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got $ 2.75; another eleven days and received $ 3.75; another three days and got $ 1.75; another four days and got $ 1, and the fifth, who had been idle for two months, worked three days and received nothing.... The company manages the pooling system through the foreman — and the workers are skinned until their bones shine. * * * Two years ago, before the pooling system was introduced, the men were making $ 3, $ 4, and $ 5 a day. Today most of them make 50 and 75 cents and $ 1 a day."
49:
506:
468:
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464:, estimated that deaths in the plant averaged about one a day and were often caused by moving cranes. One of the charges made by Slavic immigrant workers was that their wives and daughters were subject to sexual harassment and preyed upon to deliver sexual favors as a way to repay food and rental debts, or forestall their collection, to the company agents.
1618:
445:, manufactured passenger and freight railroad cars on an assembly-line basis. It was America's second-largest rail car producer. Pressed Steel employed a workforce of 6,000 people, mostly foreign born comprising 16 distinct ethnicities. The firm was infamous for its style of industrial peonage with immigrant workers.
518:, the notorious owner of strike-breaking paramilitary force. The first fatality was an immigrant striker named Stephen Horvat, shot and killed by a black strikebreaker called Major Smith. Two days later Berghoff had deployed 500 strikebreakers to the plant, most entering quietly by rail, although a boat called
568:
An adjacent company-owned community, Presston (called
Schoenville at the time and popularly referred to as "Hunky Town"), was at the heart of the strike. Presston workers were kept in constant debt to the company store and those behind in rent were evicted. On Saturday August 21 Deputy Sheriff Harry
487:
President
Hoffstot says that it has proven to be a very satisfactory arrangement. And it has — for the company. As evidence of this we saw several pay envelopes showing that many of the workers slave for practically nothing. One envelope showed that the owner worked nine days, ten hours a day, and
577:
mounted on horseback, called "Black
Cossacks" by immigrant Slav workers. One local source put the number of dead at sixteen, which includes Exley, two state troopers, and three strikers. Perhaps ten others were gravely hurt, "while scores were wounded by being shot in the legs, hit by bricks and
602:
Before the strike was over, and then in more detail in 1911, the strikebreakers appeared before federal panels to describe their own living and working conditions after they were brought to the conflict. Held inside the plant or in boxcars against their will, fleeced, stolen from, physically
513:
The strike was triggered on
Saturday July 10, a payday on which many workers were shorter in their pay than usual. The men demanded an explanation; management refused to speak with the workers' representatives. James Rider, manager of The Pressed Steel Car Company, responded by hiring
479:, commonly known as "pooling." Under this system, jobs were parceled out in lots by a foreman who contracted that it be done for a given sum, with the money paid to be divided pro rata by the men under him. The system was rife with corruption, with workers often paying substantial
572:
This set up the confrontation of the next day, August 22, "Bloody Sunday". A crowd of thousands of strikers who'd set up a checkpoint identified Exley, in civilian clothes, and targeted him for retaliation. In a fury the mob killed him, and clashed with
569:
Exley assisted in one eviction by placing a baby buggy on top of a wagon laden with a
Presston family's possessions. A photographer captured the moment. When it was printed in a Pittsburgh newspaper, the photo whipped up public sympathy for the strikers.
607:. Two hundred of the strikebreakers had responded by banding together in their own improvised union. They'd quit work and were camping on the nearby banks of the Ohio River in an attempt to collect back wages, naming Chief of Police Farrell of the
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from which the workers had to buy their provisions at inflated prices, lest they lose their jobs. The system of economic domination was particularly severe and there came a day when the breaking point was reached.
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460:"Men are persecuted, robbed, and slaughtered, and their wives are abused in a manner worse than death ... all to obtain or retain positions that barely keep starvation from the door." The local coroner,
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which lasted from July 13 through
September 8. The walkout drew national attention when it climaxed on Sunday August 22 in a bloody battle between strikers, private security agents, and the
1364:
1876:
448:
Working conditions in the plant were primitive even by
Pittsburgh standards. Pressed Steel Car Company was locally called "The Last Chance" and "The Slaughterhouse". In an interview with
557:
In all, some 5,000 workers of the
Pressed Steel Car Company's plant at McKees Rock went out on strike. These were joined by 3,000 others who worked for the Standard Steel Car Company of
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Adding further to the destabilizing misery was the company-owned housing, ramshackle dwellings housing six families and renting for $ 12 a month. Moreover, the company owned the
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Peonage in
Western Pennsylvania: Hearings Before the Committee on Labor of the House of Representatives, Sixty-second Congress, First Session, on House Resolution, Issue 90
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reported, "The illiterate foreigners were like so many savages today when they first caught sight of the khaki-clad constabulary who had come in during the night."
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The strike was settled on
September 8 when Pressed Steel Car agreed to a wage increase, the posting of wage rates, and ending abuses in company housing practices.
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The next day 200 state constables and 300 deputy sheriffs insured the safety of the strikebreakers and also began evicting strikers from company houses.
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to the foreman to retain their jobs. The system resulted in unpredictable and often insufficient rates of pay, as one sympathetic journalist reported:
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Mounted members of the Pennsylvania constabulary were deployed during the McKees Rocks strike. These officers were called "Cossacks" by the strikers.
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408:. At least 12 people died, and perhaps as many as 26. The strike was the largest and most significant industrial labor dispute in the
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and Pearl Bergoff's lieutenant Sam Cohen as those most responsible. Lawyer for the strikebreakers was the ambitious
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History of the Labor Movement in the United States. Vol. 4: Industrial Workers of the World.
551:
546:, about the McKees Rocks strike. After Trautmann's arrest for strike organizing activities,
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Marylynne Pitz, "Pressed Steel Car strike in McKees Rocks reaches centennial anniversary".
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clubbed into unconsciousness by the constabulary." Martial law was declared the next day.
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threatened, and given rotten food, one hearing witness collapsed and was diagnosed with
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Rev. Father A.F. Toner, a priest at St. Mary Roman Catholic Church in McKees Rocks, said
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909:"Tell Stories of Brutality - Strikebreakers Complain of Bad Treatment at Schoenville"
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dedicated a state historical marker there to commemorate the strike's centennial.
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carrying 300 was rebuffed, at least initially, by strikers' gunfire on the shore.
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Pressed Steel Car strike in McKees Rocks reaches centennial anniversary
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437:, sited downstream from Pittsburgh on the south bank of the
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Funeral procession in McKees Rocks for Bloody Sunday victims
3179:
List of incidents of civil unrest in Colonial North America
3230:
Manufacturing industry labor disputes in the United States
723:
Pittsburgh: Battle of Homestead Foundation, 2008; pg. 181.
540:, one of its founders. Trautmann later published a novel,
3215:
Labor disputes led by the Industrial Workers of the World
644:
Murder of workers in labor disputes in the United States
903:
901:
736:. New York: Russell Sage Foundation Publications, 1910.
475:
Particularly galling to the workers was the use of the
1301:
List of incidents of civil unrest in the United States
911:. Evening Review, East Liverpool, Ohio. 28 August 1909
707:. New York: Robert M. McBride & Co., 1935; pg. 71.
1316:
List of worker deaths in United States labor disputes
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721:: Production and Struggle at the Forks of the Ohio.
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860:New York: International Publishers, 1965; pg. 235.
705:I Break Strikes: The Technique of Pearl L. Bergoff
585:Striker workers evicted from Presston homes, 1909
619:. McNair would later serve one chaotic term as
776:Duchez, "The Strikes in Pennsylvania," pg. 195.
632:Pennsylvania Historical & Museum Commission
485:
615:, who alleged that this treatment amounted to
1877:
1358:
1033:
758:Louis Duchez, "The Strikes in Pennsylvania,"
671:Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission
264:
8:
3063:1885 attack on Squak Valley Chinese laborers
2050:Westmoreland County coal strike of 1910–1911
1800:Metal and Machinery Workers Industrial Union
1189:Westmoreland County coal strike of 1910–1911
990:"1909 McKees Rocks Strike Historical Marker"
784:
782:
772:
770:
768:
532:The strikers were joined by members of the
471:Anti-Hoffstot cartoon about the 1909 strike
2811:
2324:
2094:
1917:
1884:
1870:
1862:
1742:Australasian Meat Industry Employees Union
1734:
1492:1916–1917 northern Minnesota lumber strike
1390:
1365:
1351:
1343:
1040:
1026:
1018:
271:
257:
249:
38:
3184:Mass racial violence in the United States
2595:South Carolina civil disturbances of 1876
2152:Illinois Central shopmen's strike of 1911
1762:Marine Transport Workers Industrial Union
1757:Incarcerated Workers Organizing Committee
1111:Coeur d'Alene, Idaho labor strike of 1892
956:"Historical marker commemorates Presston"
762:vol. 10, no. 3 (September 1909), pg. 194.
1311:Anti-union violence in the United States
504:
2877:Pacific Electric Railway strike of 1903
1840:Workers' International Industrial Union
935:. U.S. Government Printing Office. 1911
886:. New Castle (PA) Times. 23 August 1909
655:
3149:Bituminous coal miners' strike of 1894
2990:1899 Coeur d'Alene labor confrontation
2793:Bituminous coal miners' strike of 1894
2761:Paint Creek–Cabin Creek strike of 1912
2301:Bituminous coal miners' strike of 1894
2071:Bituminous coal miners' strike of 1894
1194:Paint Creek–Cabin Creek strike of 1912
1162:Streetcar strikes in the United States
1122:Streetcar strikes in the United States
2504:1895 New Orleans dockworkers massacre
2306:Indianapolis streetcar strike of 1913
1482:Bayonne refinery strikes of 1915–1916
1447:1912–1913 Little Falls textile strike
230:
221:
7:
2912:Cripple Creek miners' strike of 1894
2855:Los Angeles Chinese massacre of 1871
1633:List of General Secretary-Treasurers
884:"More Troops Desired at Schoenville"
387:The Pressed Steel Car strike of 1909
110:Wage increase; end to housing abuses
2882:1907 San Francisco streetcar strike
2421:1912 Forsyth County racial conflict
1900:in the history of the United States
1306:Union violence in the United States
1179:1907 San Francisco streetcar strike
954:Pitz, Marylynne (August 16, 2009).
816:"Sheriff Refuses to Evict Strikers"
760:The International Socialist Review,
3250:1900s strikes in the United States
2398:Pensacola streetcar strike of 1908
2215:St. Louis streetcar strike of 1900
2192:Copper Country strike of 1913–1914
1988:Pittsburgh railroad strike of 1877
1752:Education Workers Industrial Union
1432:1912 New York City waiters' strike
1214:Copper Country strike of 1913–1914
1008:Pennsylvania Labor History Society
628:Pennsylvania Labor History Society
25:
2066:Baltimore railroad strike of 1877
1790:Agricultural Workers Organization
3159:1914 Butte, Montana, labor riots
3154:Pacific Coast race riots of 1907
2039:Pressed Steel Car strike of 1909
1616:
1411:Pressed Steel Car strike of 1909
1326:
1272:Gulf Coast longshoremen's strike
1184:Pressed Steel Car strike of 1909
664:"PHMC Historical Markers Search"
554:also arrived to rally strikers.
47:
42:Pressed Steel Car strike of 1909
3205:1909 labor disputes and strikes
2979:1892 Coeur d'Alene labor strike
2540:Wilmington insurrection of 1898
2107:Chicago railroad strike of 1877
1970:New York City Food Riot of 1917
1795:Lumber Workers Industrial Union
1563:Stockton cannery strike of 1937
1543:1922 New England Textile Strike
1375:Industrial Workers of the World
534:Industrial Workers of the World
126:Industrial Workers of the World
2142:1905 Chicago teamsters' strike
2034:Anthracite coal strike of 1902
1965:1874 Tompkins Square Park riot
1553:1927–1928 Colorado Coal Strike
1548:1923 San Pedro maritime strike
1174:1905 Chicago teamsters' strike
1100:Cotton pickers' strike of 1891
673:. Commonwealth of Pennsylvania
225:Pennsylvania Historical Marker
1:
2749:Battle of the Grapevine Creek
2738:Great Railroad Strike of 1877
2210:1877 St. Louis general strike
2147:Springfield race riot of 1908
1930:1880 Garret Rock May Day riot
1452:1913 El Paso smelters' strike
1406:1907 Skowhegan textile strike
550:replaced him, and IWW leader
3220:Labor disputes in Pittsburgh
2558:Enid–Pond Creek Railroad War
2464:New Orleans Massacre of 1866
2076:1912 Lawrence textile strike
1835:Western Federation of Miners
1427:1912 Lawrence textile strike
1266:West Coast waterfront strike
1050:American labor union history
790:The Strikes in Pennsylvania,
2044:Philadelphia general strike
1594:2018–2019 Education strikes
1579:1964 Mount Isa Mines strike
1401:First Convention of the IWW
416:and was a precursor to the
412:area since the famous 1892
62:July 10 - September 8, 1909
3271:
2860:San Francisco riot of 1877
2788:Meridian race riot of 1871
2499:1891 New Orleans lynchings
2416:1906 Atlanta race massacre
2245:1909 Omaha anti-Greek riot
734:Work-Accidents and the Law
694:, August 16, 2009, pg. E1.
443:McKees Rocks, Pennsylvania
418:Great Steel Strike of 1919
72:McKees Rocks, Pennsylvania
29:
2343:Election Massacre of 1874
1993:Reading Railroad Massacre
1935:1913 Paterson silk strike
1848:
1747:Burgerville Workers Union
1737:
1614:
1558:1933 Yakima Valley strike
1472:1913 Ipswich Mills strike
1457:1913 Paterson silk strike
1324:
1199:1913 Ipswich Mills strike
1141:
1048:Major armed conflicts in
575:Pennsylvania State Police
435:Pressed Steel Car Company
406:Pennsylvania State Police
286:
243:
239:
218:
177:
149:
133:Pennsylvania State Police
119:
46:
3020:Battle of Lincoln (1878)
2954:Honolulu Courthouse riot
2893:Preparedness Day Bombing
2625:Memphis massacre of 1866
2570:McIntosh County Seat War
2263:Cincinnati riots of 1884
2220:St. Louis bullfight riot
1825:Glossary of Wobbly terms
1236:Battle of Blair Mountain
1225:1920 Alabama coal strike
871:The Point of Pittsburgh,
747:The Point of Pittsburgh,
590:Settlement of the strike
433:Frank Norton Hoffstot's
18:1909 McKees Rocks Strike
2766:West Virginia coal wars
2709:Slocum Massacre of 1910
2487:Battle of Liberty Place
2373:Hartford coal mine riot
2163:East St. Louis massacre
1999:Scranton general strike
1852:Organized Labour portal
1772:United Campaign Workers
1767:Starbucks Workers Union
1589:2011 Wisconsin protests
1333:Portal:Organized Labour
1254:Columbine Mine massacre
960:Pittsburgh Post-Gazette
719:The Point of Pittsburgh
692:Pittsburgh Post-Gazette
626:On August 22, 2009 the
280:Steel strikes in the US
3225:Protest-related deaths
2929:Colorado Coalfield War
2755:Tucker County Seat War
2691:Jaybird–Woodpecker War
2642:Battle of Depot Street
2005:1877 Shamokin uprising
1643:Elizabeth Gurley Flynn
1538:Anaconda Road massacre
1512:Seattle General Strike
1477:1913 Studebaker strike
1204:Colorado Coalfield War
1148:
586:
510:
490:
472:
372:Allegheny Technologies
304:U.S. Steel recognition
3245:September 1909 events
3103:Rock Springs massacre
3038:Hells Canyon Massacre
2865:Mussel Slough Tragedy
2849:Anti-Chinese violence
2685:San Elizario Salt War
2606:Phoenix election riot
2564:Brooks–McFarland feud
2274:May Day riots of 1894
1604:2021 Frito-Lay strike
1599:Lyft and Uber strikes
1278:Memorial Day massacre
1147:
1070:Rock Springs massacre
1064:Great Railroad Strike
716:Charles McCollester,
667:(Searchable database)
584:
508:
470:
424:History of the strike
335:Memorial Day massacre
173:Casualties and losses
27:American labor strike
3210:1909 in Pennsylvania
3073:Seattle riot of 1886
2720:Houston riot of 1917
2576:Green Corn Rebellion
2509:Robert Charles riots
2445:French–Eversole feud
1703:Industrial democracy
1502:Green Corn Rebellion
609:Coal and Iron Police
389:, also known as the
30:For other uses, see
3255:1900s in Pittsburgh
3068:Tacoma riot of 1885
2923:Colorado Labor Wars
2824:Pleasant Valley War
2743:Lincoln County feud
2697:Reese–Townsend feud
1830:Little Red Songbook
1718:Solidarity unionism
1708:Industrial unionism
1168:Colorado Labor Wars
1013:United Steelworkers
621:Mayor of Pittsburgh
462:Joseph G. Armstrong
3240:August 1909 events
3138:Fence Cutting Wars
3109:Johnson County War
3044:Sheepshooters' War
3014:Lincoln County War
2984:Deep Creek murders
2917:Colorado Range War
2887:Wheatland hop riot
2830:Bisbee Deportation
2703:Brownsville affair
2667:Sutton–Taylor feud
2493:Thibodaux massacre
2481:Coushatta massacre
2469:Opelousas massacre
2392:Barber–Mizell feud
2279:Akron riot of 1900
2124:Illinois coal wars
1820:Free speech fights
1517:Centralia massacre
1497:Bisbee Deportation
1442:Wheatland hop riot
1149:
1134:Illinois coal wars
1088:Thibodaux massacre
994:Explore PA History
605:ptomaine poisoning
587:
536:(IWW), especially
527:The New York Times
511:
473:
397:, was an American
3192:
3191:
3167:
3166:
3115:Spring Creek raid
3008:Colfax County War
2871:Castaic Range War
2801:
2800:
2661:Early–Hasley feud
2367:Brooks–Baxter War
2314:
2313:
2295:Bay View massacre
2187:1894 Detroit riot
2182:1891 Detroit riot
2084:
2083:
2028:Lattimer massacre
2016:Morewood massacre
1859:
1858:
1808:
1807:
1612:
1611:
1531:1920s & 1930s
1340:
1339:
1260:Harlan County War
1248:Hanapepe massacre
1230:Battle of Matewan
1128:Lattimer massacre
1094:Morewood massacre
1076:Bay View massacre
856:Philip S. Foner,
732:Crystal Eastman,
703:Edward Levinson,
613:William N. McNair
538:William Trautmann
501:The strike begins
452:Pittsburgh Leader
381:
380:
310:Pressed Steel Car
247:
246:
214:
213:
154:William Trautmann
140:
139:
16:(Redirected from
3262:
3235:July 1909 events
3172:Related articles
3084:Everett massacre
3078:Bellingham riots
2812:
2783:Greene–Jones War
2714:Boyce–Sneed feud
2679:Mason County War
2600:Hamburg massacre
2439:Rowan County War
2325:
2239:Camp Dump strike
2130:Battle of Virden
2112:Haymarket affair
2095:
2022:Homestead strike
1918:
1886:
1879:
1872:
1863:
1853:
1735:
1730:
1690:
1620:
1487:Everett massacre
1462:Paterson pageant
1391:
1386:
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1367:
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1353:
1344:
1330:
1294:Related articles
1219:Everett massacre
1206:, including the
1105:Homestead Strike
1082:Haymarket affair
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845:I Break Strikes,
841:
835:
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825:. 12 August 1909
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477:Baldwin contract
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161:Norton Hoffstot;
135:; Strikebreakers
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2935:Ludlow Massacre
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2534:Kirk–Holden war
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2225:
2196:
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2157:Aldermen's wars
2080:
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2010:Pittsburgh riot
1974:
1953:Mamaroneck riot
1939:
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1467:Hopedale strike
1415:
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1242:Herrin massacre
1208:Ludlow Massacre
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2673:Las Cuevas War
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2636:Coal Creek War
2633:
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2597:
2591:
2589:
2587:South Carolina
2583:
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2567:
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2526:North Carolina
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2337:Eutaw massacre
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2118:Pullman Strike
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1813:Related topics
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1638:Eugene V. Debs
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1584:Redwood Summer
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1119:
1116:Pullman Strike
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978:External links
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836:
823:New York Times
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561:and others in
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101:Demonstrations
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3133:
3132:Railroad Wars
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2851:(1860s–1890s)
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2730:West Virginia
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2299:
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2269:
2268:Reservoir war
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2017:
2014:
2011:
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1713:One Big Union
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1698:Dual unionism
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1507:Tulsa Outrage
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1284:Hilo massacre
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869:McCollester,
866:
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745:McCollester,
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516:Pearl Bergoff
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164:Pearl Bergoff
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69:
65:
61:
57:
50:
45:
40:
33:
32:Pressed Steel
19:
3016:(1878; 1881)
2630:Pulaski riot
2038:
1980:Pennsylvania
1959:Orange Riots
1897:civil unrest
1781:
1673:Carlo Tresca
1663:Lucy Parsons
1658:Frank Little
1648:Bill Haywood
1410:
1331:
1183:
1155:20th century
1057:19th century
997:. Retrieved
993:
963:. Retrieved
959:
949:
937:. Retrieved
931:
925:
913:. Retrieved
888:. Retrieved
878:
870:
865:
857:
852:
844:
839:
827:. Retrieved
822:
810:
802:
797:
792:pp. 194-195.
789:
759:
754:
746:
741:
733:
728:
717:
712:
704:
699:
691:
686:
675:. Retrieved
670:
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593:
571:
567:
556:
541:
531:
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519:
512:
491:
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393:McKees Rocks
390:
386:
385:
331:Little Steel
309:
206:
201:
193:
188:
183:
160:
152:
145:Lead figures
3145:(1870–1920)
3134:(1864–1912)
3111:(1889–1893)
3046:(1895–1906)
3010:(1873–1888)
2962:(1893–1894)
2931:(1913–1914)
2925:(1903–1904)
2873:(1890–1916)
2826:(1882–1892)
2768:(1912–1921)
2757:(1888–1893)
2745:(1878–1890)
2716:(1911–1912)
2699:(1898–1907)
2693:(1888–1889)
2687:(1877–1878)
2681:(1875–1876)
2669:(1868–1876)
2663:(1865–1869)
2638:(1891–1892)
2572:(1907–1909)
2566:(1896–1902)
2560:(1893–1894)
2515:Grabow riot
2447:(1887–1894)
2441:(1884–1887)
2350:(1892–1893)
2348:Mitcham War
2159:(1916–1921)
2126:(1898–1900)
1961:(1870–1871)
1522:Bisbee Riot
1437:Grabow riot
1262:, 1931–1932
1210:, 1913–1914
1170:, 1903–1904
1164:, 1895–1929
1136:, 1898–1899
1124:, 1895–1929
999:23 November
965:23 November
520:Steel Queen
360:1980s–2020s
325:1930s–1970s
318:Great Steel
290:1800s–1920s
107:Resulted in
3199:Categories
3143:Sheep wars
3055:Washington
3000:New Mexico
2960:Black Week
2841:California
1922:New Jersey
1689:Philosophy
1678:Ben Legere
1572:After 1940
843:Levinson,
801:Levinson,
677:2014-01-25
563:New Castle
439:Ohio River
429:Background
410:Pittsburgh
353:Nationwide
347:Nationwide
341:Nationwide
232:Designated
2617:Tennessee
2456:Louisiana
2136:Pana riot
1913:Northeast
1904:1865–1918
650:Footnotes
623:in 1934.
548:Joe Ettor
481:kickbacks
296:Homestead
2904:Colorado
2550:Oklahoma
2431:Kentucky
2359:Arkansas
2231:Nebraska
2202:Missouri
2174:Michigan
2099:Illinois
1945:New York
1729:Sections
1653:Joe Hill
939:30 March
915:30 March
890:29 March
873:pg. 184.
829:29 March
805:, p. 70.
788:Duchez,
749:pg. 182.
638:See also
630:and the
207:Injuries
189:Injuries
67:Location
3095:Wyoming
2816:Arizona
2408:Georgia
2384:Florida
2329:Alabama
2090:Midwest
1782:Extinct
1385:History
847:pg. 77.
617:peonage
194:Arrests
115:Parties
97:Protest
93:Strikes
89:Methods
3125:Others
3117:(1909)
3105:(1885)
3086:(1916)
3080:(1907)
3040:(1887)
3030:Oregon
2986:(1896)
2956:(1874)
2946:Hawaii
2937:(1914)
2919:(1900)
2895:(1916)
2889:(1913)
2867:(1880)
2832:(1917)
2776:Others
2751:(1888)
2705:(1906)
2675:(1875)
2644:(1897)
2632:(1868)
2608:(1898)
2602:(1876)
2578:(1917)
2536:(1870)
2517:(1912)
2511:(1900)
2495:(1887)
2489:(1874)
2483:(1874)
2477:(1873)
2471:(1868)
2394:(1870)
2375:(1914)
2369:(1874)
2339:(1870)
2297:(1886)
2288:Others
2270:(1887)
2241:(1882)
2222:(1904)
2165:(1917)
2138:(1899)
2132:(1898)
2120:(1894)
2114:(1886)
2059:Others
2046:(1910)
2030:(1897)
2024:(1892)
2018:(1891)
2012:(1886)
2001:(1877)
1995:(1877)
1955:(1870)
1626:People
1286:, 1938
1280:, 1937
1274:, 1935
1268:, 1934
1256:, 1927
1250:, 1924
1244:, 1922
1238:, 1921
1232:, 1920
1221:, 1916
1130:, 1897
1118:, 1894
1107:, 1892
1096:, 1891
1090:, 1887
1084:, 1886
1078:, 1886
1072:, 1885
1066:, 1877
598:Legacy
559:Butler
494:stores
402:strike
395:strike
337:) 1937
202:Deaths
184:Deaths
2971:Idaho
2653:Texas
2320:South
1893:Riots
1420:1910s
1394:1900s
819:(PDF)
399:labor
391:1909
191:: 26+
83:wages
79:Goals
2807:West
2255:Ohio
1895:and
1001:2012
967:2012
941:2016
917:2016
892:2016
831:2016
543:Riot
450:The
374:2021
368:1986
355:1959
349:1952
343:1946
320:1919
312:1909
306:1901
298:1892
186:: 12
59:Date
441:in
366:USX
204:: 1
3201::
992:.
958:.
900:^
821:.
781:^
767:^
669:.
565:.
420:.
156:,
99:,
95:,
1906:)
1902:(
1885:e
1878:t
1871:v
1366:e
1359:t
1352:v
1041:e
1034:t
1027:v
1003:.
969:.
943:.
919:.
894:.
833:.
680:.
458:,
454:,
333:(
272:e
265:t
258:v
209::
196::
34:.
20:)
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