733:
723:
1299:
488:
1252:
3476:
178:
1039:
support for the FDP's campaign. Italian historian
Alessandro Brogi dismisses the CIA's claims as "overexaggerated" and notes that the Soviets only undertook "ad hoc last minute diplomatic financial action" because it feared that inaction in Italy would set a precedent for U.S. intervention in Eastern Europe. Despite amicable meetings in the postwar years between top PCI official
5689:
30:
921:
election was between two competing visions of the future of
Italian society. On the right, a Roman Catholic, conservative and capitalist Italy, represented by the governing Christian Democrats of De Gasperi. On the left a secular, revolutionary and socialist society, linked to the Soviet Union and represented by the FDP coalition led by the PCI.
189:
1003:
radio began broadcasting anti-Communist propaganda to Italy on 24 March 1948. The CIA, by its own admission, gave US$ 1 million (equivalent to $ 13 million in 2023) to what they referred to as "center parties" and was accused of publishing forged letters to discredit the leaders of the PCI. The
924:
The
Christian Democrat campaign pointed to the recent communist coup in Czechoslovakia. It warned that in Communist countries, "children send parents to jail", "children are owned by the state", and told voters that disaster would strike Italy if the Communists were to take power. Another slogan was
1050:
The
Christian Democrats eventually won the 1948 election with 48 per cent of the vote, and the FDP received 31 per cent. The CIA's practice of influencing the political situation was repeated in every Italian election for at least the next 24 years. No leftist coalition won a general election until
928:
The FDP campaign focused on living standards and avoided embarrassing questions of foreign policy, such as UN membership (vetoed by the Soviet Union) and
Yugoslav control of Trieste, or losing American financial and food aid. The PCI led the FDP coalition and had effectively marginalised the PSI,
1038:
Wyatt also claimed that, in the lead up to the election, the PCI received exorbitant funds of up to $ 10 million per month from the Soviet Union and that
Italian authorities were aware of the Soviets' activities. This was disputed by the PCI, which voiced its frustration at the Soviets' lack of
920:
The election remain unmatched in verbal aggression and fanaticism in Italy's period of democracy. According to the historian Gianni Corbi the 1948 election was "the most passionate, the most important, the longest, the dirtiest, and the most uncertain electoral campaign in
Italian history". The
473:
1022:
U.S. agencies also sent ten million letters, made numerous short-wave radio broadcasts, and funded the publishing of books and articles, all of which warned
Italians of the "consequences" of a communist victory. Overall, the U.S. funnelled $ 10 million to $ 20 million (equivalent to $
458:
904:
For the Senate, 237 single-seat constituencies were created. The candidates needed a two-thirds majority to be elected, but only 15 aspiring senators were elected this way. All remaining votes and seats were grouped in party lists and regional constituencies, where the
1062:
The Irish government, motivated by the country's devout
Catholicism, also interfered in the election by funnelling the modern day equivalent of €2 million through the Irish Embassy to the Vatican, which then distributed it to Catholic politicians.
1268:
during the parliamentary term, the second one in 1950 after the defection of the
Liberals, who hoped for more rightist politics, and the third one in 1951 after the defection of the Social-democrats, who hoped for more leftist politics.
857:(CIA) claims that the Soviet Union responded by sending exorbitant funds to the FDP coalition. However, the PCI disputed this claim and, in contrast, expressed its discontent with what it perceived as a lack of support from the Soviets.
940:
The PCI had difficulties in restraining its more militant members, who, in the period immediately after the war, had engaged in violent acts of reprisals. The areas affected by the violence (the so-called "Red Triangle" of
1023:
130 million to $ 250 million in 2023) into the country for specifically anti-PCI purposes. The CIA also made use of off-the-books sources of financing to interfere in the election: millions of dollars from the
860:
The DC coalition won the election by a comfortable margin and defeated the FDP coalition. The DC coalition went on to form a government without the leftists, who had been expelled from the government coalition in the
1259:
Christian Democracy won a sweeping victory, taking 48.5 per cent of the vote and 305 seats in the Chamber of Deputies and 131 seats in the Senate. With an absolute majority in both chambers, DC leader and premier
204:
1051:
1996. That was partly because of Italians' traditional bent for conservatism and, even more importantly, the Cold War, with the U.S. closely watching Italy, in their determination to maintain a vital
5259:(the Pike Committee) during closed hearings held in 1975. The bulk of the committee's report that contained the memorandum was leaked to the press in February 1976 and first appeared in book form as
3884:
2109:
1035:
claimed: "We had bags of money that we delivered to selected politicians, to defray their political expenses, their campaign expenses, for posters, for pamphlets."
1264:
could have formed an exclusively DC government. Instead, he formed a "centrist" coalition with Liberals, Republicans and Social Democrats. De Gasperi formed three
576:
566:
292:
282:
272:
6962:
5677:
929:
which suffered loss in terms of parliamentary seats and political power. The PSI had also been hurt by the secession of a social-democratic faction led by
5988:
5983:
5978:
5973:
5968:
5963:
5958:
5953:
5948:
5943:
976:
5469:
5655:
1613:
7063:
3733:
1634:
5607:
Pedaliu, Effie G. H. "The 'British Way to Socialism': British Intervention in the Italian Election of April 1948 and its Aftermath." in Pedaliu,
5201:
993:... Brutal foreign intervention was used consisting of a threat to starve the country by withholding ERP aid if it voted for the Democratic Front
5276:
6820:
6815:
6795:
6790:
6780:
5256:
874:
801:
6800:
6750:
6710:
5539:
5523:
5499:
7058:
7007:
6957:
6810:
5555:
Luconi, Stefano. "Anticommunism, Americanization, and ethnic identity: Italian Americans and the 1948 parliamentary elections in Italy."
7053:
5649:
1024:
6932:
5577:
7043:
5635:
5601:
5317:
5063:
5445:
5391:
1047:, the Soviets were apprehensive about committing to Italy financially and only provided "occasional and modest" funds to the PCI.
7048:
6942:
6740:
6291:
6236:
6216:
6196:
6176:
6156:
6136:
6116:
6096:
6076:
6061:
6046:
6036:
6026:
6021:
4220:
4080:
3929:
3647:
3517:
2437:
2301:
2154:
1472:
1346:
1174:
1115:
817:
502:
243:
6715:
6306:
6301:
6296:
6286:
6281:
6276:
6271:
6266:
6261:
6256:
6251:
6241:
6231:
6226:
6221:
6211:
6206:
6201:
6191:
6186:
6181:
6171:
6166:
6161:
6151:
6146:
6141:
6131:
6126:
6121:
6111:
6106:
6101:
6091:
6086:
6081:
6071:
6066:
6056:
6051:
6041:
6031:
6016:
6011:
6006:
5670:
4374:
6997:
6992:
6977:
6952:
6947:
1514:
1013:
842:
100:
1031:
and more than $ 10 million in captured Nazi money were steered to anti-communist propaganda. In this regard, CIA operative
881:
were divided into 31 constituencies, each electing a group of candidates. In each constituency, seats were divided between
732:
7012:
6972:
6927:
6246:
5924:
5918:
5913:
5908:
5903:
5898:
5893:
5888:
5883:
5878:
5873:
5868:
5863:
5858:
5853:
5848:
5843:
5838:
5833:
5823:
5818:
5813:
5808:
5803:
5798:
5793:
5788:
5783:
5778:
5773:
5768:
5763:
5758:
5753:
5748:
5743:
5738:
5733:
5728:
5723:
5718:
5713:
5582:
Mistry, Kaeten. "The case for political warfare: Strategy, organization and US involvement in the 1948 Italian election."
1277:
1265:
1005:
76:
61:
44:
7022:
7017:
7002:
6987:
6982:
6937:
6730:
6692:
6687:
6682:
6677:
6672:
6667:
6662:
6657:
6652:
6647:
6642:
6637:
6632:
6627:
6622:
6602:
6567:
6547:
6542:
6537:
6522:
6497:
6472:
6447:
6422:
6392:
6377:
6357:
6342:
6322:
5277:"CNN Cold War Episode 3: Marshall Plan. Interview with F. Mark Wyatt, former CIA operative in Italy during the election"
1826:
6967:
5255:
CIA memorandum to the Forty Committee (National Security Council), presented to the Select Committee on Intelligence,
4230:
4215:
4110:
4065:
3944:
3914:
3535:
3499:
2447:
2432:
2331:
2286:
2184:
2139:
1388:
1325:
1163:
1095:
854:
846:
780:
762:
522:
286:
238:
93:
3665:
1493:
5663:
6617:
6612:
6607:
6597:
6592:
6587:
6582:
6577:
6572:
6562:
6557:
6552:
6532:
6527:
6517:
6512:
6507:
6502:
6492:
6487:
6482:
6477:
6467:
6462:
6457:
6452:
6442:
6437:
6432:
6427:
6417:
6412:
6407:
6402:
6397:
6387:
6382:
6372:
6367:
6362:
6352:
6347:
6337:
6332:
6327:
6913:
6908:
6903:
6898:
6893:
5705:
4249:
4159:
4008:
3611:
2452:
2346:
2199:
1409:
1183:
527:
6888:
6883:
6878:
6873:
6868:
6863:
6858:
6853:
6848:
6843:
6805:
6745:
6735:
6725:
6720:
4989:
4244:
4239:
4144:
4129:
3993:
3978:
3593:
3575:
2457:
2361:
2214:
1430:
1203:
985:
that was underway between the Soviet Union and the United States. After his defeat in the election, PCI leader
886:
838:
magazine published an article which argued that an FDP victory would push Italy to "the brink of catastrophe".
532:
997:... The menace to use the atom bomb against towns or regions" that voted pro-communist. The U.S. government's
877:
chosen two years before for the election of the Constituent Assembly was adopted for the Chamber of Deputies.
722:
6825:
6785:
6775:
6770:
6765:
6760:
6755:
4993:
4972:
4235:
4225:
4125:
4095:
3974:
3959:
3629:
3571:
3553:
3043:
2462:
2442:
2376:
2316:
2229:
2169:
1451:
1367:
1227:
1169:
1143:
970:
934:
829:
825:
769:
751:
248:
203:
4959:
3683:
3072:
1535:
1281:
81:
5177:
5165:
6835:
4435:
3250:
3132:
1273:
5086:
1298:
6702:
5697:
5284:
3343:
2868:
5935:
3311:
3280:
3222:
2983:
2809:
2636:
1101:
813:
5515:
Confronting America: The Cold War Between the United States and the Communists in France and Italy
949:
around Genoa and Savona, for instance) had previously seen episodes of brutality committed by the
5693:
5129:
3100:
2953:
2751:
2722:
2665:
1218:
958:
794:
512:
4962:, pursuant to Article III of the Final and Transitional Provisions of the Constitution of Italy.
1251:
832:(PSI), were to win the 1948 general election. As the last month of the election campaign began,
5572:
Miller, James E. "Taking off the gloves: The United States and the Italian elections of 1948."
5631:
5535:
5519:
5495:
5416:
5376:
5313:
5307:
5218:
5059:
3192:
2925:
2839:
2780:
2578:
2549:
2519:
2490:
1261:
1238:
1130:
1106:
1009:
986:
906:
776:
758:
223:
218:
188:
5432:
5998:
5154:
5121:
3162:
3011:
2896:
2607:
1154:
1149:
1068:
999:
954:
930:
878:
228:
5565:
Lundestad, Geir. "Empire by Invitation? The United States and Western Europe, 1945–1952."
5395:
1194:
1056:
1016:
890:
862:
834:
507:
5619:
5591:
The United States, Italy and the origins of cold War: Waging political warfare, 1945–1950
5333:
4992: from 1926 to 1934 and from 1938 to 1943. Since 1943 he served as secretary of the
5388:
5309:
US Covert Operations and Cold War Strategy: Truman, Secret Warfare and the CIA, 1945–53
4497:
1040:
942:
850:
809:
487:
7037:
5356:
1209:
1064:
1044:
1032:
1028:
5133:
3475:
472:
5015:
4979:. Togliatti was the FDP candidate who received the most votes in the 1948 election.
4976:
4314:
3373:
1134:
805:
177:
5514:
5626:
5530:
5334:"Operation Paper: The United States and Drugs in Thailand and Burma" 米国とタイ・ビルマの麻薬
5053:
5189:
1233:
1067:, Ireland's ambassador to the Vatican, had privately suggested secretly funding
894:
5627:
From Fascism to Democracy: Culture and Politics in the Italian Election of 1948
909:
was used: Inside the lists, candidates with the best percentages were elected.
457:
5614:
Pons, Silvio. "Stalin, Togliatti, and the origins of the cold war in Europe."
5263:(Nottingham, England, 1977). The memorandum appears on pp. 204–5 of this book.
4777:
1189:
898:
5596:
Pedaliu, Effie G. H. "The 18 April 1948 Italian election: seventy years on."
5125:
893:. Remaining votes and seats transferred to the national level, where special
5340:, 1 November 2010, Volume 8, Issue 44, Number 2, citing Christopher Andrew,
1213:
1125:
1121:
882:
5507:
5031:
The PCI gained more than the two-thirds of the seats won by the joint list.
4971:
Palmiro Togliatti formally shared the leadership of the coalition with the
5531:
Covert Action in the Cold War: US Policy, Intelligence and CIA Operations
5112:
Drake, Richard (July 2004). "The Soviet Dimension of Italian Communism".
4873:
4808:
4711:
4343:
4282:
2693:
982:
912:
This electoral system became standard in Italy, and was used until 1993.
793:
General elections were held in Italy on 18 April 1948 to elect the first
556:
5560:
737:
Seat distribution for the Chamber of Deputies (left) and Senate (right).
5545:
4652:
4529:
4466:
950:
946:
5450:
NATO's Secret Armies. Operation Gladio and Terrorism in Western Europe
1284:
in 1926, automatically became members of the first republican Senate.
925:"In the secrecy of the polling booth, God sees you – Stalin doesn't."
5202:"Number of MPs for each political group during the First Legislature"
4839:
4745:
4682:
4590:
4560:
4404:
5546:"The United States and 'psychological warfare' in Italy, 1948–1955"
1012:
possible, had been signed into law about six months earlier by the
5688:
5470:"Irish state secretly intervened in Italian 1948 general election"
5019:
4621:
1250:
821:
1255:
Differences of voting strength between DC and FDP in the country
1052:
5659:
4954:
Total takes into account the 106 unelected senators who served
5389:"Stalin, Togliatti, and the Origins of the Cold War in Europe"
5280:
933:, which contested the election with the concurrent list of
5014:
The number of seats for each constituency went from 1 for
981:
The 1948 general election was greatly influenced by the
5652:" LSE European Politics and Policy (EUROPP) Blog (2018)
897:
of national leaders received the last seats using the
5005:
Pacciardi also served as secretary from 1945 to 1946.
989:
stated on 22 April that: "The elections were not free
812:
and feared that Italy would be drawn into the Soviet
5650:
The 18 April 1948 Italian election: seventy years on
1276:, all living democratic deputies elected during the
6834:
6701:
6315:
5997:
5934:
5704:
5518:, Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press,
3751:
Rural and Independent Concentration of Aosta Valley
1807:
Rural and Independent Concentration of Aosta Valley
128:
108:
90:
4988:Palmiro Togliatti also served as secretary of the
727:Results of the election in the Chamber and Senate.
1055:presence amidst the Mediterranean and retain the
845:by heavily funding the centrist coalition led by
5630:, (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2004).
1885:Single Anti-Communist Front – National Awakening
804:in February 1948, the U.S. became alarmed about
746:
1942:National Movement Casualties and Damaged by War
5609:Britain, Italy and the Origins of the Cold War
5598:LSE European Politics and Policy (EUROPP) Blog
5446:"N.A.T.O. Gladio, and the strategy of tension"
1769:National Association of Kindred Missing in War
5671:
5611:(Palgrave Macmillan, London, 2003) pp. 58–95.
3717:Nationalist Movement for the Social Democracy
1980:Independent Catholic Movement Pax et Justitia
1556:Nationalist Movement for the Social Democracy
8:
5352:
5350:
5145:
5143:
21:
5402:, Volume 3, Number 2, Spring 2001, pp. 3–27
5367:
5365:
1655:National Concentration of United Combatants
700:
687:
674:
656:
643:
630:
614:
603:
592:
580:
570:
416:
403:
390:
372:
359:
346:
330:
319:
308:
296:
276:
133:
113:
5678:
5664:
5656:
5357:F. Mark Wyatt, 86, C.I.A. Officer, Is Dead
3468:
1923:Italian Confederation of Free Trade Unions
1693:Independent Democratic Party of Pensioners
1291:
977:Foreign interventions by the United States
20:
961:during the Allied advance through Italy.
4198:
2415:
1078:
5306:Corke, Sarah-Jane (12 September 2007).
5052:Nohlen, Dieter; Stöver, Philip (2010).
5044:
4947:
4256:
4253:
4248:
4243:
4234:
4229:
4224:
4219:
4214:
3881:
3868:
3855:
3842:
3829:
3825:
3811:
3734:Republican Progressive Democratic Front
2466:
2461:
2456:
2451:
2446:
2441:
2436:
2431:
2106:
2093:
2080:
2067:
2054:
2050:
2033:
1635:Republican Progressive Democratic Front
853:propaganda campaign in Italy. The U.S.
5271:
5269:
5257:United States House of Representatives
5204:, Italian Chamber of Deputies website.
875:party-list proportional representation
5058:(1st ed.). Nomos. p. 1048.
3869:
3856:
3843:
3830:
3482:
2094:
2081:
2068:
2055:
1305:
7:
5344:(New York: HarperCollins, 1995), 172
5055:Elections in Europe: A data handbook
802:Soviet-backed coup in Czechoslovakia
5190:"Fertility vote galvanises Vatican"
1025:Economic Cooperation Administration
433:
157:
795:Parliament of the Italian Republic
14:
5359:, The New York Times, 6 July 2006
1272:Following a provision of the new
5687:
5534:, London/New York: I.B. Tauris,
5338:Asia-Pacific Journal Japan Focus
3474:
1731:Democratic Front of the Italians
1614:Internationalist Communist Party
1297:
731:
721:
486:
471:
456:
202:
187:
176:
28:
5508:Free elections: Hollywood style
5444:Daniele Ganser (October 2005).
1224:
1200:
1180:
1160:
1140:
1112:
1092:
824:: FDP), which consisted of the
104:172 seats needed for a majority
97:288 seats needed for a majority
7064:Foreign electoral intervention
5180:, TIME Magazine, 19 April 1948
5168:, TIME Magazine, 12 April 1948
1059:status quo in western Europe.
706:
693:
680:
662:
649:
636:
618:
607:
596:
560:
422:
409:
396:
378:
365:
352:
334:
323:
312:
143:
121:
1:
5429:Covert Action in the Cold War
5342:For the President’s Eyes Only
5312:. Routledge. pp. 49–58.
5178:"THE NATIONS: How to Hang On"
3648:South Tyrolean People's Party
1473:South Tyrolean People's Party
1006:National Security Act of 1947
22:1948 Italian general election
7008:Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol
5233:18 – 24 April 1948, p. 125G.
1999:Italian Existentialist Party
1827:Italian Anti-Bolshevik Front
7059:April 1948 events in Europe
5616:Journal of Cold War Studies
5550:Journal of American History
5506:Chapter 2 Italy 1947–1948:
5400:Journal of Cold War Studies
5283:. 1998–1999. Archived from
5114:Journal of Cold War Studies
3767:Independent Socialist Union
3701:Federalist Movements' Union
1847:Independent Socialist Union
1712:Independent Peasants' Party
1674:Italian Demolabourist Party
1575:Federalist Movements' Union
855:Central Intelligence Agency
7080:
7054:General elections in Italy
5512:Brogi, Alessandro (2011).
5246:21 – 27 March 1948, p. 93E
1788:Homeland and Freedom Party
974:
968:
843:intervened in the election
6922:
5567:Journal of peace research
5413:From Fascism to Democracy
5151:From Fascism to Democracy
4209:
4204:
4201:
4181:
4173:
4168:
4158:
4153:
4143:
4138:
4124:
4119:
4109:
4104:
4094:
4089:
4079:
4074:
4064:
4060:
4056:
4051:
4030:
4022:
4017:
4007:
4002:
3992:
3987:
3973:
3968:
3958:
3953:
3943:
3938:
3928:
3923:
3913:
3909:
3905:
3900:
3882:
3870:Registered voters/turnout
3826:
3812:
3612:Monarchist National Party
3491:
3488:
3485:
3473:
2426:
2421:
2418:
2398:
2390:
2385:
2375:
2370:
2360:
2355:
2345:
2340:
2330:
2325:
2315:
2310:
2300:
2295:
2285:
2281:
2277:
2272:
2251:
2243:
2238:
2228:
2223:
2213:
2208:
2198:
2193:
2183:
2178:
2168:
2163:
2153:
2148:
2138:
2134:
2130:
2125:
2107:
2103:
2095:Registered voters/turnout
2090:
2077:
2064:
2051:
2034:
1750:Political Group The Right
1410:Monarchist National Party
1317:
1314:
1311:
1308:
1296:
1184:Monarchist National Party
1081:
865:and remained frozen out.
744:
717:
429:
154:
72:
38:
26:
7044:1948 elections in Europe
5528:Callanan, James (2010).
5494:. Common Courage Press.
5192:, BBC News, 13 June 2005
5126:10.1162/1520397041447355
3885:Ministry of the Interior
3666:Peasants' Party of Italy
3594:Italian Republican Party
3518:Popular Democratic Front
2110:Ministry of the Interior
1866:Italian Popular Grouping
1494:Peasants' Party of Italy
1431:Italian Republican Party
1347:Popular Democratic Front
1204:Italian Republican Party
1116:Popular Democratic Front
887:largest remainder method
818:Popular Democratic Front
244:Popular Democratic Front
7049:1948 elections in Italy
5552:87.4 (2001): 1304–1334.
3630:Italian Social Movement
1452:Italian Social Movement
1274:republican constitution
1228:Italian Social Movement
1170:Conservative liberalism
971:CIA activities in Italy
830:Italian Socialist Party
826:Italian Communist Party
50:18 April 1948
5559:62.2 (1999): 285–302.
5490:Blum, William (2000).
5242:" Italy and Trieste,"
5166:"ITALY: Show of Force"
3684:Sardinian Action Party
3465:Senate of the Republic
1594:Unionist People's Bloc
1536:Sardinian Action Party
1515:Social Christian Party
1282:National Fascist Party
1256:
849:(DC) and launching an
841:The U.S. consequently
6963:Friuli-Venezia Giulia
5624:Ventresca, Robert A.
5593:(Cambridge UP, 2014).
5569:23.3 (1986): 263–277.
5394:3 August 2021 at the
5387:Pons, Silvio (2001),
5261:CIA – The Pike Report
5229:"Italian elections,"
4436:Friuli-Venezia Giulia
1278:1924 general election
1254:
92:All 574 seats in the
6928:Elections in Abruzzo
5698:referendums in Italy
5648:Pedaliu, Effie GH. "
5586:6.3 (2006): 301–329.
5087:"ITALY: Fateful Day"
1027:affiliated with the
1008:, that made foreign
965:Foreign interference
5576:7.1 (1983): 35–56.
5373:Confronting America
5215:Confronting America
4375:Trentino-Alto Adige
3844:Invalid/blank votes
3500:Christian Democracy
3470:
2069:Invalid/blank votes
1326:Christian Democracy
1293:
1288:Chamber of Deputies
1280:and deposed by the
1102:Christian democracy
1096:Christian Democracy
1075:Parties and leaders
847:Christian Democracy
814:sphere of influence
553:Leader's seat
269:Leader's seat
94:Chamber of Deputies
23:
5618:3.2 (2001): 3–27.
5574:Diplomatic History
5332:Peter Dale Scott,
3469:
1292:
1257:
1219:Randolfo Pacciardi
1043:and Soviet leader
1014:American President
959:Italian Resistance
957:'s regime and the
772:after the election
626:Popular vote
539:Leader since
513:Randolfo Pacciardi
342:Popular vote
255:Leader since
7031:
7030:
5544:Del Pero, Mario.
5540:978-1-84511-882-2
5524:978-0-8078-3473-2
5501:978-1-56751-053-9
5287:on 31 August 2001
4960:first legislature
4939:
4938:
4192:
4191:
4186:
4185:
4041:
4040:
4035:
4034:
3890:
3889:
3462:
3461:
2409:
2408:
2403:
2402:
2262:
2261:
2256:
2255:
2115:
2114:
1262:Alcide De Gasperi
1244:
1243:
1239:Giorgio Almirante
1131:Palmiro Togliatti
1107:Alcide De Gasperi
1010:covert operations
987:Palmiro Togliatti
879:Italian provinces
791:
790:
787:
786:
777:Alcide De Gasperi
759:Alcide De Gasperi
713:
712:
261:28 December 1947
258:29 December 1944
224:Palmiro Togliatti
219:Alcide De Gasperi
120: 25,874,809 (
99:237 seats in the
68:
67:
7071:
5692:
5691:
5680:
5673:
5666:
5657:
5589:Mistry, Kaeten.
5584:Cold War History
5505:
5476:
5467:
5461:
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5456:
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2122:
2117:
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1301:
1294:
1175:Roberto Lucifero
1155:Giuseppe Saragat
1150:Social democracy
1079:
1069:Azione Cattolica
1000:Voice of America
996:
992:
955:Benito Mussolini
931:Giuseppe Saragat
869:Electoral system
747:
738:
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702:
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548:20 January 1947
542:3 December 1947
503:Roberto Lucifero
490:
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380:
374:
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310:
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278:
264:11 January 1947
229:Giuseppe Saragat
206:
191:
180:
156:
155:
145:
135:
123:
115:
77:outgoing members
57:
55:
40:
39:
33:
32:
31:
24:
16:Italian election
7079:
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5489:
5485:
5483:Further reading
5480:
5479:
5468:
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5454:
5452:
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5442:
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5406:
5396:Wayback Machine
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5093:. 22 March 1948
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5000:
4987:
4983:
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4966:
4958:throughout the
4953:
4949:
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4206:
4197:
4195:By constituency
4188:
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4179:
4166:
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4136:
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4037:
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4000:
3985:
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3936:
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3554:Socialist Unity
3467:
2423:
2414:
2412:By constituency
2405:
2404:
2396:
2383:
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2323:
2308:
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2258:
2257:
2249:
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2191:
2176:
2161:
2146:
1961:Sardinia League
1368:Socialist Unity
1290:
1249:
1195:Alfredo Covelli
1144:Socialist Unity
1077:
1017:Harry S. Truman
994:
990:
979:
973:
967:
935:Socialist Unity
918:
891:Imperiali quota
871:
863:May 1947 crises
816:if the leftist
779:
774:
761:
756:
754:before election
745:
740:
739:
736:
729:
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704:
691:
678:
660:
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634:
588:Seats won
508:Alfredo Covelli
494:
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304:Seats won
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165:Minority party
162:Majority party
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5643:External links
5641:
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5120:(3): 115–119.
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1076:
1073:
1041:Pietro Secchia
969:Main article:
966:
963:
945:, or parts of
917:
914:
907:D'Hondt method
870:
867:
851:anti-communist
828:(PCI) and the
810:Central Europe
808:intentions in
789:
788:
785:
784:
770:Prime Minister
766:
752:Prime Minister
742:
741:
730:
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5636:0-8020-8768-X
5633:
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5270:
5266:
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5258:
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5249:
5245:
5244:Facts on File
5239:
5236:
5232:
5231:Facts on File
5226:
5223:
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5210:
5207:
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4843:
4841:
4838:
4837:
4834:
4832:
4830:
4828:
4826:
4823:
4821:
4818:
4815:
4812:
4810:
4807:
4806:
4803:
4801:
4799:
4797:
4795:
4793:
4790:
4787:
4784:
4781:
4779:
4776:
4775:
4771:
4769:
4767:
4765:
4763:
4760:
4758:
4755:
4752:
4749:
4747:
4744:
4743:
4739:
4736:
4733:
4731:
4729:
4726:
4724:
4721:
4718:
4715:
4713:
4710:
4709:
4706:
4704:
4702:
4700:
4698:
4696:
4694:
4692:
4689:
4686:
4684:
4681:
4680:
4677:
4675:
4673:
4671:
4669:
4667:
4665:
4662:
4659:
4656:
4654:
4651:
4650:
4647:
4645:
4643:
4640:
4638:
4636:
4634:
4631:
4628:
4625:
4623:
4620:
4619:
4616:
4614:
4612:
4609:
4607:
4605:
4603:
4600:
4597:
4594:
4592:
4589:
4588:
4585:
4583:
4581:
4579:
4577:
4575:
4573:
4570:
4567:
4564:
4562:
4559:
4558:
4555:
4553:
4551:
4549:
4547:
4545:
4542:
4539:
4536:
4533:
4531:
4528:
4527:
4524:
4522:
4520:
4517:
4515:
4513:
4510:
4507:
4504:
4501:
4499:
4496:
4495:
4492:
4490:
4488:
4486:
4484:
4482:
4479:
4476:
4473:
4470:
4468:
4465:
4464:
4461:
4459:
4457:
4455:
4452:
4450:
4448:
4445:
4442:
4439:
4437:
4434:
4433:
4430:
4428:
4426:
4424:
4422:
4420:
4417:
4414:
4411:
4408:
4406:
4403:
4402:
4399:
4396:
4394:
4392:
4390:
4388:
4386:
4384:
4381:
4378:
4376:
4373:
4372:
4369:
4367:
4365:
4363:
4360:
4358:
4356:
4353:
4350:
4347:
4345:
4342:
4341:
4338:
4336:
4334:
4332:
4330:
4328:
4326:
4324:
4321:
4318:
4316:
4313:
4312:
4308:
4306:
4304:
4302:
4300:
4298:
4295:
4292:
4289:
4286:
4284:
4281:
4280:
4277:
4275:
4273:
4271:
4269:
4267:
4265:
4263:
4261:
4260:
4251:
4246:
4241:
4237:
4232:
4227:
4222:
4217:
4213:
4202:Constituency
4200:
4194:
4176:
4172:
4163:
4161:
4157:
4148:
4146:
4142:
4133:
4131:
4127:
4123:
4114:
4112:
4108:
4099:
4097:
4093:
4084:
4082:
4078:
4069:
4067:
4063:
4058:
4055:
4050:
4045:
4044:
4025:
4021:
4012:
4010:
4006:
3997:
3995:
3991:
3982:
3980:
3976:
3972:
3963:
3961:
3957:
3948:
3946:
3942:
3933:
3931:
3927:
3918:
3916:
3912:
3907:
3904:
3899:
3894:
3893:
3886:
3878:
3875:
3872:
3865:
3862:
3859:
3852:
3849:
3846:
3839:
3836:
3833:
3821:
3818:
3815:
3807:
3804:
3801:
3798:
3796:
3795:
3791:
3788:
3785:
3783:Other parties
3782:
3780:
3779:
3775:
3772:
3769:
3766:
3764:
3763:
3759:
3756:
3753:
3750:
3748:
3747:
3743:
3740:
3737:
3735:
3732:
3730:
3729:
3725:
3722:
3719:
3716:
3714:
3713:
3709:
3706:
3703:
3700:
3698:
3697:
3693:
3690:
3687:
3685:
3682:
3680:
3679:
3675:
3672:
3669:
3667:
3664:
3662:
3661:
3657:
3654:
3651:
3649:
3646:
3644:
3643:
3639:
3636:
3633:
3631:
3628:
3626:
3625:
3621:
3618:
3615:
3613:
3610:
3608:
3607:
3603:
3600:
3597:
3595:
3592:
3590:
3589:
3585:
3582:
3579:
3577:
3574: –
3573:
3570:
3568:
3567:
3563:
3560:
3557:
3555:
3552:
3550:
3549:
3545:
3542:
3539:
3537:
3536:National Bloc
3534:
3532:
3531:
3527:
3524:
3521:
3519:
3516:
3514:
3513:
3509:
3506:
3503:
3501:
3498:
3496:
3495:
3481:
3477:
3472:
3464:
3457:
3454:
3451:
3448:
3445:
3442:
3439:
3436:
3433:
3430:
3429:
3426:
3423:
3420:
3417:
3414:
3411:
3408:
3405:
3402:
3399:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3391:
3389:
3387:
3385:
3383:
3380:
3377:
3375:
3372:
3371:
3367:
3365:
3363:
3361:
3358:
3356:
3353:
3350:
3347:
3345:
3342:
3341:
3338:
3335:
3332:
3329:
3326:
3324:
3321:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3310:
3309:
3306:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3296:
3293:
3290:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3279:
3278:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3268:
3265:
3263:
3260:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3249:
3248:
3245:
3243:
3241:
3239:
3237:
3235:
3232:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3221:
3220:
3217:
3215:
3213:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3202:
3199:
3196:
3194:
3191:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3183:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3172:
3169:
3166:
3164:
3161:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3142:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3130:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3116:
3113:
3110:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3091:
3089:
3086:
3084:
3082:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3071:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3063:
3061:
3059:
3056:
3053:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3041:
3038:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3024:
3021:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3002:
3000:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2982:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2963:
2960:
2957:
2955:
2952:
2951:
2948:
2946:
2944:
2942:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2932:
2929:
2927:
2924:
2923:
2920:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2911:
2909:
2906:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2895:
2894:
2891:
2889:
2887:
2885:
2883:
2881:
2878:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2867:
2866:
2863:
2861:
2859:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2849:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2829:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2819:
2816:
2813:
2811:
2808:
2807:
2804:
2802:
2800:
2798:
2796:
2793:
2790:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2779:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2771:
2769:
2767:
2764:
2761:
2758:
2755:
2753:
2750:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2742:
2740:
2738:
2735:
2732:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2721:
2720:
2716:
2714:
2712:
2710:
2708:
2706:
2703:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2691:
2688:
2686:
2684:
2682:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2663:
2660:
2658:
2656:
2654:
2652:
2649:
2646:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2635:
2634:
2631:
2629:
2627:
2625:
2623:
2620:
2617:
2614:
2611:
2609:
2606:
2605:
2602:
2600:
2598:
2596:
2594:
2591:
2588:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2569:
2567:
2565:
2562:
2559:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2547:
2543:
2541:
2539:
2537:
2535:
2532:
2529:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2510:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2500:
2497:
2494:
2492:
2489:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2481:
2479:
2477:
2475:
2473:
2471:
2470:
2464:
2459:
2454:
2449:
2444:
2439:
2434:
2430:
2419:Constituency
2417:
2411:
2393:
2389:
2380:
2378:
2374:
2365:
2363:
2359:
2350:
2348:
2344:
2335:
2333:
2329:
2320:
2318:
2314:
2305:
2303:
2299:
2290:
2288:
2284:
2279:
2276:
2271:
2266:
2265:
2246:
2242:
2233:
2231:
2227:
2218:
2216:
2212:
2203:
2201:
2197:
2188:
2186:
2182:
2173:
2171:
2167:
2158:
2156:
2152:
2143:
2141:
2137:
2132:
2129:
2124:
2119:
2118:
2111:
2100:
2097:
2087:
2084:
2074:
2071:
2061:
2058:
2046:
2043:
2040:
2037:
2029:
2026:
2023:
2020:
2018:Other parties
2017:
2015:
2014:
2010:
2007:
2004:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1995:
1991:
1988:
1985:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1976:
1972:
1969:
1966:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1957:
1953:
1950:
1947:
1944:
1941:
1939:
1938:
1934:
1931:
1928:
1925:
1922:
1920:
1919:
1915:
1912:
1909:
1906:
1903:
1901:
1900:
1896:
1893:
1890:
1887:
1884:
1882:
1881:
1877:
1874:
1871:
1868:
1865:
1863:
1862:
1858:
1855:
1852:
1849:
1846:
1844:
1843:
1839:
1836:
1833:
1830:
1828:
1825:
1823:
1822:
1818:
1815:
1812:
1809:
1806:
1804:
1803:
1799:
1796:
1793:
1790:
1787:
1785:
1784:
1780:
1777:
1774:
1771:
1768:
1766:
1765:
1761:
1758:
1755:
1752:
1749:
1747:
1746:
1742:
1739:
1736:
1733:
1730:
1728:
1727:
1723:
1720:
1717:
1714:
1711:
1709:
1708:
1704:
1701:
1698:
1695:
1692:
1690:
1689:
1685:
1682:
1679:
1676:
1673:
1671:
1670:
1666:
1663:
1660:
1657:
1654:
1652:
1651:
1647:
1644:
1641:
1638:
1636:
1633:
1631:
1630:
1626:
1623:
1620:
1617:
1615:
1612:
1610:
1609:
1605:
1602:
1599:
1596:
1593:
1591:
1590:
1586:
1583:
1580:
1577:
1574:
1572:
1571:
1567:
1564:
1561:
1558:
1555:
1553:
1552:
1548:
1545:
1542:
1539:
1537:
1534:
1532:
1531:
1527:
1524:
1521:
1518:
1516:
1513:
1511:
1510:
1506:
1503:
1500:
1497:
1495:
1492:
1490:
1489:
1485:
1482:
1479:
1476:
1474:
1471:
1469:
1468:
1464:
1461:
1458:
1455:
1453:
1450:
1448:
1447:
1443:
1440:
1437:
1434:
1432:
1429:
1427:
1426:
1422:
1419:
1416:
1413:
1411:
1408:
1406:
1405:
1401:
1398:
1395:
1392:
1390:
1389:National Bloc
1387:
1385:
1384:
1380:
1377:
1374:
1371:
1369:
1366:
1364:
1363:
1359:
1356:
1353:
1350:
1348:
1345:
1343:
1342:
1338:
1335:
1332:
1329:
1327:
1324:
1322:
1321:
1304:
1300:
1295:
1287:
1285:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1270:
1267:
1263:
1253:
1246:
1240:
1237:
1235:
1232:
1229:
1226:
1223:
1220:
1217:
1215:
1211:
1210:Republicanism
1208:
1205:
1202:
1199:
1196:
1193:
1191:
1188:
1185:
1182:
1179:
1176:
1173:
1171:
1168:
1165:
1164:National Bloc
1162:
1159:
1156:
1153:
1151:
1148:
1145:
1142:
1139:
1136:
1132:
1129:
1127:
1123:
1120:
1117:
1114:
1111:
1108:
1105:
1103:
1100:
1097:
1094:
1091:
1087:
1084:
1080:
1074:
1072:
1070:
1066:
1065:Joseph Walshe
1060:
1058:
1054:
1048:
1046:
1045:Joseph Stalin
1042:
1036:
1034:
1033:F. Mark Wyatt
1030:
1029:Marshall Plan
1026:
1020:
1018:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1002:
1001:
988:
984:
978:
972:
964:
962:
960:
956:
952:
948:
944:
938:
936:
932:
926:
922:
915:
913:
910:
908:
902:
900:
896:
892:
888:
884:
880:
876:
868:
866:
864:
858:
856:
852:
848:
844:
839:
837:
836:
831:
827:
823:
819:
815:
811:
807:
803:
798:
796:
783:
782:
778:
773:
771:
767:
765:
764:
760:
755:
753:
749:
748:
743:
734:
724:
716:
698:
685:
672:
669:
668:
654:
641:
628:
625:
624:
612:
601:
590:
587:
586:
578:
575:
568:
565:
558:
555:
552:
551:
547:
545:11 June 1946
544:
541:
538:
537:
534:
531:
529:
526:
524:
521:
518:
517:
514:
511:
509:
506:
504:
501:
498:
497:
489:
481:
474:
466:
459:
451:
448:
447:
443:
440:
438:Fourth party
437:
434:
428:
414:
401:
388:
385:
384:
370:
357:
344:
341:
340:
328:
317:
306:
303:
302:
294:
291:
288:
284:
281:
274:
271:
268:
267:
263:
260:
257:
254:
253:
250:
247:
245:
242:
240:
237:
234:
233:
230:
227:
225:
222:
220:
217:
214:
213:
205:
197:
190:
182:
179:
175:
172:
171:
167:
164:
161:
158:
153:
149:
139:
131:
127:
119:
111:
107:
102:
95:
89:
84: →
83:
78:
75:←
71:
64: →
63:
60:
58:
48:
46:
43:←
42:
41:
37:
25:
19:
6933:Aosta Valley
6836:By-elections
5923:
5828:
5625:
5615:
5608:
5597:
5590:
5583:
5573:
5566:
5556:
5549:
5529:
5513:
5492:Killing Hope
5491:
5473:
5465:
5453:. Retrieved
5449:
5439:
5428:
5423:
5412:
5407:
5399:
5383:
5372:
5341:
5337:
5328:
5308:
5301:
5289:. Retrieved
5285:the original
5260:
5251:
5243:
5238:
5230:
5225:
5214:
5209:
5197:
5185:
5173:
5161:
5150:
5117:
5113:
5107:
5095:. Retrieved
5090:
5081:
5069:. Retrieved
5054:
5047:
5027:
5016:Aosta Valley
5010:
5001:
4984:
4977:Pietro Nenni
4967:
4955:
4950:
4315:Aosta Valley
3901:Popular vote
3799:Independents
3374:Aosta Valley
2126:Popular vote
1271:
1258:
1135:Pietro Nenni
1061:
1057:Yalta-agreed
1049:
1037:
1021:
998:
980:
939:
927:
923:
919:
911:
903:
895:closed lists
872:
859:
840:
833:
799:
792:
775:
768:
757:
750:
444:Sixth party
441:Fifth party
351:10,899,640 (
345:12,740,042 (
168:Third party
147:
142:23,842,919 (
137:
132:26,855,741 (
117:
112:29,117,554 (
49:
18:
6703:Referendums
5474:Irish Times
5411:Ventresca,
5219:pp. 101–110
5149:Ventresca,
5097:22 December
5071:22 December
4975:secretary,
3857:Total votes
3831:Valid votes
2082:Total votes
2056:Valid votes
1234:Neo-fascism
670:Percentage
635:1,222,419 (
629:1,003,727 (
386:Percentage
371:1,858,116 (
364:6,969,122 (
358:8,136,637 (
140: 92.2%
7038:Categories
6943:Basilicata
6926:See also:
6816:2016 (Dec)
6811:2016 (Apr)
5427:Callanan,
5039:References
5018:to 36 for
4956:ex officio
4778:Basilicata
4210:Seats won
3873:25,874,809
3860:23,842,919
3834:22,657,290
3816:22,657,290
3504:10,899,640
3073:Campobasso
2427:Seats won
2098:29,117,270
2085:26,855,741
2059:26,264,458
2038:26,264,458
1330:12,740,042
1266:ministries
1190:Monarchism
975:See also:
899:Hare quota
885:using the
883:open lists
800:After the
150: 92.2%
109:Registered
54:1948-04-18
5694:Elections
5557:Historian
5433:pp. 41–45
3847:1,185,629
3540:1,222,419
3522:6,969,122
3400:National
3251:Catanzaro
3133:Benevento
1393:1,003,727
1372:1,858,116
1351:8,136,637
1214:reformism
1126:communism
1122:Socialism
1085:Ideology
889:with the
873:The pure
820:(Italian
661:594,178 (
655:651,875 (
648:393,510 (
642:729,078 (
567:Benevento
377:943,219 (
311:) / 131 (
6998:Sardinia
6993:Piedmont
6978:Lombardy
6953:Campania
6948:Calabria
5999:Regional
5936:European
5392:Archived
5134:57564743
4874:Sardinia
4809:Calabria
4712:Campania
4344:Lombardy
4283:Piedmont
3883:Source:
3344:Cagliari
3044:L'Aquila
2869:Florence
2694:Trentino
2108:Source:
983:Cold War
951:Fascists
916:Campaign
557:Calabria
333:) / 10 (
322:) / 72 (
7013:Tuscany
6973:Liguria
5706:General
5600:(2018)
5455:21 July
5371:Brogi,
5291:17 July
5281:CNN.com
5213:Brogi,
4653:Abruzzo
4530:Tuscany
4467:Liguria
4254:Others
4178:
4165:
4150:
4135:
4116:
4101:
4086:
4071:
4027:
4014:
3999:
3984:
3965:
3950:
3935:
3920:
3802:544,039
3634:164,092
3616:393,510
3598:594,178
3580:607,792
3558:943,219
3312:Palermo
3281:Catania
3223:Potenza
2984:Perugia
2810:Bologna
2637:Brescia
2467:Others
2395:
2382:
2367:
2352:
2337:
2322:
2307:
2292:
2248:
2235:
2220:
2205:
2190:
2175:
2160:
2145:
2072:591,283
1477:124,243
1456:526,882
1435:651,875
1414:729,078
1247:Results
1088:Leader
953:during
947:Liguria
617:) / 4 (
606:) / 3 (
595:) / 7 (
499:Leader
449:
435:
408:30.8% (
402:31.0% (
395:48.1% (
389:48.5% (
215:Leader
173:
159:
146:)
136:)
129:Turnout
116:)
52: (
7023:Veneto
7018:Umbria
7003:Sicily
6988:Molise
6983:Marche
6938:Apulia
5634:
5620:online
5602:online
5578:Online
5561:online
5538:
5522:
5498:
5417:p. 269
5377:p. 109
5316:
5132:
5062:
4905:Total
4840:Sicily
4746:Apulia
4683:Molise
4591:Marche
4561:Umbria
4405:Veneto
4207:seats
4174:Others
4090:30.38%
4075:55.27%
4023:Others
3939:30.76%
3924:48.11%
3863:100.00
3819:100.00
3738:13,479
3720:27,152
3704:42,880
3688:65,743
3670:65,986
3652:95,406
3431:Total
3101:Naples
2954:Ancona
2752:Venice
2723:Verona
2666:Mantua
2424:seats
2391:Others
2311:31.88%
2296:53.14%
2244:Others
2164:30.98%
2149:48.51%
2088:100.00
2041:100.00
2021:10,545
1904:Maglio
1677:10,002
1658:11,396
1639:14,482
1618:20,736
1597:35,899
1578:52,655
1559:56,096
1540:61,928
1519:72,854
1498:95,914
1230:(MSI)
1206:(PRI)
1186:(PNM)
1118:(FDP)
1082:Party
995:
991:
943:Emilia
806:Soviet
705:2.6% (
699:2.5% (
692:1.7% (
686:2.8% (
679:5.4% (
673:3.8% (
519:Party
421:4.6% (
415:7.1% (
273:Trento
235:Party
148:·
138:·
118:·
101:Senate
6968:Lazio
6316:Local
5130:S2CID
5020:Milan
4942:Notes
4622:Lazio
4257:Ind.
4205:Total
4182:3.38%
4169:1.27%
4154:1.69%
4139:1.69%
4120:2.85%
4105:3.38%
4052:Seats
4031:4.53%
4018:1.74%
4003:2.62%
3988:2.68%
3969:4.16%
3954:5.40%
3876:92.15
3837:95.03
3813:Total
3786:2,932
3770:2,833
3754:2,868
3525:30.76
3507:48.11
3492:Seats
3486:Votes
3483:Party
3193:Lecce
2926:Siena
2840:Parma
2781:Udine
2579:Milan
2550:Genoa
2520:Cuneo
2491:Turin
2422:Total
2399:0.87%
2386:1.05%
2371:1.57%
2356:2.44%
2341:3.31%
2326:5.75%
2273:Seats
2252:2.35%
2239:2.01%
2224:2.48%
2209:2.78%
2194:3.82%
2179:7.07%
2101:92.23
2062:97.80
2035:Total
1964:1,117
1945:1,179
1926:1,531
1907:1,642
1888:2,091
1869:2,191
1850:2,637
1831:2,756
1810:2,906
1791:3,178
1772:3,707
1753:4,300
1734:5,481
1715:6,733
1696:8,125
1354:30.98
1333:48.51
1315:Seats
1309:Votes
1306:Party
1166:(BN)
1146:(US)
1098:(DC)
822:abbr.
318:183 (
307:305 (
293:Turin
6914:2023
6909:2022
6904:2021
6899:2020
6894:2019
6889:2005
6884:2004
6879:2003
6874:2002
6869:2000
6864:1999
6859:1998
6854:1997
6849:1996
6844:1995
6826:2022
6821:2020
6806:2011
6801:2009
6796:2006
6791:2005
6786:2003
6781:2001
6776:2000
6771:1999
6766:1997
6761:1995
6756:1993
6751:1991
6746:1990
6741:1989
6736:1987
6731:1985
6726:1981
6721:1978
6716:1974
6711:1946
6693:2024
6688:2023
6683:2022
6678:2021
6673:2020
6668:2019
6663:2018
6658:2017
6653:2016
6648:2015
6643:2014
6638:2013
6633:2012
6628:2011
6623:2010
6618:2009
6613:2008
6608:2007
6603:2006
6598:2005
6593:2004
6588:2003
6583:2002
6578:2001
6573:2000
6568:1999
6563:1998
6558:1997
6553:1996
6548:1995
6543:1994
6538:1993
6533:1992
6528:1991
6523:1990
6518:1989
6513:1988
6508:1987
6503:1986
6498:1985
6493:1984
6488:1983
6483:1982
6478:1981
6473:1980
6468:1979
6463:1978
6458:1977
6453:1976
6448:1975
6443:1974
6438:1973
6433:1972
6428:1971
6423:1970
6418:1969
6413:1968
6408:1967
6403:1966
6398:1965
6393:1964
6388:1962
6383:1961
6378:1960
6373:1959
6368:1958
6363:1957
6358:1956
6353:1953
6348:1952
6343:1951
6338:1949
6333:1948
6328:1947
6323:1946
6307:2024
6302:2023
6297:2022
6292:2021
6287:2020
6282:2019
6277:2018
6272:2017
6267:2015
6262:2014
6257:2013
6252:2012
6247:2011
6242:2010
6237:2009
6232:2008
6227:2006
6222:2005
6217:2004
6212:2003
6207:2001
6202:2000
6197:1999
6192:1998
6187:1996
6182:1995
6177:1994
6172:1993
6167:1991
6162:1990
6157:1989
6152:1988
6147:1986
6142:1985
6137:1984
6132:1983
6127:1981
6122:1980
6117:1979
6112:1978
6107:1976
6102:1975
6097:1974
6092:1973
6087:1971
6082:1970
6077:1969
6072:1968
6067:1967
6062:1965
6057:1964
6052:1963
6047:1961
6042:1959
6037:1957
6032:1955
6027:1954
6022:1953
6017:1951
6012:1949
6007:1947
5989:2024
5984:2019
5979:2014
5974:2009
5969:2004
5964:1999
5959:1994
5954:1989
5949:1984
5944:1979
5925:Next
5919:2022
5914:2018
5909:2013
5904:2008
5899:2006
5894:2001
5889:1996
5884:1994
5879:1992
5874:1987
5869:1983
5864:1979
5859:1976
5854:1972
5849:1968
5844:1963
5839:1958
5834:1953
5829:1948
5824:1946
5819:1934
5814:1929
5809:1924
5804:1921
5799:1919
5794:1913
5789:1909
5784:1904
5779:1900
5774:1897
5769:1895
5764:1892
5759:1890
5754:1886
5749:1882
5744:1880
5739:1876
5734:1874
5729:1870
5724:1867
5719:1865
5714:1861
5696:and
5632:ISBN
5536:ISBN
5520:ISBN
5496:ISBN
5457:2006
5314:ISBN
5293:2006
5155:p. 4
5099:2019
5091:Time
5073:2019
5060:ISBN
4990:PCdI
4911:131
4908:237
3850:4.97
3805:2.40
3789:0.01
3773:0.01
3757:0.01
3741:0.06
3723:0.12
3707:0.19
3691:0.29
3673:0.29
3655:0.42
3637:0.72
3619:1.74
3601:2.62
3583:2.68
3561:4.16
3543:5.40
3440:183
3437:305
3434:574
3163:Bari
3012:Rome
2897:Pisa
2608:Como
2075:2.20
2024:0.04
2005:0.00
1986:0.00
1967:0.00
1948:0.00
1929:0.01
1910:0.01
1891:0.01
1872:0.01
1853:0.01
1834:0.01
1813:0.01
1794:0.01
1775:0.01
1756:0.02
1737:0.02
1718:0.03
1699:0.03
1680:0.04
1661:0.04
1642:0.06
1621:0.08
1600:0.14
1581:0.20
1562:0.21
1543:0.24
1522:0.28
1501:0.37
1480:0.47
1459:2.01
1438:2.48
1417:2.78
1396:3.82
1375:7.07
1053:NATO
835:Time
602:14 (
591:19 (
577:Pisa
329:33 (
283:Rome
62:1953
45:1946
5122:doi
4994:PCI
4973:PSI
4914:72
4847:12
4844:22
4813:10
4750:15
4719:11
4716:21
4629:10
4626:16
4534:15
4502:17
4412:14
4409:19
4354:10
4351:18
4348:31
4287:17
4250:PNM
4245:PRI
4240:PRI
4221:FDP
4160:PNM
4145:PRI
4130:PRI
4081:FDP
4009:PNM
3994:PRI
3979:PRI
3930:FDP
3822:237
3576:PRI
3510:131
3449:14
3446:19
3443:33
3403:21
3348:13
3319:13
3316:25
3288:15
3285:26
3258:13
3255:24
3197:16
3170:12
3167:22
3140:11
3137:18
3108:17
3105:31
3051:10
3048:16
3022:10
3019:20
3016:35
2988:11
2958:17
2901:15
2873:13
2850:10
2844:19
2820:13
2814:24
2785:14
2759:10
2756:16
2730:19
2727:28
2670:10
2644:14
2641:19
2612:14
2589:14
2586:18
2583:36
2554:19
2524:16
2501:10
2498:13
2495:26
2463:MSI
2458:PRI
2453:PNM
2438:FDP
2377:MSI
2362:PRI
2347:PNM
2302:FDP
2230:MSI
2215:PRI
2200:PNM
2155:FDP
2047:+18
2044:574
2011:New
2002:816
1992:New
1983:961
1954:New
1935:New
1916:New
1897:New
1878:New
1859:New
1840:New
1819:New
1800:New
1781:New
1762:New
1743:New
1724:New
1705:New
1686:New
1667:New
1606:New
1587:New
1568:New
1486:New
1465:New
1444:−14
1402:−52
1381:New
1360:−36
1357:183
1339:+98
1336:305
1318:+/–
613:9 (
533:PRI
528:PNM
7040::
5548:.
5472:,
5448:.
5431:,
5415:,
5398:,
5375:,
5364:^
5349:^
5336:,
5279:.
5268:^
5217:,
5153:,
5142:^
5128:.
5116:.
5089:.
4935:4
4932:4
4929:3
4926:4
4923:4
4920:7
4917:8
4898:1
4889:1
4884:1
4881:3
4878:6
4864:2
4861:1
4856:1
4853:1
4850:5
4824:2
4819:3
4816:5
4791:1
4788:2
4785:3
4782:6
4772:1
4761:1
4756:5
4753:8
4740:2
4737:1
4734:1
4727:2
4722:4
4690:2
4687:2
4663:2
4660:4
4657:6
4641:1
4632:5
4610:1
4601:2
4598:4
4595:7
4571:3
4568:3
4565:6
4543:1
4540:7
4537:7
4518:1
4511:1
4508:9
4505:6
4480:1
4477:3
4474:4
4471:8
4453:1
4446:1
4443:4
4440:6
4418:1
4415:4
4397:2
4382:4
4379:6
4361:3
4322:1
4319:1
4309:1
4296:2
4293:6
4290:8
4236:US
4231:BN
4226:US
4216:DC
4126:US
4111:BN
4096:US
4066:DC
3975:US
3960:US
3945:BN
3915:DC
3572:US
3528:72
3458:5
3455:6
3452:9
3424:2
3421:2
3418:2
3415:3
3412:4
3409:4
3406:4
3381:1
3378:1
3368:1
3359:1
3354:3
3351:9
3336:1
3333:1
3330:2
3327:2
3322:6
3300:2
3297:2
3294:2
3291:5
3273:1
3266:2
3261:8
3233:2
3230:4
3227:6
3211:1
3208:2
3203:4
3200:9
3181:1
3178:2
3173:7
3151:2
3148:2
3143:3
3125:1
3120:4
3117:1
3114:1
3111:7
3087:1
3080:3
3077:4
3057:1
3054:5
3036:1
3033:2
3028:1
3025:1
2994:6
2991:5
2974:1
2967:1
2964:6
2961:9
2936:6
2933:3
2930:9
2916:1
2907:7
2904:7
2879:7
2876:6
2853:2
2847:7
2830:2
2823:2
2817:7
2794:2
2791:3
2788:9
2765:2
2762:4
2736:2
2733:7
2717:3
2704:1
2701:5
2698:9
2676:5
2673:5
2650:1
2647:4
2621:1
2618:4
2615:9
2592:4
2563:2
2560:8
2557:9
2544:1
2533:2
2530:4
2527:9
2504:3
2448:BN
2443:US
2433:DC
2332:BN
2317:US
2287:DC
2185:BN
2170:US
2140:DC
1648:–1
1549:−1
1423:−2
1420:14
1399:19
1378:33
1212:,
1133:,
1124:,
1071:.
1019:.
937:.
901:.
797:.
781:DC
763:DC
709:)
703:)
696:)
690:)
683:)
665:)
659:)
652:)
646:)
639:)
633:)
621:)
610:)
599:)
583:)
573:)
563:)
523:BN
425:)
419:)
412:)
406:)
399:)
393:)
381:)
375:)
368:)
362:)
355:)
349:)
337:)
326:)
315:)
299:)
289:)
279:)
249:US
239:DC
5679:e
5672:t
5665:v
5604:.
5504:.
5459:.
5322:.
5295:.
5136:.
5124::
5118:6
5101:.
5075:.
5022:.
4996:.
4238:–
4128:–
3977:–
3808:4
3792:0
3776:0
3760:0
3744:0
3726:0
3710:0
3694:1
3676:0
3658:2
3640:1
3622:3
3604:4
3586:4
3564:8
3546:7
3489:%
2030:–
2027:0
2008:0
1989:0
1973:0
1970:0
1951:0
1932:0
1913:0
1894:0
1875:0
1856:0
1837:0
1816:0
1797:0
1778:0
1759:0
1740:0
1721:0
1702:0
1683:0
1664:0
1645:0
1627:0
1624:0
1603:0
1584:0
1565:0
1546:1
1528:0
1525:0
1507:0
1504:1
1483:3
1462:6
1441:9
1312:%
707:S
701:C
694:S
688:C
681:S
677:)
675:C
663:S
657:C
650:S
644:C
637:S
631:C
619:S
615:C
608:S
604:C
597:S
593:C
581:C
579:(
571:C
569:(
561:S
559:(
423:S
417:C
410:S
404:C
397:S
391:C
379:S
373:C
366:S
360:C
353:S
347:C
335:S
331:C
324:S
320:C
313:S
309:C
297:C
295:(
287:C
285:(
277:C
275:(
144:S
134:C
124:)
122:S
114:C
56:)
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