203:
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it has always revealed in carrying out its civic duties. Now that the necessary measures have been taken, we are in a hurry to recommend all moderation, all calm, ensuring that all families can rest assured, today more than ever, that the city's order will be kept unaltered. The public force, free from the excesses of provocative authorities and reinforced by the dedication of worthy and respected men, allows the certainty that absolutely nothing will disturb the life and tranquility of the city. Within a few hours a strong contingent of federal forces will arrive in this city to take over policing, under orders from the police chief.
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an intention not to intervene. There were ongoing negotiations. Senator
Bernardo Pinto Monteiro, a friend of Bernardes and Peçanha, proposed the collective resignation of the president and vice president of the state and the majority of the Legislative Assembly and the holding of new elections with conciliation candidates. The president would be neutral, but trusted by Peçanha. He refused the agreement when Monteiro explained that the name had already been chosen, but he could not reveal it. According to Melo Franco, the other mediator of the proposal, Bernardes did not intend conciliation, as he wanted to exterminate
389:
2267:
463:'s official candidacy for the vice presidency and planning deputy José Tolentino, who had good relations with the federal government, as the next president of the assembly. The siege tightened around them: the state of emergency remained in force and censorship even affected the speeches of members of the assembly. Arrests and lawsuits affected politicians and journalists from Rio de Janeiro. Peçanha himself was included in the police investigation, but was later acquitted of the accusation of involvement in the Copacaba Fort revolt.
475:
towards the former members of the
Republican Reaction would be one of persecution. Raul Soares, president of Minas Gerais, sent a letter to Bernardes on 15 December, recommending that he issue an official note "in which he declares that he will not intervene to take the presidency away from Raul Fernandes". "Sodré is evidently defeated, any violence to put him in government would be indefensible and only through violence could he go". Intervention would be "an act of force that is repugnant to our legalistic spirit".
500:
489:
419:. The deputies filed a protest to federal judge Leon Roussolières, alleging the unconstitutionality of the electoral law applied in December 1921, and hence "the nullity of the inaugurations, and consequently, also the nullity of the laws, acts and resolutions by the gathering which, with the title of Legislative Assembly, result from the meeting of those inaugurated". But they did not request the annulment of the election of 31 December 1921 and considered themselves elected by that same election.
2260:
877:
overthrow Nilo Peçanha: three legal opinions against the validity of the elections in Rio de
Janeiro. Carlos Maximiliano, after arguing that the election of deputies would be null, concluded that "the door to federal intervention will be wide open". Pedro Tavares speculated that "the case will be essentially political, and it will be up to the Union government to intervene". Afrânio de Melo Franco would have written yet another study refuting the interventionist reasoning of previous opinions.
440:
588:
of both were forwarded by
Bernardes to the National Congress on 24 December. Deputy Sales Filho speculated that the federal intervention had already been decided for the last day of the month, with Aurelino Leal or Carneiro da Fontoura as the federal intervenor. Congress went into recess until May before deciding the issue, giving Bernardes freedom to resolve the issue as he saw fit. The state of emergency, which was due to expire after 31 December, was extended until April 1923.
31:
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correspondence was only delivered to members of the government when addressed by name. Payment of checks or postal orders issued by the countryside collection stations did not reach the state treasurer. Captain
Cavalcanti, Raul Fernandes' military assistant, was arrested for three days on the orders of the Federal District police chief, marshal Carneiro da Fontoura. The Rio police seized and transferred two official Rio cars to the Sodré government.
617:
307:
905:"The unsuccessful candidates pointed out as unconstitutional the following aspects of the Counting Board: (i) the Board being composed of judges, contrary to the provisions of article 75 of the state constitution, receiving undue special remuneration and; (ii) having been appointed by the state president, which thus would have interfered in the organization of the Legislative Branch, violating the principle of separation of powers" (
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713:. Raul Fernandes wanted the support of the Judiciary so as not to fall into the trap of a violent confrontation, which would justify federal intervention, and therefore ordered the local authorities not to resist. Several companies and businessmen did not pay taxes, as they did not know which of the two governments to pay.
856:, two battalions of the Rio de Janeiro Police Force participated in the loyalist army, side by side with federal soldiers and those from other states. Good relations with the federal government were maintained by Sodré and his successor Manuel Duarte, in a political phase that would last until his deposition in the
725:
denounced federal involvement, with the support of police officers from the
Federal District and army soldiers. The vast majority of telegrams from municipal authorities to Raul Fernandes reported the participation of federal agents, usually occupying the local police stations and prisons. Historians
531:
The petitioners would have no way of defending themselves: "the federal government still hoards, due to the continuation of the state of emergency, broad and unrestricted powers, with the state of emergency in force only in this capital and in the State of Rio itself; the Police Force of the State of
474:
When
Bernardes took office as president of Brazil on 15 November, the imminent federal intervention was already polarizing national public opinion. Niterói's proximity to Rio's newspaper offices gave the crisis a lot of visibility. The opposition from Rio de Janeiro approached Bernardes, whose policy
466:
In August, Bernardes wrote to Afrânio de Melo Franco: "how great is the mistake of our friends in the State of Rio, remaining divided, at this time, by disputes or personal rivalries". "I emphasized my freedom of action in the politics of that State, before our friends" — which could be understood as
834:
lost all its federal deputies and senators. In May, they ran for some municipal councils and the mayorship of Campos, but in the entire state they only managed to elect two councillors in Petrópolis. Nilo Peçanha died on 31 March, prestigious but defeated. Until the last month of his life, his house
753:
To the people! The apparent disturbance of order seen today is nothing more than the reconquest of our rights, criminally usurped by the exploiters of profitable positions. This reconquest is the affirmation that this great people does not deny its glorious traditions of greatness and dignity, which
628:
Raul
Fernandes took office, but was unable to govern. Claiming they were threatened, Sodré's supportes got involved in shootouts in the countryside. Mayors, city councillors and sometimes police chiefs, revenue collectors and civil registry officers were deposed and replaced by new office holders or
872:
and incorporated him into the government support base. In the medium term, Bernardes' decisions in these three states lowered his image. The version prevailed that the president was vindictive. The biographers of the politicians involved tried to exempt them from responsibility. According to Afonso
739:
friends who were close to the
Leopoldina station, injuring a father and immediately attacking the public prison, where there was no resistance, as there was only two soldiers deployed. They arrested Dr. Miranda Filho, police chief of the 3rd police region, deputy Francisco Rodrigues Pinto and other
587:
Horácio Magalhães asked
Bernardes for federal intervention, arguing that neither assembly had real inauguration certificates, but highlighting that his assembly worked regularly, having even certified the election of Feliciano Sodré, who asked them to guarantee his inauguration. The representations
575:
petition, authored by lawyer Theodoro Figueira de Almeida, had already been sent to the STF on the 8th. Almeida argued that Rio de Janeiro's Executive and Legislative, were leaderless on both sides and thus the next in the line of succession, the president of the Court of Appeals, should take over.
430:
published the decisions of both assemblies. Artur Costa's assembly legislated on administration, almost ignoring the existence of the parallel one, while Horácio Magalhães' assembly enacted few laws, mainly dealing with the territorial reorganization of the state. It needed to justify its existence
338:
did not send representatives to the convention. Instead, they formed the Republican Reaction bloc and launched the candidacies of Nilo Peçanha for president and J. J. Seabra, from Bahia, for vice president. Peçanha's opponents in Rio, Backer and Sodré, formed the Rio de Janeiro Opposition Committee
278:
and the other oppositionist. Peçanha requested federal intervention and militarily occupied the state to overthrow Alfredo Backer's dissent and install his candidate for president of the state (governor), Oliveira Botelho. In 1914, Peçanha personally ran against Feliciano Sodré and requested a writ
172:
The intervention decrees were justified based on the duality of state governments and the disorder in the countryside. The decrees diverged from the consolidated legal practice of federal intervention in Brazil until then, as they were enacted during parliamentary recess, without being requested by
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Bernardes' defenders argued that Republican Reaction politicians threatened to overthrow the federal government. Even they acknowledged that the decisions were "preemptive" and planned in advance. Afonso Arinos, a critic of the decisions, cited documents from November 1921 as evidence of a plan to
867:
The Bernardes government triumphed over all its former enemies from the Republican Reaction. In Bahia, the replacement of J. J. Seabra's supporters was secured by a declaration of a state of emergency. In Rio Grande do Sul, federal intermediation at the end of the 1923 civil war prohibited the
729:
In Barra Mansa, according to the police chief, police officers from the Federal District fired rifles and revolvers and the following day they forcibly took over the state collector's office and the registry office. In Macaé, some police authorities were reportedly detained in jail until their
346:
and the opposition protested against the legitimacy of the counting board. The result of the dispute was linked to the presidential election, which was won by Bernardes in March 1922, after a fierce and hostile campaign. The Republican Reaction did not accept the results and tried to mobilize
784:
Raul Fernandes tried to quell the riots with his Police Force. According to his and Ramiro Braga's reports, when he managed to gather loyal police officers (15 soldiers and one officer) for an operation in Friburgo, they were prevented from boarding at the train station by the army. With the
780:
The federal attitude was one of boycott; according to Hélio Silva, "it was an unprecedented fact to isolate the State from the Federation, making the exercise of administration impossible". The federal authorities did not correspond with the Raul Fernandes government. Postal and telegraphic
740:
authorities. Then, going to the City Hall building, which was closed and without any employee at the time, due to the panic established in the city, they broke into the city hall itself, taking documents, taking possession of the respective safe and committing the biggest mischiefs.
426:, chaired by Artur Costa, and another of the opposition, chaired by Horácio Magalhães, now met sporadically. On the 28th the state of emergency was extended. The official gazette published only the laws enacted by Artur Costa's assembly and sanctioned by president Raul Veiga, while
96:, was being challenged by a parallel government led by Feliciano Sodré. Aurelino Leal called for new elections, in which the only candidate was Feliciano Sodré, who took over the government on 23 December 1923. During his administration, Leal dismantled the political machine of
528:(number 8,800) to the Supreme Court in favor of the inauguration of Raul Fernandes and Artur Costa. The federal government had not recognized Artur Costa's assembly and threatened to "give a strong hand to the petitioners' political opponents, restricting their rights".
607:
from the army. The following day, as per protocol, Fernandes telegraphed Bernardes thanking him for the security provided. Artur Bernardes thanked him back and informed him of another message from Feliciano Sodré, sworn in to the same position and on the same date.
873:
Arinos de Melo Franco, Bernardes defeated his opponents at the expense of the legitimacy of the regime itself. Historians point to this moment as one of hypertrophy of the federal Executive and decadence of the political-legal paradigm of the Governors' Politics.
758:
At the request of Raul Fernandes, federal forces were sent to several municipalities and secured state collection officials in office. However, they did nothing to defend the mayors and councilors, as judge Roussoulières understood that the protection granted by
405:
candidates. Fearing riots, the state government deployed the Police Force around the assembly. Feliciano Sodré, Horácio de Magalhães and Manoel Duarte, at the head of the candidates' delegation, were physically prevented from climbing the stairs of the building.
355:
in the Federal District and the state of Rio de Janeiro, with favorable votes from Republican Reaction deputies. The revolt was not Peçanha's intention, but he contributed to the legal defense of the rebels in solidarity. Bernardes did not forgive him for that.
451:: move from duality of assemblies to duality of governments, and then request federal intervention, one of the only two ways for the opposition to reach state power in Brazil's First Republic system — the other was the state of emergency. Rio de Janeiro's
822:
Feliciano Sodré sought to define his government as a watershed in Rio de Janeiro's history. Among intellectuals, the moment was propitious for new reflections on the state. Lacerda Nogueira, secretary of the Rio de Janeiro Academy of Letters, founded the
160:
removed mayors, city councillors and other authorities, installing municipal governments loyal to Feliciano Sodré. The army did nothing for the municipal authorities and prevented the Police Force from being sent to the countryside. Bernardes convinced
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would have personally appeared at the police headquarters to prohibit the departure of detachments to the countryside, as "the commander of that army unit had considered that (...) as my Government needed support from the federal force to comply with
283:
from the Supreme Federal Court (STF) to take office. There was a new duality of assemblies and also a duality of state governments. The opposition requested federal intervention, but Peçanha triumphed with a military occupation ordered by president
261:", referred to as "the most important political force that emerged in the State of Rio during the First Republic". Peçanha, who served as president of Brazil from 1909 to 1910, aimed to increase the national projection of his state. The
913:
request argued that the electoral defects began in the 1917 and 1918 reforms, "which would have exhibited constitutionality issues, with the aim of strengthening the internal political machine against the federal government"
734:
a group of Federal District Police agents, arriving in this city by today's express , as soon as they disembarked, with weapons in hand, joined a group of major Feliciano Sodré's supporters and immediately attacked
567:
candidates competed, they proclaimed themselves deputies, also called themselves the State Legislative Assembly, and began an obscure, remotely hopeful collective life, like that of those dethroned sovereigns".
396:
The state deputies elected in December 1921 would be sworn in by the Legislative Assembly on 17 July through a Powers Verification Commission appointed by the president of the previous legislature. This was the
431:
and the budget and public machinery were beyond its control. There was no parallel investigative board to inaugurate these deputies, but only a complaint of illegality on the part of the established board.
768:
duality that is being established there and that would not have been possible if the ruling of this Court had been complied with". Shortly afterwards, he changed his mind and sent a telegram stating that
763:
only extended to delegates of state power. Justice Hermínio Francisco do Espírito Santo, president of the STF, called on Roussoulières to prevent municipal depositions and the "anarchy resulting from a
720:
version of the facts, those who deposed the authorities were the "respective populations", due to the "heat of passions", in a popular movement of "dignifying civics", according to Norival Freitas. The
516:
when he was advised to first consult Artur Bernardes in person. The first interview was comforting, but a few days later, Bernardes warned Fernandes that he could not guarantee anything. On the 23rd,
202:
123:, denounced the elections as irregular and organized a parallel assembly. The opposition did not control the public political machine nor the state's budget, but it counted on the strong arm of the
827:" to "maintain in the state the respect for its great men, the cult of the memory of its great events, the defense of its liberal institutions". The new state president gave his full support.
512:
The inauguration of the president and vice president of Rio de Janeiro at the Ingá Palace was scheduled for 31 December 1922. Raul Fernandes was already thinking about requesting a writ of
359:
The state of emergency was suspended for 24 hours on 9 July for the elections for the state presidency and vice presidency and for municipal mayors. The future seemed threatened for
292:. The following years were of internal stability and good relations with the federal government. The state president in 1922, Raul Veiga, was one of Peçanha's most faithful allies.
367:
Raul Fernandes and Artur Leandro de Araújo Costa defeated the opposition ticket, Feliciano Sodré and Paulino de Sousa, and again the results were contested. In the municipalities,
173:
the state government, and investing the federal intervener with the same powers as the state president — including the appointment of public officials without connection to the
189:. In the long term, criticism prevailed that the crises in Rio de Janeiro, Rio Grande do Sul and Bahia were engineered by president Bernardes to take revenge on his opponents.
156:. Once in power, Fernandes was boycotted by the federal government. Violence spread throughout the state's countryside, in which oppositionists and police officers from the
271:, such as political persecution and electoral fraud, at the same time that Peçanha expressed an innovative discourse in national politics, appealing to the urban strata.
409:
The delegation went to the Niterói City Council session room, with the support of mayor Teixeira Leomil and allied councillors, and began legislative work on their own.
540:
415:, from the Federal District, reported that a "huge popular mass" accompanied them. This was probably an exaggeration, as the newspaper was aligned with opponents of
853:
802:
celebrated: "the State police force joined the government of Mr. Feliciano Sodré". According to Julião de Castro, before this maneuver, the officers most loyal to
773:
had been fulfilled. According to minister Hermenegildo de Barros, the president of the STF revoked his previous order after a meeting with Artur Bernardes at the
177:
machine. The measure transformed the state of Rio de Janeiro into an ally of the federal government, alongside the other dissident states in the 1922 election,
2234:
352:
185:, which also faced crises resolved in favor of Artur Bernardes. Politicians and jurists supported the measure, despite criticism that it disregarded the STF's
132:
563:. They delegitimized Horácio Magalhães' assembly: "without inauguration certificates, without electoral books, through the very same elections in which the
2026:(Thesis thesis). Programa de Pós-Graduação em História, Política e Bens Culturais do Centro de Pesquisa e Documentação de História Contemporânea do Brasil.
886:
596:
219:
157:
536:, designated by the then President of the Republic and immediately subordinate to the Federal Government, and who only receive direct orders from them."
2176:
334:. Almost all states, especially São Paulo and Minas Gerais, ratified the name of Artur Bernardes. Only Rio de Janeiro, Rio Grande do Sul, Bahia and
211:
814:
127:— the same one that Peçanha used against his opponents in Rio de Janeiro in 1910 and 1914. The possibility of a federal intervention hovered over
120:
539:
Carneiro and Chateaubriand legitimized Artur Costa's assembly, as, among other contacts, it maintained relations with the federal ministers of
162:
116:
2144:
2040:
2031:
Fernandes, Rui Aniceto Nascimento (2012). "Uma província em disputa: como os fluminenses lidaram com a memória imperial na década de 1920".
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599:, Pires de Albuquerque, for whom federal intervention was a political act and therefore within the jurisdiction of Congress and not of the
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331:
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153:
108:
89:
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such as Hélio Silva, Marieta de Moraes Ferreira, and Edgard Carone support the participation of federal agents in the depositions.
88:
on 10 January 1923, installing the federal intervener Aurelino Leal at the head of the state's Executive branch. State president (
2286:
223:
2096:
História constitucional brasileira na Primeira República: um estudo da intervenção federal no Estado do Rio de Janeiro em 1923
749:
Deputy Ramiro Braga, from Campos, reported on the bulletins delivered by the forces that overthrew the municipal authorities:
347:
pressure from the masses and the military for arbitration of the electoral process. Military tempers flared on 5 July, in the
2249:
2012:
Sob a metralha: histórico da revólta em São Paulo, de 5 de julho de 1924, narrativas, documentos, commentarios, illustrações
388:
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was monitored by spies from the capital's political police, the 4th Auxiliary Police Bureau, looking for conspirators. The
2221:
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The STF denied the request due to lack of consent from the writ's beneficiary. Theodoro de Almeida's solution was neither
2306:
2301:
2197:
857:
548:
124:
658:
231:
842:
777:. Bernardes' Minister of Justice, João Luís Alves, declared that the federal Executive had done everything it could.
447:
It was the assembly that certified the state president's inauguration. The opposition's strategy was obvious to the
2291:
2169:
694:
670:
319:
2266:
1616:"O caso do Estado do Rio: Maricá, Araruama, Barra Mansa e Cambucy emancipam-se do "governo" do sr. Raul Fernandes"
794:, it should not deploy the state police". On 9 January the police retired to the barracks of the 2nd Battalion of
2366:
2311:
674:
666:
642:
2402:
2281:
2162:
544:
235:
250:. These states had cohesive dominant parties, unlike Rio de Janeiro's constant internal political struggles.
2424:
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and Capivari. On the 9th, "twenty-one municipalities have already joined the Sodré government", including
560:
348:
227:
136:
81:
2360:
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603:. Raul Veiga handed the government to Raul Fernandes on 31 December, guaranteed by the 2nd Battalion of
289:
149:
930:, 3rd ed. (1977), p. 46, mentions that the "countryside mayors were deposed by Capt. Limoeiro's group".
471:. Bernardes personally respected Raul Fernandes, but could not tolerate his loyalty agenda to Peçanha.
2348:
2102:(Dissertation thesis). Programa de Pós-Graduação em Direito da Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina.
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488:
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288:. Rio police officers invaded the homes of Peçanha's opponents in Niterói and destroyed newspapers in
239:
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were called to testify in a police investigation, facilitating the co-optation of the rest of them.
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2023:"A sala de detidos": atuação e ascenção da polícia política da capital federal do Brasil, 1920-1937
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The elections for the Legislative Assembly and Municipal Chambers, on 18 December, were won by the
327:
222:, but its proximity meant constant federal involvement in Rio de Janeiro state affairs. During the
30:
869:
846:
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2381:
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1598:"O caso do Estado do Rio: Friburgo e Barra do Pirahy emancipados do "governo" do sr. Fernandes"
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maintained control of most city governments, but lost the two most important ones, Niterói and
274:
As President of Brazil, in 1910, there were dual Legislative Assemblies in Rio de Janeiro, one
169:
had already been fulfilled. On 9 January, the Police Force rejected Raul Fernandes' authority.
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reemerged from ostracism and elected the majority of the Rio de Janeiro congressional caucus.
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638:
556:
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The dominant current in Rio de Janeiro politics, since the beginning of the 20th century, was
247:
178:
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375:. The opposition's political base was in the main urban centers, especially in the capital.
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A República na velha província: oligarquias e crise no Estado do Rio de Janeiro (1889-1930)
2185:
624:: the municipalities "free themselves" from Mr. Fernandes' government (in quotation marks)
85:
64:
254:
97:
104:" faction, the main force in Rio de Janeiro state politics in the previous two decades.
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Feliciano Sodré's (pictured on the left) supporters convention in the Assembly in 1923
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reported the installation of authorities loyal to the Feliciano Sodré government in
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authority granted by the state of emergency, the commander of the 2nd Battalion of
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magazine, May 1922: Nilo Peçanha fails in every way to defeat Bernardes' candidacy
2010:
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Artur Costa, who, as was customary in politics at the time, would only recognize
849:, even discussed his plans with the former president in the first half of 1923.
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678:
650:
226:, the "Old Province" of Rio became the country's main political force, but its
351:. The armed uprising was brief and the federal government promptly declared a
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Rio and all its companies is commanded by officers of the first line of the
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O teatro das oligarquias : uma revisão da "política do café com leite"
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for months, attracting attention in the press, against the backdrop of the
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Raul Fernandes and the opposition deputies, prevented from entering the
654:
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shielded the inauguration of Raul Fernandes, getting closer to federal
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members were still sufficient to rank it as a second-tier power in the
107:
Peçanha had been an enemy of Bernardes since both ran in the turbulent
92:) Raul Fernandes, sworn in on 31 December 1922 at the Ingá Palace, in
845:
greatly regretted Peçanha's death. The leader of the revolt, general
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Former seat of the Legislative Assembly, current Niterói City Council
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prosperity went into decline in the 1880s. Its economy and number of
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release by a judge. The mayor of that city described the violence:
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State soldiers from Rio de Janeiro who fought in São Paulo in 1924
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2052:"Política e poder no Estado do Rio de Janeiro na República Velha"
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Raul Fernandes took office as governor guaranteed by a writ of
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left the municipalities without government. The Rio newspaper
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Inauguration of Raul Fernandes as president of Rio de Janeiro
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860:. In the elections to the Constituent Assembly in 1933, the
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The state of Rio de Janeiro had its capital in Niterói and
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2120:. Os Presidentes. São Paulo: Grupo de Comunicação Três.
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By six votes against five, the STF granted the writ of
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was not part of the state and was administered as the
165:
Hermínio Francisco do Espírito Santo that the writ of
2111:(2 ed.). Rio de Janeiro: Civilização Brasileira.
2078:"A Reação Republicana e a crise política dos anos 20"
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and representatives of the governments of São Paulo,
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111:. In June 1922, Sodré lost the state election to
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322:representatives met in June 1921 to define the
928:Revoluções do Brasil contemporâneo (1922-1938)
830:In the federal elections of 17 February 1924,
265:political machine used typical instruments of
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798:, refusing to obey the Fernandes government.
8:
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887:2018 federal intervention in Rio de Janeiro
23:1923 federal intervention in Rio de Janeiro
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595:on 27 December, despite protests from the
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479:Double inauguration in the state Executive
206:Map of the state of Rio de Janeiro in 1895
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2135:Viscardi, Cláudia Maria Ribeiro (2019).
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2002:A República Velha II: evolução política
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2009:Costa, Ciro; Góis, Eurico de (1924).
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909:, p. 95). Theodoro de Almeida's
657:joined the list; until the 8th, also
152:(STF), with security provided by the
7:
2076:Ferreira, Marieta de Moraes (1993).
2071:. Rio de Janeiro: Rio Fundo Editora.
2067:Ferreira, Marieta de Moraes (1989).
2050:Ferreira, Marieta de Moraes (1985).
302:1922 Brazilian presidential election
39:on the inauguration of Aurelino Leal
2109:1922: sangue na areia de Copacabana
1657:"Pela libertação do Estado do Rio!"
84:was decreed by Brazilian president
2328:Presidente Bernardes, Minas Gerais
597:Prosecutor General of the Republic
14:
1634:"A redempção do povo fluminense!"
2398:
2397:
2282:Republican Party of Minas Gerais
2265:
2258:
2020:Cunha, Ângela Britto da (2011).
498:
487:
29:
2333:Presidente Bernardes, São Paulo
2035:. Rio de Janeiro: Editora FGV.
2004:(4 ed.). São Paulo: DIFEL.
339:in order to support Bernardes.
2139:. Belo Horizonte: Fino Traço.
2033:Qual o valor da história hoje?
214:in 1922. In turn, the city of
197:
1:
2015:. São Paulo: Monteiro Lobato.
1663:. Rio de Janeiro. 1923-01-09.
1640:. Rio de Janeiro. 1923-01-08.
1622:. Rio de Janeiro. 1923-01-06.
1604:. Rio de Janeiro. 1923-01-04.
296:Presidential election of 1922
198:Nilo Peçanha's Rio de Janeiro
2307:Constitutionalist Revolution
2235:State of emergency in Brazil
1069:, p. 245, 249, 263-264.
641:, on 3 January. On the 6th,
620:Clipping from the newspaper
2367:Carlos Alves de Souza Filho
2250:Penal colony of Clevelândia
2093:Galvão, Laila Maia (2013).
2088:(11). Rio de Janeiro: 9–23.
982:, p. 132-133, 135-136.
2446:
2292:Crisis of the fake letters
2230:1922 presidential election
299:
109:1922 presidential election
16:Brazilian political crisis
2376:
2256:
2210:President of Minas Gerais
2192:
2056:Revista do Rio de Janeiro
1404:, p. 87-88, 100-101.
852:On the other side of the
435:Intervention expectations
363:. In the state election,
28:
2430:First Brazilian Republic
843:São Paulo Revolt of 1924
236:First Brazilian Republic
80:Federal intervention in
2000:Carone, Edgard (1983).
422:Two assemblies, one of
2297:Copacabana Fort revolt
2062:(1). Niterói: 115–120.
819:
756:
742:
625:
444:
393:
349:Copacabana Fort revolt
316:
207:
137:Copacabana Fort revolt
2355:Artur Bernardes Filho
2107:Silva, Hélio (1971).
1875:Costa & Góis 1924
854:fighting in São Paulo
825:Renascença Fluminense
817:
619:
524:wrote a petition for
442:
391:
309:
205:
150:Supreme Federal Court
2116:Hélio Silva (2004).
379:Parallel governments
117:Legislative Assembly
2201:President of Brazil
1165:, p. 246, 252.
1033:, p. 171, 207.
522:Assis Chateaubriand
428:Jornal do Commercio
412:Jornal do Commercio
328:president of Brazil
135:in force since the
2361:Olegário Bernardes
2302:Revolution of 1930
2082:Estudos Históricos
1949:, p. 181-182.
1925:, p. 150-152.
1913:, p. 122-123.
1901:, p. 288-289.
1853:, p. 92, 126.
1841:, p. 276-277.
1829:, p. 272-273.
1817:, p. 141-142.
1790:, p. 134-135.
1778:, p. 135-137.
1766:, p. 111-115.
1754:, p. 139-140.
1742:, p. 138-139.
1587:, p. 256-257.
1544:, p. 255-256.
1476:, p. 270-271.
1380:, p. 269-270.
1344:, p. 267-269.
1291:, p. 268-269.
1279:, p. 247-249.
1204:, p. 267-268.
1192:, p. 265-267.
1180:, p. 250-252.
1153:, p. 368-369.
1117:, p. 245-246.
1093:, p. 345-348.
1057:, p. 207-210.
870:Borges de Medeiros
858:Revolution of 1930
847:Isidoro Dias Lopes
820:
626:
445:
394:
384:Dissident assembly
353:state of emergency
317:
208:
133:state of emergency
125:federal government
121:State Police Force
71:Federal intervener
2412:
2411:
2389:Washington Luís →
2382:← Epitácio Pessoa
2146:978-85-8054-031-4
2042:978-85-225-1567-7
1452:, p. 97-100.
1009:, p. 32, 44.
248:Rio Grande do Sul
212:48 municipalities
179:Rio Grande do Sul
78:
77:
2437:
2401:
2400:
2349:Clélia Bernardes
2312:Republican Party
2269:
2262:
2213:
2204:
2179:
2172:
2165:
2156:
2150:
2131:
2112:
2103:
2101:
2089:
2072:
2063:
2046:
2027:
2016:
2005:
1986:
1985:, p. 90-91.
1980:
1974:
1968:
1962:
1956:
1950:
1944:
1938:
1932:
1926:
1920:
1914:
1908:
1902:
1896:
1890:
1884:
1878:
1872:
1866:
1860:
1854:
1848:
1842:
1836:
1830:
1824:
1818:
1812:
1806:
1800:
1791:
1785:
1779:
1773:
1767:
1761:
1755:
1749:
1743:
1737:
1728:
1722:
1716:
1710:
1704:
1698:
1689:
1683:
1677:
1671:
1665:
1664:
1653:
1642:
1641:
1630:
1624:
1623:
1612:
1606:
1605:
1594:
1588:
1582:
1576:
1570:
1557:
1551:
1545:
1539:
1533:
1527:
1518:
1512:
1506:
1500:
1489:
1483:
1477:
1471:
1465:
1459:
1453:
1447:
1441:
1435:
1429:
1423:
1417:
1411:
1405:
1399:
1393:
1387:
1381:
1375:
1369:
1363:
1357:
1351:
1345:
1339:
1333:
1327:
1316:
1310:
1304:
1298:
1292:
1286:
1280:
1274:
1268:
1262:
1256:
1255:, p. 74-79.
1250:
1244:
1243:, p. 70-72.
1238:
1232:
1226:
1220:
1214:
1205:
1199:
1193:
1187:
1181:
1175:
1166:
1160:
1154:
1148:
1142:
1136:
1130:
1124:
1118:
1112:
1106:
1100:
1094:
1088:
1082:
1076:
1070:
1064:
1058:
1052:
1046:
1040:
1034:
1028:
1022:
1016:
1010:
1004:
998:
992:
983:
977:
971:
965:
959:
953:
931:
925:
919:
903:
841:plotters of the
502:
491:
220:Federal District
158:Federal District
56:23 December 1923
33:
19:
2445:
2444:
2440:
2439:
2438:
2436:
2435:
2434:
2415:
2414:
2413:
2408:
2372:
2337:
2316:
2270:
2264:
2263:
2254:
2216:
2207:
2196:
2188:
2186:Artur Bernardes
2183:
2153:
2147:
2134:
2128:
2118:Artur Bernardes
2115:
2106:
2099:
2092:
2075:
2066:
2049:
2043:
2030:
2019:
2008:
1999:
1995:
1990:
1989:
1981:
1977:
1969:
1965:
1957:
1953:
1945:
1941:
1933:
1929:
1921:
1917:
1909:
1905:
1897:
1893:
1885:
1881:
1873:
1869:
1861:
1857:
1849:
1845:
1837:
1833:
1825:
1821:
1813:
1809:
1801:
1794:
1786:
1782:
1774:
1770:
1762:
1758:
1750:
1746:
1738:
1731:
1723:
1719:
1711:
1707:
1699:
1692:
1684:
1680:
1672:
1668:
1655:
1654:
1645:
1632:
1631:
1627:
1614:
1613:
1609:
1596:
1595:
1591:
1583:
1579:
1571:
1560:
1552:
1548:
1540:
1536:
1528:
1521:
1513:
1509:
1501:
1492:
1484:
1480:
1472:
1468:
1460:
1456:
1448:
1444:
1436:
1432:
1424:
1420:
1412:
1408:
1400:
1396:
1388:
1384:
1376:
1372:
1364:
1360:
1352:
1348:
1340:
1336:
1328:
1319:
1311:
1307:
1299:
1295:
1287:
1283:
1275:
1271:
1263:
1259:
1251:
1247:
1239:
1235:
1227:
1223:
1215:
1208:
1200:
1196:
1188:
1184:
1176:
1169:
1161:
1157:
1149:
1145:
1137:
1133:
1125:
1121:
1113:
1109:
1101:
1097:
1089:
1085:
1077:
1073:
1065:
1061:
1053:
1049:
1041:
1037:
1029:
1025:
1017:
1013:
1005:
1001:
993:
986:
978:
974:
966:
962:
954:
950:
945:
940:
935:
934:
926:
922:
904:
900:
895:
883:
868:re-election of
812:
747:
745:Federal boycott
614:
553:Foreign Affairs
510:
509:
508:
507:
506:
503:
494:
493:
492:
481:
461:Estácio Coimbra
437:
386:
381:
304:
298:
200:
195:
86:Artur Bernardes
65:Artur Bernardes
48:10 January 1923
40:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2443:
2441:
2433:
2432:
2427:
2425:1923 in Brazil
2417:
2416:
2410:
2409:
2407:
2406:
2393:
2392:
2385:
2377:
2374:
2373:
2371:
2370:
2364:
2358:
2352:
2345:
2343:
2339:
2338:
2336:
2335:
2330:
2324:
2322:
2318:
2317:
2315:
2314:
2309:
2304:
2299:
2294:
2289:
2284:
2278:
2276:
2275:Political life
2272:
2271:
2257:
2255:
2253:
2252:
2247:
2242:
2237:
2232:
2226:
2224:
2218:
2217:
2215:
2214:
2205:
2193:
2190:
2189:
2184:
2182:
2181:
2174:
2167:
2159:
2152:
2151:
2145:
2132:
2126:
2113:
2104:
2090:
2073:
2064:
2047:
2041:
2028:
2017:
2006:
1996:
1994:
1991:
1988:
1987:
1975:
1963:
1961:, p. 150.
1951:
1939:
1937:, p. 287.
1927:
1915:
1903:
1891:
1889:, p. 273.
1879:
1877:, p. 129.
1867:
1865:, p. 382.
1855:
1843:
1831:
1819:
1815:Fernandes 2012
1807:
1805:, p. 144.
1803:Fernandes 2012
1792:
1780:
1768:
1756:
1744:
1729:
1727:, p. 136.
1717:
1715:, p. 135.
1705:
1703:, p. 126.
1690:
1688:, p. 173.
1678:
1676:, p. 110.
1666:
1643:
1625:
1607:
1589:
1577:
1575:, p. 256.
1558:
1556:, p. 111.
1546:
1534:
1532:, p. 375.
1519:
1517:, p. 373.
1507:
1505:, p. 270.
1490:
1488:, p. 122.
1478:
1466:
1464:, p. 121.
1454:
1442:
1430:
1418:
1416:, p. 101.
1406:
1394:
1392:, p. 253.
1382:
1370:
1368:, p. 141.
1366:Fernandes 2012
1358:
1346:
1334:
1332:, p. 269.
1317:
1315:, p. 252.
1305:
1293:
1281:
1269:
1257:
1245:
1233:
1231:, p. 268.
1221:
1206:
1194:
1182:
1167:
1155:
1143:
1141:, p. 246.
1131:
1119:
1107:
1105:, p. 245.
1095:
1083:
1081:, p. 135.
1079:Fernandes 2012
1071:
1059:
1047:
1035:
1023:
1021:, p. 118.
1011:
999:
997:, p. 117.
984:
980:Fernandes 2012
972:
970:, p. 116.
960:
958:, p. 138.
956:Fernandes 2012
947:
946:
944:
941:
939:
936:
933:
932:
920:
918:, p. 99).
897:
896:
894:
891:
890:
889:
882:
879:
811:
808:
746:
743:
639:Barra do Piraí
613:
610:
561:Santa Catarina
504:
497:
496:
495:
486:
485:
484:
483:
482:
480:
477:
436:
433:
385:
382:
380:
377:
326:candidate for
300:Main article:
297:
294:
286:Venceslau Brás
238:, inferior to
216:Rio de Janeiro
199:
196:
194:
191:
154:Brazilian Army
82:Rio de Janeiro
76:
75:
72:
68:
67:
62:
58:
57:
54:
53:Date dissolved
50:
49:
46:
42:
41:
34:
26:
25:
22:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2442:
2431:
2428:
2426:
2423:
2422:
2420:
2405:
2404:
2395:
2394:
2391:
2390:
2386:
2384:
2383:
2379:
2378:
2375:
2368:
2365:
2362:
2359:
2356:
2353:
2350:
2347:
2346:
2344:
2340:
2334:
2331:
2329:
2326:
2325:
2323:
2319:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2300:
2298:
2295:
2293:
2290:
2288:
2285:
2283:
2280:
2279:
2277:
2273:
2268:
2261:
2251:
2248:
2246:
2243:
2241:
2238:
2236:
2233:
2231:
2228:
2227:
2225:
2223:
2219:
2211:
2206:
2202:
2199:
2195:
2194:
2191:
2187:
2180:
2175:
2173:
2168:
2166:
2161:
2160:
2157:
2148:
2142:
2138:
2133:
2129:
2127:85-7368-751-7
2123:
2119:
2114:
2110:
2105:
2098:
2097:
2091:
2087:
2083:
2079:
2074:
2070:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2048:
2044:
2038:
2034:
2029:
2025:
2024:
2018:
2014:
2013:
2007:
2003:
1998:
1997:
1992:
1984:
1979:
1976:
1973:, p. 66.
1972:
1967:
1964:
1960:
1955:
1952:
1948:
1943:
1940:
1936:
1935:Viscardi 2019
1931:
1928:
1924:
1919:
1916:
1912:
1907:
1904:
1900:
1899:Viscardi 2019
1895:
1892:
1888:
1883:
1880:
1876:
1871:
1868:
1864:
1859:
1856:
1852:
1847:
1844:
1840:
1839:Ferreira 1989
1835:
1832:
1828:
1823:
1820:
1816:
1811:
1808:
1804:
1799:
1797:
1793:
1789:
1784:
1781:
1777:
1772:
1769:
1765:
1760:
1757:
1753:
1748:
1745:
1741:
1736:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1721:
1718:
1714:
1709:
1706:
1702:
1697:
1695:
1691:
1687:
1682:
1679:
1675:
1670:
1667:
1662:
1658:
1652:
1650:
1648:
1644:
1639:
1635:
1629:
1626:
1621:
1617:
1611:
1608:
1603:
1599:
1593:
1590:
1586:
1581:
1578:
1574:
1569:
1567:
1565:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1550:
1547:
1543:
1538:
1535:
1531:
1526:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1511:
1508:
1504:
1503:Ferreira 1989
1499:
1497:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1482:
1479:
1475:
1470:
1467:
1463:
1458:
1455:
1451:
1446:
1443:
1440:, p. 91.
1439:
1434:
1431:
1428:, p. 93.
1427:
1422:
1419:
1415:
1410:
1407:
1403:
1398:
1395:
1391:
1386:
1383:
1379:
1374:
1371:
1367:
1362:
1359:
1356:, p. 33.
1355:
1350:
1347:
1343:
1338:
1335:
1331:
1330:Ferreira 1989
1326:
1324:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1309:
1306:
1303:, p. 20.
1302:
1301:Ferreira 1993
1297:
1294:
1290:
1289:Ferreira 1989
1285:
1282:
1278:
1273:
1270:
1267:, p. 92.
1266:
1261:
1258:
1254:
1249:
1246:
1242:
1237:
1234:
1230:
1229:Ferreira 1989
1225:
1222:
1219:, p. 69.
1218:
1213:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1202:Ferreira 1989
1198:
1195:
1191:
1190:Ferreira 1989
1186:
1183:
1179:
1174:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1159:
1156:
1152:
1147:
1144:
1140:
1135:
1132:
1129:, p. 19.
1128:
1127:Ferreira 1993
1123:
1120:
1116:
1111:
1108:
1104:
1099:
1096:
1092:
1087:
1084:
1080:
1075:
1072:
1068:
1063:
1060:
1056:
1055:Ferreira 1989
1051:
1048:
1045:, p. 18.
1044:
1043:Ferreira 1993
1039:
1036:
1032:
1031:Ferreira 1989
1027:
1024:
1020:
1019:Ferreira 1985
1015:
1012:
1008:
1007:Viscardi 2019
1003:
1000:
996:
995:Ferreira 1985
991:
989:
985:
981:
976:
973:
969:
968:Ferreira 1985
964:
961:
957:
952:
949:
942:
937:
929:
924:
921:
917:
912:
911:habeas corpus
908:
902:
899:
892:
888:
885:
884:
880:
878:
874:
871:
865:
863:
859:
855:
850:
848:
844:
840:
839:
833:
828:
826:
816:
809:
807:
805:
801:
797:
793:
792:habeas corpus
788:
782:
778:
776:
775:Catete Palace
772:
771:habeas corpus
767:
762:
761:habeas corpus
755:
750:
744:
741:
738:
731:
727:
724:
719:
714:
712:
708:
704:
700:
696:
692:
688:
684:
680:
676:
672:
668:
664:
660:
656:
652:
648:
644:
640:
636:
632:
623:
618:
612:State anarchy
611:
609:
606:
602:
598:
594:
593:habeas corpus
589:
585:
583:
579:
574:
573:habeas corpus
569:
566:
562:
558:
554:
550:
546:
542:
537:
535:
534:national army
529:
527:
526:habeas corpus
523:
519:
518:Levi Carneiro
515:
514:habeas corpus
501:
490:
478:
476:
472:
470:
464:
462:
459:, supporting
458:
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810:Consequences
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244:Minas Gerais
228:coffee-based
224:Second Reign
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98:Nilo Peçanha
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35:Report from
2212:(1918–1922)
2203:(1922–1926)
1983:Galvão 2013
1959:Galvão 2013
1947:Galvão 2013
1923:Galvão 2013
1863:Carone 1983
1788:Galvão 2013
1776:Galvão 2013
1764:Galvão 2013
1752:Galvão 2013
1740:Galvão 2013
1725:Galvão 2013
1713:Galvão 2013
1701:Galvão 2013
1686:Galvão 2013
1674:Galvão 2013
1554:Galvão 2013
1530:Carone 1983
1515:Carone 1983
1486:Galvão 2013
1462:Galvão 2013
1450:Galvão 2013
1438:Galvão 2013
1426:Galvão 2013
1414:Galvão 2013
1402:Galvão 2013
1354:Galvão 2013
1265:Galvão 2013
1253:Galvão 2013
1241:Galvão 2013
1217:Galvão 2013
1151:Carone 1983
1091:Carone 1983
916:Galvão 2013
907:Galvão 2013
691:Teresópolis
679:Mangaratiba
663:São Fidélis
651:Barra Mansa
45:Date formed
2419:Categories
2222:Presidency
1971:Silva 2004
1911:Cunha 2011
1887:Silva 1971
1851:Cunha 2011
1827:Silva 1971
1585:Silva 1971
1573:Silva 1971
1542:Silva 1971
1474:Silva 1971
1390:Silva 1971
1378:Silva 1971
1342:Silva 1971
1313:Silva 1971
1277:Silva 1971
1178:Silva 1971
1163:Silva 1971
1139:Silva 1971
1115:Silva 1971
1103:Silva 1971
1067:Silva 1971
938:References
737:status quo
695:Bom Jardim
683:Petrópolis
671:Rio Bonito
565:status quo
457:status quo
453:status quo
373:Petrópolis
365:status quo
336:Pernambuco
324:status quo
276:status quo
268:coronelism
193:Background
2363:(brother)
2245:Tenentism
943:Citations
838:tenentist
796:Caçadores
787:Caçadores
718:Sodresist
707:Cabo Frio
699:Saquarema
675:Cantagalo
667:Rio Claro
605:Caçadores
601:Judiciary
582:Sodresist
240:São Paulo
148:from the
61:President
2403:Category
881:See also
766:de facto
711:Madalena
687:Itaboraí
647:Araruama
635:Friburgo
571:Another
232:Congress
90:governor
37:O Brasil
862:Nilists
723:Nilists
716:In the
655:Cambuci
549:Finance
541:Justice
449:Nilists
424:Nilists
361:Nilists
344:Nilists
330:in the
312:O Malho
119:by the
94:Niterói
2351:(wife)
2342:Family
2143:
2124:
2039:
832:Nilism
804:Nilism
643:Maricá
578:Nilist
557:Paraná
469:Nilism
417:Nilism
403:Nilist
399:Nilist
369:Nilism
290:Campos
263:Nilist
259:Nilism
175:Nilist
129:Nilism
113:Nilist
102:Nilist
2357:(son)
2208:12th
2100:(PDF)
1661:A Rua
1638:A Rua
1620:A Rua
1602:A Rua
893:Notes
800:A Rua
703:Macaé
659:Pádua
631:A Rua
622:A Rua
320:State
183:Bahia
2287:ESAV
2198:12th
2141:ISBN
2122:ISBN
2037:ISBN
709:and
653:and
637:and
580:nor
559:and
551:and
520:and
257:'s "
246:and
181:and
100:'s "
545:War
279:of
2421::
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1795:^
1732:^
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1561:^
1522:^
1493:^
1320:^
1209:^
1170:^
987:^
705:,
701:,
697:,
693:,
689:,
685:,
677:,
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242:,
139:.
2178:e
2171:t
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2086:6
2060:1
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914:(
823:"
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