194:. The patent was issued on 14 January 1889. Reynaud in the 1888 patent: "The aim of the apparatus is to obtain the illusion of motion, which is no longer limited to the repetition of the same poses at each turn of the instrument, as is necessary in all known apparatus (Zootropes, Praxinoscopes, etc.), but Having, on the contrary, an indefinite variety and duration, and thus producing real scenes animated by unlimited development. Hence the name of Optical Theater given by the inventor to this apparatus" (translated from French).
214:). It consisted of 700 individually painted 6 x 6 cm pictures in a 50 meter long flexible strip. Reynaud manipulated the speed and repeated movements by moving the film back and forth through the projector to tell a visual story that lasted close to fifteen minutes. The film would not be exhibited to the public until 1892.
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448:, Russian animator, cinematographer, film director, and screenwriter, (directed
357:
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883:
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667:
1121:
1101:
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736:
The Many Faces of Weimar Cinema: Rediscovering
Germany's Filmic Legacy
1135:
1036:
Animation: A World
History: Volume I: Foundations - The Golden Age
326:
291:
121:
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324:, American composer and choirmaster (voice of the Deacon Crow in
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715:
269:: Manuel Urda MarĂn, Spanish comics artist and animator, (d.
668:"Some remarks on the first Japanese animation films in 1917"
460:, the first Soviet short film that combined live-action and
232:: Win Smith, Canadian-American animator and comics artist (
762:"CEC — eContact! 15.4 — Visual Music by Maura McDonnell"
190:
files a patent for his animated moving picture system
716:"Hans Richter - Film Ist Rhythm: Rhythmus 21 (c1921)"
942:"Claude Allister - Broadway Cast & Staff - IBDB"
2214:
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1962:
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1173:
17:
974:. US: Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 762–764.
972:Historical Dictionary of Russian and Soviet Cinema
388:, French actor and singer (sang the title song in
1007:(1987). — Moscow: Soviet Encyclopedia, 640 pages
864:"Marice Chevalier Dead; Singer and Actor Was 83"
565:"Emile Reynaud: First Motion Picture Cartoonist"
1078:Cartoons: One hundred years of cinema animation
1003:Cinema: Encyclopedic Dictionary // main editor
816:(in German). Munich: Wilhelm Fink. p. 62.
1151:
645:"Japan finds films by early "anime" pioneers"
8:
691:"AFROCENTRIC VOICES: Hall Johnson Biography"
1158:
1144:
1136:
1056:Hand-Drawn and Stop-Motion Animated Films
781:"New York Times: Ghosts Before Breakfast"
766:CEC - Canadian Electroacoustic Community
733:Rogowski, Christian (12 December 2018).
497:
509:
478:
415:, English actor (voice of Sir Giles in
485:
424:The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad
839:"Richter, Hans - Deutsche Biographie"
7:
355:, directed the animated short films
294:, (directed animated adaptations of
1128:Derek Spring & Richard Taylor.
1102:"A Chronology of Cinema, 1889-1896"
901:(1st ed.). New York: Morrow.
14:
959:Vechernjaja Moskva, 25.10.1955
1:
544:Who's Who of Victorian Cinema
525:Brevet d'invention N° 194 482
522:Reynaud, Émile (1888-12-01).
1032:Giannalberto Bendazzi (2016)
1130:Stalinism and Soviet Cinema
897:Freedland, Michael (1981).
2286:
843:www.deutsche-biographie.de
814:Medien der Unmittelbarkeit
204:creates the animated film
994:Spring & Taylor p.236
749:– via Google Books.
1114:Indiana University Press
1083:Indiana University Press
1058:book (1957) (in Russian)
783:. Movies & TV Dept.
970:Peter Rollberg (2009).
540:"Charles-Émile Reynaud"
488:, p. 193; 195-198.
364:Ghosts Before Breakfast
297:The Crab and the Monkey
1100:Rossell, Deac (1995).
1073:Bendazzi, Giannalberto
1052:Bolvashka's Adventures
940:League, The Broadway.
837:Biographie, Deutsche.
812:Wilke, Tobias (2010).
779:Matthew Tobey (2011).
563:Myrent, Glenn (1989).
458:Bolvashka's Adventures
454:traditionally animated
666:Frederick S. Litten.
462:stop motion animation
456:Soviet cartoons, and
202:Charles-Émile Reynaud
188:Charles-Émile Reynaud
872:. February 14, 1972.
418:The Reluctant Dragon
886:. October 25, 2019.
884:"Maurice Chevalier"
452:, one of the first
1167:Years in animation
1132:. Routledge, 2013.
1017:Yuri Zhelyabuzhsky
869:The New York Times
786:The New York Times
760:McDonnell, Maura.
695:www.afrovoices.com
446:Yuri Zhelyabuzhsky
353:abstract animation
79: ·
73: ·
23:Years in animation
2270:1888 in animation
2257:
2256:
1054:article from the
1050:Semyon Ginzburg.
981:978-0-8108-6072-8
929:on March 6, 2016.
899:Maurice Chevalier
823:978-3-7705-4923-8
421:, and Mr. Rat in
386:Maurice Chevalier
172:1888 in animation
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1005:Sergei Yutkevich
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925:. Archived from
923:"Claud Allister"
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789:. Archived from
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739:. Camden House.
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450:The Skating Rink
288:SeitarĹŤ Kitayama
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793:on 20 May 2011
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575:(3): 191–202.
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512:, p. 119.
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413:Claud Allister
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391:The Aristocats
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198:Date uncertain
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243:Mickey Mouse
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234:Penguin Pete
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1116:: 115–236.
1021:Animator.ru
845:(in German)
624:lambiek.net
599:lambiek.net
595:"Win Smith"
486:Myrent 1989
442:December 24
358:Rhythmus 21
238:Looney Luke
212:A Good Beer
207:Un bon bock
1092:0253209374
908:0688006523
849:2023-06-25
676:2014-01-02
549:2007-03-11
473:References
267:February 1
230:January 22
184:December 1
170:Events in
647:. Reuters
409:October 3
376:September
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2264:Category
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1460:1900s
1397:1890s
1334:1880s
1271:1870s
1208:1860s
1175:1850s
1118:JSTOR
1112:(2).
720:Vimeo
671:(PDF)
577:JSTOR
339:April
327:Dumbo
292:anime
278:March
130:Years
122:1910s
118:1900s
114:1890s
109:1880s
104:1870s
100:1860s
96:1850s
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2244:2024
2239:2023
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2201:2018
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