92:
220:, those wanting Australia to become a republic with a president chosen by the Parliament ("indirect electionists"), those wanting Australia to become a republic with a president elected by the people ("direct electionists"), and those having no fixed position or seeking a compromise between the other groups. In the fourth group, Republicans dominated both subgroups, but proved far from united in their views.
151:
justice ... notwithstanding anything contained elsewhere in this
Constitution". The convention was held in Canberra and consisted of 24 members – six nominated by the federal government, six by the federal opposition, the six state premiers, and the six state leaders of the opposition. After an opening speech by Prime Minister
254:
The only commonsense interpretation of this
Convention is, firstly, that a majority of people have voted generically in favour of a republic... Secondly, amongst the republican models, the one that has just got 73 votes is clearly preferred. When you bind those two together, it would be a travesty in
174:
government in 1973 to consider possible amendments to the
Constitution which could be put to the people for approval at a referendum. The Convention, which was not elected but consisted of delegates chosen by the federal and state Parliaments, met through 1973–75 but achieved nothing as a result of
40:
The draft
Constitution that was the final product of the first two conventions was approved at referendum in 1899 and 1900 by a 72% "Yes" vote on a 58% turnout. There have been four of the latter conventions post Federation, but no constitutional proposal from these has been approved by referendum,
155:, Evatt announced that he was withdrawing his original draft due to public criticism and would substitute a watered-down series of proposals. The convention was immediately adjourned for 24 hours. It eventually appointed a drafting committee which produced the "14 powers" amendment that was put to
227:
If this
Convention does not express a clear view on a preferred republican alternative, then the people will be asked – after the next election – to vote in a preliminary plebiscite which presents them with all the reasonable alternatives. Then a formal constitutional referendum offering a choice
150:
proposed addition to the constitution of section 60A. This would have made the powers of federal parliament virtually unlimited, declaring "the power of the
Parliament shall extend to all measures which in the declared opinion of the Parliament will tend to achieve economic security and social
255:
commonsense terms of
Australian democracy for that proposition not to be put to the Australian people. Moreover, it would represent a cynical dishonouring of my word as Prime Minister and the promises that my coalition made to the Australian people before the last election.
212:
The
Convention consisted of 152 delegates, of whom half were elected by the people and half were appointed by the federal government. This latter group included senior federal, state and territory politicians appointed by virtue of their positions.
156:
110:
The next constitutional convention – the
Australasian Federal Convention – was held in stages in 1897–98. Unlike the first convention, the delegates from New South Wales, Victoria, South Australia and Tasmania
130:, the parliament had not passed the necessary legislation, so the northern colony was also unrepresented. In the other five colonies ten delegates from each colony were elected by the people, although
865:
1070:
277:), thereby allowing the bi-partisan model to succeed. They reasoned that the model would be defeated at a referendum, and a second referendum called with direct election as the model.
1974:
1034:
1934:
988:
321:
1929:
1899:
718:
1919:
1914:
1904:
1894:
1844:
998:
750:
1909:
134:
attendance was sporadic. At
Melbourne the convention finally produced a draft constitution which was eventually approved by the people at referendums in the colonies.
1869:
1829:
250:(ACM) and other monarchist groups was to oppose all republican models, including the minimalist McGarvie model. In response, John Howard stated to the Convention:
1824:
1814:
123:
in January 1898. The intervals between the sessions were used for intense debate in the colonial parliaments and for public discussion of the draft constitution.
1979:
1819:
1791:
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1136:
112:
86:
1786:
1776:
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1731:
1716:
1696:
1666:
1661:
1656:
1651:
1131:
978:
917:
41:
and those put to referendum (proposals from the 1942 and 1998 conventions) were soundly defeated, reaching no more than 46% approval on 90% to 96% turnout.
1801:
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1216:
1211:
1206:
1201:
1126:
1116:
1106:
963:
860:
819:
814:
783:
37:. The first two gatherings debated Federation and what form of Constitution to adopt, while the following conventions debated amendments to the document.
1196:
1191:
1186:
1181:
1176:
1171:
1166:
1161:
1156:
1121:
1101:
778:
296:
1064:
464:
184:
1024:
993:
983:
973:
968:
243:
91:
662:
393:
247:
1964:
932:
1060:
1055:
834:
743:
1075:
1889:
1984:
1969:
1939:
1924:
1884:
1859:
1050:
788:
1879:
1849:
1874:
1864:
1854:
927:
1834:
1989:
1839:
912:
705:
673:
566:
291:
1781:
1756:
1726:
1721:
1711:
1706:
1701:
1691:
1686:
1681:
1671:
1646:
1631:
1621:
1616:
1611:
1601:
1591:
1586:
1576:
1571:
1566:
1561:
1556:
736:
205:. During the Convention, Prime Minister John Howard dedicated an area of parkland to the south-east of Old Parliament House as
162:
That proposal was lost at the referendum, only gaining 46% of the vote and only passing in two out of the four states required.
615:
579:
228:
between the present system and the republican alternative receiving most support in the preliminary plebiscite would follow.
902:
829:
452:
206:
1019:
311:
1080:
723:
306:
198:
104:
126:
Since 1891, New Zealand had lost interest in federating with the Australian colonies, and was not represented. In
1014:
759:
529:
367:
341:
958:
942:
57:. There were 46 delegates at the Convention, chosen by the seven colonial parliaments. Among the delegates was
922:
886:
850:
773:
586:
217:
34:
472:
1085:
907:
881:
246:, 57 against and 22 abstained. Not one constitutional monarchist delegate voted in favour. The policy of
824:
301:
266:
216:
The Convention was divided into four philosophical groups: those wanting to retain Australia's existing
401:
809:
286:
17:
62:
50:
1029:
511:
1111:
855:
793:
701:
669:
562:
143:
131:
639:
503:
202:
146:
convened a constitutional convention for the sole purpose of discussing Attorney-General's
70:
61:, known as the "Father of Federation". The Convention approved a draft largely written by
49:
The 1891 Constitutional Convention was held in Sydney in March 1891 to consider a draft
316:
265:
A number of republicans who supported direct election abstained from the vote (such as
1958:
937:
171:
100:
115:. The delegates of Western Australia were chosen by its parliament. It met first in
698:
Two Weeks in Lilliput: Bear Baiting and Backbiting At the Constitutional Convention
559:
Two Weeks in Lilliput: Bear Baiting and Backbiting At the Constitutional Convention
58:
622:
590:
270:
234:
194:
152:
147:
96:
54:
274:
127:
74:
728:
120:
119:
in March 1897, then in Sydney in August, before, finally, it met again in
190:
116:
66:
515:
507:
223:
At the opening of the Convention, Prime Minister John Howard stated:
53:
for the proposed federation of the British colonies in Australia and
77:, but the colonial parliaments failed to act to give effect to it.
90:
724:
The Australian Broadcasting Commission's 1998 Convention website
193:
in February 1998. The Convention was convened by Prime Minister
732:
719:
Records of the Australasian Federal Conventions of the 1890s
33:
in Australia are significant meetings that have debated the
779:
Chapter I of the Constitution of Australia: The Legislature
815:
Chapter II of the Constitution of Australia: The Executive
170:
The 1973 Constitutional Convention was established by the
27:
Significant meetings debating the Australian Constitution
502:(1). Australian Institute of Science and Policy: 7–14.
494:
Louat, Frank (1943). "The Unconventional Convention".
1035:
Australian Constitution (Public Record Copy) Act 1990
553:
551:
465:"Federation Fact Sheet 1 – The Referendums 1898–1900"
856:
Chapter III of the constitution of Australia: Courts
322:
Constitutional recognition of Indigenous Australians
1800:
1145:
1094:
1071:
2017–18 Australian parliamentary eligibility crisis
1043:
1007:
951:
895:
874:
843:
802:
766:
95:The drafting committee at the 1897–98 convention –
440:The Australian Constitution: a Documentary History
197:to fulfill a promise made by his predecessor as
400:. Canberra ACT. 7 November 2023. Archived from
260:Prime Minister John Howard on 13 February 1998.
252:
225:
1975:Constitutional conventions (political meeting)
646:. South Yarra: Hardie Grant Books. p. 32.
471:. Canberra, ACT. 24 March 2011. Archived from
744:
87:1897 Australasian Federal Convention election
8:
442:. Melbourne: Melbourne U.P. pp. 34–458.
861:Section 75 of the Constitution of Australia
820:Section 61 of the Constitution of Australia
784:Section 51 of the Constitution of Australia
1860:(xviii) Copyrights, patents and trademarks
1149:
928:Implied freedom of political communication
751:
737:
729:
297:Commonwealth of Australia Constitution Act
189:The 1998 Constitutional Convention met in
691:The Making of the Australian Constitution
668:(Report). Australia: Referendum Council.
425:The Making of the Australian Constitution
185:Australian Constitutional Convention 1998
175:non-support by the conservative parties.
1025:Statute of Westminster Adoption Act 1942
333:
248:Australians for Constitutional Monarchy
1825:(v) Post and telegraph (communication)
663:Final Report of the Referendum Council
1086:Separatist movements within Australia
933:Implied immunity of instrumentalities
7:
1137:VIII: Alteration of the Constitution
1076:List of proposed states of Australia
242:73 delegates voted in favour of the
18:1898 Australasian Federal Convention
1920:(xxxv) Conciliation and arbitration
1051:Constitutional history of Australia
661:Referendum Council (30 June 2017).
580:"Constitutional Convention Hansard"
453:1301.0 – Year Book Australia, 1909
25:
1815:(i) Interstate trade and commerce
693:, Melbourne University Press 1972
589:. 2 February 1998. Archived from
394:"Voter turnout – previous events"
292:Australian Constitutional history
1980:History of Australia (1851–1900)
1865:(xix) Naturalization and aliens
534:Australian Electoral Commission
469:Australian Electoral Commission
398:Australian Electoral Commission
372:Australian Electoral Commission
346:Australian Electoral Commission
1915:(xxxi) Acquisition of property
530:"Referendum dates and results"
368:"Referendum dates and results"
342:"Referendum dates and results"
1:
1965:Australian constitutional law
903:Australian Constitutional Law
244:Bi-partisan appointment model
1107:II: The Executive Government
207:Constitution Place, Canberra
113:were elected by popular vote
1020:Statute of Westminster 1931
999:Retirement of judges (1977)
616:"Constitutional Convention"
427:. Melbourne: Melbourne U.P.
312:Republic Advisory Committee
2006:
1985:Legal history of Australia
1970:Republicanism in Australia
1081:Republicanism in Australia
1061:Constitutional Conventions
918:Constitutional conventions
438:Williams, John M. (2005).
307:Republicanism in Australia
182:
84:
31:Constitutional conventions
1152:
1015:Constitution of Australia
938:Reserve power (sovereign)
835:Federal Executive Council
760:Constitution of Australia
644:Fighting For the Republic
1990:Conventions in Australia
1890:(xxiiiA) Social security
789:House of Representatives
423:La Nauze, J. A. (1972).
1905:(xxix) External affairs
989:Casual vacancies (1977)
964:Senate elections (1906)
587:Parliament of Australia
218:constitutional monarchy
35:Australian Constitution
1802:Enumerated legislative
979:Social services (1946)
974:2nd State debts (1928)
969:1st State debts (1910)
908:Responsible government
882:Inter-State Commission
263:
240:
142:In November 1942, the
107:
1910:(xxx) Pacific islands
1117:IV: Finance and Trade
943:Reserved State powers
302:Monarchy in Australia
94:
85:Further information:
1008:Constitutional texts
913:Separation of powers
496:Australian Quarterly
287:History of Australia
157:a referendum in 1944
81:1897–1898 convention
1900:(xxvii) Immigration
1804:powers (Section 51)
1112:III: The Judicature
63:Andrew Inglis Clark
51:Frame of Government
1935:(xxxviii) Imperial
1925:(xxxvi) Transition
1132:VII: Miscellaneous
1030:Australia Act 1986
994:Referendums (1977)
984:Aboriginals (1967)
959:Referendum process
875:Other institutions
866:Boilermakers' Case
628:on 8 January 2011.
475:on 7 December 2023
237:, 2 February 1998.
132:Western Australian
108:
1952:
1951:
1948:
1947:
1930:(xxxvii) Referral
1870:(xx) Corporations
1102:I: The Parliament
767:Legislative power
596:on 8 January 2011
404:on 4 January 2024
144:Curtin government
16:(Redirected from
1997:
1940:(xxxix) Incident
1885:(xxiii) Pensions
1150:
830:Governor-General
753:
746:
739:
730:
700:(Penguin, 1998,
689:J. A. La Nauze,
679:
667:
648:
647:
640:Malcolm Turnbull
636:
630:
629:
627:
621:. Archived from
620:
612:
606:
605:
603:
601:
595:
584:
576:
570:
561:(Penguin, 1998,
555:
546:
545:
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508:10.2307/20631080
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203:Alexander Downer
105:Richard O'Connor
59:Sir Henry Parkes
21:
2005:
2004:
2000:
1999:
1998:
1996:
1995:
1994:
1955:
1954:
1953:
1944:
1855:(xiv) Insurance
1835:(ix) Quarantine
1803:
1796:
1141:
1090:
1039:
1003:
947:
891:
870:
839:
803:Executive power
798:
762:
757:
715:
696:Vizard, Steve,
686:
684:Further reading
676:
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557:Vizard, Steve,
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536:. Canberra, ACT
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374:. Canberra, ACT
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348:. Canberra, ACT
340:
339:
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283:
262:
259:
239:
233:Prime Minister
232:
187:
181:
179:1998 convention
168:
166:1973 convention
140:
138:1942 convention
89:
83:
71:Samuel Griffith
47:
45:1891 convention
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2003:
2001:
1993:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1977:
1972:
1967:
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1956:
1950:
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1942:
1937:
1932:
1927:
1922:
1917:
1912:
1907:
1902:
1897:
1892:
1887:
1882:
1880:(xxii) Divorce
1877:
1875:(xxi) Marriage
1872:
1867:
1862:
1857:
1852:
1850:(xiii) Banking
1847:
1845:(xii) Currency
1842:
1837:
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1129:
1127:VI: New States
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844:Judicial power
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832:
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713:External links
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317:McGarvie Model
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183:Main article:
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1820:(ii) Taxation
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1056:The Dismissal
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101:Edmund Barton
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1830:(vi) Defence
1044:Other topics
697:
690:
655:Bibliography
643:
634:
623:the original
610:
598:. Retrieved
591:the original
574:
558:
538:. Retrieved
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473:the original
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29:
1895:(xxvi) Race
600:16 February
271:Phil Cleary
235:John Howard
195:John Howard
153:John Curtin
148:H. V. Evatt
97:John Downer
55:New Zealand
1959:Categories
1146:By section
1095:By chapter
952:Amendments
923:Federalism
851:High Court
774:Parliament
328:References
275:Clem Jones
128:Queensland
75:Queensland
1811:Powers of
896:Doctrines
540:5 January
479:8 January
408:8 January
378:5 January
352:5 January
121:Melbourne
825:Monarchy
642:(1999).
516:20631080
281:See also
267:Ted Mack
258:—
231:—
201:leader,
191:Canberra
117:Adelaide
67:Tasmania
810:Cabinet
199:Liberal
172:Whitlam
794:Senate
704:
672:
565:
514:
273:, and
666:(PDF)
626:(PDF)
619:(PDF)
594:(PDF)
583:(PDF)
512:JSTOR
73:from
65:from
1677:105A
1065:1998
702:ISBN
670:ISBN
602:2011
563:ISBN
542:2024
481:2024
410:2024
380:2024
354:2024
103:and
69:and
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1787:127
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1961::
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550:^
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1063:(
752:e
745:t
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569:)
544:.
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356:.
20:)
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