744:
734:
1310:
499:
1263:
3487:
189:
1050:
support for the FDP's campaign. Italian historian
Alessandro Brogi dismisses the CIA's claims as "overexaggerated" and notes that the Soviets only undertook "ad hoc last minute diplomatic financial action" because it feared that inaction in Italy would set a precedent for U.S. intervention in Eastern Europe. Despite amicable meetings in the postwar years between top PCI official
5700:
41:
932:
election was between two competing visions of the future of
Italian society. On the right, a Roman Catholic, conservative and capitalist Italy, represented by the governing Christian Democrats of De Gasperi. On the left a secular, revolutionary and socialist society, linked to the Soviet Union and represented by the FDP coalition led by the PCI.
200:
1014:
radio began broadcasting anti-Communist propaganda to Italy on 24 March 1948. The CIA, by its own admission, gave US$ 1 million (equivalent to $ 13 million in 2023) to what they referred to as "center parties" and was accused of publishing forged letters to discredit the leaders of the PCI. The
935:
The
Christian Democrat campaign pointed to the recent communist coup in Czechoslovakia. It warned that in Communist countries, "children send parents to jail", "children are owned by the state", and told voters that disaster would strike Italy if the Communists were to take power. Another slogan was
1061:
The
Christian Democrats eventually won the 1948 election with 48 per cent of the vote, and the FDP received 31 per cent. The CIA's practice of influencing the political situation was repeated in every Italian election for at least the next 24 years. No leftist coalition won a general election until
939:
The FDP campaign focused on living standards and avoided embarrassing questions of foreign policy, such as UN membership (vetoed by the Soviet Union) and
Yugoslav control of Trieste, or losing American financial and food aid. The PCI led the FDP coalition and had effectively marginalised the PSI,
1049:
Wyatt also claimed that, in the lead up to the election, the PCI received exorbitant funds of up to $ 10 million per month from the Soviet Union and that
Italian authorities were aware of the Soviets' activities. This was disputed by the PCI, which voiced its frustration at the Soviets' lack of
931:
The election remain unmatched in verbal aggression and fanaticism in Italy's period of democracy. According to the historian Gianni Corbi the 1948 election was "the most passionate, the most important, the longest, the dirtiest, and the most uncertain electoral campaign in
Italian history". The
484:
1033:
U.S. agencies also sent ten million letters, made numerous short-wave radio broadcasts, and funded the publishing of books and articles, all of which warned
Italians of the "consequences" of a communist victory. Overall, the U.S. funnelled $ 10 million to $ 20 million (equivalent to $
469:
915:
For the Senate, 237 single-seat constituencies were created. The candidates needed a two-thirds majority to be elected, but only 15 aspiring senators were elected this way. All remaining votes and seats were grouped in party lists and regional constituencies, where the
1073:
The Irish government, motivated by the country's devout
Catholicism, also interfered in the election by funnelling the modern day equivalent of €2 million through the Irish Embassy to the Vatican, which then distributed it to Catholic politicians.
1279:
during the parliamentary term, the second one in 1950 after the defection of the
Liberals, who hoped for more rightist politics, and the third one in 1951 after the defection of the Social-democrats, who hoped for more leftist politics.
868:(CIA) claims that the Soviet Union responded by sending exorbitant funds to the FDP coalition. However, the PCI disputed this claim and, in contrast, expressed its discontent with what it perceived as a lack of support from the Soviets.
951:
The PCI had difficulties in restraining its more militant members, who, in the period immediately after the war, had engaged in violent acts of reprisals. The areas affected by the violence (the so-called "Red Triangle" of
1034:
130 million to $ 250 million in 2023) into the country for specifically anti-PCI purposes. The CIA also made use of off-the-books sources of financing to interfere in the election: millions of dollars from the
871:
The DC coalition won the election by a comfortable margin and defeated the FDP coalition. The DC coalition went on to form a government without the leftists, who had been expelled from the government coalition in the
1270:
Christian Democracy won a sweeping victory, taking 48.5 per cent of the vote and 305 seats in the Chamber of Deputies and 131 seats in the Senate. With an absolute majority in both chambers, DC leader and premier
215:
1062:
1996. That was partly because of Italians' traditional bent for conservatism and, even more importantly, the Cold War, with the U.S. closely watching Italy, in their determination to maintain a vital
5270:(the Pike Committee) during closed hearings held in 1975. The bulk of the committee's report that contained the memorandum was leaked to the press in February 1976 and first appeared in book form as
3895:
2120:
1046:
claimed: "We had bags of money that we delivered to selected politicians, to defray their political expenses, their campaign expenses, for posters, for pamphlets."
1275:
could have formed an exclusively DC government. Instead, he formed a "centrist" coalition with Liberals, Republicans and Social Democrats. De Gasperi formed three
587:
577:
303:
293:
283:
6973:
5688:
940:
which suffered loss in terms of parliamentary seats and political power. The PSI had also been hurt by the secession of a social-democratic faction led by
5999:
5994:
5989:
5984:
5979:
5974:
5969:
5964:
5959:
5954:
987:
5480:
5666:
1624:
7074:
3744:
1645:
5618:
Pedaliu, Effie G. H. "The 'British Way to Socialism': British Intervention in the Italian Election of April 1948 and its Aftermath." in Pedaliu,
5212:
1004:... Brutal foreign intervention was used consisting of a threat to starve the country by withholding ERP aid if it voted for the Democratic Front
5287:
6831:
6826:
6806:
6801:
6791:
5267:
885:
812:
6811:
6761:
6721:
5550:
5534:
5510:
7069:
7018:
6968:
6821:
5566:
Luconi, Stefano. "Anticommunism, Americanization, and ethnic identity: Italian Americans and the 1948 parliamentary elections in Italy."
7064:
5660:
1035:
6943:
5588:
7054:
5646:
5612:
5328:
5074:
5456:
5402:
1058:, the Soviets were apprehensive about committing to Italy financially and only provided "occasional and modest" funds to the PCI.
7059:
6953:
6751:
6302:
6247:
6227:
6207:
6187:
6167:
6147:
6127:
6107:
6087:
6072:
6057:
6047:
6037:
6032:
4231:
4091:
3940:
3658:
3528:
2448:
2312:
2165:
1483:
1357:
1185:
1126:
828:
513:
254:
6726:
6317:
6312:
6307:
6297:
6292:
6287:
6282:
6277:
6272:
6267:
6262:
6252:
6242:
6237:
6232:
6222:
6217:
6212:
6202:
6197:
6192:
6182:
6177:
6172:
6162:
6157:
6152:
6142:
6137:
6132:
6122:
6117:
6112:
6102:
6097:
6092:
6082:
6077:
6067:
6062:
6052:
6042:
6027:
6022:
6017:
5681:
4385:
7008:
7003:
6988:
6963:
6958:
1525:
1024:
853:
111:
1042:
and more than $ 10 million in captured Nazi money were steered to anti-communist propaganda. In this regard, CIA operative
892:
were divided into 31 constituencies, each electing a group of candidates. In each constituency, seats were divided between
743:
7023:
6983:
6938:
6257:
5935:
5929:
5924:
5919:
5914:
5909:
5904:
5899:
5894:
5889:
5884:
5879:
5874:
5869:
5864:
5859:
5854:
5849:
5844:
5834:
5829:
5824:
5819:
5814:
5809:
5804:
5799:
5794:
5789:
5784:
5779:
5774:
5769:
5764:
5759:
5754:
5749:
5744:
5739:
5734:
5729:
5724:
5593:
Mistry, Kaeten. "The case for political warfare: Strategy, organization and US involvement in the 1948 Italian election."
1288:
1276:
1016:
87:
72:
55:
7033:
7028:
7013:
6998:
6993:
6948:
6741:
6703:
6698:
6693:
6688:
6683:
6678:
6673:
6668:
6663:
6658:
6653:
6648:
6643:
6638:
6633:
6613:
6578:
6558:
6553:
6548:
6533:
6508:
6483:
6458:
6433:
6403:
6388:
6368:
6353:
6333:
5288:"CNN Cold War Episode 3: Marshall Plan. Interview with F. Mark Wyatt, former CIA operative in Italy during the election"
1837:
6978:
5266:
CIA memorandum to the Forty Committee (National Security Council), presented to the Select Committee on Intelligence,
4241:
4226:
4121:
4076:
3955:
3925:
3546:
3510:
2458:
2443:
2342:
2297:
2195:
2150:
1399:
1336:
1174:
1106:
865:
857:
791:
773:
533:
297:
249:
104:
3676:
1504:
5674:
6628:
6623:
6618:
6608:
6603:
6598:
6593:
6588:
6583:
6573:
6568:
6563:
6543:
6538:
6528:
6523:
6518:
6513:
6503:
6498:
6493:
6488:
6478:
6473:
6468:
6463:
6453:
6448:
6443:
6438:
6428:
6423:
6418:
6413:
6408:
6398:
6393:
6383:
6378:
6373:
6363:
6358:
6348:
6343:
6338:
6924:
6919:
6914:
6909:
6904:
5716:
4260:
4170:
4019:
3622:
2463:
2357:
2210:
1420:
1194:
538:
6899:
6894:
6889:
6884:
6879:
6874:
6869:
6864:
6859:
6854:
6816:
6756:
6746:
6736:
6731:
5000:
4255:
4250:
4155:
4140:
4004:
3989:
3604:
3586:
2468:
2372:
2225:
1441:
1214:
996:
that was underway between the Soviet Union and the United States. After his defeat in the election, PCI leader
897:
849:
magazine published an article which argued that an FDP victory would push Italy to "the brink of catastrophe".
543:
1008:... The menace to use the atom bomb against towns or regions" that voted pro-communist. The U.S. government's
888:
chosen two years before for the election of the Constituent Assembly was adopted for the Chamber of Deputies.
733:
6836:
6796:
6786:
6781:
6776:
6771:
6766:
5004:
4983:
4246:
4236:
4136:
4106:
3985:
3970:
3640:
3582:
3564:
3054:
2473:
2453:
2387:
2327:
2240:
2180:
1462:
1378:
1238:
1180:
1154:
981:
945:
840:
836:
780:
762:
259:
214:
4970:
3694:
3083:
1546:
1292:
92:
5188:
5176:
6846:
4446:
3261:
3143:
1284:
5097:
1309:
6713:
5708:
5295:
3354:
2879:
5946:
3322:
3291:
3233:
2994:
2820:
2647:
1112:
824:
5526:
Confronting America: The Cold War Between the United States and the Communists in France and Italy
960:
around Genoa and Savona, for instance) had previously seen episodes of brutality committed by the
5704:
5140:
3111:
2964:
2762:
2733:
2676:
1229:
969:
805:
523:
4973:, pursuant to Article III of the Final and Transitional Provisions of the Constitution of Italy.
1262:
843:(PSI), were to win the 1948 general election. As the last month of the election campaign began,
5583:
Miller, James E. "Taking off the gloves: The United States and the Italian elections of 1948."
5642:
5546:
5530:
5506:
5427:
5387:
5324:
5318:
5229:
5070:
3203:
2936:
2850:
2791:
2589:
2560:
2530:
2501:
1272:
1249:
1141:
1117:
1020:
997:
917:
787:
769:
234:
229:
199:
5443:
6009:
5165:
5132:
3173:
3022:
2907:
2618:
1165:
1160:
1079:
1010:
965:
941:
889:
239:
17:
5576:
Lundestad, Geir. "Empire by Invitation? The United States and Western Europe, 1945–1952."
5406:
1205:
1067:
1027:
901:
873:
845:
518:
5630:
5602:
The United States, Italy and the origins of cold War: Waging political warfare, 1945–1950
5344:
5003: from 1926 to 1934 and from 1938 to 1943. Since 1943 he served as secretary of the
5399:
5320:
US Covert Operations and Cold War Strategy: Truman, Secret Warfare and the CIA, 1945–53
4508:
1051:
953:
861:
820:
498:
7048:
5367:
1220:
1075:
1055:
1043:
1039:
5144:
3486:
483:
5026:
4990:. Togliatti was the FDP candidate who received the most votes in the 1948 election.
4987:
4325:
3384:
1145:
816:
188:
5525:
5637:
5541:
5345:"Operation Paper: The United States and Drugs in Thailand and Burma" 米国とタイ・ビルマの麻薬
5064:
5200:
1244:
1078:, Ireland's ambassador to the Vatican, had privately suggested secretly funding
905:
5638:
From Fascism to Democracy: Culture and Politics in the Italian Election of 1948
920:
was used: Inside the lists, candidates with the best percentages were elected.
468:
5625:
Pons, Silvio. "Stalin, Togliatti, and the origins of the cold war in Europe."
5274:(Nottingham, England, 1977). The memorandum appears on pp. 204–5 of this book.
4788:
1200:
909:
5607:
Pedaliu, Effie G. H. "The 18 April 1948 Italian election: seventy years on."
5136:
904:. Remaining votes and seats transferred to the national level, where special
5351:, 1 November 2010, Volume 8, Issue 44, Number 2, citing Christopher Andrew,
1224:
1136:
1132:
893:
5518:
5042:
The PCI gained more than the two-thirds of the seats won by the joint list.
4982:
Palmiro Togliatti formally shared the leadership of the coalition with the
5542:
Covert Action in the Cold War: US Policy, Intelligence and CIA Operations
5123:
Drake, Richard (July 2004). "The Soviet Dimension of Italian Communism".
4884:
4819:
4722:
4354:
4293:
2704:
993:
923:
This electoral system became standard in Italy, and was used until 1993.
804:
General elections were held in Italy on 18 April 1948 to elect the first
567:
5571:
748:
Seat distribution for the Chamber of Deputies (left) and Senate (right).
5556:
4663:
4540:
4477:
961:
957:
5461:
NATO's Secret Armies. Operation Gladio and Terrorism in Western Europe
1295:
in 1926, automatically became members of the first republican Senate.
936:"In the secrecy of the polling booth, God sees you – Stalin doesn't."
5213:"Number of MPs for each political group during the First Legislature"
4850:
4756:
4693:
4601:
4571:
4415:
5557:"The United States and 'psychological warfare' in Italy, 1948–1955"
1023:
possible, had been signed into law about six months earlier by the
5699:
5481:"Irish state secretly intervened in Italian 1948 general election"
5030:
4632:
1261:
832:
1266:
Differences of voting strength between DC and FDP in the country
1063:
5670:
4965:
Total takes into account the 106 unelected senators who served
5400:"Stalin, Togliatti, and the Origins of the Cold War in Europe"
5291:
944:, which contested the election with the concurrent list of
5025:
The number of seats for each constituency went from 1 for
992:
The 1948 general election was greatly influenced by the
5663:" LSE European Politics and Policy (EUROPP) Blog (2018)
908:
of national leaders received the last seats using the
5016:
Pacciardi also served as secretary from 1945 to 1946.
1000:
stated on 22 April that: "The elections were not free
823:
and feared that Italy would be drawn into the Soviet
5661:
The 18 April 1948 Italian election: seventy years on
1287:, all living democratic deputies elected during the
6845:
6712:
6326:
6008:
5945:
5715:
5529:, Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press,
3762:
Rural and Independent Concentration of Aosta Valley
1818:
Rural and Independent Concentration of Aosta Valley
139:
119:
101:
4999:Palmiro Togliatti also served as secretary of the
738:Results of the election in the Chamber and Senate.
1066:presence amidst the Mediterranean and retain the
856:by heavily funding the centrist coalition led by
5641:, (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2004).
1896:Single Anti-Communist Front – National Awakening
815:in February 1948, the U.S. became alarmed about
757:
1953:National Movement Casualties and Damaged by War
5620:Britain, Italy and the Origins of the Cold War
5609:LSE European Politics and Policy (EUROPP) Blog
5457:"N.A.T.O. Gladio, and the strategy of tension"
1780:National Association of Kindred Missing in War
5682:
5622:(Palgrave Macmillan, London, 2003) pp. 58–95.
3728:Nationalist Movement for the Social Democracy
1991:Independent Catholic Movement Pax et Justitia
1567:Nationalist Movement for the Social Democracy
8:
5363:
5361:
5156:
5154:
32:
5413:, Volume 3, Number 2, Spring 2001, pp. 3–27
5378:
5376:
1666:National Concentration of United Combatants
711:
698:
685:
667:
654:
641:
625:
614:
603:
591:
581:
427:
414:
401:
383:
370:
357:
341:
330:
319:
307:
287:
144:
124:
5689:
5675:
5667:
5368:F. Mark Wyatt, 86, C.I.A. Officer, Is Dead
3479:
1934:Italian Confederation of Free Trade Unions
1704:Independent Democratic Party of Pensioners
1302:
988:Foreign interventions by the United States
31:
972:during the Allied advance through Italy.
4209:
2426:
1089:
5317:Corke, Sarah-Jane (12 September 2007).
5063:Nohlen, Dieter; Stöver, Philip (2010).
5055:
4958:
4267:
4264:
4259:
4254:
4245:
4240:
4235:
4230:
4225:
3892:
3879:
3866:
3853:
3840:
3836:
3822:
3745:Republican Progressive Democratic Front
2477:
2472:
2467:
2462:
2457:
2452:
2447:
2442:
2117:
2104:
2091:
2078:
2065:
2061:
2044:
1646:Republican Progressive Democratic Front
864:propaganda campaign in Italy. The U.S.
5282:
5280:
5268:United States House of Representatives
5215:, Italian Chamber of Deputies website.
886:party-list proportional representation
5069:(1st ed.). Nomos. p. 1048.
3880:
3867:
3854:
3841:
3493:
2105:
2092:
2079:
2066:
1316:
7:
5355:(New York: HarperCollins, 1995), 172
5066:Elections in Europe: A data handbook
813:Soviet-backed coup in Czechoslovakia
5201:"Fertility vote galvanises Vatican"
1036:Economic Cooperation Administration
444:
168:
806:Parliament of the Italian Republic
25:
5370:, The New York Times, 6 July 2006
1283:Following a provision of the new
5698:
5545:, London/New York: I.B. Tauris,
5349:Asia-Pacific Journal Japan Focus
3485:
1742:Democratic Front of the Italians
1625:Internationalist Communist Party
1308:
742:
732:
497:
482:
467:
213:
198:
187:
39:
5519:Free elections: Hollywood style
5455:Daniele Ganser (October 2005).
1235:
1211:
1191:
1171:
1151:
1123:
1103:
835:: FDP), which consisted of the
115:172 seats needed for a majority
108:288 seats needed for a majority
7075:Foreign electoral intervention
5191:, TIME Magazine, 19 April 1948
5179:, TIME Magazine, 12 April 1948
1070:status quo in western Europe.
717:
704:
691:
673:
660:
647:
629:
618:
607:
571:
433:
420:
407:
389:
376:
363:
345:
334:
323:
154:
132:
1:
5440:Covert Action in the Cold War
5353:For the President’s Eyes Only
5323:. Routledge. pp. 49–58.
5189:"THE NATIONS: How to Hang On"
3659:South Tyrolean People's Party
1484:South Tyrolean People's Party
1017:National Security Act of 1947
33:1948 Italian general election
7019:Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol
5244:18 – 24 April 1948, p. 125G.
2010:Italian Existentialist Party
1838:Italian Anti-Bolshevik Front
18:1948 Italian generalelctions
7070:April 1948 events in Europe
5627:Journal of Cold War Studies
5561:Journal of American History
5517:Chapter 2 Italy 1947–1948:
5411:Journal of Cold War Studies
5294:. 1998–1999. Archived from
5125:Journal of Cold War Studies
3778:Independent Socialist Union
3712:Federalist Movements' Union
1858:Independent Socialist Union
1723:Independent Peasants' Party
1685:Italian Demolabourist Party
1586:Federalist Movements' Union
866:Central Intelligence Agency
7091:
7065:General elections in Italy
5523:Brogi, Alessandro (2011).
5257:21 – 27 March 1948, p. 93E
1799:Homeland and Freedom Party
985:
979:
854:intervened in the election
6933:
5578:Journal of peace research
5424:From Fascism to Democracy
5162:From Fascism to Democracy
4220:
4215:
4212:
4192:
4184:
4179:
4169:
4164:
4154:
4149:
4135:
4130:
4120:
4115:
4105:
4100:
4090:
4085:
4075:
4071:
4067:
4062:
4041:
4033:
4028:
4018:
4013:
4003:
3998:
3984:
3979:
3969:
3964:
3954:
3949:
3939:
3934:
3924:
3920:
3916:
3911:
3893:
3881:Registered voters/turnout
3837:
3823:
3623:Monarchist National Party
3502:
3499:
3496:
3484:
2437:
2432:
2429:
2409:
2401:
2396:
2386:
2381:
2371:
2366:
2356:
2351:
2341:
2336:
2326:
2321:
2311:
2306:
2296:
2292:
2288:
2283:
2262:
2254:
2249:
2239:
2234:
2224:
2219:
2209:
2204:
2194:
2189:
2179:
2174:
2164:
2159:
2149:
2145:
2141:
2136:
2118:
2114:
2106:Registered voters/turnout
2101:
2088:
2075:
2062:
2045:
1761:Political Group The Right
1421:Monarchist National Party
1328:
1325:
1322:
1319:
1307:
1195:Monarchist National Party
1092:
876:and remained frozen out.
755:
728:
440:
165:
83:
49:
37:
7055:1948 elections in Europe
5539:Callanan, James (2010).
5505:. Common Courage Press.
5203:, BBC News, 13 June 2005
5137:10.1162/1520397041447355
3896:Ministry of the Interior
3677:Peasants' Party of Italy
3605:Italian Republican Party
3529:Popular Democratic Front
2121:Ministry of the Interior
1877:Italian Popular Grouping
1505:Peasants' Party of Italy
1442:Italian Republican Party
1358:Popular Democratic Front
1215:Italian Republican Party
1127:Popular Democratic Front
898:largest remainder method
829:Popular Democratic Front
255:Popular Democratic Front
7060:1948 elections in Italy
5563:87.4 (2001): 1304–1334.
3641:Italian Social Movement
1463:Italian Social Movement
1285:republican constitution
1239:Italian Social Movement
1181:Conservative liberalism
982:CIA activities in Italy
841:Italian Socialist Party
837:Italian Communist Party
61:18 April 1948
5570:62.2 (1999): 285–302.
5501:Blum, William (2000).
5253:" Italy and Trieste,"
5177:"ITALY: Show of Force"
3695:Sardinian Action Party
3476:Senate of the Republic
1605:Unionist People's Bloc
1547:Sardinian Action Party
1526:Social Christian Party
1293:National Fascist Party
1267:
860:(DC) and launching an
852:The U.S. consequently
6974:Friuli-Venezia Giulia
5635:Ventresca, Robert A.
5604:(Cambridge UP, 2014).
5580:23.3 (1986): 263–277.
5405:3 August 2021 at the
5398:Pons, Silvio (2001),
5272:CIA – The Pike Report
5240:"Italian elections,"
4447:Friuli-Venezia Giulia
1289:1924 general election
1265:
103:All 574 seats in the
6939:Elections in Abruzzo
5709:referendums in Italy
5659:Pedaliu, Effie GH. "
5597:6.3 (2006): 301–329.
5098:"ITALY: Fateful Day"
1038:affiliated with the
1019:, that made foreign
976:Foreign interference
5587:7.1 (1983): 35–56.
5384:Confronting America
5226:Confronting America
4386:Trentino-Alto Adige
3855:Invalid/blank votes
3511:Christian Democracy
3481:
2080:Invalid/blank votes
1337:Christian Democracy
1304:
1299:Chamber of Deputies
1291:and deposed by the
1113:Christian democracy
1107:Christian Democracy
1086:Parties and leaders
858:Christian Democracy
825:sphere of influence
564:Leader's seat
280:Leader's seat
105:Chamber of Deputies
34:
5629:3.2 (2001): 3–27.
5585:Diplomatic History
5343:Peter Dale Scott,
3480:
1303:
1268:
1230:Randolfo Pacciardi
1054:and Soviet leader
1025:American President
970:Italian Resistance
968:'s regime and the
783:after the election
637:Popular vote
550:Leader since
524:Randolfo Pacciardi
353:Popular vote
266:Leader since
7042:
7041:
5555:Del Pero, Mario.
5551:978-1-84511-882-2
5535:978-0-8078-3473-2
5512:978-1-56751-053-9
5298:on 31 August 2001
4971:first legislature
4950:
4949:
4203:
4202:
4197:
4196:
4052:
4051:
4046:
4045:
3901:
3900:
3473:
3472:
2420:
2419:
2414:
2413:
2273:
2272:
2267:
2266:
2126:
2125:
1273:Alcide De Gasperi
1255:
1254:
1250:Giorgio Almirante
1142:Palmiro Togliatti
1118:Alcide De Gasperi
1021:covert operations
998:Palmiro Togliatti
890:Italian provinces
802:
801:
798:
797:
788:Alcide De Gasperi
770:Alcide De Gasperi
724:
723:
272:28 December 1947
269:29 December 1944
235:Palmiro Togliatti
230:Alcide De Gasperi
131: 25,874,809 (
110:237 seats in the
79:
78:
16:(Redirected from
7082:
5703:
5702:
5691:
5684:
5677:
5668:
5600:Mistry, Kaeten.
5595:Cold War History
5516:
5487:
5478:
5472:
5471:
5469:
5467:
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3489:
3482:
2427:
2281:
2280:
2275:
2274:
2134:
2133:
2128:
2127:
1312:
1305:
1186:Roberto Lucifero
1166:Giuseppe Saragat
1161:Social democracy
1090:
1080:Azione Cattolica
1011:Voice of America
1007:
1003:
966:Benito Mussolini
942:Giuseppe Saragat
880:Electoral system
758:
749:
746:
739:
736:
719:
713:
706:
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687:
675:
669:
662:
656:
649:
643:
631:
627:
620:
616:
609:
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593:
583:
573:
559:20 January 1947
553:3 December 1947
514:Roberto Lucifero
501:
486:
471:
435:
429:
422:
416:
409:
403:
391:
385:
378:
372:
365:
359:
347:
343:
336:
332:
325:
321:
309:
289:
275:11 January 1947
240:Giuseppe Saragat
217:
202:
191:
167:
166:
156:
146:
134:
126:
88:outgoing members
68:
66:
51:
50:
44:
43:
42:
35:
27:Italian election
21:
7090:
7089:
7085:
7084:
7083:
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6322:
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5697:
5695:
5656:
5651:
5513:
5500:
5496:
5494:Further reading
5491:
5490:
5479:
5475:
5465:
5463:
5454:
5453:
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5437:
5433:
5421:
5417:
5407:Wayback Machine
5397:
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5104:. 22 March 1948
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5046:
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5015:
5011:
4998:
4994:
4981:
4977:
4969:throughout the
4964:
4960:
4955:
4217:
4208:
4206:By constituency
4199:
4198:
4190:
4177:
4162:
4147:
4128:
4113:
4098:
4083:
4048:
4047:
4039:
4026:
4011:
3996:
3977:
3962:
3947:
3932:
3565:Socialist Unity
3478:
2434:
2425:
2423:By constituency
2416:
2415:
2407:
2394:
2379:
2364:
2349:
2334:
2319:
2304:
2269:
2268:
2260:
2247:
2232:
2217:
2202:
2187:
2172:
2157:
1972:Sardinia League
1379:Socialist Unity
1301:
1260:
1206:Alfredo Covelli
1155:Socialist Unity
1088:
1028:Harry S. Truman
1005:
1001:
990:
984:
978:
946:Socialist Unity
929:
902:Imperiali quota
882:
874:May 1947 crises
827:if the leftist
790:
785:
772:
767:
765:before election
756:
751:
750:
747:
740:
737:
729:
715:
702:
689:
671:
658:
645:
599:Seats won
519:Alfredo Covelli
505:
504:
503:
502:
490:
489:
488:
487:
475:
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472:
441:
431:
418:
405:
387:
374:
361:
315:Seats won
221:
220:
219:
218:
206:
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204:
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176:Minority party
173:Majority party
152:
114:
109:
107:
102:
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96:
93:elected members
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6969:Emilia-Romagna
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5696:
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5671:
5665:
5664:
5655:
5654:External links
5652:
5650:
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5131:(3): 115–119.
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1052:Pietro Secchia
980:Main article:
977:
974:
956:, or parts of
928:
925:
918:D'Hondt method
881:
878:
862:anti-communist
839:(PCI) and the
821:Central Europe
819:intentions in
800:
799:
796:
795:
781:Prime Minister
777:
763:Prime Minister
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5647:0-8020-8768-X
5644:
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5260:
5256:
5255:Facts on File
5250:
5247:
5243:
5242:Facts on File
5237:
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4883:
4882:
4879:
4877:
4874:
4871:
4869:
4866:
4863:
4860:
4857:
4854:
4852:
4849:
4848:
4845:
4843:
4841:
4839:
4837:
4834:
4832:
4829:
4826:
4823:
4821:
4818:
4817:
4814:
4812:
4810:
4808:
4806:
4804:
4801:
4798:
4795:
4792:
4790:
4787:
4786:
4782:
4780:
4778:
4776:
4774:
4771:
4769:
4766:
4763:
4760:
4758:
4755:
4754:
4750:
4747:
4744:
4742:
4740:
4737:
4735:
4732:
4729:
4726:
4724:
4721:
4720:
4717:
4715:
4713:
4711:
4709:
4707:
4705:
4703:
4700:
4697:
4695:
4692:
4691:
4688:
4686:
4684:
4682:
4680:
4678:
4676:
4673:
4670:
4667:
4665:
4662:
4661:
4658:
4656:
4654:
4651:
4649:
4647:
4645:
4642:
4639:
4636:
4634:
4631:
4630:
4627:
4625:
4623:
4620:
4618:
4616:
4614:
4611:
4608:
4605:
4603:
4600:
4599:
4596:
4594:
4592:
4590:
4588:
4586:
4584:
4581:
4578:
4575:
4573:
4570:
4569:
4566:
4564:
4562:
4560:
4558:
4556:
4553:
4550:
4547:
4544:
4542:
4539:
4538:
4535:
4533:
4531:
4528:
4526:
4524:
4521:
4518:
4515:
4512:
4510:
4507:
4506:
4503:
4501:
4499:
4497:
4495:
4493:
4490:
4487:
4484:
4481:
4479:
4476:
4475:
4472:
4470:
4468:
4466:
4463:
4461:
4459:
4456:
4453:
4450:
4448:
4445:
4444:
4441:
4439:
4437:
4435:
4433:
4431:
4428:
4425:
4422:
4419:
4417:
4414:
4413:
4410:
4407:
4405:
4403:
4401:
4399:
4397:
4395:
4392:
4389:
4387:
4384:
4383:
4380:
4378:
4376:
4374:
4371:
4369:
4367:
4364:
4361:
4358:
4356:
4353:
4352:
4349:
4347:
4345:
4343:
4341:
4339:
4337:
4335:
4332:
4329:
4327:
4324:
4323:
4319:
4317:
4315:
4313:
4311:
4309:
4306:
4303:
4300:
4297:
4295:
4292:
4291:
4288:
4286:
4284:
4282:
4280:
4278:
4276:
4274:
4272:
4271:
4262:
4257:
4252:
4248:
4243:
4238:
4233:
4228:
4224:
4213:Constituency
4211:
4205:
4187:
4183:
4174:
4172:
4168:
4159:
4157:
4153:
4144:
4142:
4138:
4134:
4125:
4123:
4119:
4110:
4108:
4104:
4095:
4093:
4089:
4080:
4078:
4074:
4069:
4066:
4061:
4056:
4055:
4036:
4032:
4023:
4021:
4017:
4008:
4006:
4002:
3993:
3991:
3987:
3983:
3974:
3972:
3968:
3959:
3957:
3953:
3944:
3942:
3938:
3929:
3927:
3923:
3918:
3915:
3910:
3905:
3904:
3897:
3889:
3886:
3883:
3876:
3873:
3870:
3863:
3860:
3857:
3850:
3847:
3844:
3832:
3829:
3826:
3818:
3815:
3812:
3809:
3807:
3806:
3802:
3799:
3796:
3794:Other parties
3793:
3791:
3790:
3786:
3783:
3780:
3777:
3775:
3774:
3770:
3767:
3764:
3761:
3759:
3758:
3754:
3751:
3748:
3746:
3743:
3741:
3740:
3736:
3733:
3730:
3727:
3725:
3724:
3720:
3717:
3714:
3711:
3709:
3708:
3704:
3701:
3698:
3696:
3693:
3691:
3690:
3686:
3683:
3680:
3678:
3675:
3673:
3672:
3668:
3665:
3662:
3660:
3657:
3655:
3654:
3650:
3647:
3644:
3642:
3639:
3637:
3636:
3632:
3629:
3626:
3624:
3621:
3619:
3618:
3614:
3611:
3608:
3606:
3603:
3601:
3600:
3596:
3593:
3590:
3588:
3585: –
3584:
3581:
3579:
3578:
3574:
3571:
3568:
3566:
3563:
3561:
3560:
3556:
3553:
3550:
3548:
3547:National Bloc
3545:
3543:
3542:
3538:
3535:
3532:
3530:
3527:
3525:
3524:
3520:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3509:
3507:
3506:
3492:
3488:
3483:
3475:
3468:
3465:
3462:
3459:
3456:
3453:
3450:
3447:
3444:
3441:
3440:
3437:
3434:
3431:
3428:
3425:
3422:
3419:
3416:
3413:
3410:
3409:
3406:
3404:
3402:
3400:
3398:
3396:
3394:
3391:
3388:
3386:
3383:
3382:
3378:
3376:
3374:
3372:
3369:
3367:
3364:
3361:
3358:
3356:
3353:
3352:
3349:
3346:
3343:
3340:
3337:
3335:
3332:
3329:
3326:
3324:
3321:
3320:
3317:
3315:
3313:
3310:
3307:
3304:
3301:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3290:
3289:
3286:
3283:
3281:
3279:
3276:
3274:
3271:
3268:
3265:
3263:
3260:
3259:
3256:
3254:
3252:
3250:
3248:
3246:
3243:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3232:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3224:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3213:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3202:
3201:
3198:
3196:
3194:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3183:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3172:
3171:
3168:
3166:
3164:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3153:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3142:
3141:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3130:
3127:
3124:
3121:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3081:
3078:
3076:
3074:
3072:
3070:
3067:
3064:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3053:
3052:
3049:
3046:
3043:
3041:
3038:
3035:
3032:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3013:
3011:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2980:
2977:
2974:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2962:
2959:
2957:
2955:
2953:
2951:
2949:
2946:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2926:
2924:
2922:
2920:
2917:
2914:
2911:
2909:
2906:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2898:
2896:
2894:
2892:
2889:
2886:
2883:
2881:
2878:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2870:
2868:
2866:
2863:
2860:
2857:
2854:
2852:
2849:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2830:
2827:
2824:
2822:
2819:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2811:
2809:
2807:
2804:
2801:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2789:
2786:
2784:
2782:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2772:
2769:
2766:
2764:
2761:
2760:
2757:
2755:
2753:
2751:
2749:
2746:
2743:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2732:
2731:
2727:
2725:
2723:
2721:
2719:
2717:
2714:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2703:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2695:
2693:
2691:
2689:
2686:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2667:
2665:
2663:
2660:
2657:
2654:
2651:
2649:
2646:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2638:
2636:
2634:
2631:
2628:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2617:
2616:
2613:
2611:
2609:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2599:
2596:
2593:
2591:
2588:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2580:
2578:
2576:
2573:
2570:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2559:
2558:
2554:
2552:
2550:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2540:
2537:
2534:
2532:
2529:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2521:
2519:
2517:
2514:
2511:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2500:
2499:
2496:
2494:
2492:
2490:
2488:
2486:
2484:
2482:
2481:
2475:
2470:
2465:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2445:
2441:
2430:Constituency
2428:
2422:
2404:
2400:
2391:
2389:
2385:
2376:
2374:
2370:
2361:
2359:
2355:
2346:
2344:
2340:
2331:
2329:
2325:
2316:
2314:
2310:
2301:
2299:
2295:
2290:
2287:
2282:
2277:
2276:
2257:
2253:
2244:
2242:
2238:
2229:
2227:
2223:
2214:
2212:
2208:
2199:
2197:
2193:
2184:
2182:
2178:
2169:
2167:
2163:
2154:
2152:
2148:
2143:
2140:
2135:
2130:
2129:
2122:
2111:
2108:
2098:
2095:
2085:
2082:
2072:
2069:
2057:
2054:
2051:
2048:
2040:
2037:
2034:
2031:
2029:Other parties
2028:
2026:
2025:
2021:
2018:
2015:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2006:
2002:
1999:
1996:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1987:
1983:
1980:
1977:
1974:
1971:
1969:
1968:
1964:
1961:
1958:
1955:
1952:
1950:
1949:
1945:
1942:
1939:
1936:
1933:
1931:
1930:
1926:
1923:
1920:
1917:
1914:
1912:
1911:
1907:
1904:
1901:
1898:
1895:
1893:
1892:
1888:
1885:
1882:
1879:
1876:
1874:
1873:
1869:
1866:
1863:
1860:
1857:
1855:
1854:
1850:
1847:
1844:
1841:
1839:
1836:
1834:
1833:
1829:
1826:
1823:
1820:
1817:
1815:
1814:
1810:
1807:
1804:
1801:
1798:
1796:
1795:
1791:
1788:
1785:
1782:
1779:
1777:
1776:
1772:
1769:
1766:
1763:
1760:
1758:
1757:
1753:
1750:
1747:
1744:
1741:
1739:
1738:
1734:
1731:
1728:
1725:
1722:
1720:
1719:
1715:
1712:
1709:
1706:
1703:
1701:
1700:
1696:
1693:
1690:
1687:
1684:
1682:
1681:
1677:
1674:
1671:
1668:
1665:
1663:
1662:
1658:
1655:
1652:
1649:
1647:
1644:
1642:
1641:
1637:
1634:
1631:
1628:
1626:
1623:
1621:
1620:
1616:
1613:
1610:
1607:
1604:
1602:
1601:
1597:
1594:
1591:
1588:
1585:
1583:
1582:
1578:
1575:
1572:
1569:
1566:
1564:
1563:
1559:
1556:
1553:
1550:
1548:
1545:
1543:
1542:
1538:
1535:
1532:
1529:
1527:
1524:
1522:
1521:
1517:
1514:
1511:
1508:
1506:
1503:
1501:
1500:
1496:
1493:
1490:
1487:
1485:
1482:
1480:
1479:
1475:
1472:
1469:
1466:
1464:
1461:
1459:
1458:
1454:
1451:
1448:
1445:
1443:
1440:
1438:
1437:
1433:
1430:
1427:
1424:
1422:
1419:
1417:
1416:
1412:
1409:
1406:
1403:
1401:
1400:National Bloc
1398:
1396:
1395:
1391:
1388:
1385:
1382:
1380:
1377:
1375:
1374:
1370:
1367:
1364:
1361:
1359:
1356:
1354:
1353:
1349:
1346:
1343:
1340:
1338:
1335:
1333:
1332:
1315:
1311:
1306:
1298:
1296:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1281:
1278:
1274:
1264:
1257:
1251:
1248:
1246:
1243:
1240:
1237:
1234:
1231:
1228:
1226:
1222:
1221:Republicanism
1219:
1216:
1213:
1210:
1207:
1204:
1202:
1199:
1196:
1193:
1190:
1187:
1184:
1182:
1179:
1176:
1175:National Bloc
1173:
1170:
1167:
1164:
1162:
1159:
1156:
1153:
1150:
1147:
1143:
1140:
1138:
1134:
1131:
1128:
1125:
1122:
1119:
1116:
1114:
1111:
1108:
1105:
1102:
1098:
1095:
1091:
1085:
1083:
1081:
1077:
1076:Joseph Walshe
1071:
1069:
1065:
1059:
1057:
1056:Joseph Stalin
1053:
1047:
1045:
1044:F. Mark Wyatt
1041:
1040:Marshall Plan
1037:
1031:
1029:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1013:
1012:
999:
995:
989:
983:
975:
973:
971:
967:
963:
959:
955:
949:
947:
943:
937:
933:
926:
924:
921:
919:
913:
911:
907:
903:
899:
895:
891:
887:
879:
877:
875:
869:
867:
863:
859:
855:
850:
848:
847:
842:
838:
834:
830:
826:
822:
818:
814:
809:
807:
794:
793:
789:
784:
782:
778:
776:
775:
771:
766:
764:
760:
759:
754:
745:
735:
727:
709:
696:
683:
680:
679:
665:
652:
639:
636:
635:
623:
612:
601:
598:
597:
589:
586:
579:
576:
569:
566:
563:
562:
558:
556:11 June 1946
555:
552:
549:
548:
545:
542:
540:
537:
535:
532:
529:
528:
525:
522:
520:
517:
515:
512:
509:
508:
500:
492:
485:
477:
470:
462:
459:
458:
454:
451:
449:Fourth party
448:
445:
439:
425:
412:
399:
396:
395:
381:
368:
355:
352:
351:
339:
328:
317:
314:
313:
305:
302:
299:
295:
292:
285:
282:
279:
278:
274:
271:
268:
265:
264:
261:
258:
256:
253:
251:
248:
245:
244:
241:
238:
236:
233:
231:
228:
225:
224:
216:
208:
201:
193:
190:
186:
183:
182:
178:
175:
172:
169:
164:
160:
150:
142:
138:
130:
122:
118:
113:
106:
100:
95: →
94:
89:
86:←
82:
75: →
74:
71:
69:
59:
57:
54:←
53:
52:
48:
36:
30:
19:
6944:Aosta Valley
6847:By-elections
5934:
5839:
5636:
5626:
5619:
5608:
5601:
5594:
5584:
5577:
5567:
5560:
5540:
5524:
5503:Killing Hope
5502:
5484:
5476:
5464:. Retrieved
5460:
5450:
5439:
5434:
5423:
5418:
5410:
5394:
5383:
5352:
5348:
5339:
5319:
5312:
5300:. Retrieved
5296:the original
5271:
5262:
5254:
5249:
5241:
5236:
5225:
5220:
5208:
5196:
5184:
5172:
5161:
5128:
5124:
5118:
5106:. Retrieved
5101:
5092:
5080:. Retrieved
5065:
5058:
5038:
5027:Aosta Valley
5021:
5012:
4995:
4988:Pietro Nenni
4978:
4966:
4961:
4326:Aosta Valley
3912:Popular vote
3810:Independents
3385:Aosta Valley
2137:Popular vote
1282:
1269:
1146:Pietro Nenni
1072:
1068:Yalta-agreed
1060:
1048:
1032:
1009:
991:
950:
938:
934:
930:
922:
914:
906:closed lists
883:
870:
851:
844:
810:
803:
786:
779:
768:
761:
455:Sixth party
452:Fifth party
362:10,899,640 (
356:12,740,042 (
179:Third party
158:
153:23,842,919 (
148:
143:26,855,741 (
128:
123:29,117,554 (
60:
29:
6714:Referendums
5485:Irish Times
5422:Ventresca,
5230:pp. 101–110
5160:Ventresca,
5108:22 December
5082:22 December
4986:secretary,
3868:Total votes
3842:Valid votes
2093:Total votes
2067:Valid votes
1245:Neo-fascism
681:Percentage
646:1,222,419 (
640:1,003,727 (
397:Percentage
382:1,858,116 (
375:6,969,122 (
369:8,136,637 (
151: 92.2%
7049:Categories
6954:Basilicata
6937:See also:
6827:2016 (Dec)
6822:2016 (Apr)
5438:Callanan,
5050:References
5029:to 36 for
4967:ex officio
4789:Basilicata
4221:Seats won
3884:25,874,809
3871:23,842,919
3845:22,657,290
3827:22,657,290
3515:10,899,640
3084:Campobasso
2438:Seats won
2109:29,117,270
2096:26,855,741
2070:26,264,458
2049:26,264,458
1341:12,740,042
1277:ministries
1201:Monarchism
986:See also:
910:Hare quota
896:using the
894:open lists
811:After the
161: 92.2%
120:Registered
65:1948-04-18
5705:Elections
5568:Historian
5444:pp. 41–45
3858:1,185,629
3551:1,222,419
3533:6,969,122
3411:National
3262:Catanzaro
3144:Benevento
1404:1,003,727
1383:1,858,116
1362:8,136,637
1225:reformism
1137:communism
1133:Socialism
1096:Ideology
900:with the
884:The pure
831:(Italian
672:594,178 (
666:651,875 (
659:393,510 (
653:729,078 (
578:Benevento
388:943,219 (
322:) / 131 (
7009:Sardinia
7004:Piedmont
6989:Lombardy
6964:Campania
6959:Calabria
6010:Regional
5947:European
5403:Archived
5145:57564743
4885:Sardinia
4820:Calabria
4723:Campania
4355:Lombardy
4294:Piedmont
3894:Source:
3355:Cagliari
3055:L'Aquila
2880:Florence
2705:Trentino
2119:Source:
994:Cold War
962:Fascists
927:Campaign
568:Calabria
344:) / 10 (
333:) / 72 (
7024:Tuscany
6984:Liguria
5717:General
5611:(2018)
5466:21 July
5382:Brogi,
5302:17 July
5292:CNN.com
5224:Brogi,
4664:Abruzzo
4541:Tuscany
4478:Liguria
4265:Others
4189:
4176:
4161:
4146:
4127:
4112:
4097:
4082:
4038:
4025:
4010:
3995:
3976:
3961:
3946:
3931:
3813:544,039
3645:164,092
3627:393,510
3609:594,178
3591:607,792
3569:943,219
3323:Palermo
3292:Catania
3234:Potenza
2995:Perugia
2821:Bologna
2648:Brescia
2478:Others
2406:
2393:
2378:
2363:
2348:
2333:
2318:
2303:
2259:
2246:
2231:
2216:
2201:
2186:
2171:
2156:
2083:591,283
1488:124,243
1467:526,882
1446:651,875
1425:729,078
1258:Results
1099:Leader
964:during
958:Liguria
628:) / 4 (
617:) / 3 (
606:) / 7 (
510:Leader
460:
446:
419:30.8% (
413:31.0% (
406:48.1% (
400:48.5% (
226:Leader
184:
170:
157:)
147:)
140:Turnout
127:)
63: (
7034:Veneto
7029:Umbria
7014:Sicily
6999:Molise
6994:Marche
6949:Apulia
5645:
5631:online
5613:online
5589:Online
5572:online
5549:
5533:
5509:
5428:p. 269
5388:p. 109
5327:
5143:
5073:
4916:Total
4851:Sicily
4757:Apulia
4694:Molise
4602:Marche
4572:Umbria
4416:Veneto
4218:seats
4185:Others
4101:30.38%
4086:55.27%
4034:Others
3950:30.76%
3935:48.11%
3874:100.00
3830:100.00
3749:13,479
3731:27,152
3715:42,880
3699:65,743
3681:65,986
3663:95,406
3442:Total
3112:Naples
2965:Ancona
2763:Venice
2734:Verona
2677:Mantua
2435:seats
2402:Others
2322:31.88%
2307:53.14%
2255:Others
2175:30.98%
2160:48.51%
2099:100.00
2052:100.00
2032:10,545
1915:Maglio
1688:10,002
1669:11,396
1650:14,482
1629:20,736
1608:35,899
1589:52,655
1570:56,096
1551:61,928
1530:72,854
1509:95,914
1241:(MSI)
1217:(PRI)
1197:(PNM)
1129:(FDP)
1093:Party
1006:
1002:
954:Emilia
817:Soviet
716:2.6% (
710:2.5% (
703:1.7% (
697:2.8% (
690:5.4% (
684:3.8% (
530:Party
432:4.6% (
426:7.1% (
284:Trento
246:Party
159:·
149:·
129:·
112:Senate
6979:Lazio
6327:Local
5141:S2CID
5031:Milan
4953:Notes
4633:Lazio
4268:Ind.
4216:Total
4193:3.38%
4180:1.27%
4165:1.69%
4150:1.69%
4131:2.85%
4116:3.38%
4063:Seats
4042:4.53%
4029:1.74%
4014:2.62%
3999:2.68%
3980:4.16%
3965:5.40%
3887:92.15
3848:95.03
3824:Total
3797:2,932
3781:2,833
3765:2,868
3536:30.76
3518:48.11
3503:Seats
3497:Votes
3494:Party
3204:Lecce
2937:Siena
2851:Parma
2792:Udine
2590:Milan
2561:Genoa
2531:Cuneo
2502:Turin
2433:Total
2410:0.87%
2397:1.05%
2382:1.57%
2367:2.44%
2352:3.31%
2337:5.75%
2284:Seats
2263:2.35%
2250:2.01%
2235:2.48%
2220:2.78%
2205:3.82%
2190:7.07%
2112:92.23
2073:97.80
2046:Total
1975:1,117
1956:1,179
1937:1,531
1918:1,642
1899:2,091
1880:2,191
1861:2,637
1842:2,756
1821:2,906
1802:3,178
1783:3,707
1764:4,300
1745:5,481
1726:6,733
1707:8,125
1365:30.98
1344:48.51
1326:Seats
1320:Votes
1317:Party
1177:(BN)
1157:(US)
1109:(DC)
833:abbr.
329:183 (
318:305 (
304:Turin
6925:2023
6920:2022
6915:2021
6910:2020
6905:2019
6900:2005
6895:2004
6890:2003
6885:2002
6880:2000
6875:1999
6870:1998
6865:1997
6860:1996
6855:1995
6837:2022
6832:2020
6817:2011
6812:2009
6807:2006
6802:2005
6797:2003
6792:2001
6787:2000
6782:1999
6777:1997
6772:1995
6767:1993
6762:1991
6757:1990
6752:1989
6747:1987
6742:1985
6737:1981
6732:1978
6727:1974
6722:1946
6704:2024
6699:2023
6694:2022
6689:2021
6684:2020
6679:2019
6674:2018
6669:2017
6664:2016
6659:2015
6654:2014
6649:2013
6644:2012
6639:2011
6634:2010
6629:2009
6624:2008
6619:2007
6614:2006
6609:2005
6604:2004
6599:2003
6594:2002
6589:2001
6584:2000
6579:1999
6574:1998
6569:1997
6564:1996
6559:1995
6554:1994
6549:1993
6544:1992
6539:1991
6534:1990
6529:1989
6524:1988
6519:1987
6514:1986
6509:1985
6504:1984
6499:1983
6494:1982
6489:1981
6484:1980
6479:1979
6474:1978
6469:1977
6464:1976
6459:1975
6454:1974
6449:1973
6444:1972
6439:1971
6434:1970
6429:1969
6424:1968
6419:1967
6414:1966
6409:1965
6404:1964
6399:1962
6394:1961
6389:1960
6384:1959
6379:1958
6374:1957
6369:1956
6364:1953
6359:1952
6354:1951
6349:1949
6344:1948
6339:1947
6334:1946
6318:2024
6313:2023
6308:2022
6303:2021
6298:2020
6293:2019
6288:2018
6283:2017
6278:2015
6273:2014
6268:2013
6263:2012
6258:2011
6253:2010
6248:2009
6243:2008
6238:2006
6233:2005
6228:2004
6223:2003
6218:2001
6213:2000
6208:1999
6203:1998
6198:1996
6193:1995
6188:1994
6183:1993
6178:1991
6173:1990
6168:1989
6163:1988
6158:1986
6153:1985
6148:1984
6143:1983
6138:1981
6133:1980
6128:1979
6123:1978
6118:1976
6113:1975
6108:1974
6103:1973
6098:1971
6093:1970
6088:1969
6083:1968
6078:1967
6073:1965
6068:1964
6063:1963
6058:1961
6053:1959
6048:1957
6043:1955
6038:1954
6033:1953
6028:1951
6023:1949
6018:1947
6000:2024
5995:2019
5990:2014
5985:2009
5980:2004
5975:1999
5970:1994
5965:1989
5960:1984
5955:1979
5936:Next
5930:2022
5925:2018
5920:2013
5915:2008
5910:2006
5905:2001
5900:1996
5895:1994
5890:1992
5885:1987
5880:1983
5875:1979
5870:1976
5865:1972
5860:1968
5855:1963
5850:1958
5845:1953
5840:1948
5835:1946
5830:1934
5825:1929
5820:1924
5815:1921
5810:1919
5805:1913
5800:1909
5795:1904
5790:1900
5785:1897
5780:1895
5775:1892
5770:1890
5765:1886
5760:1882
5755:1880
5750:1876
5745:1874
5740:1870
5735:1867
5730:1865
5725:1861
5707:and
5643:ISBN
5547:ISBN
5531:ISBN
5507:ISBN
5468:2006
5325:ISBN
5304:2006
5166:p. 4
5110:2019
5102:Time
5084:2019
5071:ISBN
5001:PCdI
4922:131
4919:237
3861:4.97
3816:2.40
3800:0.01
3784:0.01
3768:0.01
3752:0.06
3734:0.12
3718:0.19
3702:0.29
3684:0.29
3666:0.42
3648:0.72
3630:1.74
3612:2.62
3594:2.68
3572:4.16
3554:5.40
3451:183
3448:305
3445:574
3174:Bari
3023:Rome
2908:Pisa
2619:Como
2086:2.20
2035:0.04
2016:0.00
1997:0.00
1978:0.00
1959:0.00
1940:0.01
1921:0.01
1902:0.01
1883:0.01
1864:0.01
1845:0.01
1824:0.01
1805:0.01
1786:0.01
1767:0.02
1748:0.02
1729:0.03
1710:0.03
1691:0.04
1672:0.04
1653:0.06
1632:0.08
1611:0.14
1592:0.20
1573:0.21
1554:0.24
1533:0.28
1512:0.37
1491:0.47
1470:2.01
1449:2.48
1428:2.78
1407:3.82
1386:7.07
1064:NATO
846:Time
613:14 (
602:19 (
588:Pisa
340:33 (
294:Rome
73:1953
56:1946
5133:doi
5005:PCI
4984:PSI
4925:72
4858:12
4855:22
4824:10
4761:15
4730:11
4727:21
4640:10
4637:16
4545:15
4513:17
4423:14
4420:19
4365:10
4362:18
4359:31
4298:17
4261:PNM
4256:PRI
4251:PRI
4232:FDP
4171:PNM
4156:PRI
4141:PRI
4092:FDP
4020:PNM
4005:PRI
3990:PRI
3941:FDP
3833:237
3587:PRI
3521:131
3460:14
3457:19
3454:33
3414:21
3359:13
3330:13
3327:25
3299:15
3296:26
3269:13
3266:24
3208:16
3181:12
3178:22
3151:11
3148:18
3119:17
3116:31
3062:10
3059:16
3033:10
3030:20
3027:35
2999:11
2969:17
2912:15
2884:13
2861:10
2855:19
2831:13
2825:24
2796:14
2770:10
2767:16
2741:19
2738:28
2681:10
2655:14
2652:19
2623:14
2600:14
2597:18
2594:36
2565:19
2535:16
2512:10
2509:13
2506:26
2474:MSI
2469:PRI
2464:PNM
2449:FDP
2388:MSI
2373:PRI
2358:PNM
2313:FDP
2241:MSI
2226:PRI
2211:PNM
2166:FDP
2058:+18
2055:574
2022:New
2013:816
2003:New
1994:961
1965:New
1946:New
1927:New
1908:New
1889:New
1870:New
1851:New
1830:New
1811:New
1792:New
1773:New
1754:New
1735:New
1716:New
1697:New
1678:New
1617:New
1598:New
1579:New
1497:New
1476:New
1455:−14
1413:−52
1392:New
1371:−36
1368:183
1350:+98
1347:305
1329:+/–
624:9 (
544:PRI
539:PNM
7051::
5559:.
5483:,
5459:.
5442:,
5426:,
5409:,
5386:,
5375:^
5360:^
5347:,
5290:.
5279:^
5228:,
5164:,
5153:^
5139:.
5127:.
5100:.
4946:4
4943:4
4940:3
4937:4
4934:4
4931:7
4928:8
4909:1
4900:1
4895:1
4892:3
4889:6
4875:2
4872:1
4867:1
4864:1
4861:5
4835:2
4830:3
4827:5
4802:1
4799:2
4796:3
4793:6
4783:1
4772:1
4767:5
4764:8
4751:2
4748:1
4745:1
4738:2
4733:4
4701:2
4698:2
4674:2
4671:4
4668:6
4652:1
4643:5
4621:1
4612:2
4609:4
4606:7
4582:3
4579:3
4576:6
4554:1
4551:7
4548:7
4529:1
4522:1
4519:9
4516:6
4491:1
4488:3
4485:4
4482:8
4464:1
4457:1
4454:4
4451:6
4429:1
4426:4
4408:2
4393:4
4390:6
4372:3
4333:1
4330:1
4320:1
4307:2
4304:6
4301:8
4247:US
4242:BN
4237:US
4227:DC
4137:US
4122:BN
4107:US
4077:DC
3986:US
3971:US
3956:BN
3926:DC
3583:US
3539:72
3469:5
3466:6
3463:9
3435:2
3432:2
3429:2
3426:3
3423:4
3420:4
3417:4
3392:1
3389:1
3379:1
3370:1
3365:3
3362:9
3347:1
3344:1
3341:2
3338:2
3333:6
3311:2
3308:2
3305:2
3302:5
3284:1
3277:2
3272:8
3244:2
3241:4
3238:6
3222:1
3219:2
3214:4
3211:9
3192:1
3189:2
3184:7
3162:2
3159:2
3154:3
3136:1
3131:4
3128:1
3125:1
3122:7
3098:1
3091:3
3088:4
3068:1
3065:5
3047:1
3044:2
3039:1
3036:1
3005:6
3002:5
2985:1
2978:1
2975:6
2972:9
2947:6
2944:3
2941:9
2927:1
2918:7
2915:7
2890:7
2887:6
2864:2
2858:7
2841:2
2834:2
2828:7
2805:2
2802:3
2799:9
2776:2
2773:4
2747:2
2744:7
2728:3
2715:1
2712:5
2709:9
2687:5
2684:5
2661:1
2658:4
2632:1
2629:4
2626:9
2603:4
2574:2
2571:8
2568:9
2555:1
2544:2
2541:4
2538:9
2515:3
2459:BN
2454:US
2444:DC
2343:BN
2328:US
2298:DC
2196:BN
2181:US
2151:DC
1659:–1
1560:−1
1434:−2
1431:14
1410:19
1389:33
1223:,
1144:,
1135:,
1082:.
1030:.
948:.
912:.
808:.
792:DC
774:DC
720:)
714:)
707:)
701:)
694:)
676:)
670:)
663:)
657:)
650:)
644:)
632:)
621:)
610:)
594:)
584:)
574:)
534:BN
436:)
430:)
423:)
417:)
410:)
404:)
392:)
386:)
379:)
373:)
366:)
360:)
348:)
337:)
326:)
310:)
300:)
290:)
260:US
250:DC
5690:e
5683:t
5676:v
5615:.
5515:.
5470:.
5333:.
5306:.
5147:.
5135::
5129:6
5112:.
5086:.
5033:.
5007:.
4249:–
4139:–
3988:–
3819:4
3803:0
3787:0
3771:0
3755:0
3737:0
3721:0
3705:1
3687:0
3669:2
3651:1
3633:3
3615:4
3597:4
3575:8
3557:7
3500:%
2041:–
2038:0
2019:0
2000:0
1984:0
1981:0
1962:0
1943:0
1924:0
1905:0
1886:0
1867:0
1848:0
1827:0
1808:0
1789:0
1770:0
1751:0
1732:0
1713:0
1694:0
1675:0
1656:0
1638:0
1635:0
1614:0
1595:0
1576:0
1557:1
1539:0
1536:0
1518:0
1515:1
1494:3
1473:6
1452:9
1323:%
718:S
712:C
705:S
699:C
692:S
688:)
686:C
674:S
668:C
661:S
655:C
648:S
642:C
630:S
626:C
619:S
615:C
608:S
604:C
592:C
590:(
582:C
580:(
572:S
570:(
434:S
428:C
421:S
415:C
408:S
402:C
390:S
384:C
377:S
371:C
364:S
358:C
346:S
342:C
335:S
331:C
324:S
320:C
308:C
306:(
298:C
296:(
288:C
286:(
155:S
145:C
135:)
133:S
125:C
67:)
20:)
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