153:
45:
1782:
1309:
provided with a rotating disc with artist's renderings of
Muybridge's chronophotographic sequences. It was used as a demonstration device by Muybridge in his illustrated lecture (the original preserved in the Museum of
1237:
is introduced. The device was a hollow drum with a strip of pictures around its inner surface. When the drum was spun and the pictures viewed through slots on the side of the drum, the pictures appeared to
1289:
successive positions of horses in fast motion, using a battery of 12 cameras controlled by trip wires and an electrical shutter system. Stanford's experiments were partly inspired by French scientist's
1253:. Reynaud developed other versions of the Praxinoscope too, including a Praxinoscope Theatre, where the device was enclosed in a viewing box, and the Projecting Praxinoscope. Eventually he created the "
2048:
1660:
1506:, with hundreds of drawings on a reel that he wound through his Praxinoscope projector to construct moving image stories that continued for about 15 minutes each.
1598:, the world's oldest extant film studio, is founded as a producer of photographic equipment (the company would start production of films in 1897).
1174:
1477:
62:
1214:
of movement by mounting drawings on the face of a slotted, spinning disk, later published as the
Fantascope (and now better known as the
128:
109:
1994:
1755:
81:
2100:
1199:
66:
88:
2085:
1655:
2066:
2057:
1167:
95:
1723:
77:
1326:
2095:
2090:
1959:
1868:
1693:
begins experimenting with the new motion picture technology, developing many early special effects techniques.
1495:
1242:
1285:
to settle arguments about the strides of horses that were difficult to discern with the naked eye. Muybridge
1924:
1640:
1563:
1540:
1525:
55:
1910:
1764:
1697:
1337:
1333:
1291:
1160:
1973:
1903:
1194:
1731:
1711:
1454:
1435:
1271:
144:
34:
1584:
1503:
1254:
1854:
1750:
1690:
1595:
1555:
1311:
1938:
1743:
1443:
1286:
1262:
102:
1791:
1403:
1298:
1282:
1219:
1683:
1602:
1513:
is granted Patent #493,426 for "An
Apparatus for Exhibiting Photographs of Moving Objects" (the
1704:
1610:
1428:
1392:
1381:
1370:
1359:
1322:
1980:
1966:
1606:
1588:
1377:
1366:
1348:
1211:
1294:
studies with equipment that graphically recorded data to analyze animal and human movement.
1889:
1882:
1719:
1410:
1278:
1215:
1257:", a large machine based on the Praxinoscope, but able to project longer animated strips.
1700:
in Paris after a curtain catches on fire from the ether used to fuel the projector lamp.
1573:
takes place at the
Holland Brothers' Kinetoscope Parlor at 1155 Broadway, New York City.
1952:
1931:
1896:
1861:
1819:
1805:
1621:
1417:
1388:
1344:
1318:
1207:
2079:
1945:
1840:
1833:
1798:
1668:
1648:
1580:
viewing parlors begin to open in major cities. Each parlor contains several machines.
1551:
1532:
1521:
1510:
1484:
1469:
1450:
1439:
1399:
1306:
1302:
1267:
1115:
1048:
981:
914:
847:
780:
713:
646:
579:
512:
445:
378:
311:
244:
205:
200:
195:
190:
185:
177:
167:
1822:, American entrepreneur, founder of the Eastman Kodak Company, inventor of roll film
1875:
1812:
1759:
film series in France, with the last episode featuring events of the current month.
1672:
1644:
1629:
1625:
1250:
1143:
1138:
1133:
1128:
1123:
1101:
1096:
1091:
1086:
1081:
1076:
1071:
1066:
1061:
1056:
1034:
1029:
1024:
1019:
1014:
1009:
1004:
999:
994:
989:
967:
962:
957:
952:
947:
942:
937:
932:
927:
922:
900:
895:
890:
885:
880:
875:
870:
865:
860:
855:
833:
828:
823:
818:
813:
808:
803:
798:
793:
788:
766:
761:
756:
751:
746:
741:
736:
731:
726:
721:
699:
694:
689:
684:
679:
674:
669:
664:
659:
654:
632:
627:
622:
617:
612:
607:
602:
597:
592:
587:
565:
560:
555:
550:
545:
540:
535:
530:
525:
520:
498:
493:
488:
483:
478:
473:
468:
463:
458:
453:
431:
426:
421:
416:
411:
406:
401:
396:
391:
386:
364:
359:
354:
349:
344:
339:
334:
329:
324:
319:
297:
292:
287:
282:
277:
272:
267:
262:
257:
252:
230:
225:
220:
215:
210:
30:
2015:
1847:
1739:
1577:
1570:
1559:
1544:
1536:
1514:
1488:
1473:
1462:
1458:
1227:
44:
1249:
idea by placing mirrors at the center of the drum. He called his invention the
1917:
1769:
1736:
1617:
1442:, creates the first known motion picture films shot in the United States, the
1406:
to discuss adding sound to moving pictures. Edison begins his own experiments.
2043:
1826:
1781:
1676:
1636:
1449:
1891 – Designed around the work of
Anschutz, Muybridge, Marey, and Eastman,
1424:
1421:
1355:
1352:
152:
17:
1246:
1234:
1679:
is used to project motion pictures in public screenings in New York City
1210:(Belgium) introduces a scientific demonstration device that creates an
1768:
in France, the first screen adaptation of the traditional fairy tale "
1413:
creates the first motion picture films created on paper rolls of film.
1715:
1223:
1729:
September 1899 – The
British Mutoscope and Biograph Company makes
1499:
2070:
2061:
2052:
1609:
hold their first commercial screenings of films shot with their
1543:. Only one person at a time could use his viewing machine, the
1651:
to manufacture the
Vitascope, which projected motion pictures.
1369:
very successfully presents his photographs in motion with his
38:
1696:
May 4, 1897 – 125 people die during a film screening at the
1635:
January 1896 – In the United States, a projector called the
1569:
April 14, 1894 – The first commercial presentation of the
1535:
holds the first public exhibition of films shot using his
1340:
that could photograph twelve successive images per second.
2016:"World's first colour film footage viewed for first time"
1266:
is recorded as a series of still pictures on a disc with
1591:
start publicly screening their films with their
Bioskop.
1457:
finishes work on a motion-picture camera, called the
69:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1613:, a lightweight, hand-held motion picture camera.
1336:develops his own version of Janssen's camera: a
1742:) in London, the first known film based on a
1168:
8:
1524:builds a motion-picture studio, dubbed the "
1843:, Danish actor, theatre director and writer
1472:holds the first public presentation of his
1373:that uses transparent pictures in a wheel.
1197:takes the oldest known extant photograph,
1175:
1161:
140:
1661:L'Arrivée d'un train en gare de La Ciotat
129:Learn how and when to remove this message
1780:
1362:to replace the glass plates then in use.
2007:
1762:October 1899 – Georges Méliès releases
1321:begins experimenting with new types of
166:
159:
143:
1624:develop their own film projector, the
1689:1896 – French magician and filmmaker
7:
1478:National Federation of Women's Clubs
1461:, and a viewing machine, called the
1301:holds a public demonstration of his
67:adding citations to reliable sources
1885:, English-born actor and cricketer
25:
1808:, American motion picture pioneer
1710:March 22, 1899 – London inventor
1707:are established in New York City.
1365:1887 – German chronophotographer
1871:, Norwegian stage and film actor
1801:, American inventor, businessman
151:
43:
2044:A Who's Who of Victorian Cinema
1431:becomes commercially available.
1200:View from the Window at Le Gras
54:needs additional citations for
1993:c. September 16, 1890 –
1878:, Finnish stage and film actor
1550:January 7, 1894 – Dickson and
1434:June 1889 or November 1890 –
1:
1995:Louis Aimé Augustin Le Prince
1864:, German stage and film actor
1411:Louis Aimé Augustin Le Prince
1226:) publishes the very similar
1850:, Italian actor and director
1654:January 26, 1896 – Brothers
1583:November 1895 – In Germany,
1498:begins public screenings in
2067:List of 19th century births
2058:List of 19th century deaths
1983:, American actor and writer
1972:September 15, 1869 –
1955:, Canadian-American actress
1829:, American actor and dancer
1647:. Armat began working with
1616:January 1896 – In Britain,
1601:December 1895 – In France,
1391:files for a patent for his
1380:files for a patent for his
1332:1882 – French physiologist
1281:hires British photographer
2117:
2049:List of 19th century films
1979:December 20, 1869 –
1937:February 23, 1868 –
1909:November 19, 1864 –
1860:December 20, 1861 –
1839:February 20, 1860 –
1832:February 14, 1859 –
1797:February 11, 1847 –
1724:colour motion picture film
1531:May 9, 1893 – In America,
1487:files for a patent of the
1343:1885 – American inventors
28:
1951:November 9, 1868 –
1930:January 19, 1866 –
1888:November 4, 1863 –
1867:November 4, 1862 –
1853:December 8, 1861 –
1815:, English actor, director
1811:January 15, 1853 –
1656:Auguste and Louis Lumière
1351:each invent a sensitized
1317:1882 – American inventor
1287:successfully photographed
1969:, English-American actor
1923:January 6, 1866 –
1846:August 24, 1861 –
1241:1870s – French inventor
1958:April 15, 1869 –
1944:April 10, 1868 –
1895:April 10, 1864 –
1874:April 19, 1863 –
1641:Charles Francis Jenkins
1277:1878 – Railroad tycoon
2101:19th-century overviews
1916:June 19, 1865 –
1881:July 21, 1863 –
1825:March 9, 1856 –
1818:July 12, 1854 –
1794:, English photographer
1790:April 9, 1830 –
1786:
1338:chronophotographic gun
78:"19th century in film"
1997:, French film pioneer
1902:June 9, 1864 –
1784:
1712:Edward Raymond Turner
1682:September 28, 1896 –
1496:Charles-Émile Reynaud
1455:William K. L. Dickson
1436:William K. L. Dickson
1325:, with his employee,
1272:photographic revolver
1243:Charles-Émile Reynaud
35:List of years in film
2086:19th century in film
1965:May 2, 1869 –
1686:is founded in Paris.
1628:(later known as the
1564:Edison's Black Maria
1312:Kingston upon Thames
63:improve this article
1939:Anna Hofman-Uddgren
1698:Bazar de la Charité
1334:Étienne-Jules Marey
1292:Étienne-Jules Marey
1230:a few months later.
1857:, French filmmaker
1792:Eadweard Muybridge
1787:
1756:The Dreyfus Affair
1594:1895 – In France,
1541:Brooklyn Institute
1483:August 24, 1891 –
1404:Eadweard Muybridge
1299:Eadweard Muybridge
1283:Eadweard Muybridge
1228:stroboscopic discs
1220:Simon von Stampfer
1941:, Swedish actress
1920:, English actress
1804:April 20, 1851 –
1749:September 1899 –
1705:Vitagraph Studios
1556:Fred Ott's Sneeze
1509:March 14, 1893 –
1429:photographic film
1393:photographic film
1382:photographic film
1371:Electrotachyscope
1360:photographic film
1323:photographic film
1185:
1184:
139:
138:
131:
113:
16:(Redirected from
2108:
2031:
2030:
2028:
2027:
2012:
1981:Charley Grapewin
1967:Tyrone Power Sr.
1962:, American actor
1960:Harry C. Bradley
1927:, American actor
1913:, American actor
1906:, French actress
1904:Jeanne Bérangère
1899:, American actor
1869:Rasmus Rasmussen
1589:Max Skladanowsky
1378:Hannibal Goodwin
1367:Ottomar Anschutz
1349:Hannibal Goodwin
1263:Passage de VĂ©nus
1245:improved on the
1212:optical illusion
1195:Nicéphore Niépce
1177:
1170:
1163:
155:
141:
134:
127:
123:
120:
114:
112:
71:
47:
39:
21:
2116:
2115:
2111:
2110:
2109:
2107:
2106:
2105:
2096:Film by century
2091:History of film
2076:
2075:
2040:
2035:
2034:
2025:
2023:
2014:
2013:
2009:
2004:
1990:
1948:, English actor
1934:, Italian actor
1925:Harry Davenport
1892:, British actor
1890:Harry Beresford
1883:C. Aubrey Smith
1836:, Swedish actor
1779:
1720:additive colour
1639:is designed by
1528:" by his staff.
1504:Théâtre Optique
1468:May 20, 1891 –
1279:Leland Stanford
1255:Théâtre Optique
1216:Phenakistoscope
1190:
1181:
1152:
1151:
1119:
1118:
1107:
1106:
1052:
1051:
1040:
1039:
985:
984:
973:
972:
918:
917:
906:
905:
851:
850:
839:
838:
784:
783:
772:
771:
717:
716:
705:
704:
650:
649:
638:
637:
583:
582:
571:
570:
516:
515:
504:
503:
449:
448:
437:
436:
382:
381:
370:
369:
315:
314:
303:
302:
248:
247:
236:
235:
181:
180:
135:
124:
118:
115:
72:
70:
60:
48:
37:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2114:
2112:
2104:
2103:
2098:
2093:
2088:
2078:
2077:
2074:
2073:
2064:
2055:
2046:
2039:
2038:External links
2036:
2033:
2032:
2006:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1999:
1998:
1989:
1986:
1985:
1984:
1977:
1976:, Polish actor
1970:
1963:
1956:
1953:Marie Dressler
1949:
1942:
1935:
1932:Dante Cappelli
1928:
1921:
1914:
1911:George Barbier
1907:
1900:
1897:Tully Marshall
1893:
1886:
1879:
1872:
1865:
1862:Ferdinand Bonn
1858:
1855:Georges Méliès
1851:
1844:
1837:
1830:
1823:
1820:George Eastman
1816:
1809:
1806:Siegmund Lubin
1802:
1795:
1785:George Eastman
1778:
1775:
1774:
1773:
1760:
1751:Georges Méliès
1747:
1727:
1714:applies for a
1708:
1701:
1694:
1691:Georges Méliès
1687:
1680:
1665:
1652:
1633:
1622:Robert W. Paul
1614:
1611:Cinématographe
1599:
1592:
1581:
1574:
1567:
1548:
1529:
1518:
1507:
1492:
1481:
1466:
1447:
1438:, working for
1432:
1418:George Eastman
1414:
1407:
1396:
1389:George Eastman
1385:
1374:
1363:
1345:George Eastman
1341:
1330:
1327:William Walker
1319:George Eastman
1315:
1295:
1275:
1258:
1239:
1231:
1208:Joseph Plateau
1204:
1189:
1186:
1183:
1182:
1180:
1179:
1172:
1165:
1157:
1154:
1153:
1150:
1149:
1146:
1141:
1136:
1131:
1126:
1120:
1114:
1113:
1112:
1109:
1108:
1105:
1104:
1099:
1094:
1089:
1084:
1079:
1074:
1069:
1064:
1059:
1053:
1047:
1046:
1045:
1042:
1041:
1038:
1037:
1032:
1027:
1022:
1017:
1012:
1007:
1002:
997:
992:
986:
980:
979:
978:
975:
974:
971:
970:
965:
960:
955:
950:
945:
940:
935:
930:
925:
919:
913:
912:
911:
908:
907:
904:
903:
898:
893:
888:
883:
878:
873:
868:
863:
858:
852:
846:
845:
844:
841:
840:
837:
836:
831:
826:
821:
816:
811:
806:
801:
796:
791:
785:
779:
778:
777:
774:
773:
770:
769:
764:
759:
754:
749:
744:
739:
734:
729:
724:
718:
712:
711:
710:
707:
706:
703:
702:
697:
692:
687:
682:
677:
672:
667:
662:
657:
651:
645:
644:
643:
640:
639:
636:
635:
630:
625:
620:
615:
610:
605:
600:
595:
590:
584:
578:
577:
576:
573:
572:
569:
568:
563:
558:
553:
548:
543:
538:
533:
528:
523:
517:
511:
510:
509:
506:
505:
502:
501:
496:
491:
486:
481:
476:
471:
466:
461:
456:
450:
444:
443:
442:
439:
438:
435:
434:
429:
424:
419:
414:
409:
404:
399:
394:
389:
383:
377:
376:
375:
372:
371:
368:
367:
362:
357:
352:
347:
342:
337:
332:
327:
322:
316:
310:
309:
308:
305:
304:
301:
300:
295:
290:
285:
280:
275:
270:
265:
260:
255:
249:
243:
242:
241:
238:
237:
234:
233:
228:
223:
218:
213:
208:
203:
198:
193:
188:
182:
176:
175:
174:
171:
170:
164:
163:
157:
156:
148:
147:
137:
136:
51:
49:
42:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2113:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2089:
2087:
2084:
2083:
2081:
2072:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2059:
2056:
2054:
2050:
2047:
2045:
2042:
2041:
2037:
2021:
2017:
2011:
2008:
2001:
1996:
1992:
1991:
1987:
1982:
1978:
1975:
1974:Paweł Owerłło
1971:
1968:
1964:
1961:
1957:
1954:
1950:
1947:
1946:George Arliss
1943:
1940:
1936:
1933:
1929:
1926:
1922:
1919:
1915:
1912:
1908:
1905:
1901:
1898:
1894:
1891:
1887:
1884:
1880:
1877:
1873:
1870:
1866:
1863:
1859:
1856:
1852:
1849:
1845:
1842:
1841:Karl Mantzius
1838:
1835:
1834:Justus Hagman
1831:
1828:
1824:
1821:
1817:
1814:
1810:
1807:
1803:
1800:
1799:Thomas Edison
1796:
1793:
1789:
1788:
1783:
1776:
1771:
1767:
1766:
1761:
1758:
1757:
1752:
1748:
1745:
1741:
1738:
1734:
1733:
1728:
1725:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1706:
1702:
1699:
1695:
1692:
1688:
1685:
1681:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1669:Thomas Edison
1667:April 1896 –
1666:
1663:
1662:
1657:
1653:
1650:
1649:Thomas Edison
1646:
1642:
1638:
1634:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1619:
1615:
1612:
1608:
1607:Louis Lumière
1604:
1600:
1597:
1593:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1579:
1575:
1572:
1568:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1552:William Heise
1549:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1533:Thomas Edison
1530:
1527:
1523:
1522:Thomas Edison
1519:
1516:
1512:
1511:Thomas Edison
1508:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1490:
1486:
1485:Thomas Edison
1482:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1470:Thomas Edison
1467:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1451:Thomas Edison
1448:
1445:
1441:
1440:Thomas Edison
1437:
1433:
1430:
1426:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1412:
1408:
1405:
1401:
1400:Thomas Edison
1397:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1361:
1357:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1313:
1308:
1307:magic lantern
1304:
1303:Zoopraxiscope
1300:
1296:
1293:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1273:
1269:
1268:Jules Janssen
1265:
1264:
1259:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1202:
1201:
1196:
1192:
1191:
1187:
1178:
1173:
1171:
1166:
1164:
1159:
1158:
1156:
1155:
1147:
1145:
1142:
1140:
1137:
1135:
1132:
1130:
1127:
1125:
1122:
1121:
1117:
1111:
1110:
1103:
1100:
1098:
1095:
1093:
1090:
1088:
1085:
1083:
1080:
1078:
1075:
1073:
1070:
1068:
1065:
1063:
1060:
1058:
1055:
1054:
1050:
1044:
1043:
1036:
1033:
1031:
1028:
1026:
1023:
1021:
1018:
1016:
1013:
1011:
1008:
1006:
1003:
1001:
998:
996:
993:
991:
988:
987:
983:
977:
976:
969:
966:
964:
961:
959:
956:
954:
951:
949:
946:
944:
941:
939:
936:
934:
931:
929:
926:
924:
921:
920:
916:
910:
909:
902:
899:
897:
894:
892:
889:
887:
884:
882:
879:
877:
874:
872:
869:
867:
864:
862:
859:
857:
854:
853:
849:
843:
842:
835:
832:
830:
827:
825:
822:
820:
817:
815:
812:
810:
807:
805:
802:
800:
797:
795:
792:
790:
787:
786:
782:
776:
775:
768:
765:
763:
760:
758:
755:
753:
750:
748:
745:
743:
740:
738:
735:
733:
730:
728:
725:
723:
720:
719:
715:
709:
708:
701:
698:
696:
693:
691:
688:
686:
683:
681:
678:
676:
673:
671:
668:
666:
663:
661:
658:
656:
653:
652:
648:
642:
641:
634:
631:
629:
626:
624:
621:
619:
616:
614:
611:
609:
606:
604:
601:
599:
596:
594:
591:
589:
586:
585:
581:
575:
574:
567:
564:
562:
559:
557:
554:
552:
549:
547:
544:
542:
539:
537:
534:
532:
529:
527:
524:
522:
519:
518:
514:
508:
507:
500:
497:
495:
492:
490:
487:
485:
482:
480:
477:
475:
472:
470:
467:
465:
462:
460:
457:
455:
452:
451:
447:
441:
440:
433:
430:
428:
425:
423:
420:
418:
415:
413:
410:
408:
405:
403:
400:
398:
395:
393:
390:
388:
385:
384:
380:
374:
373:
366:
363:
361:
358:
356:
353:
351:
348:
346:
343:
341:
338:
336:
333:
331:
328:
326:
323:
321:
318:
317:
313:
307:
306:
299:
296:
294:
291:
289:
286:
284:
281:
279:
276:
274:
271:
269:
266:
264:
261:
259:
256:
254:
251:
250:
246:
240:
239:
232:
229:
227:
224:
222:
219:
217:
214:
212:
209:
207:
204:
202:
199:
197:
194:
192:
189:
187:
184:
183:
179:
173:
172:
169:
165:
162:
158:
154:
150:
149:
146:
145:Years in film
142:
133:
130:
122:
111:
108:
104:
101:
97:
94:
90:
87:
83:
80: –
79:
75:
74:Find sources:
68:
64:
58:
57:
52:This article
50:
46:
41:
40:
36:
32:
27:
19:
2024:. Retrieved
2022:. 2012-09-12
2019:
2010:
1876:Hemmo Kallio
1813:Tom Ricketts
1763:
1754:
1730:
1722:process for
1684:Pathé-Frères
1673:Thomas Armat
1659:
1645:Thomas Armat
1630:Animatograph
1626:Theatrograph
1453:'s employee
1444:Monkeyshines
1314:in England).
1261:
1251:Praxinoscope
1198:
161:19th century
160:
125:
116:
106:
99:
92:
85:
73:
61:Please help
56:verification
53:
31:1900 in film
26:
18:1864 in film
1848:Dante Testa
1744:Shakespeare
1740:silent film
1578:Kinetoscope
1571:Kinetoscope
1560:Kinetoscope
1558:" with the
1545:Kinetoscope
1537:Kinetograph
1526:Black Maria
1515:Kinetoscope
1489:Kinetoscope
1474:Kinetoscope
1463:Kinetoscope
1459:Kinetograph
1402:meets with
1233:1866 – The
119:August 2020
2080:Categories
2026:2020-08-11
2002:References
1918:May Whitty
1770:Cinderella
1765:Cendrillon
1664:in France.
1618:Birt Acres
89:newspapers
29:See also:
1827:Eddie Foy
1753:releases
1732:King John
1677:Vitascope
1637:Vitascope
1422:celluloid
1353:celluloid
2020:BBC News
1735:(a very
1718:for his
1658:release
1476:for the
1247:Zoetrope
1235:Zoetrope
1703:1897 –
1603:Auguste
1596:Gaumont
1576:1894 –
1539:at the
1520:1893 –
1502:at the
1494:1892 –
1416:1889 –
1409:1888 –
1398:1888 –
1387:1888 –
1376:1887 –
1297:1880 –
1260:1874 –
1206:1833 –
1193:1826 –
103:scholar
1988:Deaths
1777:Births
1716:patent
1554:film "
1446:films.
1224:Vienna
1188:Events
105:
98:
91:
84:
76:
1746:play.
1737:short
1500:Paris
1427:roll
1358:roll
1238:move.
1116:2020s
1049:2010s
982:2000s
915:1990s
848:1980s
781:1970s
714:1960s
647:1950s
580:1940s
513:1930s
446:1920s
379:1910s
312:1900s
245:1890s
178:1880s
168:1870s
110:JSTOR
96:books
2071:IMDb
2062:IMDb
2053:IMDb
1671:and
1643:and
1620:and
1605:and
1587:and
1585:Emil
1562:at "
1425:base
1356:base
1347:and
1305:, a
1144:2024
1139:2023
1134:2022
1129:2021
1124:2020
1102:2019
1097:2018
1092:2017
1087:2016
1082:2015
1077:2014
1072:2013
1067:2012
1062:2011
1057:2010
1035:2009
1030:2008
1025:2007
1020:2006
1015:2005
1010:2004
1005:2003
1000:2002
995:2001
990:2000
968:1999
963:1998
958:1997
953:1996
948:1995
943:1994
938:1993
933:1992
928:1991
923:1990
901:1989
896:1988
891:1987
886:1986
881:1985
876:1984
871:1983
866:1982
861:1981
856:1980
834:1979
829:1978
824:1977
819:1976
814:1975
809:1974
804:1973
799:1972
794:1971
789:1970
767:1969
762:1968
757:1967
752:1966
747:1965
742:1964
737:1963
732:1962
727:1961
722:1960
700:1959
695:1958
690:1957
685:1956
680:1955
675:1954
670:1953
665:1952
660:1951
655:1950
633:1949
628:1948
623:1947
618:1946
613:1945
608:1944
603:1943
598:1942
593:1941
588:1940
566:1939
561:1938
556:1937
551:1936
546:1935
541:1934
536:1933
531:1932
526:1931
521:1930
499:1929
494:1928
489:1927
484:1926
479:1925
474:1924
469:1923
464:1922
459:1921
454:1920
432:1919
427:1918
422:1917
417:1916
412:1915
407:1914
402:1913
397:1912
392:1911
387:1910
365:1909
360:1908
355:1907
350:1906
345:1905
340:1904
335:1903
330:1902
325:1901
320:1900
298:1899
293:1898
288:1897
283:1896
278:1895
273:1894
268:1893
263:1892
258:1891
253:1890
231:1889
226:1888
221:1887
216:1886
211:1885
206:1884
201:1883
196:1882
191:1881
186:1880
82:news
33:and
2069:at
2060:at
2051:at
1675:'s
1420:'s
1270:'s
1218:).
65:by
2082::
2018:.
1772:".
1632:).
1566:".
1517:).
2029:.
1726:.
1547:.
1491:.
1480:.
1465:.
1395:.
1384:.
1329:.
1274:.
1222:(
1203:.
1176:e
1169:t
1162:v
1148:…
132:)
126:(
121:)
117:(
107:·
100:·
93:·
86:·
59:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.