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the sea. There was a lake above the camp, which burst its bank due to the shock, and deluged the site of the camp with water and debris. Shortly after this a wave of water 20 feet high came in from the sea. One can imagine the men running for their lives while not knowing which way to turn, but all escaped to the higher ground, though losing most of their provisions. After things had calmed down they returned to the campsite to find that one of their boats had survived intact. The next morning they found an empty damaged native canoe that they were able to repair, and with the two boats were able to make their way to the small settlement of
206:. The most powerful of these occurred on September 3 and September 10 at about noon, local time. The area was sparsely populated and no fatalities were recorded, but the earthquakes were notable for the degree of elevation recorded, up to 47 feet, and for the effects on the glaciers in the region. Fieldwork on the effects of the earthquake was carried out between 1905 and 1910, and a summary report was published in 1912. The September 3rd large shock's magnitude is debated, but it ranges from 8.2â8.5. The second earthquake on September the 10th was also a comparably large shock, with magnitudes ranging from 8.2â8.6.
43:
248:
were often found still attached to the rocks well above the highest tidal level, and the killing of trees by saltwater where depression had occurred; and human testimony, both comparison with reports of previous expeditions and the evidence of native american inhabitants who knew the coast well from their hunting activities. Taken together they found evidence for uplift of up to 47 feet (about 14 metres). This is more than had ever been reported up to that date
268:(which caused difficulties to the prospectors on their way to safety, and to ships arriving in the region in the days after the earthquake) and to the formation of deep crevasses, which made traverse of the ice impossible in areas that had been previously passable. Longer-term effects noted in the fieldwork were substantial advances in many of the icebergs close to the earthquake zone. Tarr and Martin attribute this to earthquake-induced
50:
293:
The earthquake was clearly felt up to 250 miles from the centre of activity, and there were reports from up to 700 miles away that may have been of the same earthquake or of associated shocks. Seismographs throughout the world recorded the earthquake of
September 10, as well as the earlier and later
247:
in subsequent years found evidence of substantial changes in ground level in the affected areas, mostly uplift. The evidence was of several types: physiographic, such as elevated sea-cliffs, sea-caves, and beaches as well as new reefs and islands; biologic, most conspicuously barnacles, whose shells
222:
using dangling knives, and counted 52 shocks before the most powerful shock occurred at noon. This was strong enough that the men could not stand, and some of them avoided being thrown about by holding on to the tent pole. The shock lasted several minutes, with the ground shaking like the swell of
294:
shocks during
September. Records show that the time of the heaviest shock on September 10 was 12:22 pm local solar time, equivalent to 21:40:13 UTC. The magnitude of the earthquake has been estimated at 8.0-8.6, and the approximate location of the epicentre was 60 deg north, 140 deg west.
272:
in the mountainous areas above the glaciers leading to an increase in the snow and ice deposited on the upper parts of the glacier. This additional load would work its way down the track of the glacier over a period of years. By contrast,
31:
A raised beach in an area of
Yakutat Bay, Alaska, uplifted by 47 feet in the 1899 earthquakes. The white patches on the cliff in the foreground are the remains of bryozoa, which would have been in the inter-tidal zone when
227:. This took several days, as they had to make their way through a mass of floating ice. When they reached Yakutat they found the place empty, and the whole village camped out on the hill behind the village.
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The immediate effect of the earthquake on the glaciers of the
Yakutat Bay region was shattering of the ice at the margins of the glaciers. This led to a release of many
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Figure showing the relative time intervals and the approximate relative intensities of the earthquakes of
September, 1899 at Yakutat Bay.
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The most dramatic accounts came from a group of prospectors whose camp was close to a glacial stream about a mile SE of the ice cliff of
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The earthquakes at
Yakutat Bay, Alaska, in September, 1899. US Geological Survey Professional Paper No 69
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Map of the
Earthquakes At Yakutat Bay showing measurements, change of level, and inferred fault lines
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Abe, K; Noguchi, S (1983). "Revision of magnitudes of large shallow earthquakes, 1897-1912".
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Map showing glaciers that advanced up to 1906 through earthquake avalanching in 1899
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218:. After the initial shock on the morning of September 10, they rigged up a
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340:"Yakataga gap, Alaska: Seismic history and earthquake potential"
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194:During September 1899 there was a series of severe
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441:Tarr, Ralph Stockman; Martin, Lawrence (1912).
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8:
460:Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors
447:. Washington DC: Government Printing Office.
407:Coffman, Jerry L; von Hake, Carl A. (1970).
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2343:1899 natural disasters in the United States
2338:Earthquake clusters, swarms, and sequences
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409:"Earthquake History of the United States"
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314:List of earthquakes in the United States
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243:Field investigations by members of the
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417:United States Department of Commerce
16:Series of earthquakes in Alaska, USA
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2333:Yakutat City and Borough, Alaska
1555:Earthquakes in the United States
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41:
172:
304:List of historical earthquakes
1:
364:10.1126/science.207.4437.1309
309:List of earthquakes in Alaska
480:10.1016/0031-9201(83)90002-X
20:1899 Yakutat Bay Earthquakes
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421:Department of the Interior
2216:2018 Southern Appalachian
1387:
37:
24:
1604:1812 San Juan Capistrano
621:1817 Santiago del Estero
591:1812 San Juan Capistrano
521:Earthquakes in the 1800s
423:: 108. Publication 41-1.
338:McCann, William (1980).
2236:2020 Monte Cristo Range
1985:1986 North Palm Springs
1840:1948 Desert Hot Springs
2287:2010â11 Guy-Greenbrier
1860:1957 Andreanof Islands
1684:1892 VacavilleâWinters
1629:1867 Manhattan, Kansas
1416:1957 Andreanof Islands
1224:1892 VacavilleâWinters
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240:
2323:Earthquakes in Alaska
2297:2009âpresent Oklahoma
2186:2014 Southeast Alaska
2181:2014 Aleutian Islands
1995:1987 Whittier Narrows
1905:1968 Borrego Mountain
1855:1954 Churchill County
1830:1946 Aleutian Islands
1825:1944 CornwallâMassena
1725:1906 Aleutian Islands
1569:1585 Aleutian Islands
1470:2014 Aleutian Islands
1410:1946 Aleutian Islands
1404:1906 Aleutian Islands
1392:1585 Aleutian Islands
1381:Earthquakes in Alaska
1178:1888 North Canterbury
288:
259:
238:
198:in the region around
2146:2010 Baja California
2000:1987 Imperial Valley
1990:1986 Chalfant Valley
1950:1979 Imperial Valley
1745:1915 Pleasant Valley
1740:1915 Imperial Valley
1173:1888 RĂo de la Plata
1113:1881 Nicobar Islands
581:1811â1812 New Madrid
245:US Geological Survey
2226:2020 Salt Lake City
2171:2013 Port Alexander
2111:2006 Gulf of Mexico
2025:1992 Cape Mendocino
1790:1932 Cedar Mountain
1659:1872 North Cascades
1098:1880 Southern Luzon
1057:1872 North Cascades
971:1867 Virgin Islands
769:1841 CaĂda da Praia
611:1816 North Atlantic
472:1983PEPI...33....1A
356:1980Sci...207.1309M
350:(4437): 1309â1314.
252:Effects on glaciers
210:Eyewitness accounts
152: /
21:
2231:2020 Central Idaho
2050:1993 Klamath Falls
1865:1957 San Francisco
1820:1940 New Hampshire
1800:1934 Hansel Valley
1770:1925 Santa Barbara
1760:1921 Sevier Valley
1720:1906 San Francisco
1679:1892 Laguna Salada
1609:1812 Santa Barbara
1599:1811â12 New Madrid
1574:1638 New Hampshire
1329:1899 AydınâDenizli
1214:1892 Laguna Salada
1168:1888 Ritter Island
631:1819 Rann of Kutch
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262:
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89:September 10, 1899
2310:
2309:
2045:1993 Scotts Mills
2015:1991 Sierra Madre
1930:1975 Near Islands
1920:1971 San Fernando
1885:1962 Cache Valley
1730:1909 Wabash River
1664:1882 Fort Collins
1654:1872 Owens Valley
1521:
1520:
1446:1975 Near Islands
1347:
1346:
1204:1891 Port Waikato
1143:1885 Belovodoskoe
1123:1883 Casamicciola
1047:1872 Owens Valley
1001:1869 Christchurch
192:
191:
2350:
2328:1899 earthquakes
2126:2008 Chino Hills
2070:1999 Hector Mine
2020:1992 Joshua Tree
2005:1989 Loma Prieta
1980:1984 Morgan Hill
1960:1981 Westmorland
1945:1979 Coyote Lake
1900:1965 Puget Sound
1895:1965 Rat Islands
1880:1959 Hebgen Lake
1850:1952 Kern County
1755:1918 San Jacinto
1699:1899 San Jacinto
1694:1898 Mare Island
1614:1838 San Andreas
1548:
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1525:
1482:2016 Old Iliamna
1452:1979 Saint Elias
1440:1965 Rat Islands
1398:1899 Yakutat Bay
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1339:1899 San Jacinto
1324:1899 Yakutat Bay
1314:1898 Mare Island
1148:1886 Peloponnese
941:1863 Hawke's Bay
804:1848 Marlborough
774:1842 Cap-HaĂŻtien
738:1838 San Andreas
688:1833 BiharâNepal
576:1810 North Korea
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2221:2019 Ridgecrest
2191:2014 South Napa
2116:2006 Kiholo Bay
2106:2003 San Simeon
2079:
2075:2000 Yountville
2065:1998 Pymatuning
2055:1994 Northridge
2040:1992 St. George
1970:1983 Borah Peak
1925:1973 Point Mugu
1915:1969 Santa Rosa
1875:1958 Lituya Bay
1810:1936 State Line
1795:1933 Long Beach
1703:
1689:1895 Charleston
1669:1886 Charleston
1644:1870 Charlevoix
1619:1857 Fort Tejon
1594:1783 New Jersey
1579:1663 Charlevoix
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1428:1958 Lituya Bay
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1209:1891 MinoâOwari
1192:
1153:1886 Charleston
1138:1884 Andalusian
1133:1884 Colchester
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1027:1870 Charlevoix
1010:
909:
890:1857 Basilicata
885:1857 Fort Tejon
808:
784:1843 Guadeloupe
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718:1835 ConcepciĂłn
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1815:1940 El Centro
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545:1804 Kisakata
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71:
67:
64:
60:
44:
36:
28:
23:
2292:2012 Brawley
2246:2021 Chignik
2151:2010 Indiana
2101:2003 Alabama
2084:21st century
2030:1992 Landers
1845:1949 Olympia
1765:1925 Montana
1708:20th century
1639:1868 Hayward
1624:1865 Memphis
1512:2021 Chignik
1397:
1323:
1289:1896 Sanriku
1229:1893 Malatya
1077:1879 Surigao
1072:1877 Iquique
996:1868 Hayward
991:1868 Ecuador
976:1867 Keelung
951:1865 Memphis
931:1861 Mendoza
926:1861 Mendoza
921:1861 Sumatra
900:1859 Erzurum
825:1851 Vulture
820:1850 Xichang
799:1847 Zenkoji
733:1838 Vrancea
723:1837 Galilee
698:1833 Sumatra
693:1833 Kunming
626:1819 CopiapĂł
596:1812 Ventura
586:1812 Caracas
550:1804 AlmerĂa
540:1803 Garhwal
535:1802 Vrancea
463:
459:
453:
443:
412:
383:. Retrieved
347:
343:
292:
275:Muir Glacier
263:
242:
213:
193:
182:
161:60.0; -140.0
2241:2020 Sparta
2206:2018 Hawaii
2201:2018 Alaska
2141:2010 Eureka
2096:2002 Denali
2010:1990 Upland
1975:1983 Kaoiki
1955:1980 Eureka
1940:1975 Hawaii
1935:1975 Morris
1890:1964 Alaska
1870:1958 Huslia
1805:1935 Helena
1785:1932 Eureka
1775:1927 Lompoc
1674:1887 Sonora
1649:1871 LÄnaÊ»i
1634:1868 Hawaii
1488:2018 Kodiak
1458:2002 Denali
1434:1964 Alaska
1422:1958 Huslia
1279:1895 Balkan
1269:1895 Quchan
1259:1894 ShĆnai
1234:1893 Quchan
1183:1889 Chilik
1158:1887 Sonora
1118:1882 Panama
1103:1880 Zagreb
1067:1875 CĂșcuta
1062:1873 Alpago
1042:1872 Hamada
1032:1871 LÄnaÊ»i
1022:1870 Batang
1006:1869 Cachar
981:1868 Hawaii
956:1866 Bingöl
946:1863 Manila
895:1858 Hietsu
855:1854 Nankai
840:1853 Shiraz
703:1833 ShĆnai
683:1830 Cixian
652:1822 Aleppo
601:1815 Pinglu
555:1805 Molise
466:(1): 1â11.
413:Publication
220:seismograph
200:Yakutat Bay
196:earthquakes
159: /
2317:Categories
2277:2001 Enola
2256:2023 Texas
2136:2008 Wells
1562:Historical
1464:2013 Craig
1334:1899 Ceram
1319:1898 Trilj
1294:1896 Rikuu
1249:1894 Tokyo
1239:1894 Vlorë
1163:1887 Verny
1128:1883 ĂeĆme
1108:1881 Chios
1082:1879 Gansu
986:1868 Arica
936:1863 Jujuy
865:1855 Bursa
850:1854 TĆkai
794:1844 Salta
759:1840 Ahora
662:1828 SanjĆ
657:1825 Blida
571:1810 Crete
320:References
270:avalanches
93:1899-09-10
68:1899-09-10
65: time
2282:2008 Reno
2131:2008 Reno
1735:1914 Reno
1052:1872 Amik
1037:1871 OrĂĄn
966:1867 Java
779:1843 Nias
713:1834 Java
606:1815 Bali
380:128624810
175:intensity
135:Epicenter
109:Magnitude
870:1855 Edo
743:1839 Ava
298:See also
266:icebergs
181:MMI XI (
147:140°00âČW
130:, M 8.6
468:Bibcode
372:1683431
352:Bibcode
344:Science
225:Yakutat
183:Extreme
144:60°00âČN
91: (
2270:Swarms
1406:(8.35)
385:3 July
378:
370:
231:Uplift
204:Alaska
121:, 8.5
80:ComCat
32:alive.
1514:(8.2)
1508:(7.6)
1502:(7.8)
1496:(7.0)
1490:(7.9)
1484:(7.1)
1478:(6.0)
1472:(7.9)
1466:(7.6)
1460:(7.9)
1454:(7.5)
1448:(7.6)
1442:(8.7)
1436:(9.2)
1430:(7.8)
1424:(7.3)
1418:(8.6)
1412:(8.6)
1400:(8.2)
1394:(9.3)
1299:Assam
1197:1890s
1091:1880s
1015:1870s
914:1860s
813:1850s
752:1840s
676:1830s
640:1820s
564:1810s
528:1800s
376:S2CID
368:JSTOR
104:12:22
73:USGS-
387:2022
173:Max.
112:8.2
75:ANSS
476:doi
360:doi
348:207
202:in
63:UTC
2319::
474:.
464:33
462:.
429:^
415:.
411:.
395:^
374:.
366:.
358:.
346:.
342:.
328:^
1547:e
1540:t
1533:v
1373:e
1366:t
1359:v
513:e
506:t
499:v
482:.
478::
470::
419:/
389:.
362::
354::
185:)
126:s
124:M
117:w
115:M
95:)
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