593:(hence the popular name for the November 1930 election: "the Brest election"). A number of less-known political activists across the country were also arrested; they were released after the election. The Brest trial ended in January 1932, with ten of the accused sentenced to up to three years' imprisonment; appeals in 1933 confirmed the sentences. The government gave those sentenced a choice of emigrating abroad; five took that choice, while the other five decided to serve the prison term.
214:
45:
87:
115:
451:
101:
228:
143:
157:
242:
200:
171:
186:
59:
256:
129:
73:
525:
The personality cult of Józef Piłsudski stemmed from his general popularity among the nation rather than from top-down propaganda; this is notable, considering Piłsudski's disdain for democracy. Sanation's ideology never went beyond populist calls to clean up the country's politics and economy; it
492:
A distinguishing feature of the regime was that, unlike the situation in most of non-democratic Europe, it never transformed itself into a full-blown dictatorship. Freedom of press, speech, and political parties was never legally abolished, and opponents were usually dealt with via "unidentified
430:, which he saw as promoting their own interests rather than supporting the state and the people. For this reason, the Sanation movement never led to the creation of a political party. Instead, in 1928 Sanation members created a
626:
termed it); and a search for a more suitable ideology which Piłsudski's supporters might accept. The intersection of personal competition and ideological differences led to discord and splintering.
609:, adopted a few weeks earlier, had been tailored for Marshal Piłsudski. In the absence of a successor with equal authority, a reinterpretation of the new Constitution was in order. In the words of
458:
Although Piłsudski never claimed personal power, he exercised extensive influence over Polish politics after
Sanation took power in 1926. For the next decade, he dominated Polish affairs as
555:
526:
did not occupy itself with society, as was the case with contemporary fascist regimes. From 1929, the semi-official newspaper of
Sanation, and thus of the Polish government, was
544:
The
Sanation government invalidated the May 1930 election results by disbanding the parliament in August. New elections were scheduled for November 1930. Using anti-government
439:
313:
959:
1. w Polsce międzywojennej — obóz Józefa Piłsudskiego, który pod hasłem uzdrowienia stosunków politycznych i życia publicznego dokonał przewrotu wojskowego w maju 1926 r....
331:. The movement functioned integrally until his death in 1935. Following his death, Sanation split into several competing factions, including "the Castle" (President
408:
in Polish politics. Sanation was a coalition of rightists, leftists, and centrists whose main focus was the elimination of corruption and the reduction of inflation.
1310:
678:
The first of these
Sanation factions soon lost much of its importance, while the other two continued their ideological struggle until the outbreak of World War II.
1022:"—has much currency in its respective language. The terms' unfamiliarity doubtless accounts for misconceptions about the meaning of the Polish political term.
1174:
W poszukiwaniu nowego ładu: tendencje antyliberalne, autorytarne i profaszystowskie w polskiej myśli politycznej i społecznej lat 30. XX w.: piłsudczycy i inni
1149:
W poszukiwaniu nowego ładu: tendencje antyliberalne, autorytarne i profaszystowskie w polskiej myśli politycznej i społecznej lat 30. XX w.: piłsudczycy i inni
1124:
W poszukiwaniu nowego ładu: tendencje antyliberalne, autorytarne i profaszystowskie w polskiej myśli politycznej i społecznej lat 30. XX w.: piłsudczycy i inni
616:
Piłsudski's death triggered
Sanation's splintering, driven by two processes: competition for power and influence among Piłsudski's heirs (the wars among the
559:
1330:
1325:
469:
In the course of pursuing "sanation", Piłsudski mixed democratic and authoritarian elements. Poland's internal stability was enhanced, while
1181:
1156:
1131:
667:
514:(Center-Left) coalition calling for the overthrow of the government; Sanation reacted by arresting more than 20 prominent opposition-leader
466:'s government and all subsequent governments were first unofficially approved by Piłsudski before they could be confirmed by the President.
1315:
1126:. Prace Naukowe Uniwersytetu Śląskiego w Katowicach (Wydanie I ed.). Katowice: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Śląskiego. pp. 38–39.
1260:
1176:. Prace Naukowe Uniwersytetu Śląskiego w Katowicach (Wydanie I ed.). Katowice: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Śląskiego. p. 47.
1151:. Prace Naukowe Uniwersytetu Śląskiego w Katowicach (Wydanie I ed.). Katowice: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Śląskiego. p. 55.
567:
938:
505:
497:
1300:
1205:
854:
867:, founded in 2001, one of Poland's major political parties today often considered a modern successor to the Sanation movement
1279:
1305:
528:
717:, many continued influential. During the war, Sanationists created several resistance organizations, including in 1942 the
1092:
1075:
1061:
641:), which sought to continue the erstwhile Piłsudskiite idea in conformity with the wording of the April Constitution;
1320:
870:
714:
1295:
777:
119:
875:
822:
671:
375:
218:
718:
383:
849:
837:
771:
653:
545:
423:
355:
351:
260:
105:
20:
797:
371:
176:
486:
474:
962:
915:
812:
807:
766:
367:
298:
190:
91:
49:
213:
459:
405:
232:
1267:
1234:
Seidner, Stanley S. (1975). "The Camp of
National Unity: An Experiment in Domestic Consolidation".
989:
965:, who worked a military coup in May 1926 under the banner of healing politics and public life...)
470:
86:
1222:
817:
749:
687:
610:
606:
419:
347:
290:
204:
161:
827:
802:
649:
404:"), the Sanation movement mainly comprised former military officers who were disgusted with the
332:
114:
63:
1272:
914:(Dictionary of Foreign Expressions), New York, Polish Book Importing Co., 1918 (8 years before
1275:
1256:
1236:
1177:
1152:
1127:
1109:
919:
787:
582:
412:
379:
309:
302:
147:
1038:". Other English-language authors, baffled by the Polish term and unfamiliar with its Latin
792:
1214:
832:
745:
638:
463:
343:
339:
246:
44:
450:
864:
427:
294:
285:
273:
100:
602:
707:
590:
578:
227:
58:
1289:
1248:
1226:
1023:
761:
563:
363:
77:
933:'s Dictionary of Foreign Expressions), Warsaw, Wydawnictwo S. Arcta, 1947, p. 313.
930:
1200:
741:
623:
522:
won over 46 percent of the vote and a large majority in both houses of parliament.
328:
142:
1105:
1003:
950:
400:
324:
241:
199:
170:
156:
454:
In front, left to right: Józef Piłsudski, Walery Sławek, Edward Rydz-Śmigły, 1930
422:
but was never formalized. Piłsudski, though he had been the former leader of the
1076:
Sketches from a Secret War: A Polish Artist's
Mission to Liberate Soviet Ukraine
1031:
880:
859:
586:
548:
as a pretext, 20 opposition-party members, including most of the leaders of the
1218:
185:
1035:
323:
The
Sanation movement took its name from Piłsudski's aspirations for a moral "
1039:
726:
550:
510:
478:
967:
2. rzad: uzdrowienie, np. stosunków w jakiejś instytucji, w jakimś kraju.
481:
parties (on the ostensible formal grounds that they had failed to legally
782:
729:
and in 1944 merged along with the
Council of Independence Organizations (
618:
359:
133:
566:, on the mere order of Piłsudski and the Minister of Internal Security,
255:
1106:
Domestic problems and foreign policies of interwar east
European states
1043:
1007:
695:
691:
1253:
The Polish Way: A Thousand-Year History of the Poles and Their Culture
1028:
The Polish Way: A Thousand-Year History of the Poles and Their Culture
477:'s economic reforms. At the same time, the Sanation regime prosecuted
699:
1062:
Spring Will Be Ours: Poland and the Poles from Occupation to Freedom
128:
442:"), a pro-government grouping that denied being a political party.
1015:
703:
449:
395:
72:
571:
342:, rested on a circle of Piłsudski's close associates, including
969:(2. rare: healing, e.g., of an institution, of a country.)"
774:
577:
The opposition leaders (including the former prime minister
19:
For retrospective recognition of marriage in canon law, see
485:
as political parties) and sought to limit the influence of
713:
Though France insisted on excluding Sanationists from the
613:, "We must replace the Great Man with an organization."
312:. In 1928 its political activists would go on to form a
504:
supporters came up far short of a majority. Before the
500:
to be relatively free, but was dealt a setback when its
1203:(July 1977). "The Political Right in Poland, 1918-39".
941:, 1971, p. 665, defines the expression as follows: "
440:
Nonpartisan Bloc for Cooperation with the Government
314:
Nonpartisan Bloc for Cooperation with the Government
382:in governance, and contended against the system of
1056:
1054:
1052:
629:Eventually Sanation devolved into three factions:
937:(PWN Dictionary of Foreign Expressions), Warsaw,
562:leaders) were arrested in September 1930 without
1096:By Richard & Benjamin Crampton, pp. 102–103.
1093:Atlas of Eastern Europe in the Twentieth Century
733:) into the Union of Independence Organizations (
674:as a stand-in for the late Marshal Piłsudski.
570:, and accused of plotting an anti-government
8:
1087:
1085:
735:Zjednoczenie Organizacji Niepodległościowych
493:perpetrators" rather than court sentences.
28:
725:), which in 1943 became subordinate to the
605:came in 1935 with Piłsudski's death. The
752:and executed or forced many into exile.
462:of a generally popular centrist regime.
308:, and came to power in the wake of that
979:
977:
975:
891:
731:Konwent Organizacji Niepodległościowych
1311:Politics of the Second Polish Republic
27:
668:General Inspector of the Armed Forces
284:
7:
1255:, New York, Hippocrene Books, 1994,
1065:By Andrzej Paczkowski, page 28.
961:(1. in interwar Poland, the camp of
698:, whence they were able to go on to
508:some opposition parties united in a
432:Bezpartyjny Blok Współpracy z Rządem
489:parties by splitting their forces.
706:and, after the fall of France, to
560:Polish People's Party "Wyzwolenie"
14:
902:" is defined identically as "ł:
690:, many Sanationists evacuated to
664:Generalny Inspektor Sił Zbrojnych
656:— hence that faction's name); and
378:. It preached the primacy of the
16:Defunct Polish political movement
1331:Democratic backsliding in Poland
1079:By Timothy Snyder, page 73.
601:A crucial turning point for the
254:
240:
226:
212:
198:
184:
169:
155:
141:
127:
113:
99:
85:
71:
57:
43:
1206:Journal of Contemporary History
927:M. Arcta słownik wyrazów obcych
855:European interwar dictatorships
411:Sanation appeared prior to the
1172:Tomasiewicz, Jarosław (2021).
1147:Tomasiewicz, Jarosław (2021).
1122:Tomasiewicz, Jarosław (2021).
1:
1326:Political movements in Poland
1014:"—both derived from the same
939:Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe
556:Polish People's Party "Piast"
426:, had grown to disapprove of
1046:, have left it untranslated.
744:, Poland's Soviet-installed
1316:Political history of Poland
568:Felicjan Sławoj Składkowski
518:participants. Subsequently
1347:
1219:10.1177/002200947701200301
935:Słownik wyrazów obcych PWN
715:Polish Government in Exile
648:, formed around President
338:Sanation, which advocated
327:" (healing) of the Polish
18:
253:
239:
225:
211:
197:
183:
168:
154:
140:
126:
112:
98:
84:
70:
56:
42:
35:
876:Polish Underground State
748:branded Sanationists as
719:Polish Fighting Movement
293:that was created in the
607:April 1935 Constitution
384:parliamentary democracy
1301:Military dictatorships
912:Słownik wyrazów obcych
850:Bereza Kartuska prison
585:) were imprisoned and
455:
424:Polish Socialist Party
277:
21:Validation of marriage
1273:Google Books, p. 601–
1002:Neither the English "
723:Obóz Polski Walczącej
652:, who resided in the
554:alliance (Socialist,
496:Sanation allowed the
475:Eugeniusz Kwiatkowski
453:
398:word for "healing" ("
871:Piłsudski's colonels
750:enemies of the state
406:perceived corruption
335:and his partisans).
286:[saˈnat͡sja]
175:Bogusław Miedziński
1268:Encyklopedia Polski
990:Encyklopedia Polski
838:Kazimierz Świtalski
798:Bogusław Miedziński
778:Wacław Jędrzejewicz
772:Janusz Jędrzejewicz
702:or French-mandated
622:– "the heirs" – as
471:economic stagnation
372:Bogusław Miedziński
356:Janusz Jędrzejewicz
352:Kazimierz Świtalski
261:Kazimierz Świtalski
120:Wacław Jędrzejewicz
106:Janusz Jędrzejewicz
32:
925:), p. 701; and in
823:Edward Rydz-Śmigły
818:Aleksander Prystor
808:Bronisław Pieracki
793:Ignacy Matuszewski
688:invasion of Poland
672:Edward Rydz-Śmigły
611:Ignacy Matuszewski
540:Legislative agenda
456:
376:Edward Rydz-Śmigły
348:Aleksander Prystor
340:authoritarian rule
291:political movement
219:Edward Rydz-Śmigły
205:Aleksander Prystor
191:Bronisław Pieracki
162:Ignacy Matuszewski
1321:May Coup (Poland)
1237:The Polish Review
1183:978-83-226-4040-1
1158:978-83-226-4040-1
1133:978-83-226-4040-1
1110:Anna M. Cienciala
947:= uzdrowienie>
943:sanacja <łac.
898:The Polish word "
828:Adam Skwarczyński
666:}, formed around
583:Wojciech Korfanty
428:political parties
418:and lasted until
380:national interest
267:
266:
233:Adam Skwarczyński
1338:
1296:Guided democracy
1245:
1230:
1188:
1187:
1169:
1163:
1162:
1144:
1138:
1137:
1119:
1113:
1103:
1097:
1089:
1080:
1072:
1066:
1058:
1047:
1000:
994:
981:
970:
910:: healing") in
896:
746:communist regime
686:During the 1939
637:, formed around
633:"the Colonels" (
464:Kazimierz Bartel
394:Named after the
288:
283:
258:
244:
230:
216:
202:
188:
173:
159:
145:
131:
117:
103:
89:
75:
61:
47:
33:
1346:
1345:
1341:
1340:
1339:
1337:
1336:
1335:
1306:Józef Piłsudski
1286:
1285:
1244:(2–3): 231–236.
1233:
1199:
1196:
1191:
1184:
1171:
1170:
1166:
1159:
1146:
1145:
1141:
1134:
1121:
1120:
1116:
1104:
1100:
1090:
1083:
1073:
1069:
1059:
1050:
1026:, for example (
1001:
997:
982:
973:
963:Józef Piłsudski
916:Józef Piłsudski
897:
893:
889:
865:Law and Justice
846:
813:Józef Piłsudski
803:Ignacy Mościcki
767:Tadeusz Hołówko
758:
756:Notable members
684:
650:Ignacy Mościcki
599:
542:
448:
392:
368:Tadeusz Hołówko
333:Ignacy Mościcki
299:Józef Piłsudski
295:interwar period
289:) was a Polish
281:
263:
249:
235:
221:
207:
193:
179:
164:
150:
136:
122:
108:
94:
92:Tadeusz Hołówko
80:
66:
64:Ignacy Mościcki
52:
50:Józef Piłsudski
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1344:
1342:
1334:
1333:
1328:
1323:
1318:
1313:
1308:
1303:
1298:
1288:
1287:
1284:
1283:
1264:
1246:
1231:
1213:(3): 395–412.
1195:
1192:
1190:
1189:
1182:
1164:
1157:
1139:
1132:
1114:
1098:
1081:
1067:
1048:
995:
971:
890:
888:
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878:
873:
868:
862:
857:
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845:
842:
841:
840:
835:
830:
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820:
815:
810:
805:
800:
795:
790:
788:Leon Kozłowski
785:
780:
775:
769:
764:
757:
754:
683:
680:
676:
675:
657:
644:"the Castle" (
642:
598:
595:
591:Brest Fortress
579:Wincenty Witos
546:demonstrations
541:
538:
534:Polish Gazette
447:
444:
391:
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148:Leon Kozłowski
146:
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4:
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1274:
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1261:0-7818-0200-8
1258:
1254:
1250:
1249:Adam Zamoyski
1247:
1243:
1239:
1238:
1232:
1228:
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1216:
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1208:
1207:
1202:
1201:Holzer, Jerzy
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1071:
1068:
1064:
1063:
1057:
1055:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1032:mistranslates
1029:
1025:
1024:Adam Zamoyski
1021:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1005:
999:
996:
992:
991:
986:
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948:
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928:
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833:Walery Sławek
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701:
697:
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689:
681:
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673:
669:
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661:
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654:Warsaw Castle
651:
647:
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639:Walery Sławek
636:
632:
631:
630:
627:
625:
621:
620:
614:
612:
608:
604:
603:Piłsudskiites
596:
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584:
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573:
569:
565:
561:
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552:
547:
539:
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531:
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529:Gazeta Polska
523:
521:
517:
513:
512:
507:
506:1930 election
503:
499:
498:1928 election
494:
490:
488:
484:
480:
476:
473:was ended by
472:
467:
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461:
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416:
409:
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397:
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385:
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373:
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365:
361:
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353:
349:
345:
344:Walery Sławek
341:
336:
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311:
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247:Walery Sławek
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69:
65:
60:
55:
51:
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41:
38:
34:
31:
26:
22:
1266:
1252:
1241:
1235:
1210:
1204:
1173:
1167:
1148:
1142:
1123:
1117:
1101:
1091:
1074:
1070:
1060:
1042:and English
1027:
1019:
1011:
998:
988:
984:
966:
958:
954:
946:
942:
934:
926:
921:
911:
907:
903:
899:
894:
742:World War II
739:
734:
730:
722:
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682:World War II
677:
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628:
624:Adam Pragier
617:
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414:
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953:, from Lat
931:Michał Arct
922:Coup d'État
904:uzdrowienie
881:Prometheism
860:Intermarium
597:Splintering
415:Coup d'État
305:Coup d'État
297:, prior to
1290:Categories
1280:8386328606
1194:References
1036:sanitation
1006:" nor the
762:Józef Beck
635:Pułkownicy
487:opposition
390:Background
364:Józef Beck
282:pronounced
78:Józef Beck
1227:153991392
1040:etymology
993:, p. 601.
920:May 1926
727:Home Army
551:Centrolew
516:Centrolew
511:Centrolew
479:communist
460:strongman
413:May 1926
303:May 1926
1010:Polish "
1004:sanation
951:sanation
844:See also
783:Adam Koc
670:Marshal
619:diadochi
564:warrants
483:register
360:Adam Koc
325:sanation
270:Sanation
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1044:cognate
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1020:sanatio
1018:root, "
1012:sanacja
1008:cognate
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446:History
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1016:Latin
887:Notes
704:Syria
646:Zamek
587:tried
532:(the
396:Latin
1276:ISBN
1271:via
1257:ISBN
1178:ISBN
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1128:ISBN
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