley had said two days before, about after all its not signifying to him whether he
277:
read a paper "On the final causes of the sexuality in plants, with particular reference to Mr. Darwin's work..." Owen and Huxley were both in attendance, and a debate erupted over Darwin's theory. Owen spoke of facts which would enable the public to "come to some conclusions ... of the truth of Mr.
110:
the truth. However, what Huxley and
Wilberforce actually said is uncertain, and subsequent accounts were subject to distortion since no verbatim account of the debate exists. One eyewitness suggests that Wilberforce's question to Huxley may have been "whether, in the vast shaky state of the law of
496:
at the time had a number of clergymen occupying high positions (including
Presidents of two of its seven sections). In his speech to open the annual event, the President of the Association (Lord Wrottesley) concluded his talk by saying "Let us ever apply ourselves to the task, feeling assured that
437:
The last speaker of the day was Hooker. According to his own account, it was he and not Huxley who delivered the most effective reply to
Wilberforce's arguments: "Sam was shut up—had not one word to say in reply, and the meeting was dissolved forthwith". Ruse claims that "everybody enjoyed himself
105:
The debate is best remembered today for a heated exchange in which
Wilberforce supposedly asked Huxley whether it was through his grandfather or his grandmother that he claimed his descent from a monkey. Huxley is said to have replied that he would not be ashamed to have a monkey for his ancestor,
413:
Well, Sam Oxon got up and spouted for half an hour with inimitable spirit, ugliness and emptiness and unfairness ... Huxley answered admirably and turned the tables, but he could not throw his voice over so large an assembly nor command the audience ... he did not allude to Sam's weak
285:
Wilberforce agreed to address the meeting on
Saturday morning, and there was expectation that he would repeat his success at scourging evolutionary ideas as at the 1847 meeting. Huxley was initially reluctant to engage Wilberforce in a public debate about evolution, but, in a chance encounter,
449:. "Oh no, I would swear he has never read a word of it", Fawcett reportedly replied loudly. Wilberforce swung round to him scowling, ready to recriminate, but stepped back and bit his tongue on noting that the protagonist was the blind economist.
354:, Darwin's former mentor from Cambridge. It has been suggested that Owen arranged for Henslow to chair the discussion "hoping to make the expected defeat of Darwin the more complete". The main focus of the meeting was supposed to be a lecture by
346:
that the Bishop's manner was "unctuous, oleaginous, saponaceous"). According to Bryson, "more than a thousand people crowded into the chamber; hundreds more were turned away." Darwin himself was too sick to attend.
792:
Frank A. J. L. James (2005). "An 'open clash between science and the church'? Wilberforce, Huxley and Hooker on Darwin at the
British Association, Oxford, 1960". In David M. Knight & Matthew D. Eddy (ed.).
453:
Huxley claimed " the most popular man in Oxford for a full four & twenty hours afterwards." Hooker wrote that "I have been congratulated and thanked by the blackest coats and whitest stocks in Oxford."
661:
Oxford
Chronicle, 7 July 1860. See also the recent essay by James C. Ungureanu, "A Yankee at Oxford: John William Draper at the British Association for the Advancement of Science at Oxford, 30 June 1860,"
342:
would speak against Darwin's theory at the meeting on Saturday 30 June 1860. Wilberforce was one of the greatest public speakers of his day but was known as "Soapy Sam" (from a comment by
262:
had already praised evolutionary ideas, and in his essay he commended "Mr. Darwin's masterly volume" for substantiating "the grand principle of the self-evolving powers of nature".
231:
Thomas Huxley, one of the small group with whom Darwin had shared his theory before publication, emerged as the main public champion of evolution. He wrote a favourable review of "
90:, although this description is somewhat misleading. It was not a formal debate between the two, but rather it was an animated discussion after the presentation of a paper by
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was seen as contrary to religious orthodoxy and a threat to the social order and thus was very controversial in the first half of the nineteenth century, although
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98:, on the intellectual development of Europe with relation to Darwin's theory (one of a number of scientific papers presented during the week as part of the
270:
153:
38:
26:
102:'s annual meeting). Although Huxley and Wilberforce were not the only participants in the discussion, they were reported to be the two dominant parties.
248:
The reaction of many orthodox churchmen was hostile, but their attention was diverted in February 1860 by a much greater furore over the publication of
157:, supporting the idea of transmutation of species, in 1844 brought a storm of controversy but attracted wide readership and became a bestseller. At the
290:
persuaded him not to desert the cause. The Reverend Baden Powell would have been on the platform, too, but he had died of a heart attack on 11 June.
363:
303:
68:
489:. Both sides immediately claimed victory, but the majority opinion has always been that the debate represented a major victory for the Darwinians.
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used his Sunday sermon at St. Mary's Church on "the wrong way of doing science" to deliver a stinging attack obviously aimed at its author,
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1204:
Life of Alfred Newton: late Professor of Comparative Anatomy, Cambridge University 1866–1907, with a Preface by Sir Archibald Geikie OM
548:
1425:
893:
835:
401:
Reliable accounts indicate that although Huxley did respond with the "monkey" retort, the remainder of his speech was unremarkable.
1080:
Gross, Charles G. (1993). "Hippocampus minor and man's place in nature: a case study in the social construction of neuroanatomy".
465:
A stone pillar erected in 2010 outside the Oxford University Museum of Natural History to mark the 150th anniversary of the event
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367:
405:, a prominent scientist and director of the Kew Observatory, wrote afterward that, "I think the Bishop had the best of it."
131:
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409:, Darwin's friend and botanical mentor, noted in a letter to Darwin that Huxley had been largely inaudible in the hall:
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It is said that during the debate, two Cambridge dons happened to be standing near Wilberforce, one of whom was
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200:. The scientific establishment also remained skeptical, but the book had convinced a vast popular audience.
141:
1452:"Censoring Huxley and Wilberforce: A new source for the meeting that the Athenaeum 'wisely softened down'"
696:
1082:
851:
445:, the recently blinded economist. Fawcett was asked whether he thought the bishop had actually read the
521:
The debate began a bitter three-year dispute between Owen and Huxley over human origins, satirised by
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72:
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had ever been asked to square off against science in a public forum in the whole of its history".
507:). On the other hand, Oxford academic Dr Diane Purkiss says the debate "was really the first time
148:
hierarchy welcomed it. The scientific community was wary in the absence of a proposed mechanism.
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1107:
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798:
758:
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515:
503:
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339:
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64:
539:, was inspired by the debate. A commemorative pillar marks the 150th anniversary of the debate.
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1471:
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869:, 4 July 1860. The writer of the letter is identified as "a well-known townsman" called "J.S."
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was published on 24 November 1859 to wide debate and controversy. Influential biologist
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Though the debate is frequently depicted as a clash between religion and science, the
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269:(often referred to then simply as "the BA") convened their annual meeting at the new
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in December 1859, along with several other articles and delivered a lecture at the
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1061:
923:. London: Michael Joseph, Penguin Group. Chapter 34: "From the Womb of the Ape".
1168:
498:
59:. Several prominent British scientists and philosophers participated, including
763:"Darwinism & Religion: a Revisionist View of the Wilberforce-Huxley Debate"
313:
222:
and coached Wilberforce, who also wrote an anonymous 17,000-word review in the
106:
but he would be ashamed to be connected with a man who used his great gifts to
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709:
185:
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Can a Darwinian be a Christian? The Relationship between Science and Religion
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197:
193:
21:
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1095:
717:
1103:
1060:
Powell, Baden (1860). "On the Study of the Evidences of Christianity".
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Notes and Records: The Royal Society Journal for the History of Science
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189:
46:
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immensely and all went cheerfully off to dinner together afterwards".
1545:
Of Apes and Ancestors: Evolution, Christianity, and the Oxford Debate
529:", which concluded with the defeat of Owen and his backers. The play
414:
points nor put the matter in a form or way that carried the audience.
162:
42:
1037:
The scientific memoirs of Thomas Henry Huxley. 4 vols and supplement
855:, 9 July 1860. The writer of the letter calls himself "Harpocrates".
460:
118:
20:
1440:
Samuel Wilberforce, letter to Sir Charles Anderson, July 3, 1860.
795:
Science and Beliefs: From Natural Philosophy to Natural Selection
824:
Galileo Goes to Jail and Other Myths about Science and Religion
387:
that the greatest names in science were opposed to the theory.
430:
then what I know now, I would not have taken him aboard the
514:
The debate has been called "one of the great stories of the
1311:"Letter 2852 – Hooker, J. D. to Darwin, C. R., 2 July 1860"
1374:. 2 vols, I pp. 522–525 (letter to Darwin, July 2nd 1860).
1260:"Plinth commemorates Huxley-Wilberforce evolution debate"
49:, on 30 June 1860, seven months after the publication of
1039:. London: Macmillan (published 1898–1903). p. 400.
280:
anatomical argument which he had first presented in 1857
265:
The controversy was at the centre of attention when the
216:
wrote an anonymous negative review of the book in the
1372:
Life and Letters of Sir Joseph Dalton Hooker OM, GCSI
1300:
Balfour Stewart, letter to David Forbes, 4 July 1860.
885:
Evolution:The Remarkable History of Scientific Theory
422:, who had been Darwin's captain and companion on the
373:
In a letter to his brother Edward, the ornithologist
1339:
267:British Association for the Advancement of Science
159:British Association for the Advancement of Science
657:
655:
469:Summary reports of the debate were published in
390:According to a letter written 30 years later to
692:"Wilberforce and Huxley: a legendary encounter"
411:
379:
126:, whose theory was at the centre of the debate.
1290:. Vol. 1. London: Macmillan. p. 202.
1226:Thomas Henry Huxley: communicating for science
1066:. London: John W. Parker and Son. p. 139.
485:. A more detailed report was published by the
16:Discussion about evolution in Oxford, England
8:
1128:. The Arnold Arboretum of Harvard University
176:, in a church "crowded to suffocation" with
144:seeking to widen democracy and overturn the
1288:The Life and Letters of Thomas Henry Huxley
616:"Huxley, Wilberforce and the Oxford Museum"
271:Oxford University Museum of Natural History
154:Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation
27:Oxford University Museum of Natural History
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301:The main protagonists, as caricatured in
1547:. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
1222:""Debate" with Bishop Wilberforce, 1860"
753:
751:
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1515:Jackson's Oxford Journal, 30 June 1860.
1506:Jackson's Oxford Journal, 23 June 1860.
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501:(Wilberforce) and liberal Anglicanism (
982:"(Review of) On the Origin of Species"
949:"Review of Darwin's Origin of Species"
1206:. New York: Dutton. pp. 118–120.
907:
905:
7:
1174:A Short History of Nearly Everything
370:, before it was Wilberforce's turn.
82:The encounter is often known as the
1592:History of the University of Oxford
1258:Flood, Alison (10 September 2010).
1017:. London: Macmillan. pp. 1–20.
998:from the original on 6 August 2010.
965:from the original on 6 August 2010.
769:on 26 February 2001. Archived from
273:in June 1860. On Thursday 28 June,
1418:Charles Darwin: The Power of Place
1015:Collected essays: vol 2 Darwiniana
418:Next, Henslow called upon Admiral
14:
1450:England, Richard (28 June 2017).
888:. Modern Library. pp. 5–24.
278:Darwin's theory" and repeated an
1420:. London: Pimlico. p. 126.
324:
312:
1346:. New York: Continuum. p.
614:Thomson, Keith Stewart (2000).
1177:. London: Doubleday. pp.
549:Creation–evolution controversy
368:President of the Royal Society
350:The discussion was chaired by
1:
1416:Browne, Janet Browne (2003).
1342:A New History of Christianity
1315:Darwin Correspondence Project
1230:Associated University Presses
822:Numbers, Ronald, ed. (2009).
258:. Amongst them, the Reverend
151:The anonymous publication of
25:The debate took place in the
1202:Wollaston, A. F. R. (1921).
35:1860 Oxford evolution debate
1617:British Science Association
1597:19th century in Oxfordshire
1155:. Retrieved on 1 June 2011.
767:Emmanuel College, Cambridge
132:Reaction to Darwin's theory
1633:
1572:Christianity and evolution
1393:Cambridge University Press
1220:Jensen, J. Vernon (1991).
1126:"Baden Powell (1796-1860)"
527:Great Hippocampus Question
129:
710:10.1017/S0018246X00016848
398:is said to have fainted.
88:Wilberforce–Huxley debate
84:Huxley–Wilberforce debate
1286:Huxley, Leonard (1900).
1000:. Published anonymously.
967:. Published anonymously.
828:Harvard University Press
483:Jackson's Oxford Journal
338:Word spread that Bishop
209:On the Origin of Species
138:transmutation of species
56:On the Origin of Species
39:Oxford University Museum
1370:Huxley, Leonard, 1918.
961:(April 1860): 487–532.
765:. Lecture delivered at
472:The Manchester Guardian
1468:10.1098/rsnr.2016.0058
1147:Natural History Museum
1096:10.1002/hipo.450030403
697:The Historical Journal
466:
416:
384:
127:
30:
1543:Hesketh, Ian (2009).
852:The Morning Chronicle
464:
130:Further information:
122:
24:
1011:Huxley, Thomas Henry
801:. pp. 171–193.
554:William Henry Flower
407:Joseph Dalton Hooker
352:John Stevens Henslow
73:Joseph Dalton Hooker
1336:Green, Vivian H. H.
978:Wilberforce, Samuel
773:on 11 December 2008
759:Brooke, John Hedley
559:Thomas Henry Huxley
494:British Association
360:John William Draper
356:New York University
256:liberal theologians
100:British Association
96:New York University
92:John William Draper
61:Thomas Henry Huxley
1577:Scientific debates
1232:. pp. 63–86.
1152:Samuel Wilberforce
1063:Essays and Reviews
634:10.1511/2000.3.210
621:American Scientist
516:history of science
504:Essays and Reviews
467:
340:Samuel Wilberforce
331:Wilberforce (1869)
251:Essays and Reviews
245:in February 1860.
170:Samuel Wilberforce
128:
65:Samuel Wilberforce
37:took place at the
31:
1612:1860 in education
1554:978-0-8020-9284-7
1527:Liverpool Mercury
1456:Notes and Records
1402:978-0-521-63716-9
1357:978-0-8264-1227-0
1239:978-0-87413-379-0
1188:978-0-7679-0817-7
1046:978-1-4326-4011-8
1033:Lankester, E. Ray
930:978-0-7181-3430-3
880:Larson, Edward J.
808:978-0-7546-3996-1
447:Origin of Species
344:Benjamin Disraeli
243:Royal Institution
165:in May 1847, the
1624:
1607:June 1860 events
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1228:. Cranbury, NJ:
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994:(215): 225–264.
987:Quarterly Review
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954:Edinburgh Review
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732:on 10 April 2011
728:. Archived from
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636:. Archived from
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537:Crispin Whittell
532:Darwin in Malibu
523:Charles Kingsley
487:Oxford Chronicle
328:
316:
225:Quarterly Review
219:Edinburgh Review
167:Bishop of Oxford
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1587:1860 in science
1582:1860 in England
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1537:Further reading
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830:. p. 155.
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640:on 11 June 2011
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403:Balfour Stewart
364:Benjamin Brodie
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288:Robert Chambers
275:Charles Daubeny
174:Robert Chambers
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69:Benjamin Brodie
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1530:, 5 July 1860.
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1462:(4): 371–384.
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1427:978-0712668378
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1090:(4): 407–413.
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866:Glasgow Herald
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704:(2): 313–330.
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499:Anglicanism
304:Vanity Fair
186:astronomers
161:meeting at
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575:References
198:biologists
194:physicists
115:Background
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666:, (2015).
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