759:, and no retribution to strikers following the end of the strike. These demands were printed on leaflets and distributed throughout the city to generate support for the strike. By this time, the strikers were facing a difficult situation. Several days after the strike had begun, Studebaker announced a policy whereby employees could receive 70 percent of their pay halfway through the two-week pay period. This slight concession placated several workers who had initially opposed the change in pay schedule. Additionally, May through September was traditionally considered the off-season for automotive manufacturing; as a result, many unemployed people were ready to take the strikers' jobs. Around this time, the EAD had also begun providing Studebaker with strikebreakers. Due to this, on June 23, the strikers voted to end the strike.
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tackle the job. The strike dissipated itself. Many years would elapse before the auto workers would move as a mass toward industrial unionism." Historian Robert Justin
Goldstein also notes that the police's attack on the strike and its ban on parades contributed to the strike's failure. The Studebaker strike, like several other strikes led by the IWW in 1913, ended in failure for the union and generated concerns over both the IWW's strategy and future. In particular, members noted that, while the strikes were often largescale and significantly impactful in the short-term, they failed to generate long-term success, with the editor of
642:, another car manufacturer in the city, where several IWW members were employed. At the time, a recent change in the company's pay schedule from once a week to once every two weeks had not been well received by many of the employees, with some organizing groups to push for a return to the old pay schedule. Additional complaints concerned the low pay, long hours, and a policy change where, if a payday fell on a Sunday or a holiday, workers would be paid the following day and not the previous day. Organizing efforts at the company centered primarily on the company's #3 plant, located at the intersection of Clark Street and
580:
715:
484:, but following fierce opposition, they shifted their focus to Studebaker. The company had recently shifted its pay schedule from weekly to once every two weeks, which was very unpopular with the workers. Tensions escalated even more when a vocal critic of the two-week pay schedule was fired, and about 3,500 workers went on strike on June 17. In the following days, this number grew to about 6,000 Studebaker employees, and their demands included a weekly pay schedule, improved working conditions, and an
687:(AFL), a craft union-oriented labor federation that was generally at odds with the IWW, refused to strike. While the main cause of the strike concerned the pay schedule, achieving the eight-hour day soon became another goal. By the end of the day, the strikers held a rally and elected strike leaders. Reflecting the immigrant composition of the workers, speeches at the rally were given in
500:
contributed to Ford announcing a $ 5 daily pay for its workers at a time when the industry average pay was about half of that. The strike was one of several that ended in failure for the IWW in 1913, and the union continued to face both internal and external issues through the following years. In
Detroit, organized labor would not gain a stable and sizeable foothold until the 1930s.
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646:. In mid-June, Dale Schlosser, a vocal advocate for the return to the weekly pay schedule, was fired from his position as Studebaker. Many workers at the plant protested Schlosser's firing and called on management to reinstate him but their request was rejected. On June 17, approximately 3,500 workers at the plant performed a
905:
impact of the strike at Plant #5, with Foner stating that about 2,000 workers (nearly all of the plant's workforce) joined the strike and Babson et al. stating that efforts to attract strikers were less successful than at the other plants, and while some workers joined, the plant continued operations.
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and had participated to some extent in the
Studebaker strike) began to more actively organize workers in the city, but their membership declined rapidly by the 1920s. It would not be until the 1930s that labor unions gained a strong foothold with the city's autoworkers. Speaking of organized labor in
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for the year and sold over 35,000 cars. The failure of the strike severely impacted the IWW's efforts in
Detroit, causing their local membership to decrease drastically; however, the union still maintained a presence in the city, where they operated educational and work relief programs. Additionally,
838:
states, "autoworker unions gained few members when industrial jobs were plentiful, wages were good, and the industry's employers controlled the labor market." According to a 1986 book on the labor history of
Detroit, the strike, while not successful, showed that "it was possible to unite skilled and
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During the strike, Studebaker instituted a policy where employees could receive up to 70 percent of their pay halfway through the two-week period, which placated many of the employees. The IWW maintained a presence in the city and planned to target Ford the following year. This, among other reasons,
792:
Discussing the difficulties with the strike, Robbins stated, "There were some 50,000 or 60,000 auto workers in
Detroit at the time. The IWW local did not have the ability, nor even the comprehension, of the magnitude of the job. And the speakers were not organizers with plans and discipline to help
904:
Sources differ on how many workers joined the strike, with Foner stating that 2,000 workers from Plant #1 joined the strike, while Babson et al. states that the workers continued their march after 200 to 300 workers from Plant #1 joined them. Additionally, Foner and Babson et al. disagree on the
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opining that, "A spontaneous strike is a spontaneous tragedy unless there is a strong local organization on the spot or unless a strong force of outside experienced men are thrown into town immediately." The IWW would continue to face both internal and external turmoil in the years following the
730:
Following the initial walkout, the strikers continued to rally and recruit more members from the
Studebaker plants, with several sources stating that about 6,000 workers were involved in the strike. The police maintained a presence at these rallies and at speeches given during the workers' lunch
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and
Beaubien Street, roughly 7 miles (11 km) away. By the time they reached the other factory, the police were already there and blocked the strikers from the building. Despite the police presence, the strikers managed to recruit several hundred workers from the #1 plant and continued their
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of the IWW. Through 1912, the local faced problems with attracting members. Discussing
Detroit around this time, one historian would later say the city was one of "the most aggressively anti-union open-shop metropolis in the country", while another stated it was "the least unionized city in the
626:
was targeted primarily due to complaints from workers following company changes to increase productivity. Within a month, the IWW was claiming 200 automotive worker members in the city, and
Robbins was regularly attracting roughly 3,000 Ford workers to hear her give speeches during their
779:
stating that it was widely acknowledged at the time that the IWW was planning to conduct strike action against Ford sometime in early 1914. This fear of activity from the IWW, among other reasons, contributed to Ford announcing a $ 5 daily wage for workers at their
873:
states that Schlosser was fired for circulating a petition calling for weekly pay. Additionally, while he does not give an exact date for his firing, he states that the workers held a meeting on June 14 to discuss how they would respond to the
2472:
754:
On June 20, strikers held a meeting, presided over by Robbins, where they came up with a list of demands for Studebaker. Among these were a weekly pay schedule, an eight-hour day with the same pay as for a ten-hour day, improved
868:
Sources agree that Schlosser was an advocate for the weekly pay schedule but differ on when and why Schlosser was fired. Several sources state that Schlosser was fired on June 17 due to an unexcused absence. Historian
914:
Foner listed several strike events as occurring in July. In the same source, he states that the strike ended on June 23. Additionally, some sources list events described by Foner as occurring in July as occurring in
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in January 1914. Before this, Ford workers' average daily pay was $ 2.34. Despite this, IWW members were active in Detroit as late as 1933, when they became involved in some of the first strikes of the
170:
2741:
747:, skirmished with the strikers, clubbing many and arresting some of the strikers and IWW members. Walsh, who had been severely beaten, later led a group to protest the arrests and talked to the
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hours, the police ordered some speakers to cease when their speeches became more extreme. In addition to Studebaker employees, there were plans to spread the strike to other companies, such as
492:
manufacturing plant and a subsequent city ban on large marches and parades. While the strikers continued to make their demands public and attempted to generate support, Studebaker began hiring
2204:
679:
march to Studebaker's #5 plant, located near Franklin Street and St. Aubin Street. While some skilled workers, such as metal polishers and iron molders, expressed sympathy for the strike,
631:. However, Ford effectively blocked the organizers' efforts by changing the employee's lunch policies and having Robbins arrested. Additionally, they promoted several known IWW members to
799:(the IWW'S official newspaper) suggesting that the union focus on smaller-scale industrial action. Additional criticism noted the poor organization of the strikes, with one writer for
2240:
2527:
883:
Multiple sources state that this strike was the first major labor strike in automotive history. However, the industry had seen some smaller strikes before, with historian
163:
2726:
843:
may have referenced the strike's impact during a speech with the strikers where he said, "the strike was not for a few days or weeks, but maybe twenty or thirty years".
1775:
Campbell, Linda; Newman, Andrew; Safransky, Sara; Stallmann, Tim (2020). "Labor Struggles". In Campbell, Linda; Newman, Andrew; Safransky, Sara; Stallmann, Tim (eds.).
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602:. The strike, despite involving several thousand workers, ended in failure for the IWW, and starting around March 1913, Organizers began focusing their efforts on
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2223:
924:
While multiple sources state that the IWW maintained a presence in Detroit after the strike, one source mentions the IWW had "left Detroit" following the strike.
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354:
156:
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827:(1937). In the years shortly after the strike, the Carriage, Wagon and Automobile Workers Union (CWAWU, which had been formed in 1891 as an affiliate of the
795:
739:. On June 19, strikers met at Plant #1 and proceeded to march to the Packard plant in an attempt to recruit their workers. The march to the Packard plant on
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317:
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Following the strike, organized labor in Detroit remained fairly militant compared to elsewhere, with later largescale labor disputes events including the
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488:. By June 19, workers attempted to spread the strike to other car manufacturers, which led to a violent confrontation with police outside of the
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Despite the strike, which caused a short-term disruption to Studebaker's production level, the company managed to produce at near-maximum
286:
539:, but the results of these drives were short-lived. Around this same time, the city was developing a reputation as a major center in the
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involved about 2,000 strikers and was initially peaceful. The strikers marched around the plant once before police officers, including
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378:
1960:
Hillstrom, Laurie Collier (2006). "Labor Organizations and Reform Movements". In Hillstrom, Kevin; Hillstrom, Laurie Collier (eds.).
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384:
372:
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472:, began to actively organize Detroit autoworkers, who had become a center of the automotive industry. IWW organizers, including
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Following the walkout, protesting commenced outside the factory, and the strikers were joined by some workers from the nearby
2387:
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1835:
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Smith, Mike (Fall 2001). ""Let's Make Detroit a Union Town": The History of Labor and the Working Class in the Motor City".
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began a concerted effort to organize autoworkers in the city, forming the Auto Workers' Industrial Union Local 16, a
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May, Martha (1992). "The Historical Problem of the Family Wage: The Ford Motor Company and the Five Dollar Day". In
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1992:
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671:
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532:
523:, the IWW was more radical and militant in its actions, and during the early 1900s was involved in several large
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unskilled autoworkers of diverse nationalities around militant trade unionism". Foner states that IWW organizer
751:, who agreed to allow the strikers to continue picketing but barred them from holding large marches or parades.
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where they listened to a speech given by IWW members. Around noon, about 600 workers, led by a worker waving an
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Strike ends in failure for the strikers, company later makes change to their pay schedule to placate workers
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Proletarians of the North: A History of Mexican Industrial Workers in Detroit and the Midwest, 1917-1933
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250:
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2017:
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in Detroit. To effectively organize in the city, the IWW sent in several labor organizers, including
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of Detroit (EAD), which had been formed by manufacturers and employers in the early 1900s to oppose
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560:, played an important role in preventing a strong union presence in the city, as they published a
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2042:
History of Women in the United States: Historical Articles on Women's Lives and Activities
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650:. This marked the first major labor dispute in the history of the automotive industry.
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Starting in 1913, the IWW began to focus its efforts on the automotive industry in the
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485:
477:
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2011:
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670:, began to march across the city to Studebaker's #1 plant (located in the former
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548:
516:
469:
1862:. Vol. IV: The Industrial Workers of the World, 1905ā1917. New York City:
2517:
2046:
1757:
1703:
American Vanguard: The United Auto Workers During the Reuther Years, 1935-1970
680:
663:
639:
583:
447:
136:
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598:. That year, they organized a large strike targeting rubber manufacturers in
1942:
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of labor organizers and workers sympathetic to organized labor and provided
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635:, which made them ineligible to be members of the union per IWW policies.
1967:
1917:
947:
945:
943:
941:
732:
49:
2124:
2045:. Vol. 5: The Intersection of Work and Family Life. New York City:
535:. In 1909 and 1910, the IWW had led organizing campaigns in the city of
736:
719:
708:
647:
536:
489:
451:
102:
45:
1831:
The Color Line and the Assembly Line: Managing Race in the Ford Empire
2108:
2457:
1806:
We Shall Be All: A History of the Industrial Workers of the World
1675:
Babson, Steve; Alpern, Ron; Elsila, Dave; Revitte, John (1986).
1621:
1609:
496:. Facing this, the strikers voted to end the strike on June 23.
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1099:
1097:
1095:
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the union planned to continue organizing efforts at Ford, with
152:
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manufacturing plant. Many of the workers gathered in a nearby
61:
Change in Studebaker's pay schedule from weekly to biweekly
2767:
Manufacturing industry labor disputes in the United States
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1294:
1292:
1124:
1122:
1120:
1118:
1116:
1114:
1112:
543:; in 1911, in response to several requests, IWW organizer
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Labor disputes led by the Industrial Workers of the World
1884:
Political Repression in Modern America: From 1870 to 1976
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1522:
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the city prior to the 1930s, an article published in the
458:(IWW), is considered the first major labor strike in the
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strike, and IWW members would later be targeted by the
1031:
1029:
1001:
999:
997:
995:
993:
1479:
1477:
789:. In 1932, they counted about 80 members in Detroit.
2742:
Industrial Workers of the World in the United States
1988:
American Technology and the British Vehicle Industry
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2160:This is Detroit, 1701-2001: An Illustrated History
1859:History of the Labor Movement in the United States
1753:Ford Model T: The Car That Put the World on Wheels
1963:The Industrial Revolution in America: Automobiles
1938:Capitalism and the Political Economy of Work Time
454:. The six-day June 1913 strike, organized by the
859:At the time, Ford was using a ten-hour workday.
576:was generally hostile towards organized labor.
1913:Social History of the United States: The 1900s
1387:
1103:
1086:
1074:
2198:
1728:More Than They Promised: The Studebaker Story
164:
8:
2640:Metal and Machinery Workers Industrial Union
1678:Working Detroit: The Making of a Union Town
2582:Australasian Meat Industry Employees Union
2574:
2332:1916ā1917 northern Minnesota lumber strike
2230:
2205:
2191:
2183:
1906:Greenberg, Brian; Watts, Linda S. (2009).
171:
157:
149:
22:
2602:Marine Transport Workers Industrial Union
2597:Incarcerated Workers Organizing Committee
1383:
1375:
1300:
638:The IWW shifted its efforts from Ford to
480:, initially attempted to organize at the
2727:Automotive industry in the United States
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2680:Workers' International Industrial Union
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1327:
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1050:
984:
937:
852:
2067:American Automobile Workers, 1900ā1933
1498:
1371:
1283:
1035:
465:Early in the year, the IWW, a radical
2322:Bayonne refinery strikes of 1915ā1916
2287:1912ā1913 Little Falls textile strike
1657:
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1453:
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1408:
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1339:
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1206:
1005:
7:
2473:List of General Secretary-Treasurers
1483:
1020:
1218:
443:involving workers for the American
2737:Ford Motor Company labor relations
2712:1910s strikes in the United States
2592:Education Workers Industrial Union
2272:1912 New York City waiters' strike
2072:State University of New York Press
14:
2630:Agricultural Workers Organization
1881:Goldstein, Robert Justin (2001).
895:as probably the industry's first.
2456:
2251:Pressed Steel Car strike of 1909
512:(IWW) was founded in 1905 as an
2722:1913 labor disputes and strikes
2635:Lumber Workers Industrial Union
2403:Stockton cannery strike of 1937
2383:1922 New England Textile Strike
2215:Industrial Workers of the World
510:Industrial Workers of the World
456:Industrial Workers of the World
130:Industrial Workers of the World
71:Return to previous pay schedule
2393:1927ā1928 Colorado Coal Strike
2388:1923 San Pedro maritime strike
2140:University of California Press
1836:University of California Press
614:, who initially pushed for an
590:(pictured c. 1906) since 1911.
1:
2292:1913 El Paso smelters' strike
2246:1907 Skowhegan textile strike
2064:Peterson, Joyce Shaw (1987).
1966:. Santa Barbara, California:
1916:. Santa Barbara, California:
2675:Western Federation of Miners
2267:1912 Lawrence textile strike
2165:Wayne State University Press
2157:Woodford, Arthur M. (2001).
1910:; Bender, Daniel E. (eds.).
1889:University of Illinois Press
1783:Wayne State University Press
1708:Wayne State University Press
1683:Wayne State University Press
887:citing a 1906 strike at the
829:American Federation of Labor
685:American Federation of Labor
529:1912 Lawrence textile strike
521:American Federation of Labor
2434:2018ā2019 Education strikes
2419:1964 Mount Isa Mines strike
2241:First Convention of the IWW
2101:Central Michigan University
1935:Hermann, Christoph (2014).
1828:Esch, Elizabeth D. (2018).
1778:A People's Atlas of Detroit
1725:Bonsall, Thomas E. (2000).
80:Improved working conditions
16:Labor strike in Detroit, US
2788:
2762:Labor relations by company
2752:Labor disputes in Michigan
2092:Michigan Historical Review
1993:Cambridge University Press
1388:Greenberg & Watts 2009
1104:Greenberg & Watts 2009
1087:Greenberg & Watts 2009
1075:Greenberg & Watts 2009
889:Pope Manufacturing Company
835:Michigan Historical Review
672:Ford Piquette Avenue Plant
2688:
2587:Burgerville Workers Union
2577:
2454:
2398:1933 Yakima Valley strike
2312:1913 Ipswich Mills strike
2297:1913 Paterson silk strike
2132:Vargas, Zaragosa (1999).
1733:Stanford University Press
586:had been operating their
574:Detroit Police Department
533:1913 Paterson silk strike
186:
123:
2665:Glossary of Wobbly terms
2138:. Berkeley, California:
2010:Martelle, Scott (2012).
1864:International Publishers
1834:. Berkeley, California:
1750:Brooke, Lindsay (2008).
1731:. Stanford, California:
588:plant on Piquette Avenue
180:US manufacturing strikes
2692:Organized Labour portal
2612:United Campaign Workers
2607:Starbucks Workers Union
2429:2011 Wisconsin protests
1985:Lewchuk, Wayne (1987).
806:U.S. Federal Government
305:International Harvester
2483:Elizabeth Gurley Flynn
2378:Anaconda Road massacre
2352:Seattle General Strike
2317:1913 Studebaker strike
1700:Barnard, John (2004).
825:Battle of the Overpass
727:
591:
554:Employers' Association
437:1913 Studebaker strike
379:St. Paul Park refinery
26:1913 Studebaker strike
2444:2021 Frito-Lay strike
2439:Lyft and Uber strikes
821:Flint sit-down strike
717:
644:West Jefferson Avenue
582:
2543:Industrial democracy
2342:Green Corn Rebellion
2070:. Albany, New York:
2049:. pp. 371ā396.
2018:Chicago Review Press
2013:Detroit: A Biography
1970:. pp. 103ā122.
1908:Walkowitz, Daniel J.
1887:. Urbana, Illinois:
1622:Campbell et al. 2020
1610:Campbell et al. 2020
741:East Grand Boulevard
724:East Grand Boulevard
683:organized under the
654:Course of the strike
572:. Additionally, the
568:to companies facing
545:William E. Trautmann
2670:Little Red Songbook
2558:Solidarity unionism
2548:Industrial unionism
1648:, pp. 160ā161.
1588:, pp. 287ā290.
1561:, pp. 285ā287.
1513:, pp. 130ā131.
1435:, pp. 387ā388.
1423:, pp. 386ā388.
1354:, pp. 386ā387.
782:Highland Park Plant
769:production capacity
624:Highland Park Plant
541:automotive industry
460:automotive industry
421:United Auto Workers
324:International Paper
74:Institution of the
2732:Economy of Detroit
2660:Free speech fights
2357:Centralia massacre
2337:Bisbee Deportation
2282:Wheatland hop riot
1785:. pp. 30ā34.
1598:Babson et al. 1986
1523:Babson et al. 1986
1192:Babson et al. 1986
1063:Babson et al. 1986
952:Babson et al. 1986
757:working conditions
728:
620:Ford Motor Company
592:
519:. Compared to the
482:Ford Motor Company
2699:
2698:
2648:
2647:
2452:
2451:
2371:1920s & 1930s
2174:978-0-8143-2914-6
2149:978-0-520-21962-5
2081:978-0-88706-573-6
2056:978-3-11-096946-7
2027:978-1-61373-069-0
2002:978-0-521-30269-2
1977:978-1-85109-749-4
1952:978-1-317-59634-9
1941:. New York City:
1927:978-1-59884-128-2
1898:978-0-252-06964-2
1873:978-0-717-80396-5
1845:978-0-520-96088-6
1820:978-0-812-96232-1
1792:978-0-8143-4298-5
1767:978-0-7603-2728-9
1742:978-0-8047-3586-5
1717:978-0-8143-3297-9
1692:978-0-8143-1819-5
1624:, pp. 30ā32.
1089:, pp. 72ā73.
817:Ford Hunger March
604:car manufacturers
570:industrial action
430:
429:
373:Bath shipbuilders
147:
146:
143:
142:
2779:
2747:June 1913 events
2693:
2575:
2570:
2530:
2460:
2327:Everett massacre
2302:Paterson pageant
2231:
2226:
2216:
2207:
2200:
2193:
2184:
2178:
2153:
2128:
2109:10.2307/20173931
2085:
2060:
2031:
2006:
1981:
1956:
1931:
1902:
1877:
1854:Foner, Philip S.
1849:
1824:
1811:Quadrangle Books
1801:Dubofsky, Melvyn
1796:
1771:
1746:
1721:
1696:
1661:
1655:
1649:
1643:
1637:
1631:
1625:
1619:
1613:
1607:
1601:
1595:
1589:
1583:
1577:
1571:
1562:
1556:
1550:
1544:
1538:
1532:
1526:
1520:
1514:
1508:
1502:
1496:
1487:
1481:
1472:
1466:
1457:
1451:
1436:
1430:
1424:
1418:
1412:
1406:
1391:
1361:
1355:
1349:
1343:
1337:
1331:
1325:
1319:
1313:
1304:
1298:
1287:
1281:
1272:
1266:
1255:
1249:
1222:
1216:
1210:
1204:
1195:
1189:
1132:
1126:
1107:
1101:
1090:
1084:
1078:
1072:
1066:
1060:
1054:
1048:
1039:
1033:
1024:
1018:
1009:
1003:
988:
982:
955:
949:
925:
922:
916:
912:
906:
902:
896:
891:'s car plant in
881:
875:
866:
860:
857:
823:(1936), and the
787:Great Depression
596:American Midwest
445:car manufacturer
202:El Paso smelters
181:
173:
166:
159:
150:
125:
124:
34:June 17ā23, 1913
23:
2787:
2786:
2782:
2781:
2780:
2778:
2777:
2776:
2717:1913 in Detroit
2702:
2701:
2700:
2695:
2691:
2684:
2644:
2616:
2568:
2562:
2528:
2522:
2508:Matilda Robbins
2461:
2448:
2407:
2366:
2307:Hopedale strike
2255:
2224:
2218:
2214:
2211:
2181:
2175:
2156:
2150:
2131:
2088:
2082:
2063:
2057:
2034:
2028:
2009:
2003:
1984:
1978:
1959:
1953:
1934:
1928:
1905:
1899:
1880:
1874:
1852:
1846:
1827:
1821:
1799:
1793:
1774:
1768:
1756:. Minneapolis:
1749:
1743:
1724:
1718:
1699:
1693:
1674:
1670:
1665:
1664:
1656:
1652:
1644:
1640:
1632:
1628:
1620:
1616:
1608:
1604:
1596:
1592:
1584:
1580:
1572:
1565:
1557:
1553:
1545:
1541:
1533:
1529:
1521:
1517:
1509:
1505:
1497:
1490:
1482:
1475:
1467:
1460:
1452:
1439:
1431:
1427:
1419:
1415:
1407:
1394:
1386:, p. 104;
1370:, p. 109;
1366:, p. 386;
1362:
1358:
1350:
1346:
1338:
1334:
1326:
1322:
1314:
1307:
1299:
1290:
1282:
1275:
1267:
1258:
1250:
1225:
1217:
1213:
1205:
1198:
1190:
1135:
1127:
1110:
1102:
1093:
1085:
1081:
1073:
1069:
1061:
1057:
1049:
1042:
1034:
1027:
1019:
1012:
1004:
991:
983:
958:
950:
939:
934:
929:
928:
923:
919:
913:
909:
903:
899:
885:Philip S. Foner
882:
878:
871:Philip S. Foner
867:
863:
858:
854:
849:
810:First Red Scare
777:Philip S. Foner
774:labor historian
765:
749:chief of police
676:Piquette Avenue
656:
608:Matilda Robbins
514:anti-capitalist
506:
474:Matilda Robbins
467:anti-capitalist
433:
432:
431:
426:
332: 1986ā1987
326: 1987-1988
182:
179:
177:
139:
132:
53:
52:, United States
35:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2785:
2783:
2775:
2774:
2769:
2764:
2759:
2754:
2749:
2744:
2739:
2734:
2729:
2724:
2719:
2714:
2704:
2703:
2697:
2696:
2689:
2686:
2685:
2683:
2682:
2677:
2672:
2667:
2662:
2656:
2654:
2653:Related topics
2650:
2649:
2646:
2645:
2643:
2642:
2637:
2632:
2626:
2624:
2618:
2617:
2615:
2614:
2609:
2604:
2599:
2594:
2589:
2584:
2578:
2572:
2564:
2563:
2561:
2560:
2555:
2550:
2545:
2540:
2534:
2532:
2524:
2523:
2521:
2520:
2515:
2510:
2505:
2500:
2495:
2490:
2485:
2480:
2478:Eugene V. Debs
2475:
2469:
2467:
2463:
2462:
2455:
2453:
2450:
2449:
2447:
2446:
2441:
2436:
2431:
2426:
2424:Redwood Summer
2421:
2415:
2413:
2409:
2408:
2406:
2405:
2400:
2395:
2390:
2385:
2380:
2374:
2372:
2368:
2367:
2365:
2364:
2359:
2354:
2349:
2344:
2339:
2334:
2329:
2324:
2319:
2314:
2309:
2304:
2299:
2294:
2289:
2284:
2279:
2274:
2269:
2263:
2261:
2257:
2256:
2254:
2253:
2248:
2243:
2237:
2235:
2228:
2220:
2219:
2212:
2210:
2209:
2202:
2195:
2187:
2180:
2179:
2173:
2154:
2148:
2129:
2086:
2080:
2061:
2055:
2037:Cott, Nancy F.
2032:
2026:
2007:
2001:
1982:
1976:
1957:
1951:
1932:
1926:
1903:
1897:
1878:
1872:
1850:
1844:
1825:
1819:
1797:
1791:
1772:
1766:
1747:
1741:
1722:
1716:
1697:
1691:
1671:
1669:
1666:
1663:
1662:
1660:, p. 390.
1650:
1638:
1636:, p. 143.
1626:
1614:
1602:
1590:
1578:
1576:, p. 287.
1563:
1551:
1549:, p. 110.
1539:
1537:, p. 111.
1527:
1515:
1503:
1488:
1473:
1458:
1456:, p. 388.
1437:
1425:
1413:
1411:, p. 387.
1392:
1384:Hillstrom 2006
1382:, p. 32;
1378:, p. 90;
1376:Goldstein 2001
1374:, p. 62;
1356:
1344:
1342:, p. 160.
1332:
1320:
1305:
1301:Goldstein 2001
1288:
1273:
1256:
1254:, p. 386.
1223:
1221:, p. 383.
1211:
1209:, p. 385.
1196:
1133:
1131:, p. 109.
1108:
1091:
1079:
1067:
1065:, p. 243.
1055:
1040:
1025:
1010:
1008:, p. 384.
989:
956:
936:
935:
933:
930:
927:
926:
917:
907:
897:
876:
861:
851:
850:
848:
845:
812:in the 1910s.
764:
761:
745:mounted police
655:
652:
616:eight-hour day
612:James H. Walsh
566:strikebreakers
558:craft unionism
552:country". The
527:, such as the
505:
502:
494:strikebreakers
486:eight-hour day
478:James H. Walsh
428:
427:
425:
424:
418:
412:
406:
400:
394:
388:
382:
376:
370:
364:
358:
355:Oil refineries
351:
350:
346:
345:
339:
336:General Motors
333:
327:
321:
318:Todd Shipyards
314:
313:
309:
308:
302:
296:
290:
287:General Motors
284:
281:General Motors
278:
272:
266:
260:
254:
251:Flint sit-down
248:
242:
236:
229:
228:
224:
223:
217:
211:
205:
199:
192:
191:
187:
184:
183:
178:
176:
175:
168:
161:
153:
145:
144:
141:
140:
135:
133:
128:
121:
120:
116:
115:
112:
108:
107:
106:
105:
100:
95:
88:
84:
83:
82:
81:
78:
76:eight-hour day
72:
67:
63:
62:
59:
55:
54:
44:
42:
38:
37:
32:
28:
27:
21:
20:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2784:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2765:
2763:
2760:
2758:
2755:
2753:
2750:
2748:
2745:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2715:
2713:
2710:
2709:
2707:
2694:
2687:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2657:
2655:
2651:
2641:
2638:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2628:
2627:
2625:
2623:
2619:
2613:
2610:
2608:
2605:
2603:
2600:
2598:
2595:
2593:
2590:
2588:
2585:
2583:
2580:
2579:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2565:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2553:One Big Union
2551:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2541:
2539:
2538:Dual unionism
2536:
2535:
2533:
2531:
2525:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2506:
2504:
2501:
2499:
2496:
2494:
2491:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2471:
2470:
2468:
2464:
2459:
2445:
2442:
2440:
2437:
2435:
2432:
2430:
2427:
2425:
2422:
2420:
2417:
2416:
2414:
2410:
2404:
2401:
2399:
2396:
2394:
2391:
2389:
2386:
2384:
2381:
2379:
2376:
2375:
2373:
2369:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2350:
2348:
2347:Tulsa Outrage
2345:
2343:
2340:
2338:
2335:
2333:
2330:
2328:
2325:
2323:
2320:
2318:
2315:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2300:
2298:
2295:
2293:
2290:
2288:
2285:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2270:
2268:
2265:
2264:
2262:
2258:
2252:
2249:
2247:
2244:
2242:
2239:
2238:
2236:
2232:
2229:
2227:
2221:
2217:
2208:
2203:
2201:
2196:
2194:
2189:
2188:
2185:
2176:
2170:
2166:
2162:
2161:
2155:
2151:
2145:
2141:
2137:
2136:
2130:
2126:
2122:
2118:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2093:
2087:
2083:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2068:
2062:
2058:
2052:
2048:
2044:
2043:
2038:
2033:
2029:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2014:
2008:
2004:
1998:
1994:
1991:. Cambridge:
1990:
1989:
1983:
1979:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1964:
1958:
1954:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1939:
1933:
1929:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1914:
1909:
1904:
1900:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1885:
1879:
1875:
1869:
1865:
1861:
1860:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1841:
1837:
1833:
1832:
1826:
1822:
1816:
1812:
1808:
1807:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1788:
1784:
1780:
1779:
1773:
1769:
1763:
1759:
1755:
1754:
1748:
1744:
1738:
1734:
1730:
1729:
1723:
1719:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1704:
1698:
1694:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1679:
1673:
1672:
1667:
1659:
1654:
1651:
1647:
1642:
1639:
1635:
1634:Woodford 2001
1630:
1627:
1623:
1618:
1615:
1612:, p. 30.
1611:
1606:
1603:
1600:, p. 39.
1599:
1594:
1591:
1587:
1586:Dubofsky 1969
1582:
1579:
1575:
1574:Dubofsky 1969
1570:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1559:Dubofsky 1969
1555:
1552:
1548:
1547:Peterson 1987
1543:
1540:
1536:
1535:Peterson 1987
1531:
1528:
1525:, p. 62.
1524:
1519:
1516:
1512:
1507:
1504:
1501:, p. 15.
1500:
1495:
1493:
1489:
1486:, p. 38.
1485:
1480:
1478:
1474:
1471:, p. 98.
1470:
1465:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1450:
1448:
1446:
1444:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1429:
1426:
1422:
1417:
1414:
1410:
1405:
1403:
1401:
1399:
1397:
1393:
1390:, p. 73.
1389:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1368:Peterson 1987
1365:
1360:
1357:
1353:
1348:
1345:
1341:
1336:
1333:
1330:, p. 38.
1329:
1324:
1321:
1318:, p. 63.
1317:
1312:
1310:
1306:
1303:, p. 90.
1302:
1297:
1295:
1293:
1289:
1286:, p. 14.
1285:
1280:
1278:
1274:
1271:, p. 74.
1270:
1269:Martelle 2012
1265:
1263:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1248:
1246:
1244:
1242:
1240:
1238:
1236:
1234:
1232:
1230:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1215:
1212:
1208:
1203:
1201:
1197:
1194:, p. 33.
1193:
1188:
1186:
1184:
1182:
1180:
1178:
1176:
1174:
1172:
1170:
1168:
1166:
1164:
1162:
1160:
1158:
1156:
1154:
1152:
1150:
1148:
1146:
1144:
1142:
1140:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1129:Peterson 1987
1125:
1123:
1121:
1119:
1117:
1115:
1113:
1109:
1106:, p. 73.
1105:
1100:
1098:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1083:
1080:
1077:, p. 72.
1076:
1071:
1068:
1064:
1059:
1056:
1053:, p. 30.
1052:
1047:
1045:
1041:
1038:, p. 62.
1037:
1032:
1030:
1026:
1023:, p. 37.
1022:
1017:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1002:
1000:
998:
996:
994:
990:
987:, p. 32.
986:
981:
979:
977:
975:
973:
971:
969:
967:
965:
963:
961:
957:
954:, p. 32.
953:
948:
946:
944:
942:
938:
931:
921:
918:
911:
908:
901:
898:
894:
890:
886:
880:
877:
872:
865:
862:
856:
853:
846:
844:
842:
837:
836:
830:
826:
822:
818:
813:
811:
807:
802:
798:
797:
790:
788:
783:
778:
775:
770:
762:
760:
758:
752:
750:
746:
742:
738:
734:
725:
721:
716:
712:
710:
706:
702:
698:
694:
690:
686:
682:
677:
673:
669:
668:American flag
665:
661:
653:
651:
649:
645:
641:
636:
634:
630:
625:
621:
617:
613:
609:
605:
601:
597:
589:
585:
581:
577:
575:
571:
567:
563:
559:
555:
550:
546:
542:
538:
534:
530:
526:
525:labor strikes
522:
518:
515:
511:
503:
501:
497:
495:
491:
487:
483:
479:
475:
471:
468:
463:
461:
457:
453:
449:
446:
442:
438:
422:
419:
416:
413:
410:
407:
404:
401:
398:
395:
392:
389:
386:
383:
380:
377:
374:
371:
368:
365:
362:
359:
356:
353:
352:
348:
347:
343:
340:
337:
334:
331:
328:
325:
322:
319:
316:
315:
311:
310:
306:
303:
300:
297:
294:
291:
288:
285:
282:
279:
276:
275:Chrysler Auto
273:
270:
267:
264:
261:
258:
255:
252:
249:
246:
243:
240:
237:
234:
231:
230:
226:
225:
221:
220:Boston cigars
218:
215:
212:
209:
206:
203:
200:
197:
194:
193:
189:
188:
185:
174:
169:
167:
162:
160:
155:
154:
151:
138:
134:
131:
127:
126:
122:
117:
113:
109:
104:
101:
99:
98:Strike action
96:
94:
91:
90:
89:
85:
79:
77:
73:
70:
69:
68:
64:
60:
56:
51:
47:
43:
39:
36:(6 days)
33:
29:
24:
19:
2621:
2513:Carlo Tresca
2503:Lucy Parsons
2498:Frank Little
2488:Bill Haywood
2316:
2159:
2134:
2096:
2090:
2066:
2041:
2012:
1987:
1962:
1937:
1912:
1883:
1858:
1830:
1805:
1777:
1752:
1727:
1702:
1677:
1653:
1641:
1629:
1617:
1605:
1593:
1581:
1554:
1542:
1530:
1518:
1511:Bonsall 2000
1506:
1469:Bonsall 2000
1428:
1416:
1380:Barnard 2004
1359:
1347:
1335:
1328:Lewchuk 1987
1323:
1316:Hermann 2014
1214:
1082:
1070:
1058:
1051:Barnard 2004
985:Barnard 2004
920:
910:
900:
893:Toledo, Ohio
879:
864:
855:
833:
819:(1932), the
814:
800:
794:
791:
766:
753:
729:
657:
637:
629:lunch breaks
593:
507:
498:
464:
441:labor strike
436:
434:
385:Volvo Trucks
257:Akron rubber
233:Tampa cigars
214:Standard Oil
207:
18:
2362:Bisbee Riot
2277:Grabow riot
2163:. Detroit:
2103:: 157ā173.
2016:. Chicago:
1809:. Chicago:
1781:. Detroit:
1706:. Detroit:
1681:. Detroit:
1499:Brooke 2008
1372:Vargas 1999
1284:Brooke 2008
1036:Vargas 1999
808:during the
681:tool makers
660:Timken Axle
600:Akron, Ohio
549:local union
517:labor union
470:labor union
403:Heaven Hill
349:2010sā2020s
312:1980sā2000s
227:1930sā1970s
190:1800sā1920s
111:Resulted in
2772:Studebaker
2706:Categories
2529:Philosophy
2518:Ben Legere
2412:After 1940
2047:K. G. Saur
1758:Motorbooks
1658:Foner 1965
1646:Smith 2001
1454:Foner 1965
1433:Foner 1965
1421:Foner 1965
1409:Foner 1965
1364:Foner 1965
1352:Foner 1965
1340:Smith 2001
1252:Foner 1965
1207:Foner 1965
1006:Foner 1965
932:References
841:Frank Bohn
801:Solidarity
796:Solidarity
664:vacant lot
640:Studebaker
584:Studebaker
504:Background
448:Studebaker
423: 2023
417: 2021
415:John Deere
411: 2021
405: 2021
399: 2021
393: 2021
387: 2021
381: 2021
375: 2020
369: 2016
363: 2015
357: 2015
344: 2008
338: 2007
330:John Deere
320: 1983
307: 1979
301: 1954
295: 1948
289: 1945
283: 1939
277: 1939
271: 1937
265: 1936
259: 1936
253: 1936
247: 1934
241: 1934
235: 1931
222: 1919
216: 1915
210: 1913
208:Studebaker
204: 1913
198: 1877
137:Studebaker
2117:0890-1686
1943:Routledge
1484:Esch 2018
1021:Esch 2018
763:Aftermath
726:, c. 1905
722:plant on
622:. Ford's
562:blacklist
409:Kellogg's
391:Frito-Lay
263:Remington
239:Auto-Lite
93:Picketing
58:Caused by
2569:Sections
2493:Joe Hill
2125:20173931
1968:ABC-Clio
1918:ABC-Clio
1856:(1965).
1803:(1969).
1219:May 1992
733:Cadillac
531:and the
367:Jim Beam
50:Michigan
41:Location
2622:Extinct
2225:History
2039:(ed.).
1668:Sources
874:firing.
737:Packard
720:Packard
709:Yiddish
701:Russian
689:English
648:walkout
633:foremen
618:at the
537:Detroit
490:Packard
452:Detroit
397:Nabisco
119:Parties
103:Walkout
87:Methods
46:Detroit
2466:People
2171:
2146:
2123:
2115:
2078:
2053:
2024:
1999:
1974:
1949:
1924:
1895:
1870:
1842:
1817:
1789:
1764:
1739:
1714:
1689:
707:, and
705:Slavic
697:Polish
693:German
439:was a
361:Kohler
342:Boeing
299:Kohler
293:Boeing
245:Kohler
196:Cigars
2260:1910s
2234:1900s
2121:JSTOR
2099:(2).
915:June.
847:Notes
674:) at
66:Goals
2169:ISBN
2144:ISBN
2113:ISSN
2076:ISBN
2051:ISBN
2022:ISBN
1997:ISBN
1972:ISBN
1947:ISBN
1922:ISBN
1893:ISBN
1868:ISBN
1840:ISBN
1815:ISBN
1787:ISBN
1762:ISBN
1737:ISBN
1712:ISBN
1687:ISBN
735:and
718:The
610:and
508:The
476:and
435:The
269:Ford
31:Date
2105:doi
450:in
2708::
2167:.
2142:.
2119:.
2111:.
2097:27
2095:.
2074:.
2020:.
1995:.
1945:.
1920:.
1891:.
1866:.
1838:.
1813:.
1760:.
1735:.
1710:.
1685:.
1566:^
1491:^
1476:^
1461:^
1440:^
1395:^
1308:^
1291:^
1276:^
1259:^
1226:^
1199:^
1136:^
1111:^
1094:^
1043:^
1028:^
1013:^
992:^
959:^
940:^
711:.
703:,
699:,
695:,
691:,
462:.
48:,
2206:e
2199:t
2192:v
2177:.
2152:.
2127:.
2107::
2084:.
2059:.
2030:.
2005:.
1980:.
1955:.
1930:.
1901:.
1876:.
1848:.
1823:.
1795:.
1770:.
1745:.
1720:.
1695:.
172:e
165:t
158:v
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