205:. When his captor threatened to take Rivera into the store's basement and "beat the hell out of him", Rivera bit the employee's hand. The manager intervened and the police were called, but Rivera was eventually released. In the meantime, a crowd had begun to gather outside around a woman who had witnessed Rivera's apprehension; she was shouting that Rivera was being beaten. When an ambulance showed up to treat the wounds of the employee who had been bitten, it appeared to confirm the woman's story. When the crowd noticed a
296:, which described the rioting as "spontaneous" with "no evidence of any program or leadership of the rioters". The report identified "injustices of discrimination in employment, the aggressions of the police, and the racial segregation" as conditions which led to the outbreak of rioting. The report congratulated the Communist organizations as deserving "more credit than any other element in Harlem for preventing a physical conflict between whites and blacks".
160:
store. That evening a demonstration was held outside the store and, after someone threw a rock through the window, more general destruction of the store and other white-owned properties ensued. Three people died, hundreds were wounded, and an estimated $ 2 million in damage was caused to properties
213:, the Kress Five and Ten store was closed early, and the crowd was dispersed by police. After the rioting started, the police decided to get Rivera in order to show that he was unharmed but did not produce him until the next morning because the teen had given a fake address when first detained.
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avenues. Some stores posted signs that read "Colored Store" or "Colored Help
Employed Here". In the early hours of the morning, as the rioting spread north and south, the police picked up Lino Rivera from his mother's apartment and took a photograph of him with a police officer; copies were
523:. “Police Shoot Into Rioters; Kill Negro in Harlem Mob: 3,000 Storm Store After Boy Knife Thief, 16, Is Reported Lynched -- Several Shot -- Many Felled by Stones. POLICEMEN SHOOT HARLEM RIOTERS.” March 20, 1935.
142:, because it was committed primarily against property rather than persons. Harlem is a northern neighborhood on Manhattan Island in New York City whose population at the time was predominantly African American.
173:, minorities in Harlem and elsewhere in New York suffered as they struggled with unemployment. Minorities were often fired first and hired last in times of fluctuating employment, and conditions were bleak.
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By the end of the next day, the streets of Harlem were returned to order. Three black people were killed, 125 people were arrested and 100 people were injured. District
Attorney
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Whereas previous race riots had been characterized by violent clashes between groups of black and white rioters, subsequent riots would resemble the riot in Harlem.
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were distributed: One was headlined "Child
Brutally Beaten". Another denounced "the brutal beating of the 12 year old boy ... for taking a piece of candy".
325:, described the Harlem riot of 1935 as "the first modern race riot", adding that it "symbolized that the optimism and hopefulness that had fueled the
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Sociologist Allen D. Grimshaw called the Harlem riot of 1935 "the first manifestation of a 'modern' form of racial rioting", citing three criteria:
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parked outside of the store, the rumor began to circulate that Rivera had been beaten to death. The woman who had raised the alarm was arrested for
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shelved the committee's report, and did not make it public. The report would be unknown, except that a black New York newspaper, the
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incitement. Mayor LaGuardia set up a multi-racial Mayor's
Commission on Conditions in Harlem, headed by African-American
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At some point, someone threw a rock, shattering the window of the Kress Five and Ten store, and the destruction and
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throughout the district. African
American-owned homes and businesses were spared the worst of the destruction.
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The Negro in Harlem: A Report on Social and
Economic Conditions Responsible for the Outbreak of March 19, 1935
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368:– six days of civil disorder that occurred after an African-American teenager was shot and killed by an
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began to spread east and west on 125th Street, targeting white-owned businesses between
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distributed throughout Harlem to show that Rivera had not been harmed. New York Mayor
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556:. Palmer, Colin A., 1944- (2nd ed.). Detroit: Macmillan Reference USA. 2006.
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This article is about the Harlem riot of 1935. For other incidents in Harlem, see
138:, in the United States. It has been described as the first "modern" race riot in
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Africana: Civil Rights; An A-To-Z Reference of the
Movement That Changed America
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342:"struggles between the lower-class Negro population and the police forces"
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How racist policing took over
American cities, explained by a historian.
292:, to investigate the causes of the riot. The committee issued a report,
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600:"Police End Harlem Riot; Mayor Starts Inquiry; Dodge Sees a Red Plot"
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In the early evening, a group called the Young
Liberators started a
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At 2:30 in the afternoon on March 19, 1935, an employee at the
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outside the store, quickly drawing thousands of people.
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List of incidents of civil unrest in the United States
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reports of a black teen being beaten by a store owner
336:"violence directed almost entirely against property"
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also had posters drawn up urging a return to peace.
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376:List of incidents of civil unrest in New York City
300:was appointed to implement the report's findings.
145:The rioting was sparked by rumors that a black
339:"the absence of clashes between racial groups"
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313:, subsequently published it in serial form.
706:African-American riots in the United States
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701:Riots and civil disorder in New York City
415:. Oxford University Press. pp. 3–6.
321:Jeffrey Stewart, professor of history at
27:Race riot in New York City, United States
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664:. Chicago: Aldine Publishing Company.
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504:(April 11, 1993). "Street of Dreams".
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660:Racial Violence in the United States
436:. Transaction Publishers. pp.
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193:) caught 16-year-old Lino Rivera
189:(just across the street from the
134:took place on March 19, 1935, in
411:Greenberg, Cheryl Lynn (1991).
480:. Running Press. p. 202.
153:was beaten by employees at an
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656:Grimshaw, Allen D. (1969).
277:and with members including
258:Aftermath and investigation
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598:NYTimes (March 21, 1935),
536:"Mischief Out of Misery".
97:New York Police Department
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430:Knopf, Terry Ann (1975).
404:Harlem: Dark Weather-Vane
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638:. PBS. February 20, 1998
183:Kress Five and Ten store
323:George Mason University
201:; the teen was a black
136:New York City, New York
711:20th century in Harlem
584:: CS1 maint: others (
433:Rumors, Race and Riots
716:S. H. Kress & Co.
696:1935 in New York City
636:Online Newshour Forum
632:"Harlem Renaissance"
282:Hubert Thomas Delany
413:Or Does it Explode?
366:Harlem riot of 1964
356:Harlem riot of 1943
317:Historical analysis
305:Fiorello La Guardia
288:, and labor leader
275:E. Franklin Frazier
252:Fiorello La Guardia
132:Harlem riot of 1935
40:Harlem riot of 1935
726:1930s in Manhattan
604:The New York Times
507:The New York Times
474:Henry Louis, Gates
327:Harlem Renaissance
290:A. Philip Randolph
211:disorderly conduct
721:March 1935 events
621:Vox, Jun 6, 2020.
406:. Survey Graphic.
177:Inciting incident
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187:125th Street
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502:Fisher, Ian
372:lieutenant.
329:was dead".
298:Alain Locke
272:sociologist
195:shoplifting
169:During the
155:S. H. Kress
32:Harlem riot
691:1935 riots
685:Categories
642:2008-04-09
563:0028658167
387:References
197:a 10-cent
185:at 256 W.
165:Background
151:shoplifter
108:Casualties
580:cite book
360:U.S. Army
268:Communist
232:Handbills
73:Caused by
602:, p. 1,
572:60323165
476:(2005).
457:Specific
402:(1936).
362:soldier.
350:See also
222:Outbreak
199:penknife
149:teenage
124:Hundreds
121:Injuries
113:Death(s)
66:New York
53:Location
393:General
266:blamed
239:looting
81:Parties
668:
570:
560:
484:
444:
419:
303:Mayor
247:Eighth
207:hearse
140:Harlem
58:Harlem
438:44–48
279:Judge
243:Fifth
666:ISBN
586:link
568:OCLC
558:ISBN
539:Time
482:ISBN
442:ISBN
417:ISBN
370:NYPD
245:and
217:Riot
130:The
45:Date
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578:{{
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