946:
1234:
955:
1107:
92:
27:
1098:
964:
85:
223:
1392:
1144:, which was critical to Mexico's stability due to its proximity to the United States and its growing population. In this position he dismantled regional political machines and firmly placed the state under DĂaz's control using brutality. However, he also oversaw economic growth, and improved foreign investment, infrastructure, labor conditions, education, sanitation, and public health. During his
2686:
710:
1427:, and during that time he left Corral in charge of the federal government until he returned, the first time a president had done so. Aside from this, DĂaz gave Corral very little to do in the position. Corral mainly attended ceremonies he had little interest in, although he continued to serve as secretary of the interior, which kept him occupied with actual work.
1206:
945:
1222:
Limantour as his successor instead. However, by 1904, he appeared to be backing away from that idea as well. Limantour as offered the position as DĂaz's running mate, but he publicly turned it down. Ultimately, Corral was announced as the running mate and DĂaz was renominated. The selection of Corral was reportedly unpopular.
1233:
1541:
Reyes, Limantour, and Corral were all younger than DĂaz, as was required. Reyes was born in 1850, and Corral and
Limantour were born in 1854. Despite this, out of all of DĂaz's potential successors, only Limantour outlived DĂaz. Corral died in 1912, and Reyes died in 1913. Limantour outlived DĂaz by
1481:
Although all three men were similar in age, Romero Rubio and
Mariscal were still older than DĂaz. Romero Rubio was born in 1828, Mariscal in 1829, and DĂaz in 1830. Incidentally, DĂaz outlived both of them as well. Romero Rubio died in office in 1895, and Mariscal died in office in 1910, while DĂaz
1422:
Corral was inaugurated on
December 1 of that year as vice president. He was Mexico's first vice president in decades, and the first to have been elected by a popular vote. At the time, some international observers believed DĂaz was preparing Corral to succeed him as president, and speculated that
1217:
so that there would be a clear successor should DĂaz die in office. This was also advocated by representatives of foreign investors, who specified that the vice president must be someone younger than DĂaz. Congress then amended the constitution to reestablish the vice presidency and to extend the
1221:
On May 20, 1904, a large convention occurred to renominate DĂaz and select a vice presidential candidate. Limantour and Reyes were viewed as strong potential vice presidential contenders. Earlier, Reyes had been ordered to resign from his cabinet position, possibly in a ploy by DĂaz to establish
1020:
held the presidency, however, in 1884, DĂaz abandoned his pledge of no reelection, and won another term. An 1888 constitutional amendment allowed for him to be reelected that year, and a 1902 amendment made indefinite reelection legal. He was successfully re-elected every four years, holding the
1192:
in DĂaz's cabinet. He was one of the founders of the UniĂłn
Liberal, and after Romero Rubio's death, Limantour was considered to be the unofficial leader of the CientĂficos. He was credited with introducing financial reforms that strengthened the Mexican peso and economy after several years of
1071:
against DĂaz. According to DĂaz's government, he only received 24 votes, but he claimed to have been the real winner, protested that elections were fraudulent, and was sentenced to 25 days in jail. He was popular with many citizens who convinced him to run again, but this support was
1016:, but was defeated. In 1876, DĂaz, successfully ousted JuĂĄrez's successor, Lerdo de Tejada, who was seeking reelection, while DĂaz positioned himself as anti-reelection. He served as president in 1876 and from 1877 to 1880 in an elected capacity. For the next four years, DĂaz's ally
1446:
His surname is sometimes written simply as Lerdo. However, it is a single surname and should be written as Lerdo de Tejada. His full name was
SebastiĂĄn Lerdo de Tejada y Corral, with his father being Juan Antonio Lerdo de Tejada y Matute and his mother being ConcepciĂłn Corral y
2077:"Mientras que algunos lo consideran un dictador, otros creen que Porfirio DĂaz es uno de los mejores presidentes que ha habido en MĂ©xico." ("While some consider him a dictator, others think that Porfirio DĂaz is one of the best presidents Mexico has ever had.")
926:
and connecting liberalism with promotion of Mexico's economic development and foreign investment. They consolidated Mexico's previously-fractured political sectors together into a political elite, which allowed them to have a vital role in DĂaz's government.
875:, who was then the Secretary of the Interior. However, he died in 1895, before the change was made. Being born in 1828, he had also been older than DĂaz, who was born in 1830. Additionally, by 1904, the Secretary of Foreign Affairs was
820:, the offices of president and vice president were created, with the president being the winner of a national election and the vice president being the candidate who came in second. The first vice president,
1193:
economic difficulties and debt. Notably, he oversaw the introduction of Mexico's private banking system, turned a budget deficit into a surplus, and in 1903 arranged to have the peso put on the
1132:
was born in 1850. A brigadier general, he was a supporter of
President DĂaz. During the 1880s he oversaw military operations in Northern Mexico against rebelling indigenous groups such as the
833:
1681:
1241:
The election took place on July 11, 1904. It occurred so quickly that at 10:15, the ringing of temple bells in Mexico City announced that the DĂaz-Corral ticket won unanimously.
828:, which set a precedent for conflicts between the president and vice president. The position of vice president was abolished and reintroduced twice, before an 1847 amendment to
1213:
In 1903, preparations began for DĂaz's reelection the following year. At that point, DĂaz was 73 years old. The CientĂficos insisted that DĂaz reestablish the position of
2005:
898:, the Liberals split into three factions. One supported JuĂĄrez, one supported Lerdo de Tejada, and one supported DĂaz. DĂaz's ultimately prevailed. To support DĂaz's
1922:
421:
2339:
2135:
867:
first in the line of succession, and if there was none, then it would be the
Secretary of the Interior. It has been speculated that this was so then-President
747:
3373:
2674:
2652:
3404:
1731:
619:
382:
3394:
3368:
2311:
1197:. However, he had also failed to make credit widely available, and he failed to secure a large amount of funding for the federal government itself.
1189:
863:, the Constitution was amended in 1882 to place the president of the senate first in the line of succession. In 1896, another amendment placed the
864:
3358:
3348:
840:
691:
459:
2643:
2618:
2583:
2559:
2407:
673:
669:
436:
1726:
3338:
3252:
1009:
895:
656:
651:
528:
524:
1844:
550:
3194:
2806:
2736:
2726:
2097:
626:
607:
568:
1152:. In that position he gave Mexico's army a strong public image. All this created the view of Reyes as a potential successor to DĂaz.
3399:
3179:
3169:
3159:
3149:
3139:
3129:
3119:
3109:
3099:
3089:
3079:
3069:
3059:
3049:
2347:
1214:
773:
558:
519:
515:
511:
507:
2026:
1278:
1084:, recounts showed he received zero votes. ZĂșñiga y Miranda continued to claim fraud and declared himself the legitimate president.
1040:
780:
333:
109:
740:
399:
343:
2924:
3343:
2667:
1149:
583:
390:
250:
563:
2065:
588:
3184:
3174:
3164:
3154:
3144:
3134:
3124:
3114:
3104:
3094:
3084:
3074:
3064:
3054:
3044:
3034:
3029:
3024:
3019:
3014:
3004:
2994:
2989:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2959:
2954:
2949:
2944:
2909:
2886:
2881:
2876:
2871:
2866:
2861:
2856:
2851:
2846:
2841:
2836:
2831:
2826:
2821:
2816:
2811:
2801:
2796:
2791:
2786:
2781:
2776:
2766:
2761:
2756:
2751:
2746:
2741:
2731:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2706:
1175:
1145:
1081:
1077:
1068:
1013:
899:
502:
498:
494:
490:
51:
41:
2570:
976:
had been the incumbent since 1884. By 1904, his age was becoming a concern for his political allies. Left to right: DĂaz
3322:
3317:
3312:
3307:
3302:
3267:
1030:
852:
720:
536:
412:
348:
292:
236:
3039:
3009:
1618:
2635:
1979:
1167:
887:
829:
799:
733:
644:
593:
297:
1430:
Corral's unpopularity lead DĂaz to send Reyes to assignments in Europe, as Reyes was viewed as becoming too popular.
848:
2939:
2934:
2929:
2919:
2914:
2904:
2660:
2594:
1822:
1423:
DĂaz would not run for president again in 1910 due to his age. In
January 1905, DĂaz took a month-long vacation to
954:
467:
3297:
3292:
3287:
3282:
3277:
3272:
3262:
3257:
3212:
3207:
3202:
1059:, who always ran as an independent, presenting himself as the "people's candidate". He first come to notoriety in
1148:, DĂaz visited the governor and emphatically praised his leadership, which was rare for DĂaz. DĂaz appointed him
1137:
1017:
856:
798:, urged him to reestablish the position of vice president, which he did, and the nomination went to Corral, his
3363:
3353:
1026:
1012:, which made him an ally of President JuĂĄrez. However, he revolted against JuĂĄrez following his reelection bid
631:
614:
578:
1582:
681:
425:
287:
1067:, which happened to correctly predict an earthquake. This fame encouraged him to run as a candidate in the
3247:
3242:
3237:
3232:
3227:
3222:
3217:
2424:
2101:
1185:
1116:
883:
817:
304:
258:
244:
2226:
696:
374:
366:
263:
2042:"Después de la renuncia del dictador oaxaqueño..." ("After the resignation of the Oaxacan dictator...")
1106:
922:). Manuel Romero Rubio was the group's main founder. The CientĂficos were known for their adherence to
91:
1622:
1044:
1029:. However, it was also marked by human rights violations and repressions against industrial workers,
573:
2185:
2698:
2690:
1225:
During the election, as he had done previously, DĂaz never acknowledged any opposition candidates.
1048:
872:
777:
480:
451:
325:
317:
185:
169:
2896:
2304:
2234:
1947:
1654:
1171:
825:
277:
213:
1097:
963:
1004:
in 1830. He came to prominence as a general fighting against the
Conservative Party during the
802:. On the day of the election, the victory of the DĂaz-Corral ticket was announced before noon.
776:
in decades, and the first elected via popular vote. The only other presidential candidate, the
2639:
2614:
2579:
2555:
2403:
2343:
353:
282:
84:
1182:. Corral was a member of the CientĂficos. DĂaz described Corral as a "president in reserve".
768:
was the only serious candidate for the presidency, and was re-elected with 100% of the vote.
1265:
1052:
973:
915:
903:
876:
868:
844:
821:
765:
686:
403:
191:
176:
103:
1564:
Der mexikanische
Autoritarismus: Parteien, Wahlen, Herrschaftssicherung und Krisenpotential
1337:
1155:
902:, a group of politicians, landowners, businessmen, and bankers formed the UniĂłn Liberal (
769:
122:
790:. DĂaz, who had held the presidency since 1884 and twice before then, had established a
2578:(in Spanish). Instituto Nacional de Estudios HistĂłricos de las Revoluciones de MĂ©xico.
2181:
1129:
1120:
660:
222:
2227:"RamĂłn Corral Dead: Former Vice President of Mexico Succumbs to Long Illness in Paris"
1923:"Inicio de la RevoluciĂłn Mexicana: el fin del porfiriato y el levantamiento de Madero"
1391:
3388:
2429:
2189:
1194:
1141:
911:
795:
714:
272:
1517:
1492:
1457:
1209:
Secretary of the Interior RamĂłn Corral, whom DĂaz chose as his running mate in 1904
1073:
860:
791:
2629:
2608:
2549:
2534:
2489:
2397:
2333:
2139:
2136:"El hombre que se convirtiĂł en el candidato perpetuo a la presidencia de MĂ©xico"
1424:
1179:
1064:
1060:
997:
1307:
832:
removed it for decades. The position was not restored with the adoption of the
1817:
1022:
1005:
923:
891:
811:
787:
1727:"Ignacio Mariscal Fagoaga PolĂtico, jurista, diplomĂĄtico y escritor mexicano"
2610:
Everyday Life and Politics In Nineteenth Century Mexico: Men, Women, and War
1586:
1056:
1159:
1205:
1034:
843:
was to succeed the president. However, conflicts arose between President
2540:
1983:
1521:
1496:
1461:
1033:, and peasant groups. Several analysts have since described DĂaz as a
2685:
1163:
1133:
1001:
761:
1845:"2 de julio de 1915, aniversario luctuoso del General Porfirio DĂaz"
1682:"Manuel Romero Rubio, de diputado liberal a suegro de Porfirio DĂaz"
1123:(center) were considered strong contenders for the vice presidency.
2494:(in Spanish). Imprenta dirigida por Juan Aguilar Vera. p. 70.
1237:
1904 pamphlet celebrating the electoral victory of DĂaz and Corral
1232:
1204:
2476:
Las elecciones y el gobierno representativo en MĂ©xico (1810-1910)
1170:
since 1903, and previously held various local posts, such as the
871:
could appease the presidential aspirations of his father-in-law,
1025:. DĂaz's rule saw increased foreign investment and expansion of
2656:
2569:
Serrano Ălvarez, Pablo (2012). MartĂnez Ocampo, Lourdes (ed.).
2536:
The World To-day: A Monthly Record of Human Progress. Volume 7
2006:"Sistema ferroviario en MĂ©xico: del porfiriato al obradorismo"
1386:
1980:"Mexico weighs ex-dictator Porfirio Diaz century after death"
2596:
Partidos polĂticos en MĂ©xico: Los Sentimientos de la NaciĂłn
1583:"¿Por qué en México no hay un vicepresidente del Gobierno?"
1021:
presidency up into 1904. This period is often known as the
2068:(in Spanish). Architectural Digest México y Latinoamérica
2066:"ÂżPor quĂ© los restos de Porfirio DĂaz estĂĄn en Francia?"
2027:"25 de mayo. Renuncia de Porfirio DĂaz a la presidencia"
824:, unsuccessfully attempted to oust the first president,
1403:
786:
The election took place during the period known as the
1657:(in Spanish). El Heraldo de Aguascalientes. 2022-04-21
2572:
Porfirio DĂaz y el Porfiriato, CronologĂa (1830-1915)
2551:
Triumphs and Tragedy: A History of the Mexican People
1188:
was born in 1854. Since 1893, he had been serving as
3331:
3193:
2895:
2697:
839:Under the 1857 constitution, the President of the
1843:SecretarĂa de la Defensa Nacional (2019-06-29).
164:
2516:
2462:
2396:Meyer, Michael; Beezley, William, eds. (2010).
2365:
1892:
1880:
1752:
1710:
1528: and the second or maternal family name is
1503: and the second or maternal family name is
1468: and the second or maternal family name is
996:JosĂ© de la Cruz Porfirio DĂaz Mori was born in
2668:
2504:
2450:
2267:
741:
8:
2376:
2374:
2335:DĂas conmemorativos en la historia de MĂ©xico
2176:
2174:
2172:
1794:
1792:
1790:
1788:
1063:in 1887 due to his claim to have invented a
18:
2129:
2127:
2125:
2123:
2121:
2119:
2117:
2091:
2089:
2087:
2085:
2083:
1779:
1764:
1721:
1719:
2675:
2661:
2653:
1974:
1972:
1970:
1968:
1905:
1903:
1901:
1576:
1574:
1572:
1320:
1248:
748:
734:
208:
17:
2425:"ÂżPorfirio DĂaz y otros presidenciables?"
2255:
2221:
2219:
2217:
2098:"ZĂșñiga y Miranda, "Presidente legĂtimo""
1641:
1612:
1610:
1608:
1606:
1604:
1602:
383:LXIII Legislature of the Mexican Congress
2402:. Oxford University Press. p. 388.
2361:
2359:
2312:National Autonomous University of Mexico
2299:
2297:
1675:
1673:
1671:
1655:"BiografĂa de SebastiĂĄn Lerdo de Tejada"
2340:Universidad AutĂłnoma de San Luis PotosĂ
2159:
2157:
2155:
1811:
1809:
1807:
1775:
1773:
1555:
1439:
1374:
1370:
1359:
1304:
1300:
1289:
855:and the President of the Supreme Court
211:
2380:
2288:
2284:
2282:
2280:
2278:
2276:
2208:
2163:
1798:
1706:
1704:
1702:
460:Supreme Court of Justice of the Nation
2391:
2389:
2096:Pacheco ColĂn, Ricardo (2012-07-31).
7:
2051:
1909:
1868:
2691:Elections and referendums in Mexico
2474:José Antonio Aguilar Rivera (2010)
1619:"El vicepresidente de Don Porfirio"
847:and President of the Supreme Court
2613:. University of New Mexico Press.
1218:next term from four years to six.
1008:and against the French during the
14:
2593:Torres-Ruiz, MarĂa Laura (2004).
2488:del Castillo, Ignacio B. (1910).
2031:muesolegislativo.diputados.gob.mx
2004:Armenta, Alejandro (2023-07-24).
3405:Presidential elections in Mexico
2684:
2628:Werner, Michael S., ed. (2001).
2602:(in Spanish). Museo Legislativo.
2186:"La hipĂłtesis de Bernardo Reyes"
1617:HernĂĄndez, Bertha (2018-07-29).
1390:
1166:in 1854. He had been serving as
1105:
1096:
962:
953:
944:
879:, who was also older than DĂaz.
708:
221:
90:
83:
25:
3395:1904 elections in North America
1948:"El contexto internacional (2)"
1581:Pacheco, Adriana (2021-11-21).
1119:(left) and Nuevo LeĂłn governor
760:General elections were held in
2631:Concise Encyclopedia of Mexico
2332:Tinajero Portes, Luis (1994).
1816:Goldberg, Maren (2024-03-18).
851:, and later between President
579:National Regeneration Movement
1:
2423:GantĂșs, Fausta (2022-01-01).
1680:Rangole, Itzia (2023-02-12).
984:
977:
670:Diplomatic missions of Mexico
19:1904 Mexican general election
2548:Ruiz, RamĂłn Eduardo (1992).
2491:BiografĂa de D. RamĂłn Corral
2399:The Oxford History of Mexico
2134:LĂłpez, Alfred (2018-01-12).
2064:Ochoa, Andrea (2022-07-01).
1520:, the first or paternal
1495:, the first or paternal
1460:, the first or paternal
865:Secretary of Foreign Affairs
816:After the foundation of the
537:Instituto Nacional Electoral
2636:Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers
2543:: The World To-Day Company.
1076:, and when he ran again in
764:on 11 July 1904. Incumbent
652:Ministry of Foreign Affairs
559:Institutional Revolutionary
437:Federal electoral districts
334:Andrés Manuel López Obrador
3421:
2008:(in Spanish). El Universal
1115:Secretary of the treasury
1010:Second French intervention
896:Second French intervention
809:
794:regime. His advisors, the
468:Federal Electoral Tribunal
1375:
1371:
1360:
1331:
1328:
1325:
1305:
1301:
1290:
1259:
1256:
1253:
1190:Secretary of the Treasury
1168:Secretary of the Interior
882:After the triumph of the
853:SebastiĂĄn Lerdo de Tejada
800:secretary of the interior
772:became the first Mexican
203:
162:
75:
68:
62:
35:
23:
3400:1904 elections in Mexico
2607:Wasserman, Mark (2000).
2033:(in Spanish). 2022-05-25
1929:(in Spanish). 2019-11-15
1542:20 years, dying in 1935.
1279:NicolĂĄs ZĂșñiga y Miranda
1051:for the presidency from
1041:NicolĂĄs ZĂșñiga y Miranda
781:NicolĂĄs ZĂșñiga y Miranda
608:Administrative divisions
422:President of the Chamber
110:NicolĂĄs ZĂșñiga y Miranda
1823:EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica
426:Marcela Guerra Castillo
400:President of the Senate
2699:Presidential elections
2533:Company staff (1904).
1562:Volker G. Lehr (1981)
1482:died in exile in 1915.
1376:Source: Aguilar Rivera
1238:
1210:
1174:of his home state and
1018:Manuel GonzĂĄlez Flores
919:
907:
886:and the defeat of the
859:. Under the advice of
818:First Mexican Republic
487:Recent major elections
392:Senate of the Republic
344:List of heads of state
245:Constitution of Mexico
2897:Legislative elections
1236:
1208:
849:JesĂșs GonzĂĄlez Ortega
830:Mexico's constitution
810:Further information:
783:, received no votes.
569:Democratic Revolution
375:Congress of the Union
70:Presidential election
2517:Serrano Ălvarez 2012
2463:Serrano Ălvarez 2012
2366:Serrano Ălvarez 2012
1893:Serrano Ălvarez 2012
1881:Serrano Ălvarez 2012
1753:Serrano Ălvarez 2012
1711:Serrano Ălvarez 2012
1180:the federal district
1895:, pp. 56, 103.
1871:, pp. 267â268.
1322:
1250:
1186:José Yves Limantour
1117:José Yves Limantour
1049:perennial candidate
873:Manuel Romero Rubio
857:JosĂ© MarĂa Iglesias
414:Chamber of Deputies
326:President of Mexico
20:
2505:Company staff 1904
2451:Company staff 1904
2291:, pp. 330â331
2268:Company staff 1904
2235:The New York Times
2166:, pp. 680â681
1402:. You can help by
1321:
1249:
1239:
1211:
1031:indigenous peoples
888:Conservative Party
826:Guadalupe Victoria
627:State legislatures
589:Citizens' Movement
349:Federal government
293:Capital punishment
237:Federal government
214:Politics of Mexico
133:Popular vote
118:Running mate
3382:
3381:
2645:978-1-5795-8-3378
2620:978-0-8263-2-1718
2585:978-607-7916-66-6
2561:978-0-3933-1-0665
2409:978-0-1997-7-9932
1883:, pp. 50â51.
1686:El Sol de Tampico
1623:La CrĂłnica de Hoy
1420:
1419:
1380:
1379:
1314:
1313:
1088:Vice presidential
1027:Mexico's railways
910:), also known as
834:1857 constitution
758:
757:
715:Mexico portal
692:Visa requirements
645:Foreign relations
551:Political parties
298:Life imprisonment
207:
206:
199:
198:
158:
157:
64:
58:
57:
3412:
2689:
2688:
2677:
2670:
2663:
2654:
2649:
2624:
2603:
2601:
2589:
2577:
2565:
2554:. W. W. Norton.
2544:
2520:
2514:
2508:
2502:
2496:
2495:
2485:
2479:
2472:
2466:
2460:
2454:
2448:
2442:
2441:
2439:
2438:
2420:
2414:
2413:
2393:
2384:
2378:
2369:
2363:
2354:
2353:
2329:
2323:
2322:
2320:
2319:
2309:
2305:"I. IntroduciĂłn"
2301:
2292:
2286:
2271:
2265:
2259:
2253:
2247:
2246:
2244:
2243:
2231:
2223:
2212:
2206:
2200:
2199:
2197:
2196:
2178:
2167:
2161:
2150:
2149:
2147:
2146:
2131:
2112:
2111:
2109:
2108:
2093:
2078:
2076:
2074:
2073:
2061:
2055:
2049:
2043:
2041:
2039:
2038:
2023:
2017:
2016:
2014:
2013:
2001:
1995:
1994:
1992:
1991:
1976:
1963:
1962:
1960:
1959:
1944:
1938:
1937:
1935:
1934:
1919:
1913:
1907:
1896:
1890:
1884:
1878:
1872:
1866:
1860:
1859:
1857:
1856:
1840:
1834:
1833:
1831:
1830:
1813:
1802:
1796:
1783:
1780:Torres-Ruiz 2004
1777:
1768:
1765:Torres-Ruiz 2004
1762:
1756:
1750:
1744:
1743:
1741:
1740:
1723:
1714:
1708:
1697:
1696:
1694:
1693:
1677:
1666:
1665:
1663:
1662:
1651:
1645:
1639:
1633:
1632:
1630:
1629:
1614:
1597:
1596:
1594:
1593:
1578:
1567:
1560:
1543:
1539:
1533:
1514:
1508:
1489:
1483:
1479:
1473:
1454:
1448:
1444:
1415:
1412:
1394:
1387:
1350:Other candidates
1323:
1251:
1150:Secretary of War
1136:. He became the
1109:
1100:
989:
986:
982:
979:
966:
957:
948:
877:Ignacio Mariscal
750:
743:
736:
713:
712:
711:
404:Ana Lilia Rivera
225:
209:
165:
94:
87:
77:
76:
63:
37:
36:
30:
29:
28:
21:
3420:
3419:
3415:
3414:
3413:
3411:
3410:
3409:
3385:
3384:
3383:
3378:
3327:
3195:State elections
3189:
2891:
2693:
2683:
2681:
2646:
2627:
2621:
2606:
2599:
2592:
2586:
2575:
2568:
2562:
2547:
2532:
2529:
2524:
2523:
2515:
2511:
2503:
2499:
2487:
2486:
2482:
2473:
2469:
2461:
2457:
2453:, p. 1240.
2449:
2445:
2436:
2434:
2422:
2421:
2417:
2410:
2395:
2394:
2387:
2379:
2372:
2364:
2357:
2350:
2342:. p. 224.
2331:
2330:
2326:
2317:
2315:
2307:
2303:
2302:
2295:
2287:
2274:
2266:
2262:
2254:
2250:
2241:
2239:
2229:
2225:
2224:
2215:
2207:
2203:
2194:
2192:
2182:Krauze, Enrique
2180:
2179:
2170:
2162:
2153:
2144:
2142:
2140:Yahoo! Noticias
2133:
2132:
2115:
2106:
2104:
2095:
2094:
2081:
2071:
2069:
2063:
2062:
2058:
2050:
2046:
2036:
2034:
2025:
2024:
2020:
2011:
2009:
2003:
2002:
1998:
1989:
1987:
1978:
1977:
1966:
1957:
1955:
1946:
1945:
1941:
1932:
1930:
1921:
1920:
1916:
1908:
1899:
1891:
1887:
1879:
1875:
1867:
1863:
1854:
1852:
1842:
1841:
1837:
1828:
1826:
1815:
1814:
1805:
1797:
1786:
1778:
1771:
1763:
1759:
1751:
1747:
1738:
1736:
1725:
1724:
1717:
1709:
1700:
1691:
1689:
1679:
1678:
1669:
1660:
1658:
1653:
1652:
1648:
1640:
1636:
1627:
1625:
1616:
1615:
1600:
1591:
1589:
1580:
1579:
1570:
1561:
1557:
1552:
1547:
1546:
1540:
1536:
1515:
1511:
1490:
1486:
1480:
1476:
1455:
1451:
1445:
1441:
1436:
1416:
1410:
1407:
1400:needs expansion
1385:
1319:
1308:RamĂrez Rancaño
1247:
1231:
1203:
1146:1900 reelection
1127:
1126:
1125:
1124:
1112:
1111:
1110:
1102:
1101:
1090:
994:
993:
992:
991:
987:
983:, in 1884, and
980:
969:
968:
967:
959:
958:
950:
949:
938:
933:
912:Los CientĂficos
900:1892 reelection
814:
808:
754:
725:
721:Other countries
709:
707:
702:
701:
682:Nationality law
678:
666:
654:
647:
637:
636:
610:
600:
599:
598:
584:Ecologist Green
564:National Action
553:
543:
542:
523:Gubernatorial:
522:
505:
488:
483:
473:
472:
454:
444:
443:
431:
424:
409:
402:
387:
369:
359:
358:
340:
336:
320:
310:
309:
248:
239:
216:
194:
189:
179:
174:
172:before election
163:
71:
31:
26:
24:
12:
11:
5:
3418:
3416:
3408:
3407:
3402:
3397:
3387:
3386:
3380:
3379:
3377:
3376:
3371:
3366:
3361:
3356:
3351:
3346:
3341:
3335:
3333:
3329:
3328:
3326:
3325:
3320:
3315:
3310:
3305:
3300:
3295:
3290:
3285:
3280:
3275:
3270:
3265:
3260:
3255:
3250:
3245:
3240:
3235:
3230:
3225:
3220:
3215:
3210:
3205:
3199:
3197:
3191:
3190:
3188:
3187:
3182:
3177:
3172:
3167:
3162:
3157:
3152:
3147:
3142:
3137:
3132:
3127:
3122:
3117:
3112:
3107:
3102:
3097:
3092:
3087:
3082:
3077:
3072:
3067:
3062:
3057:
3052:
3047:
3042:
3037:
3032:
3027:
3022:
3017:
3012:
3007:
3002:
2997:
2992:
2987:
2982:
2977:
2972:
2967:
2962:
2957:
2952:
2947:
2942:
2937:
2932:
2927:
2922:
2917:
2912:
2907:
2901:
2899:
2893:
2892:
2890:
2889:
2884:
2879:
2874:
2869:
2864:
2859:
2854:
2849:
2844:
2839:
2834:
2829:
2824:
2819:
2814:
2809:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2779:
2774:
2769:
2764:
2759:
2754:
2749:
2744:
2739:
2734:
2729:
2724:
2719:
2714:
2709:
2703:
2701:
2695:
2694:
2682:
2680:
2679:
2672:
2665:
2657:
2651:
2650:
2644:
2625:
2619:
2604:
2590:
2584:
2566:
2560:
2545:
2528:
2525:
2522:
2521:
2519:, p. 214.
2509:
2507:, p. 1223
2497:
2480:
2467:
2465:, p. 213.
2455:
2443:
2415:
2408:
2385:
2370:
2355:
2348:
2338:(in Spanish).
2324:
2310:(in Spanish).
2293:
2272:
2270:, p. 1222
2260:
2258:, p. 221.
2256:Wasserman 2000
2248:
2213:
2211:, p. 681.
2201:
2188:(in Spanish).
2184:(2015-07-20).
2168:
2151:
2138:(in Spanish).
2113:
2100:(in Spanish).
2079:
2056:
2054:, p. 272.
2044:
2018:
1996:
1964:
1952:cultura.gob.mx
1939:
1914:
1897:
1885:
1873:
1861:
1835:
1803:
1784:
1769:
1757:
1745:
1715:
1698:
1667:
1646:
1644:, p. 130.
1642:Wasserman 2000
1634:
1621:(in Spanish).
1598:
1585:(in Spanish).
1568:
1554:
1553:
1551:
1548:
1545:
1544:
1534:
1509:
1484:
1474:
1449:
1438:
1437:
1435:
1432:
1418:
1417:
1397:
1395:
1384:
1381:
1378:
1377:
1373:
1372:
1369:
1368:
1365:
1362:
1358:
1357:
1354:
1351:
1347:
1346:
1343:
1340:
1334:
1333:
1330:
1327:
1318:
1317:Vice-President
1315:
1312:
1311:
1303:
1302:
1299:
1298:
1295:
1292:
1288:
1287:
1284:
1281:
1275:
1274:
1271:
1268:
1262:
1261:
1258:
1255:
1246:
1243:
1230:
1227:
1215:vice president
1202:
1199:
1130:Bernardo Reyes
1121:Bernardo Reyes
1114:
1113:
1104:
1103:
1095:
1094:
1093:
1092:
1091:
1089:
1086:
971:
970:
961:
960:
952:
951:
943:
942:
941:
940:
939:
937:
934:
932:
929:
920:The Scientists
807:
804:
774:vice president
756:
755:
753:
752:
745:
738:
730:
727:
726:
724:
723:
717:
704:
703:
700:
699:
694:
689:
684:
677:
676:
665:
664:
661:Marcelo Ebrard
648:
643:
642:
639:
638:
635:
634:
632:Municipalities
629:
624:
623:
622:
611:
606:
605:
602:
601:
597:
596:
591:
586:
581:
576:
571:
566:
561:
555:
554:
549:
548:
545:
544:
541:
540:
532:
531:
484:
479:
478:
475:
474:
471:
470:
464:
463:
455:
450:
449:
446:
445:
442:
441:
440:
439:
430:
429:
418:
417:
408:
407:
396:
395:
386:
385:
379:
378:
370:
365:
364:
361:
360:
357:
356:
351:
346:
339:
338:
330:
329:
321:
316:
315:
312:
311:
308:
307:
302:
301:
300:
295:
290:
285:
280:
269:
268:
267:
266:
255:
254:
240:
235:
234:
231:
230:
227:
226:
218:
217:
212:
205:
204:
201:
200:
197:
196:
181:
160:
159:
156:
155:
152:
147:
143:
142:
139:
134:
130:
129:
126:
119:
115:
114:
112:
107:
100:
96:
95:
88:
81:
73:
72:
69:
66:
65:
60:
59:
56:
55:
49:
44:
33:
32:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3417:
3406:
3403:
3401:
3398:
3396:
3393:
3392:
3390:
3375:
3372:
3370:
3367:
3365:
3362:
3360:
3357:
3355:
3352:
3350:
3347:
3345:
3342:
3340:
3337:
3336:
3334:
3330:
3324:
3321:
3319:
3316:
3314:
3311:
3309:
3306:
3304:
3301:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3291:
3289:
3286:
3284:
3281:
3279:
3276:
3274:
3271:
3269:
3266:
3264:
3261:
3259:
3256:
3254:
3251:
3249:
3246:
3244:
3241:
3239:
3236:
3234:
3231:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3201:
3200:
3198:
3196:
3192:
3186:
3183:
3181:
3178:
3176:
3173:
3171:
3168:
3166:
3163:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3148:
3146:
3143:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3093:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3083:
3081:
3078:
3076:
3073:
3071:
3068:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3048:
3046:
3043:
3041:
3038:
3036:
3033:
3031:
3028:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2961:
2958:
2956:
2953:
2951:
2948:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2903:
2902:
2900:
2898:
2894:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2850:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2765:
2763:
2760:
2758:
2755:
2753:
2750:
2748:
2745:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2715:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2704:
2702:
2700:
2696:
2692:
2687:
2678:
2673:
2671:
2666:
2664:
2659:
2658:
2655:
2647:
2641:
2637:
2633:
2632:
2626:
2622:
2616:
2612:
2611:
2605:
2598:
2597:
2591:
2587:
2581:
2574:
2573:
2567:
2563:
2557:
2553:
2552:
2546:
2542:
2538:
2537:
2531:
2530:
2526:
2518:
2513:
2510:
2506:
2501:
2498:
2493:
2492:
2484:
2481:
2477:
2471:
2468:
2464:
2459:
2456:
2452:
2447:
2444:
2432:
2431:
2430:Letras Libres
2426:
2419:
2416:
2411:
2405:
2401:
2400:
2392:
2390:
2386:
2383:, p. 333
2382:
2377:
2375:
2371:
2368:, p. 212
2367:
2362:
2360:
2356:
2351:
2349:968-6194-65-7
2345:
2341:
2337:
2336:
2328:
2325:
2313:
2306:
2300:
2298:
2294:
2290:
2285:
2283:
2281:
2279:
2277:
2273:
2269:
2264:
2261:
2257:
2252:
2249:
2237:
2236:
2228:
2222:
2220:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2205:
2202:
2191:
2190:Letras Libres
2187:
2183:
2177:
2175:
2173:
2169:
2165:
2160:
2158:
2156:
2152:
2141:
2137:
2130:
2128:
2126:
2124:
2122:
2120:
2118:
2114:
2103:
2102:El Economista
2099:
2092:
2090:
2088:
2086:
2084:
2080:
2067:
2060:
2057:
2053:
2048:
2045:
2032:
2028:
2022:
2019:
2007:
2000:
1997:
1985:
1981:
1975:
1973:
1971:
1969:
1965:
1953:
1949:
1943:
1940:
1928:
1924:
1918:
1915:
1912:, p. 275
1911:
1906:
1904:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1889:
1886:
1882:
1877:
1874:
1870:
1865:
1862:
1850:
1846:
1839:
1836:
1825:
1824:
1819:
1812:
1810:
1808:
1804:
1801:, p. 328
1800:
1795:
1793:
1791:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1776:
1774:
1770:
1767:, p. 13.
1766:
1761:
1758:
1755:, p. 282
1754:
1749:
1746:
1734:
1733:
1728:
1722:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1707:
1705:
1703:
1699:
1687:
1683:
1676:
1674:
1672:
1668:
1656:
1650:
1647:
1643:
1638:
1635:
1624:
1620:
1613:
1611:
1609:
1607:
1605:
1603:
1599:
1588:
1584:
1577:
1575:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1559:
1556:
1549:
1538:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1519:
1513:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1488:
1485:
1478:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1453:
1450:
1443:
1440:
1433:
1431:
1428:
1426:
1414:
1405:
1401:
1398:This section
1396:
1393:
1389:
1388:
1382:
1366:
1363:
1355:
1352:
1349:
1348:
1344:
1341:
1339:
1336:
1335:
1324:
1316:
1309:
1296:
1293:
1285:
1282:
1280:
1277:
1276:
1272:
1269:
1267:
1266:Porfirio DĂaz
1264:
1263:
1252:
1244:
1242:
1235:
1228:
1226:
1223:
1219:
1216:
1207:
1200:
1198:
1196:
1195:gold standard
1191:
1187:
1183:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1151:
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1131:
1122:
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1069:1892 election
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1038:
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974:Porfirio DĂaz
965:
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921:
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908:Liberal Union
905:
901:
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884:Liberal Party
880:
878:
874:
870:
869:Porfirio DĂaz
866:
862:
858:
854:
850:
846:
845:Benito JuĂĄrez
842:
841:Supreme Court
837:
835:
831:
827:
823:
822:NicolĂĄs Bravo
819:
813:
805:
803:
801:
797:
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789:
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782:
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771:
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766:Porfirio DĂaz
763:
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195:
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192:Porfirio DĂaz
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177:Porfirio DĂaz
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104:Porfirio DĂaz
101:
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82:
79:
78:
74:
67:
61:
54: →
53:
50:
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40:←
39:
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22:
16:
2999:
2771:
2630:
2609:
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2571:
2550:
2535:
2527:Bibliography
2512:
2500:
2490:
2483:
2475:
2470:
2458:
2446:
2435:. Retrieved
2433:(in Spanish)
2428:
2418:
2398:
2334:
2327:
2316:. Retrieved
2263:
2251:
2240:. Retrieved
2238:. 1912-11-11
2233:
2204:
2193:. Retrieved
2143:. Retrieved
2105:. Retrieved
2070:. Retrieved
2059:
2047:
2035:. Retrieved
2030:
2021:
2010:. Retrieved
1999:
1988:. Retrieved
1986:. 2015-07-01
1956:. Retrieved
1954:(in Spanish)
1951:
1942:
1931:. Retrieved
1926:
1917:
1888:
1876:
1864:
1853:. Retrieved
1851:(in Spanish)
1848:
1838:
1827:. Retrieved
1821:
1818:"cientĂfico"
1782:, p. 15
1760:
1748:
1737:. Retrieved
1735:(in Spanish)
1730:
1713:, p. 11
1690:. Retrieved
1688:(in Spanish)
1685:
1659:. Retrieved
1649:
1637:
1626:. Retrieved
1590:. Retrieved
1563:
1558:
1537:
1529:
1525:
1518:Spanish name
1512:
1504:
1500:
1493:Spanish name
1487:
1477:
1469:
1465:
1458:Spanish name
1452:
1442:
1429:
1421:
1408:
1404:adding to it
1399:
1338:RamĂłn Corral
1240:
1224:
1220:
1212:
1184:
1172:governorship
1158:was born in
1156:RamĂłn Corral
1154:
1128:
1039:
995:
936:Presidential
881:
861:Justo Sierra
838:
815:
785:
770:RamĂłn Corral
759:
594:New Alliance
535:
458:
413:
391:
373:
324:
305:Gun politics
259:Human rights
243:
190:
183:
175:
168:
149:
136:
123:RamĂłn Corral
121:
102:
47:11 July 1904
46:
15:
3332:Referendums
2381:Werner 2001
2289:Werner 2001
2209:Werner 2001
2164:Werner 2001
1799:Werner 2001
1425:Tehuantepec
1065:seismograph
1061:Mexico City
998:Oaxaca City
988: 1904
981: 1880
796:CientĂficos
792:dictatorial
697:Visa policy
574:Labor Party
367:Legislature
288:Nationality
264:LGBT rights
146:Percentage
3389:Categories
2437:2024-03-20
2318:2024-03-14
2242:2024-03-12
2195:2024-03-26
2145:2024-03-12
2107:2024-03-12
2072:2024-03-13
2037:2024-03-13
2012:2024-03-13
1990:2024-03-13
1958:2024-03-13
1933:2024-03-13
1927:www.gob.mx
1855:2024-03-14
1849:www.gob.mx
1829:2024-03-26
1739:2024-03-10
1692:2024-03-19
1661:2024-04-02
1628:2024-03-18
1592:2024-03-12
1550:References
1447:Bustillos.
1411:April 2024
1142:Nuevo LeĂłn
1023:Porfiriato
1006:Reform War
972:President
931:Candidates
924:positivism
892:Reform War
812:Porfiriato
806:Background
788:Porfiriato
2052:Ruiz 1992
1910:Ruiz 1992
1869:Ruiz 1992
1383:Aftermath
1326:Candidate
1254:Candidate
1245:President
1074:ephemeral
1057:Zacatecas
1053:Zacatecas
1045:eccentric
778:perennial
674:in Mexico
620:Governors
489:General:
481:Elections
452:Judiciary
318:Executive
186:President
170:President
1516:In this
1491:In this
1456:In this
1306:Source:
1201:Campaign
1176:governor
1138:governor
1035:dictator
894:and the
687:Passport
657:Minister
406:(MORENA)
337:(MORENA)
278:Abortion
184:Elected
99:Nominee
2541:Chicago
1984:AP News
1530:Miranda
1522:surname
1497:surname
1462:surname
1310:, LĂłpez
1229:Results
1043:was an
1014:in 1871
916:Spanish
904:Spanish
890:in the
354:Cabinet
251:history
80:
2642:
2617:
2582:
2558:
2478:, p346
2406:
2346:
2314:. 2010
1566:, p310
1526:ZĂșñiga
1466:Romero
1367:100.00
1364:19,015
1342:18,998
1297:100.00
1294:19,008
1273:100.00
1270:19,008
1164:Sonora
1160:Ălamos
1134:Apache
1002:Oaxaca
762:Mexico
615:States
501:, and
137:19,008
2600:(PDF)
2576:(PDF)
2308:(PDF)
2230:(PDF)
1470:Rubio
1434:Notes
1361:Total
1345:99.91
1329:Votes
1291:Total
1257:Votes
428:(PRI)
283:Labor
128:None
3374:2022
3369:2021
3364:1999
3359:1998
3354:1995
3349:1867
3344:1863
3339:1854
3323:2024
3318:2023
3313:2022
3308:2021
3303:2020
3298:2019
3293:2018
3288:2017
3283:2016
3278:2015
3273:2014
3268:2013
3263:2012
3258:2011
3253:2010
3248:2009
3243:2008
3238:2007
3233:2006
3228:2005
3223:2004
3218:2003
3213:2002
3208:2001
3203:2000
3185:2024
3180:2021
3175:2018
3170:2015
3165:2012
3160:2009
3155:2006
3150:2003
3145:2000
3140:1997
3135:1994
3130:1991
3125:1988
3120:1985
3115:1982
3110:1979
3105:1976
3100:1973
3095:1970
3090:1967
3085:1964
3080:1961
3075:1958
3070:1955
3065:1952
3060:1949
3055:1946
3050:1943
3045:1940
3040:1937
3035:1934
3030:1928
3025:1924
3020:1920
3015:1917
3010:1912
3005:1910
3000:1904
2995:1900
2990:1896
2985:1892
2980:1888
2975:1884
2970:1880
2965:1876
2960:1871
2955:1867
2950:1861
2945:1857
2940:1853
2935:1850
2930:1848
2925:1842
2920:1837
2915:1833
2910:1828
2905:1824
2887:2024
2882:2018
2877:2012
2872:2006
2867:2000
2862:1994
2857:1988
2852:1982
2847:1976
2842:1970
2837:1964
2832:1958
2827:1952
2822:1946
2817:1940
2812:1934
2807:1929
2802:1928
2797:1924
2792:1920
2787:1917
2782:1911
2777:1910
2772:1904
2767:1900
2762:1896
2757:1892
2752:1888
2747:1884
2742:1880
2737:1877
2732:1876
2727:1872
2722:1871
2717:1867
2712:1861
2707:1857
2640:ISBN
2615:ISBN
2580:ISBN
2556:ISBN
2404:ISBN
2344:ISBN
1732:CNDH
1505:Mori
1501:DĂaz
1356:0.09
1286:0.00
1082:1900
1080:and
1078:1896
1047:and
529:2021
527:and
525:2010
520:2021
518:and
516:2015
512:2009
508:2003
503:2024
499:2018
495:2012
491:2006
150:100%
52:1910
42:1900
1524:is
1499:is
1464:is
1406:.
1178:of
1140:of
273:Law
154:0%
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1670:^
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1571:^
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