223:
212:
201:
189:
139:
234:
170:
556:, they have become heavily assaulted later on by the Soviet fleet, which bombed them by heavy artillery fire. First, it had been believed that the entire force of 700 men, led by Reza Khan, became annihilated in this event, though later the actual casualty rate was determined to be about 10%, with the rest of them scattering upon the bombardment. As a result, Starosselski ordered evacuation of Rasht.
583:
486:, formerly the Russian Empire. As a result of the treaty, the Soviet Union gave up some of its former Russian facilities in Iran, although the Soviet diplomats ensured that their nation was allowed to intervene with its military in Iran, as long as the intervention was "self-defense". The USSR also gave up any Russian-owned railroads and ports in Iran.
548:. Following a gendarme operation, led by Habibollah Khan (Shiabani), they cleared up Mazandaran and moved into Gilan. On 20 August, ahead of the arrival of the Cossacks, the insurgents pulled out of Rasht, retreating towards Enzeli. The Cossacks entered Rasht on 24 August. Though further pursuit after the revolutionaries turned successful at
523:
opposed the new order and erosion of the democratic principles for which he and many of his fellow
Iranians had fought and so departed Tehran. Soon at the head of a rebel army, Pessian went to battle with the armies of several regional governors. However, the rebels were eventually defeated and Reza
505:
Sayyed
Ziaoddin Tabatabaee, who had been installed as prime minister, was removed from office on 25 May by Shah Ahmad's decree. Shortly afterward, Qavam was released from prison and given Tabatabaee's former post. Colonel Pessian refused to accept this betrayal of the coup's ideals of a democratic
465:
On 18 February 1921 the
Cossacks reached Tehran meeting little resistance. In the early morning of 21 February they entered the city. Only several policemen, taken by surprise, are said to had been killed or wounded in the center of Tehran. Backed by his troops, Reza Khan forced the Cabinet to
502:, had asserted his loyalty to the Qajar regime. When he refused to recognize the government installed by Reza Khan, he was jailed in Tehran. During his imprisonment, Qavam cultivated a hatred of the man who had arrested him, Colonel Mohammad Taghi Pessian, now the gendarmerie chief.
330:
took over power and became prime minister. The coup was largely bloodless and faced little resistance. With his expanded forces and the
Cossack Brigade, Reza Khan launched successful military actions to eliminate separatist and dissident movements in
443:
Britain, which played a major role in Persia, was perturbed by the Qajar government's inability to rule efficiently. This inefficiency was the background of a power struggle between
Britain and Soviet Russia, each nation hoping to control Persia.
613:, Amir Ahmadi confessed that his efforts to prevent Reza Khan being made Shah and the monarchy reinstated were being thwarted by the British. Reza Khan was finally declared Shah, taking the surname Pahlavi and thus founding the
451:
chose to promote Reza Khan, who had been leading the Tabriz battalion, to lead the entire brigade. About a month later, under
British direction, Reza Khan's 3,000-4,000 strong detachment of the Cossack Brigade reached Tehran.
609:, tried to stand up against the establishment of a new monarchy, but on a visit to his now imprisoned brother-in-law, General Heydargholi Pessian, who had been one of the leaders of the coup that defeated the
1120:
2238:
524:
Khan ordered that
Pessian be beheaded and that the head be returned to Tehran and put on display to prove that Pessian, now a national hero, was dead to quell further rebellions. The
1502:
1338:
1370:
2093:
1343:
559:
The Soviet
Republic of Gilan officially came to an end in September 1921. Mirza and his German friend Gauook (Hooshang) were left alone in the Khalkhal Mountains, and died of
2253:
629:. The day after the Shah left Iran, the revolutionary leaders declared Colonel Mohammad Taghi Pessian the first Martyr of the Revolution although Pessian was a Secularist.
428:, who had been crowned at the age of eleven. He was considered to be a weak, incompetent ruler, especially after British, Russian and Ottoman occupations of Persia during
2049:
2139:
440:
tribesmen, rather than
Iranian regular troops, expelled the invaders. This further diminished the government's reputation, rendering it almost powerless in time of war.
1863:
1113:
1247:
2188:
1365:
1403:
605:
Rezā Khan was placed on the throne by constitutional assembly in 1925, and many of those involved in the coup were either killed or put in prison. One
General,
1782:
2067:
1256:
1106:
653:
414:
for military and economic support. Civil wars earlier in the decade had threatened the government, and the only regular military force at the time was the
1896:
479:
2193:
2208:
1812:
1886:
1474:
2166:
Prolonged conflicts are listed in the decade when initiated; ongoing conflicts are marked italic, and conflicts with +100,000 killed with bold.
2075:
1282:
689:
1700:
2106:
1829:
1321:
348:
100:
1072:
1240:
705:... as a result of his forcefulness and military achievements, had been chosen by Major General Edmund Ironside, head of Norperforce ...
448:
399:. This fact, along with various other disorders, mutinies and unrest in the country created "an acute political crisis in the capital."
323:
238:
1770:
2203:
1350:
1980:
1144:
638:
541:
368:
94:
88:
2080:
1716:
1623:
1464:
853:
2036:
908:
2243:
2233:
1997:
466:
dissolve and oversaw his own appointment as minister of war. Reza Khan also ensured that Ahmad, still ruling as shah, appoint
1654:
1233:
1165:
1057:
1037:
987:
826:
1852:
1603:
1175:
2248:
2213:
1876:
1739:
1695:
1517:
1309:
1201:
1857:
1671:
1951:
1413:
2086:
1666:
1454:
2228:
2183:
1332:
1316:
1660:
1512:
2218:
1991:
1956:
1792:
1787:
1765:
1540:
1459:
1560:
1554:
1939:
2010:
1355:
932:
1598:
1326:
376:
340:
1934:
1929:
1507:
1377:
595:
467:
415:
311:
159:
70:
2031:
2015:
1881:
598:
broke out in Khuzestan, being the first modern Arab nationalist uprising led by the Sheikh of Mohammerah
406:
of Persia had become corrupt and inefficient. The oil-rich nation was somewhat reliant on the nations of
2223:
2198:
1871:
1684:
1423:
1287:
545:
327:
216:
84:
78:
2132:
1946:
1919:
1824:
1802:
1760:
1444:
599:
591:
288:
193:
115:
111:
2126:
1986:
1891:
1819:
1638:
1628:
1546:
1534:
1524:
1418:
643:
572:
506:
Iran and began to gather popular support and many tribes flocked to make up his formidable force.
359:
was less successful and lasted well into 1922, though eventually concluding with Persian success.
1924:
1807:
1776:
1722:
1690:
1633:
1469:
1360:
1149:
799:
791:
755:
648:
618:
1846:
1081:
704:
1393:
1299:
1270:
1225:
1196:
1033:
983:
975:
822:
685:
679:
626:
606:
529:
525:
499:
307:
227:
322:
involvement in the coup remains a matter of historical debate, but it is almost certain that
17:
2059:
2042:
2003:
1678:
1613:
1608:
1580:
1479:
1439:
1214:
783:
747:
437:
425:
280:
519:
After Qavam was made prime minister, one of the coup leaders and now the gendarmerie chief
1755:
1732:
1449:
1408:
1180:
857:
614:
520:
411:
882:
2146:
1727:
1710:
1705:
1575:
407:
344:
319:
233:
174:
169:
980:
State and Society in Iran: The Eclipse of the Qajars and the Emergence of the Pahlavis
2177:
2099:
1797:
1529:
1098:
896:
803:
610:
403:
296:
151:
1496:
1398:
738:
Keddie, Nikki R. (1978). "Class Structure and Political Power in Iran since 1796".
483:
388:
352:
300:
292:
104:
2160:
1618:
1570:
1565:
1294:
1276:
602:. The rebellion was quickly and effectively suppressed with minimal casualties.
495:
429:
582:
787:
751:
421:
392:
222:
211:
200:
188:
144:
58:
1089:
560:
553:
384:
315:
205:
1973:
1913:
396:
681:
Iran and the Rise of the Reza Shah: From Qajar Collapse to Pahlavi Power
759:
336:
795:
590:
In the aftermath of 1921 events, relations of Persian government with
774:
Katouzian, Homayoun (1978). "Nationalist Trends in Iran, 1921–1926".
549:
433:
332:
54:
1056:. p.159. "... and finally supporting a rebellion by Shaykh Khazal."
1304:
1058:
CEIQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=sheikh%20khazal%20rebellion&f=false
581:
380:
375:
was preparing to march on Tehran with "a guerrilla force of 1,500
372:
356:
2163:
and later conflicts (after 1914) of at least 100 fatalities each
1130:
622:
621:, when the government was toppled and replaced with that of the
544:
was taken in early July 1921, by the main Cossack force, led by
272:
1229:
1102:
1004:
262:
Several policemen killed or injured in Tehran during the coup
909:"New Great War Episode: Persian Coup D'Ètat February 1921"
295:
in 1921, which eventually led to the deposition of the
2119:
2024:
1965:
1905:
1838:
1748:
1647:
1591:
1488:
1432:
1386:
1263:
1189:
1158:
1137:
1941:Islamic insurgency in Saudi Arabia (2000–present)
878:
876:
874:
821:. Princeton University Press. pp. 116–117.
673:
671:
669:
326:provided advice to the plotters. With this coup
2094:Islamic State insurgency in Iraq (2017–present)
32:
2239:Military operations involving the Soviet Union
1054:Iran`s diverse peoples: a reference sourcebook
1032:. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press.
27:Overthrow of Iran's Qajar Dynasty by Reza Khan
1404:Intercommunal conflict in Mandatory Palestine
1241:
1114:
892:
890:
639:Persian Constitutional Revolution (1905–1907)
8:
1077:. Vol. 88, No. 2 (February, 1926), pp. 86–88
969:
967:
965:
963:
961:
959:
957:
955:
953:
848:
846:
844:
842:
840:
838:
776:International Journal of Middle East Studies
303:as the ruling house of the country in 1925.
1257:List of modern conflicts in the Middle East
678:Cyrus Ghani; Sīrūs Ghanī (6 January 2001).
654:List of modern conflicts in the Middle East
478:On 26 February the new government signed a
1248:
1234:
1226:
1121:
1107:
1099:
318:on 22 February 1921. The precise level of
29:
436:, had been seized by the Russians, armed
2140:Israel–Hezbollah conflict (2023–present)
447:On 14 January 1921, the British General
1813:Consolidation of the Iranian Revolution
665:
617:. The Pahlavis ruled in Iran until the
933:"Top 10 Amazing Facts about Rezā Shāh"
110:Deterioration of Persian control over
2189:Foreign relations of the Soviet Union
291:), refers to several major events in
7:
2254:1920s coups d'état and coup attempts
982:. London: Tauris. pp. 242–267.
1003:Foundation, Encyclopaedia Iranica.
594:had also become strained. In 1924,
484:Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
284:
2050:Insurgency in Egypt (2013–present)
1475:1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine
1073:"The Persian Coup d'Etat (1921)",
1005:"Welcome to Encyclopaedia Iranica"
432:. In 1911, when the capital city,
25:
1887:1987 Sharjawi coup d'état attempt
1094:, Saturday 26 February 1921, p. 5
1075:Advocate of Peace through Justice
727:, vol. 7 (1991); pp. 210, 219–220
369:Persian Soviet Socialist Republic
95:Persian Socialist Soviet Republic
89:Autonomous Government of Khorasan
87:'s revolt and dissolution of the
1925:Terror campaign in Egypt (1990s)
883:History of Iran: Pahlavi Dynasty
532:also revolted in the same year.
232:
221:
210:
199:
187:
168:
137:
2209:1921 in international relations
2107:Yemeni civil war (2014–present)
2076:Syrian War spillover in Lebanon
1830:1979–1980 Shia uprising in Iraq
1129:Changes in political power in
897:History of Iran: Qajar Dynasty
521:Colonel Mohammad Taghi Pessian
456:The coup and subsequent events
1:
1877:1986 Egyptian conscripts riot
1518:Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran
854:"The Iranian History 1921 AD"
725:The Cambridge History of Iran
684:. I.B.Tauris. pp. 147–.
299:and the establishment of the
18:1921 Persian coup d'etat
2081:Iraqi insurgency (2011–2013)
2068:Turkish involvement in Syria
1952:al-Qaeda insurgency in Yemen
1783:Political violence in Turkey
1717:Israeli–Palestinian conflict
1624:Yemeni–Adenese clan violence
1503:Italian bombing of Palestine
1465:1935–1936 Iraqi Shia revolts
1414:Arab separatism in Khuzestan
913:RTH - Real Time History GmbH
819:Iran Between Two Revolutions
2194:Iran–Soviet Union relations
1333:Turkish War of Independence
1317:Unification of Saudi Arabia
1028:Cottam, Richard W. (1979).
817:Abrahamian, Ervand (1982).
592:the Sheikhdom of Mohammerah
2270:
1998:Iran–Israel proxy conflict
1992:Houthi insurgency in Yemen
1981:Balochi insurgency in Iran
1957:1999 Shia uprising in Iraq
1793:1977 Shia uprising in Iraq
1788:Islamist uprising in Syria
1766:Turkish invasion of Cyprus
1655:Cyprus crisis of 1963–1964
1541:Kurdish separatism in Iran
1460:Goharshad Mosque rebellion
570:
468:Sayyed Ziaoddin Tabatabaee
79:Sayyed Ziaoddin Tabatabaee
2204:1920s in the Soviet Union
2156:
1756:Black September in Jordan
1210:
788:10.1017/s0020743800051321
752:10.1080/00210867808701547
708:COUP D’ETAT OF 1299/1921
649:Iranian Revolution (1979)
490:Change of prime ministers
277:3 Esfand 1299 coup d'état
261:
256:
244:
180:
128:
37:
1858:Kurdish–Turkish conflict
1853:1980 Turkish coup d'état
1672:Second Iraqi–Kurdish War
1604:1953 Iranian coup d'état
1599:1952 Egyptian revolution
1327:1919 Egyptian revolution
1310:Mount Lebanon starvation
974:Katouzian, Homa (2006).
623:Islamic Republic of Iran
510:Quelling local uprisings
306:The events began with a
269:1921 Persian coup d'état
33:1921 Persian coup d'état
2087:War in Iraq (2013–2017)
1935:Iraqi Kurdish Civil War
1930:Yemeni Civil War (1994)
1740:1966 Syrian coup d'état
1667:First Iraqi–Kurdish War
1508:Allied invasion of Iraq
1455:Saudi–Yemeni War (1934)
1378:Mahmud Barzanji revolts
1090:"Persian Coup d'Etat".
1082:"Coup d'Etat of 1921".
596:Sheikh Khazal rebellion
461:Reza Khan seizes Tehran
312:Persian Cossack Brigade
160:Persian Cossack Brigade
71:Persian Cossack Brigade
2244:Politics of Qajar Iran
2234:Military coups in Iran
2032:2011 Bahraini uprising
2016:South Yemen insurgency
1897:Abu Nidal's executions
1882:1986 Damascus bombings
1661:Iraqi–Kurdish conflict
1513:Syria–Lebanon campaign
1283:Middle Eastern theatre
625:, headed by Ayatollah
587:
514:
252:1,500 Persian Cossacks
181:Commanders and leaders
1872:South Yemen civil war
1771:Shatt al-Arab clashes
1696:Mar. 1963 Syrian coup
1685:North Yemen civil war
1634:1958 Iraqi revolution
1561:1948 Arab–Israeli War
1555:Arab–Israeli conflict
1424:Sheikh Said rebellion
1288:Battle of Robat Karim
585:
546:Vsevolod Starosselsky
542:the Republic of Gilan
391:", reinforced by the
257:Casualties and losses
129:Government-Insurgents
2249:February 1921 events
2214:Diplomatic incidents
2011:Fatah–Hamas conflict
1947:Operation Desert Fox
1920:1991 Iraqi uprisings
1914:Gulf War (1990–1991)
1825:Grand Mosque seizure
1803:Yemenite War of 1979
1761:Yemenite War of 1972
1701:Nov. 1963 Iraqi coup
1691:Feb. 1963 Iraqi coup
1445:Ahmed Barzani revolt
1356:Turkish–Armenian War
1084:Encyclopedia Iranica
607:Sepahbod Amir Ahmadi
480:treaty of friendship
474:Treaty with the USSR
402:By 1921, the ruling
194:Fathollah Khan Akbar
116:Emirate of Muhammara
2159:This list includes
2127:2021 Beirut clashes
1987:2004 Qamishli riots
1864:Turkey–PKK conflict
1820:1979 Qatif Uprising
1639:1959 Mosul uprising
1629:1958 Lebanon crisis
1576:1973 Yom Kippur War
1547:Iran crisis of 1946
1535:Al-Wathbah uprising
1525:1943 Barzani revolt
1419:Great Syrian Revolt
1399:Iraqi Revolt (1920)
1322:Simko Shikak revolt
1030:Nationalism in Iran
937:Discover Walks Blog
644:Iran crisis of 1946
573:Simko Shikak revolt
494:Prior to the coup,
470:as prime minister.
328:Ziaoddin Tabatabaee
285:کودتای ۳ اسفند ۱۲۹۹
217:Ziaoddin Tabatabaee
93:Dissolution of the
2229:Civil wars in Iran
2184:Rebellions in Iran
1808:Iranian Revolution
1777:Lebanese Civil War
1723:1948 Palestine war
1470:1935 Yazidi revolt
1361:Franco-Turkish War
619:revolution of 1979
588:
367:In late 1920, the
289:Solar Persian date
77:Power takeover by
2219:Conflicts in 1921
2171:
2170:
1394:Franco-Syrian War
1351:Greco-Turkish War
1339:Anglo-Turkish War
1305:Assyrian genocide
1300:Armenian genocide
1271:Italo-Turkish War
1223:
1222:
1009:iranicaonline.org
691:978-1-86064-629-4
627:Ruhollah Khomeini
424:shah in 1921 was
266:
265:
228:Ahmad Amir-Ahmadi
206:Reza Khan Mirpanj
124:
123:
16:(Redirected from
2261:
2133:Israel–Hamas war
2060:Syrian civil war
2043:Sinai insurgency
2004:2006 Lebanon War
1679:Dhofar Rebellion
1614:Cyprus Emergency
1609:Jebel Akhdar War
1581:1982 Lebanon War
1571:1967 Six-Day War
1480:Dersim rebellion
1440:Ararat rebellion
1344:Al-Jazeera Front
1250:
1243:
1236:
1227:
1215:Politics of Iran
1123:
1116:
1109:
1100:
1092:Kalgoorlie Miner
1060:
1050:
1044:
1043:
1025:
1019:
1018:
1016:
1015:
1000:
994:
993:
971:
948:
947:
945:
944:
929:
923:
922:
920:
919:
905:
899:
894:
885:
880:
869:
868:
866:
865:
856:. Archived from
850:
833:
832:
814:
808:
807:
770:
764:
763:
746:(1/4): 305–330.
734:
728:
722:
716:
710:
702:
696:
695:
675:
600:Khaz'al al-Ka'bi
540:The campaign on
515:Pessian's revolt
286:
237:
236:
226:
225:
215:
214:
204:
203:
192:
191:
173:
172:
147:
143:
141:
140:
45:22 February 1921
39:
38:
30:
21:
2269:
2268:
2264:
2263:
2262:
2260:
2259:
2258:
2174:
2173:
2172:
2167:
2165:
2152:
2115:
2037:Egyptian Crisis
2020:
1961:
1901:
1834:
1744:
1733:Second Intifada
1643:
1587:
1484:
1450:Simele massacre
1428:
1409:Adwan Rebellion
1382:
1259:
1254:
1224:
1219:
1206:
1185:
1154:
1133:
1127:
1069:
1064:
1063:
1051:
1047:
1040:
1027:
1026:
1022:
1013:
1011:
1002:
1001:
997:
990:
976:"The 1921 Coup"
973:
972:
951:
942:
940:
931:
930:
926:
917:
915:
907:
906:
902:
895:
888:
881:
872:
863:
861:
852:
851:
836:
829:
816:
815:
811:
773:
771:
767:
740:Iranian Studies
737:
735:
731:
723:
719:
713:
703:
699:
692:
677:
676:
667:
662:
635:
615:Pahlavi dynasty
580:
575:
569:
538:
517:
512:
492:
476:
463:
458:
449:Edmund Ironside
416:Cossack Brigade
365:
324:Edmund Ironside
239:Edmund Ironside
231:
230:
220:
219:
209:
208:
198:
186:
167:
166:
138:
136:
135:
85:Colonel Pessian
83:Suppression of
61:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2267:
2265:
2257:
2256:
2251:
2246:
2241:
2236:
2231:
2226:
2221:
2216:
2211:
2206:
2201:
2196:
2191:
2186:
2176:
2175:
2169:
2168:
2157:
2154:
2153:
2151:
2150:
2147:Red Sea crisis
2143:
2136:
2129:
2123:
2121:
2117:
2116:
2114:
2113:
2112:
2111:
2097:
2090:
2083:
2078:
2073:
2072:
2071:
2055:
2054:
2053:
2046:
2034:
2028:
2026:
2022:
2021:
2019:
2018:
2013:
2008:
2007:
2006:
1994:
1989:
1984:
1977:
1969:
1967:
1963:
1962:
1960:
1959:
1954:
1949:
1944:
1937:
1932:
1927:
1922:
1917:
1909:
1907:
1903:
1902:
1900:
1899:
1894:
1892:Mecca massacre
1889:
1884:
1879:
1874:
1869:
1868:
1867:
1855:
1850:
1842:
1840:
1836:
1835:
1833:
1832:
1827:
1822:
1817:
1816:
1815:
1805:
1800:
1795:
1790:
1785:
1780:
1773:
1768:
1763:
1758:
1752:
1750:
1746:
1745:
1743:
1742:
1737:
1736:
1735:
1730:
1728:First Intifada
1725:
1713:
1711:1964 Hama riot
1708:
1706:Aden Emergency
1703:
1698:
1693:
1688:
1681:
1676:
1675:
1674:
1669:
1657:
1651:
1649:
1645:
1644:
1642:
1641:
1636:
1631:
1626:
1621:
1616:
1611:
1606:
1601:
1595:
1593:
1589:
1588:
1586:
1585:
1584:
1583:
1578:
1573:
1568:
1563:
1551:
1550:
1549:
1537:
1532:
1527:
1522:
1521:
1520:
1515:
1510:
1505:
1492:
1490:
1486:
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164:Supported by:
162:
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157:
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152:Qajar dynasty
150:
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133:
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112:Sheikh Khazal
109:
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36:
31:
19:
2224:1921 in Iran
2199:Pahlavi Iran
2158:
2145:
2138:
2131:
2105:
2104:
2092:
2085:
2066:
2058:
2057:
2048:
2041:
1996:
1979:
1972:
1940:
1912:
1862:
1845:
1775:
1715:
1683:
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1497:World War II
1495:
1331:
1275:
1181:1980 attempt
1170:
1091:
1083:
1074:
1053:
1048:
1029:
1023:
1012:. Retrieved
1008:
998:
979:
941:. Retrieved
939:. 2022-09-21
936:
927:
916:. Retrieved
912:
903:
862:. Retrieved
858:the original
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604:
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539:
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420:
401:
389:Azerbaijanis
366:
305:
293:Qajar Persia
276:
268:
267:
163:
158:
134:
105:Simko Shikak
69:
59:Qajar Persia
2161:World War I
1619:Suez Crisis
1566:Suez Crisis
1295:Arab Revolt
1277:World War I
1159:Coup d'état
496:Ahmad Qavam
430:World War I
271:, known in
99:Continuing
2178:Categories
1190:Deposition
1138:Revolution
1052:Price, M.
1039:0822952998
1014:2023-04-11
989:1845112725
943:2023-04-11
918:2023-04-11
864:2010-10-29
828:0691053421
772:p. 538 of
736:p. 313 of
660:References
438:Bakhtiaris
393:Bolsheviks
363:Background
314:headed by
118:until 1925
107:until 1922
804:163139538
586:Reza Shah
578:Aftermath
561:frostbite
482:with the
422:The Qajar
385:Armenians
316:Reza Khan
287:with the
1974:Iraq War
633:See also
554:Pirbazar
530:Khorasan
500:Khorasan
397:Red Army
377:Jangalis
355:and the
351:against
349:campaign
341:Jangalis
339:and the
245:Strength
101:conflict
73:victory
50:Location
1366:Revolts
1145:1905–06
760:4310304
408:Britain
337:Mashhad
310:by the
281:Persian
1036:
986:
825:
802:
796:162216
794:
758:
688:
550:Khomam
434:Tehran
412:Russia
347:. The
333:Tabriz
145:Persia
142:
66:Result
55:Tehran
2120:2020s
2025:2010s
1966:2000s
1906:1990s
1839:1980s
1749:1970s
1648:1960s
1592:1950s
1489:1940s
1433:1930s
1387:1920s
1264:1910s
800:S2CID
792:JSTOR
756:JSTOR
526:Kurds
426:Ahmad
381:Kurds
373:Rasht
357:Kurds
353:Simko
345:Gilan
103:with
1202:1941
1197:1909
1176:1953
1171:1921
1166:1908
1150:1979
1131:Iran
1034:ISBN
984:ISBN
823:ISBN
686:ISBN
552:and
410:and
387:and
308:coup
273:Iran
42:Date
784:doi
748:doi
528:of
371:in
343:in
275:as
114:'s
2180::
1007:.
978:.
952:^
935:.
911:.
889:^
873:^
837:^
798:.
790:.
780:10
778:.
754:.
744:11
742:.
668:^
563:.
418:.
395:'
383:,
379:,
335:,
283::
57:,
1249:e
1242:t
1235:v
1122:e
1115:t
1108:v
1042:.
1017:.
992:.
946:.
921:.
867:.
831:.
806:.
786::
762:.
750::
694:.
279:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
