2731:
communists is estimated to also have included the
Ukrainian Orthodox, who based on data from Volhynia and Polesia are estimated to have yielded 25% of their vote to communist parties, meaning the Belarusian level of support must have been higher than 44%. On the other hand, Uniate Ukrainians and Jews were mostly unconvinced by Soviet overtures. The Uniates instead held to minority interest parties. Among the Jewish population, support for minority parties fell from 65% in 1922 to 33%, while a plurality of Jews voted for Pilsudski's bloc. Despite the prevalent "Judeo-communist" myth, and although Jews were prominent in the leadership of communist institutions, 93% of Jews did not support communists at "the height of communist appeal" before Stalin consolidated absolute power, and furthermore only 14% of the communist vote came from Jews, less than the 16% which was from Catholics.
418:
657:
935:
852:
38:
2714:
led to ethnic polarization. Elements of Poland's pre-1918 political elite had discussed the creation of a federal arrangement with regional autonomy for minorities, but after 1922 these plans were scrapped in favor of a unitary state with "less than adequate protection of cultural and education rights for the countries
Germans, Ukrainians, Belarusians and Jews". Soviet propaganda tried to convince Belarusians, Ukrainians and Jews that their cultures and national aspirations could be better protected within the Soviet state.
154:
908:
380:
171:
805:
813:
800:
137:
2722:
3232:
1271:
2735:
and private prejudice... Most Jews were thus politically neither "internationalist" nor ethnically exclusionary, as a large vote For the minority parties in 1928 would have in- dicated. Rather they were casting their lot with the Polish state." An alternative explanation holds instead that Jews turned to
Pilsudski as a protector in an increasingly volatile political scene.
729:
614:
606:
598:
315:
307:
299:
1488:
397:
1346:(125 out of 444) and 48 out of 111 in the Senate–in both cases, short of a majority. Unlike latter elections during the Sanation era, opposition parties were allowed to campaign with only a few hindrances, and gained a significant number of seats. The 1928 election is often considered the last fully free election in the
435:
2917:
Although the opposition to
Sanation failed to gain control of the Sejm, it was able to show its strength and prevent Sanation from taking control of the Sejm. This convinced Piłsudski and his supporters that more drastic measures had to be taken in dealing with the opposition. Opposition politicians
2713:
and reservoirs of communist support. After the 1921 these minorities were totally excluded from cabinet positions and parties self-identifying as "Polish" refused to form governments with minority interest parties although they had captured 24% of the vote together in 1922, which among other factors
2734:
Instead, Jews were the strongest ethnic bastion of support for the
Pilsudski government, moreso than both other minorities and the Polish majority, with no significant regional differences in the political behavior. Kopstein and Wittenberg argue their data show that "Even in the face of both public
1443:
The government applied much pressure to ensure victory for its candidates. Propaganda media were distributed, Sanation supporters tried to break up opposition rallies and some opposition lists and candidates were declared invalid by ostensibly neutral government institutions. Pressure was put on
2717:
However, the response to this Soviet overture varied between
Ukrainian Uniates, Ukrainian Orthodox, Belarusian Orthodox, and Jews. All four groups, according to analysis by Kopstein and Wittenberg, faced the problem of how best to react to a centralizing and nationalizing state which at various
1374:, which campaigned for a more authoritative government, declaring its total support for Piłsudski and proclaiming itself to be a patriotic, non-partisan and pro-government formation. Other factions in contemporary Polish politics and their primary parties included: the Left, consisting of the
2730:
The combination of discrimination, Soviet interference, and the lack of a prior national movement radicalized
Belarusian politics such that support for centre-left and minority interest parties gave way to the heaviest support for communists. Overall the 44% of the Orthodox vote that went to
2913:
as a major force within the less stable and cohesive Polish Left; and the substantial weakening of the Right by Piłsudski's supporters, as the BBWR, which despite its claims of being above traditional party divisions, attracted its support mostly from the right.
2909:- doing much better than the traditional Polish Right. Groth notes that the elections showed a progressively increasing fragmentation of the Polish electorate; a steady and significant increase in the proportion of ethnic minority voting; the rapid rise of the
2718:
points pursued policies of either accommodation, assimilation or discrimination, with the response of the minorities varying between attempts at "exiting" the state, trying to persuade the state to change its behavior, or by asserting loyalty to the state.
1447:
Despite these irregularities, opposition parties could still campaign and put forward candidates, and the results were not falsified. For these reasons, the 1928 election is reckoned as the last even partially free election held during the
2725:
Jozef
Pilsudski came to power in 1926 but is thought to have let the 1928 elections be mostly fair aside from some suppression in ethnically Belarusian regions. He received significant support from minority voters, especially the Jewish
2702:
According to
Kopstein and Wittenberg, 45% of the majority Catholic population voted for non-revolutionary left-wing parties, 16% for the Pro-Pilsudski bloc and 15% for right-wing parties.
3135:
Kopstein, Jeffrey S., and Jason
Wittenberg. "Who voted communist? Reconsidering the social bases of radicalism in interwar Poland." Slavic Review 62.1 (2003): 87-109. Quote is commented.
3112:
Kopstein, Jeffrey S., and Jason Wittenberg. "Who voted communist? Reconsidering the social bases of radicalism in interwar Poland." Slavic Review 62.1 (2003): 87-109. Pages 99-100 , 108.
3144:
Kopstein, Jeffrey S., and Jason Wittenberg. "Who voted communist? Reconsidering the social bases of radicalism in interwar Poland." Slavic Review 62.1 (2003): 87-109. Pages 105-106.
888:
3760:
3688:
3153:
Kopstein, Jeffrey S., and Jason Wittenberg. "Who voted communist? Reconsidering the social bases of radicalism in interwar Poland." Slavic Review 62.1 (2003): 87-109. Page 106.
3121:
Kopstein, Jeffrey S., and Jason Wittenberg. "Who voted communist? Reconsidering the social bases of radicalism in interwar Poland." Slavic Review 62.1 (2003): 87-109. Page 100.
2181:
1514:
1367:
1333:
702:
206:
1444:
state employees to vote for the BBWR and to participate in its electoral campaign. Public funds were diverted to the BBWR, which had ready use of government facilities.
3703:
3103:
Jeffrey S. Kopstein & Jason Wittenberg. "Who voted communist? Reconsidering the social bases of radicalism in interwar Poland." Slavic Review 62.1 (2003): pp87-109
867:
2968:
792:
1311:
2286:
1598:
1391:
478:
3665:
3660:
3655:
3650:
3645:
3786:
3741:
3220:
3198:
3087:
2333:
1666:
1027:
2935:
were held in 1930; however, Sanation succeeded in having many Centrolew politicians arrested; and the 1930 elections are not considered free.
3736:
3698:
3063:
2993:
1221:
1213:
1209:
1912:
1248:
1193:
2952:
1112:
1091:
1083:
3683:
3448:
3442:
3437:
3432:
3427:
3422:
3417:
3412:
3407:
3402:
3397:
3392:
3387:
3382:
3377:
3372:
3367:
3362:
3357:
3352:
3347:
3342:
3337:
3332:
3327:
3317:
3312:
3165:
2013:
1461:
1173:
1125:
1057:
80:
52:
873:
3791:
3781:
3746:
3731:
3293:
3287:
3282:
3277:
3272:
3267:
3262:
3257:
1421:
1052:
564:
2932:
1329:
1304:
1016:
1008:
1137:
417:
2443:
1839:
1749:
1417:
3213:
2905:- 43.24% of the total); the opposition parties, however, gained a majority of the remaining seats, with the left - including
1343:
1465:
656:
934:
1284:
3627:
3622:
3617:
3612:
3607:
3602:
3597:
2202:
1556:
1437:
1297:
1186:
216:
2537:
2486:
1882:
1770:
3532:
3522:
3467:
1452:, and the last free elections of any sort held in Poland until 1989 (or 1991). The last three elections held before
3796:
2490:
2355:
1886:
1707:
1429:
843:
2494:
1890:
3592:
3587:
3582:
3577:
3572:
3567:
3562:
3557:
3552:
3547:
3542:
3537:
3527:
3517:
3512:
3507:
3502:
3497:
3492:
3487:
3482:
3477:
3472:
3459:
3206:
2464:
2376:
1818:
1728:
1383:
1065:
954:
942:
851:
692:
673:
1399:
1387:
2516:
2329:
1860:
1662:
1032:
997:
989:
454:
3713:
3708:
3693:
2910:
2709:
narrative which portrays the major ethnic minority blocs of Jews as well as Ukrainians and Belarusians as
2307:
2244:
2223:
1640:
1577:
1535:
1457:
1449:
1413:
1375:
1347:
1000:
926:
763:
750:
684:
483:
211:
3084:
1019:
3675:
3240:
2928:
2558:
1971:
1070:
3162:
1359:
680:
545:
511:
468:
459:
3304:
2421:
2265:
1796:
1619:
1433:
1201:
1132:
968:
784:
488:
3723:
3637:
3249:
3236:
3046:
1379:
1254:
1142:
1045:
981:
914:
907:
828:
153:
1395:
2962:
901:
776:
742:
719:
831:
17:
2989:
2906:
1425:
1366:
in 1926. Thirty-four parties took part in the 1928 elections. Piłsudski was supported by the
1363:
1244:
1239:
963:
196:
2902:
1371:
859:
804:
698:
186:
812:
434:
3169:
3091:
1099:
799:
2689:
2144:
1104:
880:
536:
505:
464:
379:
170:
3775:
3189:
3020:
2981:
1403:
1275:
758:
191:
2710:
1453:
922:
523:
251:
136:
1456:
were all rigged in favour of the Sanation forces (the BBWR in 1930 and 1935, the
2417:
1792:
950:
835:
2721:
2706:
1992:
2923:
2897:
The BBWR government bloc won the highest number of seats (125 out of 444 in
1460:
in 1938). By the time of the first elections after the return of peace, in
532:
1338:
728:
3193:
3024:
2927:
coalition to oppose the government of Sanation. Their actions led to a
1408:
3041:
1487:
3231:
3049:, Vol. 47, No. 1. (1995), pp. 123-145. Last accessed on 14 April 2007
1325:
1149:
257:
245:
2901:(Polish parliament) - 28.12% of the total, and 48 out of 111 in the
396:
1161:
2898:
820:
94:
3202:
2931:
for the Sanation government and dissolution of the parliament.
3163:
The Elections to the Polish Parliament (Sejm) 1928 - results
2328:
Bloc of Ukrainian Socialist and Peasant-Worker's Parties (
1661:
Bloc of Ukrainian Socialist and Peasant-Worker's Parties (
3064:
TIME article on 1928 Polish elections from Mar. 19, 1928
2741:
Estimates of voting patterns by ethnoreligious groups
2182:
Nonpartisan Bloc for Cooperation with the Government
1515:
Nonpartisan Bloc for Cooperation with the Government
1368:
Nonpartisan Bloc for Cooperation with the Government
1334:
Nonpartisan Bloc for Cooperation with the Government
541:
3722:
3674:
3636:
3458:
3303:
3248:
3042:
Poland at the Crossroads: The 1993 General Election
100:
91:
2705:The 1928 vote has been studied in relation to the
1436:; and finally, the Minorities, represented by the
1358:The 1928 elections were the first elections after
1342:faction - won the highest number of seats in the
3192:, Vol. 24, No. 4 (Dec., 1965), pp. 653–665
668:
3761:Elections in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
2918:became increasingly persecuted and threatened.
661:Results parliamentary election by constituency
3214:
3023:, Vol. 24, No. 4. (Dec., 1965), pp. 653-665.
1332:elections held a week later on 11 March. The
1305:
8:
1420:); the Center, composed of the PSL faction,
29:
3221:
3207:
3199:
2967:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2156:
1480:
1312:
1298:
714:
28:
3035:
3033:
1729:Workers' and Peasants' Unity (Communists)
3131:
3129:
3127:
2737:
2720:
3059:
3057:
3055:
3011:
3009:
3007:
3005:
3003:
3001:
2944:
2686:
2673:
2660:
2647:
2634:
2630:
2613:
2141:
2128:
2115:
2102:
2089:
2085:
2068:
717:
2960:
2397:Jewish National Union in Lesser Poland
1688:Jewish National Union in Lesser Poland
2674:
2661:
2648:
2635:
2161:
2129:
2116:
2103:
2090:
1494:
1324:Parliamentary elections were held in
7:
3076:
3074:
3072:
2986:Elections in Europe: A data handbook
1913:General Jewish Labour Bund in Poland
354:
111:
3085:Aresztowanie przywódców Centrolewu
2579:Monarchist All-estate Organization
2287:Polish People's Party "Wyzwolenie"
2014:Independent Socialist Labour Party
1933:Monarchist All-estate Organization
1599:Polish People's Party "Wyzwolenie"
1392:Polish People's Party "Wyzwolenie"
30:1928 Polish parliamentary election
25:
3787:Parliamentary elections in Poland
2690:Sejm i Senat 1928-1933 p.242, 245
3230:
3094:, Last accessed on 14 April 2007
3027:, Last accessed on 14 April 2007
2145:Sejm i Senat 1928-1933 p.229–230
1486:
1269:
933:
906:
874:Małgorzata Maria Kidawa- Błońska
850:
811:
803:
798:
727:
655:
613:
612:
605:
604:
597:
596:
433:
416:
395:
378:
314:
313:
306:
305:
298:
297:
169:
152:
135:
36:
18:1928 Polish legislative election
2538:Catholic Union of Western Lands
1771:Catholic Union of Western Lands
3066:Last accessed on 14 April 2007
2921:Opposition parties formed the
2698:Ethnoreligious voting analysis
2416:General-Jewish National Bloc (
1791:General-Jewish National Bloc (
1:
1028:Supreme Administrative Court
2984:& Philip Stöver (2010)
2957:. Warsaw. 2018. p. 29.
2377:Polish National Labour Bloc
2203:Bloc of National Minorities
1819:Polish National Labour Bloc
1557:Bloc of National Minorities
1468:was rapidly consolidating.
1438:Bloc of National Minorities
1194:Ministry of Foreign Affairs
232:(as chairman of PPS caucus)
3813:
3186:Polish Elections 1919-1928
3017:Polish Elections 1919-1928
3755:
3090:January 18, 2007, at the
2758:Pro-Pilsudski bloc (BBWR)
2740:
2687:
2683:
2675:Registered voters/turnout
2670:
2657:
2644:
2631:
2614:
2465:Communist Party of Poland
2173:
2170:
2167:
2164:
2142:
2138:
2130:Registered voters/turnout
2125:
2112:
2099:
2086:
2069:
1506:
1503:
1500:
1497:
1485:
666:
653:
350:
108:
46:
34:
3792:1928 elections in Poland
3782:1928 elections in Europe
2034:Ukrainian National Union
1126:Administrative divisions
943:Prime Minister of Poland
3724:Silesian Sejm elections
3305:Parliamentary elections
2356:National Workers' Party
1708:National Workers' Party
1430:National Workers' Party
1092:Major political parties
1009:Constitutional Tribunal
990:Supreme Court of Poland
68:11 March 1928
3250:Presidential elections
3083:Bartłomiej Kozłowski,
2911:Polish Socialist Party
2752:Non-revolutionary left
2727:
2245:Popular National Union
2224:Polish Socialist Party
1952:Ukrainian Labour Party
1578:Catholic-National Bloc
1536:Polish Socialist Party
1458:Camp of National Unity
1450:Second Polish Republic
1414:Popular National Union
1376:Polish Socialist Party
1348:Second Polish Republic
1328:on 4 March 1928, with
1210:Diplomatic missions of
751:Constitution of Poland
455:Maksymilian Malinowski
58:4 March 1928
3039:Kenneth Ka-Lok Chan,
2929:vote of no confidence
2764:Share in 1921 Census
2724:
2559:Radical Peasant Party
1972:Radical Peasant Party
1412:, represented by the
1400:Stronnictwo Chłopskie
1388:Polish People's Party
1336:, a coalition of the
528:Senate - Lublin area
93:All 444 seats in the
2266:Polish Catholic Bloc
1620:Polish Catholic Bloc
785:Parliament of Poland
3047:Europe-Asia Studies
2649:Invalid/blank votes
2158:
2104:Invalid/blank votes
1482:
1422:Christian Democracy
1418:Stanisław Głąbiński
1001:Małgorzata Manowska
915:President of Poland
553:Last election
519:Leader's seat
264:Last election
241:Leader's seat
31:
3638:European elections
3168:2007-10-25 at the
2728:
2157:
1481:
793:Current Parliament
720:Politics of Poland
622:Popular vote
495:Leader since
323:Popular vote
223:Leader since
3797:March 1928 events
3769:
3768:
2994:978-3-8329-5609-7
2907:Polish Communists
2890:
2889:
2695:
2694:
2150:
2149:
1426:Wojciech Korfanty
1322:
1321:
1276:Poland portal
1202:Radosław Sikorski
1187:Foreign relations
1084:Political parties
713:
712:
709:
708:
649:
648:
593:Seat change
460:Stanisław Kozicki
446:
445:
294:Seat change
197:Yitzhak Gruenbaum
87:
86:
16:(Redirected from
3804:
3235:
3234:
3223:
3216:
3209:
3200:
3172:
3160:
3154:
3151:
3145:
3142:
3136:
3133:
3122:
3119:
3113:
3110:
3104:
3101:
3095:
3082:
3078:
3067:
3061:
3050:
3037:
3028:
3013:
2996:
2979:
2973:
2972:
2966:
2958:
2954:Polska 1918–2018
2949:
2903:Senate of Poland
2738:
2159:
1490:
1483:
1466:Communist regime
1380:Ignacy Daszyński
1314:
1307:
1300:
1278:
1274:
1273:
1272:
1174:Cities and towns
1169:
1157:
1020:Julia Przyłębska
937:
910:
878:
877:
876:
854:
815:
807:
802:
731:
715:
699:Kazimierz Bartel
669:
659:
616:
615:
608:
607:
600:
599:
569:
543:
479:PSL "Wyzwolenie"
437:
420:
408:
407:
399:
382:
317:
316:
309:
308:
301:
300:
233:
229:2 February 1926
173:
156:
139:
110:
109:
75:
73:
65:
63:
48:
47:
41:
40:
39:
32:
21:
3812:
3811:
3807:
3806:
3805:
3803:
3802:
3801:
3772:
3771:
3770:
3765:
3751:
3718:
3670:
3632:
3460:Local elections
3454:
3299:
3244:
3229:
3227:
3181:
3179:Further reading
3176:
3175:
3170:Wayback Machine
3161:
3157:
3152:
3148:
3143:
3139:
3134:
3125:
3120:
3116:
3111:
3107:
3102:
3098:
3092:Wayback Machine
3080:
3079:
3070:
3062:
3053:
3038:
3031:
3014:
2999:
2980:
2976:
2959:
2951:
2950:
2946:
2941:
2895:
2700:
2155:
1479:
1474:
1434:Adam Chadzyński
1384:Communist Party
1360:Józef Piłsudski
1356:
1318:
1289:
1285:Other countries
1270:
1268:
1267:
1260:
1259:
1235:
1227:
1226:
1218:
1206:
1189:
1179:
1178:
1163:
1151:
1128:
1118:
1117:
1109:
1100:Law and Justice
1086:
1076:
1075:
1062:
1048:
1038:
1037:
1024:
998:First President
984:
974:
973:
960:
904:
894:
893:
889:Deputy Marshals
872:
871:
870:
848:
844:Deputy Marshals
832:Szymon Hołownia
809:
779:
769:
768:
745:
722:
701:
696:
683:
681:Józef Piłsudski
678:
676:before election
667:
662:
654:
579:Seats won
561:
560:
540:
509:
469:Józef Chaciński
467:
442:
441:
440:
439:
438:
425:
424:
423:
422:
421:
404:
403:
402:
401:
400:
387:
386:
385:
384:
383:
351:
280:Seats won
231:
230:
178:
177:
176:
175:
174:
161:
160:
159:
158:
157:
144:
143:
142:
141:
140:
119:Minority party
116:Majority party
92:
71:
69:
67:
61:
59:
42:
37:
35:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3810:
3808:
3800:
3799:
3794:
3789:
3784:
3774:
3773:
3767:
3766:
3764:
3763:
3756:
3753:
3752:
3750:
3749:
3744:
3739:
3734:
3728:
3726:
3720:
3719:
3717:
3716:
3711:
3706:
3701:
3696:
3691:
3686:
3680:
3678:
3672:
3671:
3669:
3668:
3663:
3658:
3653:
3648:
3642:
3640:
3634:
3633:
3631:
3630:
3625:
3620:
3615:
3610:
3605:
3600:
3595:
3590:
3585:
3580:
3575:
3570:
3565:
3560:
3555:
3550:
3545:
3540:
3535:
3530:
3525:
3520:
3515:
3510:
3505:
3500:
3495:
3490:
3485:
3480:
3475:
3470:
3464:
3462:
3456:
3455:
3453:
3452:
3445:
3440:
3435:
3430:
3425:
3420:
3415:
3410:
3405:
3400:
3395:
3390:
3385:
3380:
3375:
3370:
3365:
3360:
3355:
3350:
3345:
3340:
3335:
3330:
3325:
3320:
3315:
3309:
3307:
3301:
3300:
3298:
3297:
3290:
3285:
3280:
3275:
3270:
3265:
3260:
3254:
3252:
3246:
3245:
3228:
3226:
3225:
3218:
3211:
3203:
3197:
3196:
3180:
3177:
3174:
3173:
3155:
3146:
3137:
3123:
3114:
3105:
3096:
3068:
3051:
3029:
2997:
2974:
2943:
2942:
2940:
2937:
2894:
2891:
2888:
2887:
2885:
2882:
2879:
2876:
2873:
2870:
2866:
2865:
2862:
2859:
2854:
2851:
2848:
2845:
2841:
2840:
2837:
2834:
2831:
2828:
2825:
2820:
2816:
2815:
2812:
2809:
2806:
2801:
2798:
2795:
2791:
2790:
2787:
2784:
2781:
2778:
2773:
2770:
2766:
2765:
2762:
2759:
2756:
2755:Minority lists
2753:
2750:
2747:
2743:
2742:
2699:
2696:
2693:
2692:
2685:
2684:
2682:
2679:
2676:
2672:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2663:
2659:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2650:
2646:
2645:
2643:
2640:
2637:
2633:
2632:
2629:
2628:
2625:
2622:
2619:
2616:
2612:
2611:
2608:
2605:
2602:
2599:
2596:
2593:
2592:
2589:
2586:
2583:
2580:
2577:
2574:
2573:
2570:
2567:
2564:
2561:
2556:
2553:
2552:
2549:
2546:
2543:
2540:
2535:
2532:
2531:
2528:
2525:
2522:
2519:
2517:Agrarian Union
2514:
2511:
2510:
2507:
2504:
2501:
2498:
2483:
2480:
2479:
2476:
2473:
2470:
2467:
2462:
2459:
2458:
2455:
2452:
2449:
2446:
2441:
2438:
2437:
2434:
2431:
2428:
2425:
2414:
2411:
2410:
2407:
2404:
2401:
2398:
2395:
2392:
2391:
2388:
2385:
2382:
2379:
2374:
2371:
2370:
2367:
2364:
2361:
2358:
2353:
2350:
2349:
2346:
2343:
2340:
2337:
2326:
2323:
2322:
2319:
2316:
2313:
2310:
2305:
2302:
2301:
2298:
2295:
2292:
2289:
2284:
2281:
2280:
2277:
2274:
2271:
2268:
2263:
2260:
2259:
2256:
2253:
2250:
2247:
2242:
2239:
2238:
2235:
2232:
2229:
2226:
2221:
2218:
2217:
2214:
2211:
2208:
2205:
2200:
2197:
2196:
2193:
2190:
2187:
2184:
2179:
2176:
2175:
2172:
2169:
2166:
2163:
2154:
2151:
2148:
2147:
2140:
2139:
2137:
2134:
2131:
2127:
2126:
2124:
2121:
2118:
2114:
2113:
2111:
2108:
2105:
2101:
2100:
2098:
2095:
2092:
2088:
2087:
2084:
2083:
2080:
2077:
2074:
2071:
2067:
2066:
2063:
2060:
2057:
2054:
2051:
2048:
2047:
2044:
2041:
2038:
2035:
2032:
2029:
2028:
2025:
2022:
2019:
2016:
2011:
2008:
2007:
2004:
2001:
1998:
1995:
1990:
1987:
1986:
1983:
1980:
1977:
1974:
1969:
1966:
1965:
1962:
1959:
1956:
1953:
1950:
1947:
1946:
1943:
1940:
1937:
1934:
1931:
1928:
1927:
1924:
1921:
1918:
1915:
1910:
1907:
1906:
1903:
1900:
1897:
1894:
1879:
1876:
1875:
1872:
1869:
1866:
1863:
1861:Agrarian Union
1858:
1855:
1854:
1851:
1848:
1845:
1842:
1837:
1834:
1833:
1830:
1827:
1824:
1821:
1816:
1813:
1812:
1809:
1806:
1803:
1800:
1789:
1786:
1785:
1782:
1779:
1776:
1773:
1768:
1765:
1764:
1761:
1758:
1755:
1752:
1747:
1744:
1743:
1740:
1737:
1734:
1731:
1726:
1723:
1722:
1719:
1716:
1713:
1710:
1705:
1702:
1701:
1698:
1695:
1692:
1689:
1686:
1683:
1682:
1679:
1676:
1673:
1670:
1659:
1656:
1655:
1652:
1649:
1646:
1643:
1638:
1635:
1634:
1631:
1628:
1625:
1622:
1617:
1614:
1613:
1610:
1607:
1604:
1601:
1596:
1593:
1592:
1589:
1586:
1583:
1580:
1575:
1572:
1571:
1568:
1565:
1562:
1559:
1554:
1551:
1550:
1547:
1544:
1541:
1538:
1533:
1530:
1529:
1526:
1523:
1520:
1517:
1512:
1509:
1508:
1505:
1502:
1499:
1496:
1492:
1491:
1478:
1475:
1473:
1470:
1406:); the Right (
1390:factions (the
1370:(BBWR) led by
1355:
1352:
1320:
1319:
1317:
1316:
1309:
1302:
1294:
1291:
1290:
1288:
1287:
1281:
1280:
1279:
1262:
1261:
1258:
1257:
1252:
1242:
1236:
1234:Related topics
1233:
1232:
1229:
1228:
1225:
1224:
1217:
1216:
1205:
1204:
1197:
1196:
1190:
1185:
1184:
1181:
1180:
1177:
1176:
1171:
1159:
1147:
1146:
1145:
1140:
1129:
1124:
1123:
1120:
1119:
1116:
1115:
1108:
1107:
1105:Civic Platform
1102:
1096:
1095:
1087:
1082:
1081:
1078:
1077:
1074:
1073:
1068:
1061:
1060:
1055:
1049:
1044:
1043:
1040:
1039:
1036:
1035:
1033:State Tribunal
1030:
1023:
1022:
1013:
1012:
1004:
1003:
994:
993:
985:
980:
979:
976:
975:
972:
971:
966:
959:
958:
947:
946:
931:
930:
919:
918:
905:
900:
899:
896:
895:
892:
891:
885:
884:
864:
863:
847:
846:
840:
839:
825:
824:
796:
795:
789:
788:
780:
775:
774:
771:
770:
767:
766:
761:
755:
754:
746:
741:
740:
737:
736:
733:
732:
724:
723:
718:
711:
710:
707:
706:
693:Prime Minister
688:
674:Prime Minister
664:
663:
660:
651:
650:
647:
646:
643:
640:
637:
633:
632:
629:
626:
623:
619:
618:
610:
602:
594:
590:
589:
586:
583:
580:
576:
575:
570:
557:
554:
550:
549:
529:
526:
520:
516:
515:
502:
499:
496:
492:
491:
486:
481:
476:
472:
471:
465:Wincenty Witos
462:
457:
452:
448:
447:
444:
443:
432:
431:
430:
429:
428:
426:
415:
414:
413:
412:
411:
405:
394:
393:
392:
391:
390:
388:
377:
376:
375:
374:
373:
371:
367:
366:
363:
360:
357:
353:
352:
348:
347:
344:
341:
338:
334:
333:
330:
327:
324:
320:
319:
311:
303:
295:
291:
290:
287:
284:
281:
277:
276:
273:
270:
265:
261:
260:
254:
248:
242:
238:
237:
234:
227:
226:November 1927
224:
220:
219:
214:
209:
204:
200:
199:
194:
189:
184:
180:
179:
168:
167:
166:
165:
164:
162:
151:
150:
149:
148:
147:
145:
134:
133:
132:
131:
130:
128:
124:
123:
120:
117:
114:
106:
105:
102:
98:
97:
89:
88:
85:
84:
78:
55:
44:
43:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3809:
3798:
3795:
3793:
3790:
3788:
3785:
3783:
3780:
3779:
3777:
3762:
3758:
3757:
3754:
3748:
3745:
3743:
3740:
3738:
3735:
3733:
3730:
3729:
3727:
3725:
3721:
3715:
3712:
3710:
3707:
3705:
3702:
3700:
3697:
3695:
3692:
3690:
3687:
3685:
3682:
3681:
3679:
3677:
3673:
3667:
3664:
3662:
3659:
3657:
3654:
3652:
3649:
3647:
3644:
3643:
3641:
3639:
3635:
3629:
3626:
3624:
3621:
3619:
3616:
3614:
3611:
3609:
3606:
3604:
3601:
3599:
3596:
3594:
3591:
3589:
3586:
3584:
3581:
3579:
3576:
3574:
3571:
3569:
3566:
3564:
3561:
3559:
3556:
3554:
3551:
3549:
3546:
3544:
3541:
3539:
3536:
3534:
3531:
3529:
3526:
3524:
3521:
3519:
3516:
3514:
3511:
3509:
3506:
3504:
3501:
3499:
3496:
3494:
3491:
3489:
3486:
3484:
3481:
3479:
3476:
3474:
3471:
3469:
3466:
3465:
3463:
3461:
3457:
3451:
3450:
3446:
3444:
3441:
3439:
3436:
3434:
3431:
3429:
3426:
3424:
3421:
3419:
3416:
3414:
3411:
3409:
3406:
3404:
3401:
3399:
3396:
3394:
3391:
3389:
3386:
3384:
3381:
3379:
3376:
3374:
3371:
3369:
3366:
3364:
3361:
3359:
3356:
3354:
3351:
3349:
3346:
3344:
3341:
3339:
3336:
3334:
3331:
3329:
3326:
3324:
3321:
3319:
3316:
3314:
3311:
3310:
3308:
3306:
3302:
3296:
3295:
3291:
3289:
3286:
3284:
3281:
3279:
3276:
3274:
3271:
3269:
3266:
3264:
3261:
3259:
3256:
3255:
3253:
3251:
3247:
3242:
3238:
3233:
3224:
3219:
3217:
3212:
3210:
3205:
3204:
3201:
3195:
3191:
3190:Slavic Review
3187:
3184:A. J. Groth,
3183:
3182:
3178:
3171:
3167:
3164:
3159:
3156:
3150:
3147:
3141:
3138:
3132:
3130:
3128:
3124:
3118:
3115:
3109:
3106:
3100:
3097:
3093:
3089:
3086:
3077:
3075:
3073:
3069:
3065:
3060:
3058:
3056:
3052:
3048:
3044:
3043:
3036:
3034:
3030:
3026:
3022:
3021:Slavic Review
3018:
3015:A. J. Groth,
3012:
3010:
3008:
3006:
3004:
3002:
2998:
2995:
2991:
2987:
2983:
2982:Dieter Nohlen
2978:
2975:
2970:
2964:
2956:
2955:
2948:
2945:
2938:
2936:
2934:
2933:New elections
2930:
2926:
2925:
2919:
2915:
2912:
2908:
2904:
2900:
2892:
2886:
2883:
2880:
2877:
2874:
2871:
2869:Overall share
2868:
2867:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2852:
2849:
2846:
2843:
2842:
2838:
2835:
2832:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2821:
2819:Orthodox Chr.
2818:
2817:
2813:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2799:
2796:
2793:
2792:
2788:
2785:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2774:
2771:
2768:
2767:
2763:
2760:
2757:
2754:
2751:
2748:
2745:
2744:
2739:
2736:
2732:
2723:
2719:
2715:
2712:
2711:fifth columns
2708:
2703:
2697:
2691:
2680:
2677:
2667:
2664:
2654:
2651:
2641:
2638:
2626:
2623:
2620:
2617:
2609:
2606:
2603:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2594:
2590:
2587:
2584:
2581:
2578:
2576:
2575:
2571:
2568:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2557:
2555:
2554:
2550:
2547:
2544:
2541:
2539:
2536:
2534:
2533:
2529:
2526:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2512:
2508:
2505:
2502:
2499:
2496:
2492:
2488:
2484:
2482:
2481:
2477:
2474:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2460:
2456:
2453:
2450:
2447:
2445:
2442:
2440:
2439:
2435:
2432:
2429:
2426:
2423:
2419:
2415:
2413:
2412:
2408:
2405:
2402:
2399:
2396:
2394:
2393:
2389:
2386:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2372:
2368:
2365:
2362:
2359:
2357:
2354:
2352:
2351:
2347:
2344:
2341:
2338:
2335:
2331:
2327:
2325:
2324:
2320:
2317:
2314:
2311:
2309:
2308:Peasant Party
2306:
2304:
2303:
2299:
2296:
2293:
2290:
2288:
2285:
2283:
2282:
2278:
2275:
2272:
2269:
2267:
2264:
2262:
2261:
2257:
2254:
2251:
2248:
2246:
2243:
2241:
2240:
2236:
2233:
2230:
2227:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2219:
2215:
2212:
2209:
2206:
2204:
2201:
2199:
2198:
2194:
2191:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2180:
2178:
2177:
2160:
2152:
2146:
2135:
2132:
2122:
2119:
2109:
2106:
2096:
2093:
2081:
2078:
2075:
2072:
2064:
2061:
2058:
2055:
2052:
2050:
2049:
2045:
2042:
2039:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2030:
2026:
2023:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2009:
2005:
2002:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1988:
1984:
1981:
1978:
1975:
1973:
1970:
1968:
1967:
1963:
1960:
1957:
1954:
1951:
1949:
1948:
1944:
1941:
1938:
1935:
1932:
1930:
1929:
1925:
1922:
1919:
1916:
1914:
1911:
1909:
1908:
1904:
1901:
1898:
1895:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1878:
1877:
1873:
1870:
1867:
1864:
1862:
1859:
1857:
1856:
1852:
1849:
1846:
1843:
1841:
1838:
1836:
1835:
1831:
1828:
1825:
1822:
1820:
1817:
1815:
1814:
1810:
1807:
1804:
1801:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1788:
1787:
1783:
1780:
1777:
1774:
1772:
1769:
1767:
1766:
1762:
1759:
1756:
1753:
1751:
1748:
1746:
1745:
1741:
1738:
1735:
1732:
1730:
1727:
1725:
1724:
1720:
1717:
1714:
1711:
1709:
1706:
1704:
1703:
1699:
1696:
1693:
1690:
1687:
1685:
1684:
1680:
1677:
1674:
1671:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1658:
1657:
1653:
1650:
1647:
1644:
1642:
1641:Peasant Party
1639:
1637:
1636:
1632:
1629:
1626:
1623:
1621:
1618:
1616:
1615:
1611:
1608:
1605:
1602:
1600:
1597:
1595:
1594:
1590:
1587:
1584:
1581:
1579:
1576:
1574:
1573:
1569:
1566:
1563:
1560:
1558:
1555:
1553:
1552:
1548:
1545:
1542:
1539:
1537:
1534:
1532:
1531:
1527:
1524:
1521:
1518:
1516:
1513:
1511:
1510:
1493:
1489:
1484:
1476:
1471:
1469:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1445:
1441:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1410:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1372:Walery Sławek
1369:
1365:
1361:
1353:
1351:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1340:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1315:
1310:
1308:
1303:
1301:
1296:
1295:
1293:
1292:
1286:
1283:
1282:
1277:
1266:
1265:
1264:
1263:
1256:
1253:
1250:
1246:
1243:
1241:
1238:
1237:
1231:
1230:
1223:
1220:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1208:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1198:
1195:
1192:
1191:
1188:
1183:
1182:
1175:
1172:
1170:
1167:
1160:
1158:
1155:
1148:
1144:
1141:
1139:
1136:
1135:
1134:
1131:
1130:
1127:
1122:
1121:
1114:
1113:Other parties
1111:
1110:
1106:
1103:
1101:
1098:
1097:
1094:
1093:
1089:
1088:
1085:
1080:
1079:
1072:
1069:
1067:
1064:
1063:
1059:
1058:Parliamentary
1056:
1054:
1051:
1050:
1047:
1042:
1041:
1034:
1031:
1029:
1026:
1025:
1021:
1018:
1015:
1014:
1011:
1010:
1006:
1005:
1002:
999:
996:
995:
992:
991:
987:
986:
983:
978:
977:
970:
967:
965:
962:
961:
956:
952:
949:
948:
945:
944:
940:
939:
938:
936:
928:
924:
921:
920:
917:
916:
912:
911:
909:
903:
898:
897:
890:
887:
886:
882:
875:
869:
866:
865:
862:
861:
857:
856:
855:
853:
845:
842:
841:
837:
833:
830:
827:
826:
823:
822:
818:
817:
816:
814:
808:
806:
801:
794:
791:
790:
787:
786:
782:
781:
778:
773:
772:
765:
762:
760:
757:
756:
753:
752:
748:
747:
744:
739:
738:
735:
734:
730:
726:
725:
721:
716:
705:
704:
700:
695:
694:
689:
687:
686:
682:
677:
675:
671:
670:
665:
658:
652:
644:
641:
638:
635:
634:
630:
627:
624:
621:
620:
611:
603:
595:
592:
591:
587:
584:
581:
578:
577:
574:
573:Did not exist
571:
567:
566:
558:
555:
552:
551:
547:
538:
534:
530:
527:
525:
521:
518:
517:
513:
507:
503:
500:
497:
494:
493:
490:
487:
485:
482:
480:
477:
474:
473:
470:
466:
463:
461:
458:
456:
453:
450:
449:
436:
427:
419:
410:
409:
406:
398:
389:
381:
372:
369:
368:
364:
361:
359:Fourth party
358:
355:
349:
345:
342:
339:
336:
335:
331:
328:
325:
322:
321:
312:
304:
296:
293:
292:
288:
285:
282:
279:
278:
274:
271:
269:
268:Did not exist
266:
263:
262:
259:
255:
253:
249:
247:
243:
240:
239:
235:
228:
225:
222:
221:
218:
215:
213:
210:
208:
205:
202:
201:
198:
195:
193:
192:Zygmunt Marek
190:
188:
187:Walery Sławek
185:
182:
181:
172:
163:
155:
146:
138:
129:
126:
125:
121:
118:
115:
112:
107:
103:
99:
96:
90:
83: →
82:
79:
77:
56:
54:
51:←
50:
49:
45:
33:
27:
19:
3447:
3322:
3292:
3185:
3158:
3149:
3140:
3117:
3108:
3099:
3040:
3016:
2985:
2977:
2953:
2947:
2922:
2920:
2916:
2896:
2856:
2822:
2803:
2775:
2733:
2729:
2716:
2704:
2701:
1840:Sel-Rob Left
1454:World War II
1446:
1442:
1407:
1396:Jan Woźnicki
1357:
1337:
1323:
1255:Armed forces
1165:
1153:
1090:
1053:Presidential
1007:
988:
941:
932:
923:Andrzej Duda
913:
858:
849:
819:
810:
797:
783:
764:Human rights
749:
697:
690:
679:
672:
572:
563:
365:Sixth party
362:Fifth party
267:
122:Third party
57:
26:
3676:Referendums
3241:referendums
3081:(in Polish)
2662:Total votes
2636:Valid votes
2598:Local lists
2418:Folkspartei
2117:Total votes
2091:Valid votes
2053:Local lists
1793:Folkspartei
1222:Ambassadors
1133:Voivodeship
1071:Referendums
951:Donald Tusk
777:Legislature
685:Independent
636:Percentage
337:Percentage
3776:Categories
3759:See also:
3742:1930 (Nov)
3737:1930 (May)
2939:References
2761:Right-wing
2749:Communists
2746:Confession
2707:Zydokomuna
2678:10,184,727
2133:14,970,394
2120:11,728,389
2094:11,408,248
2073:11,408,248
1993:Poale Zion
1404:Jan Dąbski
1354:Background
1200:Minister:
969:Ministries
743:Government
332:1,439,568
329:1,482,097
326:2,399,438
72:1928-03-11
62:1928-03-04
3243:in Poland
3237:Elections
2963:cite book
2924:Centrolew
2893:Aftermath
2726:minority.
2665:6,506,331
2639:6,389,400
2618:6,389,400
2207:1,063,888
2186:1,842,537
1561:1,438,725
1540:1,481,279
1519:2,399,032
1249:political
1214:in Poland
1162:Communes
1150:Counties
1046:Elections
1017:President
982:Judiciary
902:Executive
546:Chaciński
512:Chaciński
252:Nowy Sącz
3166:Archived
3088:Archived
2988:, p1491
2769:Catholic
2688:Source:
2143:Source:
1428:and the
1364:May Coup
1339:Sanation
1143:marshals
1138:voivodes
691:Elected
631:770,891
628:925,570
625:834,710
3533:1938–39
3523:1933–34
3468:1916–17
2652:116,931
2601:217,920
2485:Ruska (
2444:Sel-Rob
2400:123,090
2381:132,039
2360:143,806
2339:148,431
2312:274,097
2291:391,979
2270:426,179
2249:589,005
2228:714,956
2107:320,141
2056:592,941
1896:133,196
1881:Ruska (
1865:135,276
1844:143,475
1823:146,946
1802:174,978
1775:193,323
1754:179,536
1750:Sel-Rob
1733:217,298
1712:228,088
1691:240,780
1672:268,677
1645:618,503
1624:770,891
1603:834,448
1582:925,774
1472:Results
1409:endecja
1245:History
1240:Economy
964:Cabinet
868:Marshal
829:Marshal
562:(163 as
542:24 l.p.
451:Leader
370:
356:
183:Leader
127:
113:
101:Turnout
76:(Senat)
70: (
66:(Sejm)
60: (
2992:
2844:Jewish
2794:Uniate
2668:100.00
2621:100.00
2542:12,749
2521:36,118
2500:38,065
2469:48,346
2448:80,502
2427:94,609
2153:Senate
2123:100.00
2076:100.00
2018:21,929
1997:30,945
1976:44,560
1955:44,919
1936:53,623
1917:80,219
1386:, two
1382:; the
1330:Senate
1326:Poland
1154:powiat
860:Senate
836:PL2050
565:Chjena
533:Tarnów
524:Zamość
510:1927 (
504:1918 (
475:Party
346:12.6%
343:13.0%
340:21.0%
258:Warsaw
246:Warsaw
203:Party
3194:JSTOR
3025:JSTOR
2681:63.88
2642:98.20
2615:Total
2582:4,661
2563:6,423
2422:Aguda
2231:11.19
2210:16.65
2189:28.84
2171:Seats
2165:Votes
2162:Party
2136:78.34
2097:97.27
2070:Total
2037:8,887
1797:Aguda
1564:12.61
1543:12.98
1522:21.03
1504:Seats
1498:Votes
1495:Party
1166:gmina
1066:Local
645:6.8%
642:8.1%
639:7.3%
537:Witos
531:84 -
522:27 -
506:Witos
501:1923
498:1925
250:44 -
236:1922
104:78.5%
3747:1935
3732:1922
3714:2023
3709:2015
3704:2003
3699:1997
3694:1996
3689:1987
3684:1946
3666:2024
3661:2019
3656:2014
3651:2009
3646:2004
3628:2024
3623:2018
3618:2014
3613:2010
3608:2006
3603:2002
3598:1998
3593:1994
3588:1990
3583:1988
3578:1984
3573:1980
3568:1976
3563:1973
3558:1969
3553:1965
3548:1961
3543:1958
3538:1954
3528:1936
3518:1929
3513:1927
3508:1926
3503:1925
3498:1924
3493:1923
3488:1922
3483:1921
3478:1920
3473:1919
3449:Next
3443:2023
3438:2019
3433:2015
3428:2011
3423:2007
3418:2005
3413:2001
3408:1997
3403:1993
3398:1991
3393:1989
3388:1985
3383:1980
3378:1976
3373:1972
3368:1969
3363:1965
3358:1961
3353:1957
3348:1952
3343:1947
3338:1938
3333:1935
3328:1930
3323:1928
3318:1922
3313:1919
3294:2025
3288:2020
3283:2015
3278:2010
3273:2005
3268:2000
3263:1995
3258:1990
3239:and
2990:ISBN
2969:link
2899:Sejm
2864:11%
2839:10%
2814:12%
2789:64%
2655:1.80
2604:3.41
2585:0.07
2566:0.10
2545:0.20
2524:0.57
2503:0.60
2472:0.76
2451:1.26
2430:1.48
2403:1.93
2384:2.07
2363:2.25
2342:2.32
2334:USDP
2315:4.29
2294:6.13
2273:6.67
2252:9.22
2110:2.73
2059:5.20
2040:0.08
2021:0.19
2000:0.27
1979:0.39
1958:0.39
1939:0.47
1920:0.70
1899:1.17
1868:1.19
1847:1.26
1826:1.29
1805:1.53
1778:1.69
1757:1.57
1736:1.90
1715:2.00
1694:2.11
1675:2.36
1667:USDP
1648:5.42
1627:6.76
1606:7.31
1585:8.11
1477:Sejm
1464:, a
1462:1947
1398:and
1344:Sejm
821:Sejm
703:BBWR
302:125
283:125
256:1 -
244:1 –
207:BBWR
95:Sejm
81:1930
53:1922
2884:10%
2881:28%
2878:24%
2875:30%
2857:49%
2853:33%
2833:21%
2830:21%
2823:44%
2808:30%
2804:71%
2797:12%
2786:15%
2783:16%
2776:45%
2624:111
2495:RPO
2491:RAO
2487:RNU
2330:URP
2174:+/–
2079:444
1891:RPO
1887:RAO
1883:RNU
1700:–12
1663:URP
1570:–11
1549:+23
1528:New
1525:125
1507:+/–
1432:of
1424:of
1416:of
1402:of
1394:of
1378:of
1362:'s
759:Law
617:34
609:60
588:34
585:38
582:40
556:49
489:PBK
484:BKN
318:11
310:23
289:55
286:64
275:66
272:41
217:BMN
212:PPS
3778::
3188:,
3126:^
3071:^
3054:^
3045:,
3032:^
3019:,
3000:^
2965:}}
2961:{{
2872:8%
2861:3%
2850:4%
2847:7%
2836:1%
2827:4%
2811:3%
2800:1%
2780:4%
2772:4%
2409:–3
2390:–1
2369:–1
2300:–1
2237:+3
2234:10
2216:–2
2213:21
2192:48
2062:12
1985:–4
1742:+3
1721:–7
1718:11
1651:25
1630:34
1612:–8
1609:41
1588:38
1567:55
1546:64
1440:.
1350:.
1212:/
955:PO
881:PO
601:9
559:98
548:)
514:)
3222:e
3215:t
3208:v
2971:)
2627:0
2610:–
2607:1
2591:–
2588:0
2572:0
2569:0
2551:–
2548:0
2530:–
2527:0
2509:–
2506:0
2497:)
2493:–
2489:–
2478:0
2475:0
2457:–
2454:1
2436:–
2433:0
2424:)
2420:–
2406:1
2387:1
2366:2
2348:–
2345:1
2336:)
2332:–
2321:–
2318:3
2297:7
2279:–
2276:6
2258:–
2255:9
2195:–
2168:%
2082:0
2065:–
2046:–
2043:0
2027:–
2024:0
2006:–
2003:0
1982:0
1964:–
1961:1
1945:–
1942:0
1926:0
1923:0
1905:–
1902:1
1893:)
1889:–
1885:–
1874:–
1871:3
1853:–
1850:3
1832:–
1829:4
1811:–
1808:0
1799:)
1795:–
1784:–
1781:3
1763:–
1760:4
1739:5
1697:6
1681:–
1678:9
1669:)
1665:–
1654:–
1633:–
1591:–
1501:%
1313:e
1306:t
1299:v
1251:)
1247:(
1168:)
1164:(
1156:)
1152:(
957:)
953:(
929:)
927:I
925:(
883:)
879:(
838:)
834:(
568:)
544:(
539:)
535:(
508:)
74:)
64:)
20:)
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