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1953 United Nations Secretary-General selection

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The Security Council met that afternoon to vote. Hammarskjöld was recommended by a vote of 10–0–1, with Nationalist China abstaining. Just before the meeting, Ambassador Lodge "dragooned" the Latin American delegates into voting for a man whom they had never heard of before. Hammarskjöld was caught
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At the time of Lie's resignation, all five permanent members were represented by their foreign ministers in New York. Nationalist China held the rotating Presidency of the Security Council, but the Soviet Union had a policy of boycotting informal meetings where Nationalist China was present. Although
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On 13 March 1953, the Security Council met and voted successively on three candidates. First, Carlos P. Romulo fell short with a vote of 5–2–4. The Soviet Union and France both voted against Romulo, while the United Kingdom, Chile, Denmark, and Pakistan abstained. Next, Stanisław Skrzeszewski was
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as his Secretary of State. The United States offered to vote for Pearson if the British would vote for an American candidate in case of a Soviet veto. The Canadians were "upset" that the British were throwing around Pearson's name so casually, and the Canadian delegation respected Pearson's wishes
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of India for the Secretary-Generalship. The nomination of two Indians was calculated to force the Western powers to cast an embarrassing vote against an Asian. However, this became unnecessary when Nationalist China informed the United States that it would veto both candidates, as India recognized
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The Secretary-General of the United Nations is appointed by the General Assembly on the recommendation of the Security Council. When the United Nations met in 1946, it was agreed that the Security Council would select one candidate for the General Assembly's approval. The United States had backed
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caused Argentina to abstain, but others felt that Uruguay abstained to protest the manner in which Hammarskjöld had been rushed through the Security Council without consulting the non-permanent members. U.S. ambassador Lodge attempted to mollify the Latin American countries by explaining that the
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The Security Council met again on 19 March 1953. Although the Soviet Union attempted to delay the vote, Pandit was rejected by a vote of 2–1–8. Lebanon and the Soviet Union voted for Pandit, Nationalist China voted against, and the Western powers all abstained. Zorin professed astonishment that
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the following week. Jebb claimed that Pearson was the only candidate who could win the necessary 7 votes in the Security Council. U.S. Ambassador Henry Cabot Lodge warned Jebb about calling for a vote on Pearson only to be vetoed. However, Jebb felt that Pearson might win on the second round if
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in 1950, leading the Soviet Union to veto his re-selection in 1950. The United States then announced that it would veto every other candidate. With the Security Council unable to break the Soviet-American veto duel, the General Assembly extended Lie's term to 1954. The Soviet Union subsequently
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On 7 April 1953, the General Assembly voted 57-1-1 to appoint Dag Hammarskjöld Secretary-General of the United Nations for a 5-year term. The negative vote was from Nationalist China, and the abstention may have been a Latin American country. The Swedish ambassador speculated that tensions with
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U.S. Ambassador Lodge said that he would not veto Hammarskjöld but had to seek instructions from Washington. At the U.S. State Department, the nomination "came as a complete surprise to everyone here and we started scrambling around to find out who Mr. Hammarskjold was and what his qualifications
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in 1946. Romulo claimed that he would be elected if the Soviet Union were forced to choose between him and Lie, but Dulles was noncommittal. U.S. failure to advance Romulo's candidacy was criticized by Filipino newspapers, which accused the United States of "snubbing" and "double crossing" their
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was willing to run for Secretary-General, since the British had threatened to veto anyone except Pearson or Boheman. However, Boheman declined and stated that the Soviet Union probably would not accept him. Nevertheless, if Boheman was the only candidate to avoid a Soviet veto, then the Swedish
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of Iran was the leading candidate from the Middle East. France considered Entezam to be their second choice after Lester Pearson. The Soviet Union also selected Entezam as their second choice, after Stanisław Skrzeszewski of Poland. British ambassador Gladwyn Jebb admitted that he was a capable
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The permanent members met for consultations on 23 March 1953 and failed to agree on a candidate. The list of candidates was reduced to six by removing Pandit and two candidates who declined their nominations. The Security Council met on 24 March 1953 and decided to wait for Soviet Ambassador
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left New York for Moscow, but the selection process continued. On 12 March 1953, France, the United Kingdom, and the United States met to discuss their tactics for the upcoming meeting of the Security Council. The United States expressed its support for Romulo. However, French ambassador
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rejected with a vote of 1–3–7. The Soviet Union was the only vote in favor, while France, the United Kingdom, and the United States all voted against. Finally, Lester Pearson won a favorable vote of 9-1-1. However, the Soviet Union vetoed Pearson, and Lebanon abstained.
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sent an urgent telegram to Washington, expressing strong support for Hammarskjöld. Eden also asked the United States to "take any appropriate action to induce the Chinese to abstain." A Nationalist Chinese veto was possible because Sweden recognized Communist China.
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Dag Hammarskjöld ran unopposed for re-selection in 1957. Hammarskjöld was recommended unanimously by the Security Council on the morning of 26 September 1957. The General Assembly voted unanimously that afternoon to appoint him for another 5-year term.
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joke is in extremely bad taste." He finally believed the news after the third call. After consulting with the Swedish government, he cabled the President of the Security Council, "I do not feel I can refuse the task imposed on me."
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of Sweden. France also regarded Pearson as their first choice. The British delegation had instructions from London to delay the selection until February 1953, when the General Assembly would reconvene after its holiday recess.
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Communist China. The U.S. State Department felt that it was "very bad for the United Nations" if an Indian became Secretary-General, since "the problem facing the United Nations now is stopping Communist agression [
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On 10 November 1952, Lie announced his resignation, declaring in a speech to the General Assembly, "I am quite sure that this is the time to leave without damage to the UN." The Korean War had reached a stalemate, and
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An unexpected breakthrough occurred at a consultation of the permanent members on 30 March 1953. After the existing candidates were discussed and rejected, French Ambassador Henri Hoppenot suggested two new names:
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The permanent members engaged in consultations on 18 March 1953 and failed to agree on a candidate. However, 9 additional candidates were nominated in addition to the ones that had already been voted on.
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had begun. Lie felt that his successor "may be more helpful than I can be" in concluding the armistice. However, if a successor could not be found, Lie was willing to serve out the rest of his term.
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by surprise when his phone rang in Stockholm shortly after midnight on 1 April 1953. Upon being told that he had been named the Secretary-General of the United Nations, he replied, "This
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of Canada, but he was vetoed by the Soviet Union. Other candidates fell short of a majority in the Security Council. After two weeks of deadlock, France proposed
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candidate. However, Romulo's failure to win 7 votes and his veto by France made it unlikely that he could win, even if the Soviets agreed to withdraw their veto.
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candidate, but he repeatedly announced that the United Kingdom would veto Entezam. British opposition to Entezam was motivated by Iran's nationalization of the
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of Canada had been a leading contender for Secretary-General in 1946, and the United Kingdom launched an intense campaign on his behalf. British ambassador
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of the Philippines was the leading candidate from Asia. Although the United States supported Romulo, it did not conduct a vigorous campaign on his behalf.
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offered the opportunity for a new Secretary-General to turn the page. The British delegation dragged out the selection process as they campaigned for
1782:: Memorandum of Telephone Conversation, by the Deputy Director of the Office of United Nations Political and Security Affairs (Popper), 31 March 1953. 1638:: Memorandum for the Files of Telephone Conversations, by the Assistant Secretary of State for united Nations Affairs (Hickerson), 19 March 1953. 401: 1415:: Memorandum of Conversation, by the Director of the Office of United Nations Political and Security Affairs (Wainhouse), 20 February 1953. 512: 1202: 866:
the other candidates were also vetoed. The Soviet delegation had hinted that they might accept Pearson if there were no other choice.
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treated Lie as an illegitimate office-holder, addressing all communications to "The Secretariat" rather than the Secretary-General.
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that informal consultations should be held, Acheson declined to take the initiative to avoid usurping Nationalist China's role.
1171: 1166: 1750:: Memorandum of Conversation, by the Deputy Assistant Secretary of State for United Nations Affairs (Sandifer), 30 April 1953. 992:, former U.S. Ambassador to Sweden, the State Department authorized Lodge to vote for Hammarskjöld. British Foreign Secretary 1190: 1943: 1913:, Foreign Relations of the United States, 1952–1954, vol. III, Washington: United States Government Printing Office 1924:, Foreign Relations of the United States, 1955–1957, vol. XI, Washington: United States Government Printing Office 1734:: The United States Representative at the United Nations (Lodge) to the Department of State, 30 March 1953—1:38 pm 1552:: Memorandum of Conversation, by the Deputy United States Representative on the Security Council (Ross), 12 March 1953. 1766:: Memorandum for the Files by the Assistant Secretary of State for United Nations Affairs (Hickerson), 30 March 1953. 899: 355: 295: 491: 310:
candidate. Hammarskjöld was acceptable to both superpowers and was selected Secretary-General for a 5-year term.
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Hammarskjöld subsequently ran unopposed for re-selection in 1957 and was unanimously appointed to a second term.
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in 1949, placing the post of Secretary-General in the hands of a country that was aligned with one side in the
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announced his intention of resigning. Lie had been at odds with the Soviet Union since the outbreak of the
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In the late 1940s, international tensions affected the workings of the United Nations. Norway joined the
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citizen. The Council then asked the permanent members to "continue their consultations" and adjourned.
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The United States had supported Romulo because of its close ties with the Philippines, which had only
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Hamilton, Thomas J. (11 November 1952). "Lie Decides to Quit His U.N. Post Now to 'Save the Peace'".
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Hamilton, Thomas J. (18 February 1953). "Soviet Approval of Pearson For Lie's U.N. Post Hinted".
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of Yugoslavia. Since neither superpower would accept the other's candidate, they compromised on
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Hamilton, Thomas J. (13 March 1953). "Soviet Veto Blocks Pearson U.N. Boom; Romulo Also Fails".
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Rosenthal, A. M. (18 March 1953). "Mme. Pandit or Rau Favored by Soviet for Lie's U.N. Post".
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declared to Dean Acheson that the United Kingdom would veto anyone except Pearson or
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nomination had happened so fast that there had been no time to consult with them.
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On 2 March 1953, Gladwyn Jebb announced that he would be calling a meeting of the
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Hamilton, Thomas J. (27 September 1957). "U.N. Gives 2d Term to Hammarskjold".
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Hamilton, Thomas J. (20 March 1953). "Mme. Pandit Loses in Vote for Lie Post".
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Hamilton, Thomas J. (4 December 1952). "Lie Said to Agree to Stay on at U.N.".
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Political Ethics and The United Nations: Dag Hammarskjöld as Secretary-General
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Hamilton, Thomas J. (19 March 1953). "Big Five Discuss 9 as Lie's Successor".
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Hamilton, Thomas J. (27 March 1953). "Vishinsky is Back, Still Untalkative".
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was instructed to abstain if possible but authorized to veto if necessary.
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of Norway, who became the first Secretary-General of the United Nations.
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declared that the Soviet Union was prepared to vote for Hammarskjöld.
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The United States approached the Swedish government to determine if
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objected to Romulo because of his unfavorable attitude towards the
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by not campaigning for him. Pearson was the heir-apparent to be
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Hamilton, Thomas J. (1 April 1953). "U.N. Chief is Picked".
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United Nations Secretary-General selection results, 1953
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Former President of the U.N. General Assembly (1950)
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General Assembly (1951) 8: 1389: 1387: 1385: 1383: 1381: 1379: 326:of Canada, while the Soviet Union supported 18: 1796:. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. 1663:"Big 5 Fail to Agree on Successor to Lie". 1058:United Nations Secretary-General selections 1939:United Nations Secretary-General selection 1049: 1035: 1027: 625: 419:Ambassador of Sweden to the United States 284:United Nations Secretary-General selection 17: 900:become independent from the United States 1296:"Soviet Bloc Hints Deal on U.N. Chief". 584:as President of the United States, with 377: 345:. Lie took the United Nations into the 1229: 939:the United Kingdom could abstain on a 1842:"Nominee Accepts U.N. Post as Duty". 7: 366:agreed with Soviet Foreign Minister 252:UN Secretary-General before election 339:North Atlantic Treaty Organization 14: 381:Candidates for Secretary-General 835: 818: 797: 780: 759: 742: 735: 728: 707: 690: 683: 662: 536: 528: 498: 490: 462: 454: 435: 427: 408: 400: 212: 205: 196: 145: 132: 119: 84: 77: 70: 25: 1907:Goodwin, Ralph R., ed. (1979), 1300:. 13 November 1952. p. 1. 1: 296:negotiations for an armistice 47:13 March 1953 – 31 March 1953 1918:Rose, Lisle A., ed. (1988), 1682:. 25 March 1953. p. 18. 1667:. 24 March 1953. p. 22. 264:Elected UN Secretary-General 1846:. 2 April 1953. p. 12. 1697:. 28 March 1953. p. 2. 1394:Barry, Donald, ed. (1953). 1960: 1861:. 8 April 1953. p. 4. 476:Foreign Minister of Mexico 1821:. Routledge. p. 59. 1817:Fröhlich, Manuel (2007). 1162: 1064: 608:Anglo-Persian Oil Company 380: 245: 62: 35: 23: 988:were." After consulting 591:Prime Minister of Canada 550:Eastern Europe and Asia 362:U.S. Secretary of State 976:of the Netherlands and 286:was held in 1953 after 1910:United Nations Affairs 1792:Lipsey, Roger (2013). 884:French colonial empire 714:StanisĹ‚aw Skrzeszewski 929:Henry Cabot Lodge Jr. 913:Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit 804:Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit 523:British Commonwealth 1794:Hammarskjöld: A Life 576:On 20 January 1953, 990:H. Freeman Matthews 628: 20: 1874:The New York Times 1859:The New York Times 1844:The New York Times 1776:FRUS 1952–1954 III 1760:FRUS 1952–1954 III 1744:FRUS 1952–1954 III 1728:FRUS 1952–1954 III 1715:The New York Times 1695:The New York Times 1680:The New York Times 1665:The New York Times 1650:The New York Times 1632:FRUS 1952–1954 III 1616:FRUS 1952–1954 III 1603:The New York Times 1582:FRUS 1952–1954 III 1569:The New York Times 1546:FRUS 1952–1954 III 1533:The New York Times 1512:FRUS 1952–1954 III 1496:FRUS 1952–1954 III 1480:FRUS 1952–1954 III 1467:The New York Times 1449:The New York Times 1428:FRUS 1952–1954 III 1409:FRUS 1952–1954 III 1367:FRUS 1952–1954 III 1351:FRUS 1952–1954 III 1330:FRUS 1952–1954 III 1311:FRUS 1952–1954 III 1298:The New York Times 1280:The New York Times 1259:FRUS 1952–1954 III 1246:The New York Times 626: 586:John Foster Dulles 469:Luis Padilla Nervo 1887:FRUS 1955–1957 XI 1220: 1219: 1213: 1205: 1198: 1187: 1179: 1019:1957 re-selection 956:to arrive on the 859: 858: 766:Lester B. Pearson 603:Nasrollah Entezam 578:Dwight Eisenhower 562:Lester B. Pearson 554: 553: 505:Lester B. Pearson 442:Nasrollah Entezam 280: 279: 276: 275: 241: 240: 104:Lester B. 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1152: 1150: 1147: 1145: 1142: 1140: 1137: 1135: 1132: 1130: 1127: 1125: 1122: 1120: 1117: 1115: 1112: 1110: 1107: 1105: 1102: 1100: 1097: 1095: 1092: 1090: 1087: 1085: 1082: 1080: 1077: 1075: 1072: 1070: 1067: 1066: 1063: 1059: 1052: 1047: 1045: 1040: 1038: 1033: 1032: 1029: 1025: 1018: 1016: 1013: 1007: 1004: 998: 995: 991: 985: 983: 979: 975: 966: 964: 962: 961: 955: 946: 944: 942: 936: 932: 930: 926: 924: 918: 914: 906: 904: 901: 896: 889: 887: 885: 881: 876: 872: 871:Joseph Stalin 867: 864: 854: 851: 848: 845: 843: 838: 833: 830: 827: 826: 821: 816: 813: 810: 807: 805: 800: 795: 792: 789: 788: 783: 778: 775: 772: 769: 767: 762: 757: 754: 751: 750: 745: 738: 731: 726: 723: 720: 717: 715: 710: 705: 702: 699: 698: 693: 686: 681: 678: 675: 672: 670: 665: 660: 657: 654: 653: 649: 646: 643: 640: 637: 634: 631: 630: 621: 619: 616: 611: 609: 604: 600: 598: 594: 592: 587: 583: 579: 574: 571: 567: 563: 556: 549: 546: 544: 539: 534: 531: 527: 526: 522: 516: 514: 511: 510: 508: 506: 501: 496: 493: 489: 488: 484: 478: 475: 474: 472: 470: 465: 460: 457: 453: 452: 448: 445: 443: 438: 433: 430: 426: 425: 421: 418: 416: 411: 406: 403: 399: 398: 394: 391: 388: 385: 384: 379: 373: 371: 369: 365: 359: 357: 351: 348: 344: 340: 335: 333: 329: 328:Stanoje Simic 325: 316: 314: 311: 309: 305: 301: 297: 293: 289: 285: 272: 270: 265: 262: 260: 258: 253: 250: 249: 244: 234: 229: 224: 221: 220: 215: 208: 203: 199: 194: 192: 189: 186: 185: 177: 170: 168: 161: 158: 157: 154: 143: 141: 130: 128: 117: 114: 113: 110: 107: 105: 102: 100: 99: 95: 92: 91: 87: 83: 80: 76: 73: 69: 66: 65: 61: 54: → 53: 50: 48: 45: 43: 40:←  39: 38: 34: 22: 16: 1920: 1909: 1882: 1873: 1867: 1858: 1852: 1843: 1837: 1818: 1812: 1793: 1787: 1780:Document 213 1771: 1764:Document 212 1755: 1748:Document 216 1739: 1732:Document 211 1723: 1717:. p. 1. 1714: 1694: 1688: 1679: 1673: 1664: 1658: 1652:. p. 4. 1649: 1643: 1636:Document 208 1627: 1620:Document 207 1611: 1605:. p. 1. 1602: 1586:Document 205 1577: 1571:. p. 1. 1568: 1550:Document 204 1541: 1535:. p. 7. 1532: 1516:Document 203 1507: 1500:Document 201 1491: 1484:Document 202 1475: 1469:. p. 1. 1466: 1451:. p. 1. 1448: 1432:Document 210 1413:Document 199 1404: 1395: 1371:Document 197 1362: 1355:Document 193 1334:Document 190 1315:Document 185 1306: 1297: 1282:. p. 2. 1279: 1263:Document 184 1254: 1248:. p. 1. 1245: 1078: 1022: 1008: 999: 994:Anthony Eden 986: 974:Dirk Stikker 970: 959: 950: 941:Commonwealth 937: 933: 921: 910: 907:Second round 897: 893: 868: 860: 615:Erik Boheman 612: 601: 595: 575: 570:Erik Boheman 566:Gladwyn Jebb 560: 449:Middle East 415:Erik Boheman 364:Dean Acheson 360: 352: 336: 320: 312: 281: 267: 263: 255: 251: 190: 162: 96: 46: 15: 967:Third round 890:First round 153:Philippines 1933:Categories 1901:References 1012:Juan PerĂłn 960:Queen Mary 638:Candidate 580:succeeded 389:Candidate 374:Candidates 347:Korean War 332:Trygve Lie 317:Background 308:dark horse 294:, and the 292:Korean War 288:Trygve Lie 257:Trygve Lie 93:Candidate 958:RMS  828:30 March 790:19 March 752:13 March 700:13 March 655:13 March 610:in 1951. 392:Position 947:Deadlock 557:Campaign 343:Cold War 235:1st vote 230:3rd vote 225:5th vote 115:Country 1177:Members 650:Vetoes 647:Abstain 644:Against 187:Vetoes 165:10 / 11 67:  1825:  1800:  1203:GRULAC 1184:Reform 622:Voting 386:Image 222:Round 180:5 / 11 173:9 / 11 150:  140:Canada 137:  127:Sweden 124:  1224:Notes 855:None 635:Vote 632:Date 159:Vote 1823:ISBN 1798:ISBN 1210:WEOG 1172:UNSC 1154:2021 1149:2016 1144:2011 1139:2006 1134:2001 1129:1996 1124:1991 1119:1986 1114:1981 1109:1976 1104:1971 1099:1966 1094:1962 1089:1961 1084:1957 1079:1953 1074:1950 1069:1946 915:and 191:None 52:1961 42:1950 1196:EEG 923:sic 641:For 1935:: 1891:88 1889:, 1778:, 1762:, 1746:, 1730:, 1703:^ 1634:, 1618:, 1593:^ 1584:, 1557:^ 1548:, 1523:^ 1514:, 1498:, 1482:, 1457:^ 1439:^ 1430:, 1420:^ 1411:, 1378:^ 1369:, 1353:, 1341:^ 1332:, 1322:^ 1313:, 1288:^ 1270:^ 1261:, 1232:^ 886:. 846:10 831:5 793:4 755:3 703:2 658:1 282:A 1876:. 1831:. 1806:. 1212:) 1194:( 1186:) 1175:( 1050:e 1043:t 1036:v 925:? 852:1 849:0 814:8 811:1 808:2 776:1 773:1 770:9 724:7 721:3 718:1 679:4 676:2 673:5

Index

1950
1961



Dag Hammarskjöld
Lester B. Pearson
Carlos P. Romulo
Sweden
Canada
Philippines
Soviet Union
France
Soviet Union
Trygve Lie
Dag Hammarskjöld
United Nations Secretary-General selection
Trygve Lie
Korean War
negotiations for an armistice
Lester Pearson
Dag Hammarskjöld
dark horse
Lester Pearson
Stanoje Simic
Trygve Lie
North Atlantic Treaty Organization
Cold War
Korean War
armistice talks

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