1960 U-2 incident - Knowledge (XXG)

464: 663:

that he was alive. With the information that Khrushchev released, the Americans believed that they would be able to continue with their cover story that the crashed U-2 was a weather research aircraft and not a military spy plane. The cover-up stated that the pilot of the U-2 weather aircraft had radioed in that he was experiencing oxygen difficulties while flying over Turkey. From there they claimed that the aircraft could have continued on its path because of auto-pilot, and that this could be the U-2 that crashed in the Soviet Union. The final attempt to make the cover story seem as real as possible was the grounding of all U-2 aircraft for mandatory inspection of oxygen systems in order to make sure that no other "weather missions" would have the same result as the one that was lost and possibly crashed in the Soviet Union.

785:

peaceful coexistence was an already established fact. The policy of the United States towards the Soviet Union at that time was defensive and cautionary. Eisenhower also made the point that dialogue at the Four Powers Summit was the type of international negotiation that could lead to a relationship between the United States and the Soviet Union where there would be no need to spy on each other. Eisenhower also laid out a plan for an international agreement that authorized the U.N. to "inspect" any nations willing to submit to its authority for signs of increased militarization and aggressive action. He stated that the United States would be more than willing to submit to such an inspection by the U.N. and that he hoped to circumvent the spying controversy with this alternative international surveillance agreement.

679: 729:

not let stand. Knowing that he was jeopardizing the Paris Peace Summit, Eisenhower decided to reveal the aerial espionage program and his direct role in it, an unprecedented move for a U.S. president. His speech on 11 May revolved around four main points: the need for intelligence gathering activities; the nature of intelligence gathering activities; how intelligence activities should be viewed (as distasteful, but vital); and finally that Americans should not be distracted from the real problems of the day. Eisenhower closed passionately by reacting to the Soviet claim that the US acted provocatively and said: "They had better look at their own record." As he finished, he told reporters he was still going to the Paris Peace Summit.

605: 697:: Khrushchev said that anyone wishing to understand the U-2's mission should "seek a reply from Allen Dulles, at whose instructions the American aircraft flew over the Soviet Union". On 9 May, the Soviet premier told US ambassador Thompson that he "could not help but suspect that someone had launched this operation with the deliberate intent of spoiling the summit meeting". Thompson also wrote in his diplomatic cable that Khrushchev suspected it was Allen Dulles, and that Khrushchev had heard about Senator Mansfield's remarks that Eisenhower did not control his own administration. 777:

the summit there had been a revitalization of anti-American sentiment within the Kremlin, with the Soviets blocking a planned trip to Washington D.C. of a Soviet air marshal, inviting Chinese communist leader Mao Zedong to Moscow, and launching an anti-American press campaign designed to critique "American aggression". At this time east and west were divided about how to move forward in Berlin, and the American press characterized Khrushchev's decision to emphasize the U-2 incident at the summit as an attempt to gain leverage on this issue.

659:, stated, "First reports indicate that the President had no knowledge of the plane incident. If that is the case, we have got to ask whether or not this administration has any real control over the federal bureaucracy." Mansfield, more than any other person, highlighted the dilemma Eisenhower faced—Eisenhower could admit responsibility for the U-2 flight, and likely ruin any chances for détente at the Paris Summit, or he could continue to deny knowledge and indicate that he did not control his own administration. 50: 197: 828:(known as "Anpo" in Japanese) which allowed the United States to maintain military bases on Japanese soil. The Japanese government was forced to admit that U-2 planes were also based at U.S. bases in Japan, which meant that Japan might be subject to attack should a war break out between the United States and the Soviet Union. Accordingly, when the U2 revelations came to light, Japanese protesters felt added urgency in their drive to eliminate the treaty and rid Japan of U.S. military bases. 773:

Khrushchev publicly advocated a policy of "peaceful coexistence with the United States". The May Day celebrations on 1 May of that year were marked by this newfound cooperative spirit. Absent were the militarized symbols of previous parades, such as artillery and armor. Instead, there were children, white doves, and athletes. But the reaction of the Soviet government to the spy plane incident and the response from the United States doomed any potential meaningful peace agreement.

796:, Khrushchev would go on to say that this incident was the beginning of his decline in power as party chairman, perhaps because he seemed unable to negotiate the international arena and the communist hardliners at home. The collapse of the summit also saw an increased tension between the Soviets and the Americans in the years to come. After this debacle, the arms race accelerated and any considerations for negotiations were dashed for the immediate future. 1021:. In 2010, CIA documents were released indicating that "top US officials never believed Powers's account of his fateful flight because it appeared to be directly contradicted by a report from the National Security Agency" which alleged that the U-2 had descended from 65,000 to 34,000 feet (19,812 to 10,363 m) before changing course and disappearing from radar. One more recent reading of the NSA's story is that they mistakenly tracked the descent of a 1140: 452: 463: 733:

Pentagon or the CIA, Khrushchev arguably might not have felt forced to react so strongly even though he might not believe the denials. Such reasoning, while constrained, is hardly unusual. It is easier for a President to deal with foreign leaders who are known to have committed violent acts, but have never admitted having done so, than to meet formally with those who have acknowledged 'unacceptable' behavior."

1065:, a Norwegian convicted for spying for the Soviet Union, claimed in his book 'I Was a Russian Spy' that Powers's U-2 had actually been sabotaged. He alleged that a bomb had been placed in the tail of the aircraft by two Soviet spies disguised as mechanics at a Turkish airfield. He claimed to have been told this by Soviet officials shortly after the incident. This may have been a contemporary 1962 theory also. 805:

apologize and Khrushchev left the summit one day after it had begun. Even though Eisenhower refused to apologize, he did admit that the flights were "suspended and would not resume". Some public opinion was that Khrushchev had overreacted to the event in an attempt to strengthen his own position, and for that, he was the one to blame for the collapse of the Four Power Paris Summit.

1091:

the U2 did not carry the advanced camera, that the U2 had previously crashed and had been rebuilt by Lockheed to non-standard specifications, and the hydrogen tank had only been half-filled, meaning it would have run out of fuel over the Soviet Union. The effect of such an operation would be to mislead the Soviet Union about the aircraft's capabilities such as camera resolution.

498:, and the backup pilot, Bob Ericson. On the morning of 29 April, the crew in Badaber was informed that the mission had been delayed by one day. As a result, Bob Ericson flew Article 358 back to Incirlik and John Shinn ferried another U-2C, Article 360, from Incirlik to Peshawar. On 30 April, the mission was delayed one day further because of bad weather over the Soviet Union. 617: 772:

Although the Four Powers Summit was the first meeting between western and Soviet leaders in five years when it was held, the mood was optimistic that there could be an easing of tensions between the Soviet Union and the United States. In an effort to present a less hostile, more cordial Soviet Union,

662:

After Khrushchev found out about America's NASA cover story, he developed a political trap for Eisenhower. His plan began with the release of information to the world that a spy plane had been shot down in Soviet territory, but he did not reveal that the pilot of this aircraft had also been found and

559:

Because of the U-2's extreme operating altitude, Soviet attempts to intercept the aircraft using fighter aircraft failed. The U-2's course was out of range of several of the nearest SAM sites, and one SAM site even failed to engage the aircraft since it was not on duty that day. The U-2 was shot down

380:

and in no position to snub American requests, the British government was amenable to the proposal. Using British pilots allowed Eisenhower to be able to use the U-2 aircraft to spy for American interests in the Soviet Union, while still being able to plausibly deny any affiliation if a mission became

180: 1090:

was an Air Force officer who coordinated covert actions between the Joint Chiefs of Staff and the Central Intelligence Agency. In the 1990's, he gave an interview suggesting the incident was an elaborate disinformation operation with a secondary political goal of sabotaging peace talks. Prouty noted

808:

Before the U-2 incident Khrushchev and Eisenhower had been getting along well and the summit was going to be an opportunity for the two sides to come together. Also, Eisenhower had been looking forward to a visit to the Soviet Union and was very upset when his invitation was retracted. The two sides

732:

Defense analyst Richard Best, for the Congressional Research Service, writes: "Many observers believed that when President Eisenhower in 1960 accepted responsibility for U-2 overflights of the Soviet Union, he made reaching agreements with Moscow much more difficult; had he blamed the flights on the

816:

on 23 May to tell their side of the story. The meetings continued for four days with other allegations of spying being exchanged, as well as recriminations over the Paris Summit, and a US offer of an "open skies" proposal to allow reciprocal flights over one another's territory, at the end of which

720:

Mr. Chairman, on May 1 the Soviet Government captured, 1300 miles inside the boundaries of the Russian Empire, an American plane, operated by an American pilot, under the direction and control of the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency, and is now holding both the plane and the pilot. The plane was on

700:

Upon receiving this cable, Eisenhower, who frequently was very animated, was quiet and depressed. The only words he said to his secretary were, "I would like to resign." Meanwhile, the domestic pressure continued to mount. Eisenhower then accepted Dulles's argument that the congressional leadership

776:

In the days directly leading up to the conference, tensions increased dramatically between the United States and the Soviet Union over the U-2 incident. At this point in the negotiations, the hardliners of the Soviet government were applying heavy pressure to Khrushchev. In the weeks leading up to

728:

Still, Eisenhower faced criticism in the press for not controlling his own administration, as Cannon's speech only said the mission was "under the aegis of" the president, not "directed by". Press reports were creating a belief in the public that Eisenhower had lost control, which Eisenhower would

913:

told his Soviet captors what his mission had been and why he had been in Soviet airspace. He did this in accordance with orders that he had received before he went on his mission. Powers pleaded guilty and was convicted of espionage on 19 August and sentenced to three years imprisonment and seven

784:

At the summit, after Khrushchev had blown Eisenhower's cover, Eisenhower did not deny that the aircraft had been spying on Soviet military installations but contended that the action was not aggressive but defensive. He argued that the current state of international relations was not one in which

639:

was still engaged, even falsely claiming that "the pilot reported over the emergency frequency that he was experiencing oxygen difficulties". To bolster this, a U-2 was quickly painted in NASA colors and shown to the media. Under the impression that the pilot had died and that the plane had been

701:

needed to be briefed on the U-2 missions from the last four years. Dulles told the legislature that all U-2 flights were used for aerial espionage and had been flown pursuant to "presidential directives". Still, Dulles played down Eisenhower's direct role in approving every previous U-2 flight.

1373:. Crull emerged unhurt, but his airplane overran the runway and slid onto the grass. Eventually, the airplane would be packed off to the US, repaired, and returned to service with Det. B in Turkey. From there, that airplane would make its final flight. It came on May 1, 1960, and its pilot was 804:

As a result of the spy plane incident and the attempted cover-up, the Four Power Paris Summit was not completed. At the beginning of the talks on 16 May, there was still hope that the two sides could come together even after the events that took place earlier in May, but Eisenhower refused to

780:

The summit itself did not last long, with talks only beginning on 15 May and ending on 16 May. Both Eisenhower and Khrushchev gave statements on the 16th. Khrushchev blasted the United States on the U-2 incident. He pointed out that the policy of secret spying was one of mistrust and that the

809:

were going to discuss topics such as nuclear arms reduction and also how to deal with increasing tensions surrounding Berlin. According to Eisenhower, had it not been for the U-2 incident, the summit and his visit to the Soviet Union could have greatly helped Soviet and American relations.

533:, an important industrial center of plutonium processing, was another of the targets that Powers was to photograph. A close study of Powers' account of the flight shows that one of the last targets he overflew, before being shot down, was the Chelyabinsk-65 plutonium production facility. 674:

Also, because of the release of some photographs of the aircraft, there was evidence that most of the covert U-2 technologies had survived the crash. From this Khrushchev was able to openly embarrass the Eisenhower administration by exposing the attempted cover-up.

721:

an espionage mission ... the activity ... under the aegis of the Commander in Chief of the Armed Forces of the United States, for whom all members of the subcommittee have the highest regard and in whose military capacity they have the utmost confidence.

572:

Powers bailed out but neglected to disconnect his oxygen hose first and struggled with it until it broke, enabling him to separate from the aircraft. After parachuting safely down onto Soviet soil, Powers was quickly captured. Powers carried with him a modified

185: 884:

In Norway, authorities gave permission for the United States to have a temporary base in Bodø during 1960; the condition was that U-2 missions were only to fly over international waters; the request from the U.S. was made to chief of intelligence

443:. It was clear that the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency had successfully performed an extraordinarily dangerous but productive intelligence operation. The next flight of the U-2 spy plane from Peshawar airport was planned for late April. 1117:)'s negotiations for Powers's release, but took certain liberties with what really happened. For instance, Powers is shown being tortured by the Soviets, when in reality he was treated well by his captors and spent much of his time doing 769:. It was the first conference to be attended by both Soviet and western leaders in five years. However, prospects for constructive dialogue were dashed by the explosive controversy surrounding the U-2 flight over Soviet territory. 3047: 348:(NSA). Badaber was an excellent location because of its proximity to Soviet central Asia. This enabled the monitoring of missile test sites, key infrastructure and communications. The U-2 "spy-in-the-sky" was allowed to use the 1048:

Though the normal Su-9 service ceiling was 55,000 feet (16,800 m), Mentyukov's aircraft had been modified to achieve higher altitudes, having its weapons removed. With no weapons, the only attack option open to him was

359:

President Eisenhower did not want to fly American U-2 pilots over the Soviet Union because he felt that if one of these pilots were to be shot down or captured, it could be seen as an act of aggression. At a time like the

184: 950:

The incident showed that even high-altitude aircraft were vulnerable to Soviet surface-to-air missiles. As a result, the United States began emphasizing high-speed, low-level flights for its previously high altitude

182: 331:

spy plane to fly from Pakistan. The U-2 flew at altitudes that could not be reached by Soviet fighter jets of the era; it was believed to be beyond the reach of Soviet missiles as well. A facility established in

4503: 284:. The U-2 incident shattered the amiable "Spirit of Camp David" that had prevailed for eight months, prompting the cancellation of the summit in Paris and embarrassing the U.S. on the international stage. The 564:

surface-to-air missiles fired by a battery commanded by Mikhail Voronov. The SA-75 site had been supposedly identified previously by the CIA, using photos taken during Vice President Richard Nixon's visit to

900:

In the Norwegian Armed Forces, the U2 incident caused "dirty laundry to be aired", but no blame was assigned; as of 2022, the archives from 1960 of Norwegian Intelligence Service have not been declassified.

788:

The meeting during which both parties made their statements lasted just over three hours. During this time Khrushchev rescinded an invitation he had earlier given to Eisenhower to visit the Soviet Union.

388:

more accurately, Eisenhower allowed the flying of two more missions before the Four Power Paris Summit, scheduled for 16 May. The final two missions before the summit were to be flown by American pilots.

1447: 431:

The aircraft was detected by the Soviet Air Defense Forces when it had flown more than 250 kilometres (155 mi) over the Soviet national boundary and avoided several attempts at interception by a

584:

The SAM command center was unaware for more than 30 minutes that the aircraft was destroyed. One of the Soviet MiG-19 fighters pursuing Powers was also destroyed in the missile salvo, and the pilot,

183: 6008: 5838: 364:, any act of aggression could spark open conflict between the two countries. In order to ease the burden of flying Americans into Soviet airspace the idea developed to have British pilots from the 1540:"Таким образом, всего по Lockheed U-2 и двум МиГ было выпущено семь ракет. Еще одну (восьмую) ракету выпустил зенитный ракетный дивизион соседнего полка под командованием полковника Ф. Савинова." 2732: 670:

I must tell you a secret. When I made my first report I deliberately did not say that the pilot was alive and well ... and now just look how many silly things the Americans have said.

3044: 686:

Khrushchev still attempted to allow Eisenhower to save face, and possibly to salvage the peace summit to some degree, by specifically laying the blame not on Eisenhower himself, but on

1153: 857:

stated that "Pakistan felt deceived because the US had kept her in the dark about such clandestine spy operations launched from Pakistan's territory", although Pakistan's president

4689: 2474: 4120: 1619: 1009:

The original consensus about the cause of the U-2 incident was that the spy plane had been shot down by one of a salvo of 14 Soviet SA-2 missiles. This story was originated by

2146:

Pedlow, Gregory W. and Welzenbach, Donald E., "The CIA and the U-2 Program, 1954-1974. History Staff Center for the Study of Intelligence, Central Intelligence Agency. 1998.

2542: 6003: 4168: 781:

incident had doomed the summit before it even began. He expected the United States and Eisenhower to condemn the spying and pledge to end further reconnaissance missions.

6068: 1801:

Congressional Record, 5-9-60, pp. 9979–9987, A3941. "Briefing of Congressional Leadership ... 9 May 1960," Dulles FOIA Papers; quoted in Barrett (2005), pp. 388–389.

6013: 4100: 5823: 5350: 3131: 1278:(Lahore: Jang Publishers, 1992) that the personal assistant of Suhrawardy advised embassy staff of the Prime Minister's agreement to the US facility on Pakistan soil. 392:

On 9 April 1960, a U-2C spy plane of the special CIA unit "10-10", piloted by Bob Ericson, crossed the southern national boundary of the Soviet Union in the area of

3667: 705: 5909: 3418: 1033:

In 1996, Soviet pilot Captain Igor Mentyukov claimed that, at 65,000 feet (19,800 m) altitude, under orders to ram the intruder, he had caught the U-2 in the

3227: 2689: 6063: 1907: 1459: 1079:

in Turkey. If it's true that the U-2 that fellow Powers was piloting was brought down by delayed charges and not by rockets, it may be this man is implicated."

817:

the Soviet Union overwhelmingly lost a vote on a concise resolution which would have condemned the incursions and requested the US to prevent their recurrence.

713: 181: 6058: 5899: 2599: 6073: 5873: 4760: 678: 5863: 3028: 1053:. Mentyukov asserted that Soviet generals concealed these facts to avoid challenging Nikita Khrushchev's faith in the efficiency of Soviet air defenses. 501:

The weather improved and on 1 May, 15 days before the scheduled opening of the east–west summit conference in Paris, Captain Powers, flying Article 360,

2650: 1070: 712:

received considerable press attention when he, not President Eisenhower, revealed the true nature of the U-2 mission. He said to an open session of the

6038: 5952: 2999: 1014: 5904: 682:

Soviet C-75 (SA-2) SAM launcher used to shoot down Gary Powers' U2, on display at the Air Defense Forces Museum in Balachinka district, Zarya village

5978: 2729: 3984: 5340: 6048: 6043: 5833: 4105: 1659:"The Day We Shot Down the U-2: Nikita Khrushchev's son remembers a great turning point of the Cold War, as seen from behind the Iron Curtain". 861:

may have known about the operations. Khan visited the USSR in 1965 and apologized for the incident. When Khan invited Soviet foreign minister

5828: 3763: 3428: 2536: 2408: 2081: 2003: 1493: 1323: 4851: 4595: 3855: 842: 4255: 2050: 1783:

Thompson to State Department, 5-9-60, FRUS: Eastern Europe, 1955–1957, Soviet Union, vol 10, pp. 519–521; quoted in Barrett (2005), p. 387.

604: 4670: 4275: 3408: 1942: 1661: 651:

That same day on 5 May, the Senate made its first comments on the U-2 incident and began a domestic political controversy for Eisenhower.

6023: 5868: 3517: 3445: 1560:

Surface-to-Air Missile Site Near Sverdlovsk USSR, Central Intelligence Agency Photographic Intelligence Brief B-1009-59, 13 August 1959.

385: 4405: 2471: 5998: 5957: 5310: 3383: 3268: 3222: 3217: 3163: 2982: 2923: 2904: 2885: 2844: 2456: 873: 510: 5993: 5983: 5042: 4605: 3875: 3816: 2630: 2528: 2372: 2119: 1642: 1579: 1430: 4740: 3613: 1687: 865:

to visit Pakistan, pointing out he'd never visited the country, the latter sarcastically replied "I always keep ahead of the U-2".

849:

threatened to drop a nuclear bomb on Peshawar, thus warning Pakistan that it had become a target of Soviet nuclear forces. General

552:

ordered the air-unit commanders "to attack the violator by all alert flights located in the area of foreign plane's course, and to

2424: 4745: 4423: 4285: 4235: 4198: 3969: 3927: 3373: 2960: 2522: 1365:, on a local flight, heading back to Atsugi after setting an altitude record. As the U-2's fuel ran low, the airplane suffered a 687: 296: 2763: 2651:"Letter to the editor: Stephen I. Schwartz, Director U.S. Nuclear Weapons Cost Study Project, Brookings Institution, Washington" 2335: 5465: 4846: 4775: 4675: 4553: 4325: 4315: 3902: 3289: 2287: 2263: 2239: 2215: 2191: 2167: 858: 813: 585: 166: 4896: 4665: 4240: 4127: 4115: 3324: 6053: 4245: 3937: 3880: 3319: 2942: 2859: 2499: 820:

The incident also reverberated around the world. For example in Japan, the incident contributed to the growth of the ongoing

353: 4565: 4295: 4147: 3806: 3578: 2125: 1348: 1202: 6033: 5843: 4858: 4811: 4575: 4498: 4290: 4230: 3999: 3922: 3593: 3023: 2866: 1222: 1187: 245:

Initially, American authorities acknowledged the incident as the loss of a civilian weather research aircraft operated by

92: 4876: 4400: 4330: 3009: 2794: 4836: 4806: 4755: 4615: 4533: 4529: 4095: 3912: 3678: 3573: 3505: 2877: 2823: 589: 484: 3828: 2681: 6018: 5848: 5320: 5315: 5032: 4710: 4438: 4183: 4142: 3989: 3870: 3733: 3258: 3212: 3054: 1874: 1212: 1207: 1041:, causing the U-2 to flip over and break its wings. The salvo of missiles had indeed scored a hit, downing a pursuing 1018: 745: 741: 621: 574: 369: 3823: 2995: 1899: 1597: 5685: 4906: 4891: 4881: 4735: 4335: 3626: 3393: 2320: 923: 825: 5914: 3811: 3423: 3060: 1377:. Powers was flying high over Sverdlovsk, USSR, when his U-2 came under attack by some 14 surface-to-air missiles. 6028: 5988: 5790: 5735: 5555: 4543: 4250: 3340: 2915: 2588: 2400: 1396: 1370: 1315: 1271: 413: 215: 143: 1170: 5540: 5107: 4370: 4014: 3558: 3135: 3039: 3017: 2896: 2111: 1519: 1242: 897:('the Cabinet's security committee') where prime minister Gerhardsen and foreign minister Lange" were members. 345: 4448: 4428: 1544: 479:

in Turkey to the US base at Peshawar airport by pilot Glen Dunaway. Fuel for the aircraft had been ferried to

725:

At the end of Cannon's speech, Democrats and Republicans uncharacteristically rose to their feet to applaud.

536:

The U-2 flight was expected, and all units of the Soviet Air Defence Forces in the Central Asia, Kazakhstan,

4770: 4715: 4700: 4640: 4188: 3865: 3673: 3470: 1042: 397: 384:

After the success of the first two British pilots and because of pressure to determine the number of Soviet

211: 4458: 49: 5770: 5560: 5064: 4132: 3608: 3450: 3368: 3363: 3156: 2429: 1197: 1105: 609: 545: 409: 239: 4524: 3460: 5795: 5079: 5074: 4841: 4730: 4685: 4645: 4580: 4443: 4225: 4039: 3917: 3835: 3743: 3708: 3618: 3563: 3301: 2870: 2711: 972: 608:

NASA photo of a U-2 with fictitious NASA markings and serial number at the NASA Flight Research Center,

277: 219: 5102: 2658: 548:, were placed on red alert. Soon after the aircraft was detected, Lieutenant General of the Air Force 5335: 4957: 4911: 4826: 4821: 4620: 4519: 4468: 4463: 4355: 4310: 4265: 4203: 4034: 4009: 3959: 3887: 3801: 3651: 3253: 3232: 2829: 1792:

Whitman Diary, Whitman File, DDE diary, 5-9-60. Box 5, DDE Library; quoted in Barrett (2005), p. 387.

1192: 656: 337: 316: 285: 261: 2472:

https://www.nrk.no/nordland/kald-krig-og-u2-affaeren-_-norske-arkiver-er-fortsatt-gradert-1.16137711

1369:– forcing Crull to make a dead-stick, wheels-up landing at the Fujisawa glider strip, 10 miles from 196: 5780: 5695: 5690: 5590: 5453: 5250: 5134: 5049: 4937: 4790: 4785: 4765: 4750: 4660: 4655: 4635: 4560: 4548: 4493: 4483: 4395: 4390: 4380: 4280: 4220: 4193: 4086: 4019: 4004: 3974: 3952: 3738: 3728: 3455: 3378: 3348: 3332: 2974: 2934: 1175: 1145: 994: 910: 518: 514: 495: 457:

The Central Intelligence Agency and Overhead Reconnaissance; The U-2 And Oxcart Programs, 1954–1974

425: 227: 200: 154: 5934: 5730: 5715: 5640: 5620: 5615: 5600: 5447: 5195: 4947: 4831: 4585: 4488: 4473: 4385: 4375: 4350: 4345: 4110: 4064: 3979: 3964: 3907: 3723: 3646: 3522: 3413: 3403: 3092: 2741: 1755: 1087: 1045:, not the U-2. Mentyukov said that if a missile had hit the U-2, its pilot would not have lived. 976: 850: 549: 525:

in Norway. At the time, the USSR had six ICBM launch pads, two at Baikonur and four at Plesetsk.

235: 189: 5630: 5459: 4625: 2046: 1934: 1075:, had M mention to Bond during a briefing that "a plastic explosives expert was working for the 716:

that the U-2 was a CIA aircraft engaged in aerial espionage over the Soviet Union. Cannon said,

1658: 744:

in Moscow. A small piece of the U-2 was returned to the United States and is on display at the

5947: 5800: 5745: 5720: 5675: 5605: 5595: 5580: 5545: 5535: 5504: 5391: 5275: 5245: 4982: 4972: 4886: 4780: 4340: 4137: 3994: 3947: 3845: 3770: 3748: 3588: 3568: 3512: 3500: 3314: 3149: 2978: 2938: 2919: 2900: 2881: 2855: 2840: 2626: 2569: 2532: 2452: 2404: 2115: 2077: 1999: 1995: 1989: 1638: 1613: 1575: 1489: 1426: 1319: 1158: 919: 846: 762: 645: 476: 349: 300: 265: 250: 231: 81: 5710: 5635: 5565: 5550: 5530: 5477: 5260: 5255: 5235: 5185: 5175: 5002: 4967: 4952: 4901: 4630: 4570: 4410: 4069: 4049: 3758: 3700: 3694: 3661: 3641: 3631: 3480: 3281: 3273: 3124: 3111: 3098: 3085: 3072: 2836: 2756:"Bridge of Spies: An Opportunity to Bust Myths about the U-2 and the Capture of Gary Powers" 1110: 1100: 927: 766: 401: 5410: 5929: 5785: 5775: 5760: 5740: 5725: 5700: 5645: 5378: 5280: 5270: 5230: 4992: 4987: 4927: 4868: 4600: 4478: 4305: 4270: 4178: 4173: 3897: 3791: 3465: 3398: 3388: 3353: 3309: 3296: 3248: 3051: 3013: 2736: 2478: 2376: 1665: 1548: 1217: 1125: 793: 709: 393: 365: 324: 3892: 2820:

Diplomacy Shot Down: The U-2 Crisis and Eisenhower’s Aborted Mission to Moscow, 1959–1960

2369: 1691: 631:

issued a very detailed press release noting that an aircraft had "gone missing" north of

1841: 5755: 5680: 5670: 5665: 5525: 5265: 5054: 4977: 4705: 4610: 4360: 4300: 3932: 3850: 3753: 3713: 3683: 3583: 3538: 3105: 2434: 2047:"Modern History Sourcebook: Khrushchev and Eisenhower: Summit Statements, May 16, 1960" 2019: 1050: 1010: 987: 979:

spy satellite project was accelerated. The CIA also accelerated the development of the

862: 652: 553: 530: 451: 373: 3066: 2495: 2275: 2251: 2227: 2203: 2179: 635:. The press release speculated that the pilot might have fallen unconscious while the 439:

during the flight. The U-2 left Soviet air space and landed at an Iranian airstrip at

344:, was a cover for a major communications intercept operation run by the United States 5972: 5919: 5765: 5660: 5625: 5610: 5570: 5112: 4942: 4680: 4590: 4453: 4433: 4320: 4081: 4059: 4024: 3603: 3598: 3553: 3475: 3435: 3184: 3118: 3033: 2931:

Secret Empire: Eisenhower, the CIA, and the Hidden Story of America's Space Espionage

2755: 2347: 1847:(Report). Congressional Research Service (published 2 February 2009). 21 October 1996 1062: 984: 980: 886: 854: 821: 737: 566: 541: 405: 170: 2336:"Cultural Relations Between Pakistan and the Soviet Union During Ayub Khan's Period" 2299: 1810:

Congressional Record, 5-10-60, pp. 9854–9855; quoted in Barrett (2005), pp. 395–397.

648:

used the American misstep to embarrass President Eisenhower and his administration.

5924: 5705: 5655: 5585: 5575: 5429: 5417: 5404: 5210: 5037: 4538: 3786: 3636: 3495: 3490: 3485: 3191: 935: 690: 488: 472: 328: 254: 223: 208: 85: 55: 983:

OXCART supersonic spyplane that first flew in 1962 and later began developing the

2370:"Tale of a love affair that never was: United States-Pakistan Defence Relations". 2105: 1340: 327:

for the U.S. to establish a secret intelligence facility in Pakistan and for the

249:, but were forced to admit the mission's true purpose a few days later after the 17: 5750: 5355: 5325: 5180: 5170: 5069: 4932: 4725: 4260: 4214: 4044: 4029: 3840: 3688: 3656: 3543: 3358: 3263: 3202: 3079: 1964: 1118: 1066: 1038: 998: 939: 890: 377: 304: 2786: 5509: 5220: 5190: 5144: 5059: 5027: 5019: 4962: 4650: 4365: 4163: 4054: 3942: 3548: 3006: 2966: 2524:

From Controversy to Cutting Edge: A History of the F-111 in Australian Service

1721:

Congressional Record, 5-5-60, pp. 9493–9494; quoted in Barrett (2005), p. 384.

1423:

Korolev: How One Man Masterminded the Soviet Drive to Beat America to the Moon

1135: 1034: 915: 561: 417: 273: 2867:"Eisenhower, Khrushchev, and the U-2 Affair: A Forty-six Year Retrospective." 107: 94: 5805: 5650: 5499: 5472: 5285: 5240: 5149: 5117: 5097: 5089: 4418: 4208: 3068:

U-2 Spy Trial. Ike Hits Powers Case Exploitation By Reds, 1960/08/18 (1960).

2594: 1114: 636: 578: 292: 2872:

Presidents, Diplomats, and Other Mortals: Essays Honoring Robert H. Ferrell

2623:

Atomic Audit: The Costs and Consequences of U.S. Nuclear Weapons Since 1940

2573: 1866: 1759:

The Encyclopedia of the Cold War: A Political, Social, and Military History

2912:

50 Years of the U-2: The Complete Illustrated History of the "Dragon Lady"

268:, around two weeks before the scheduled opening of an east–west summit in 5384: 5225: 5122: 4997: 4816: 4720: 3860: 3718: 3172: 3120:

Powers Case. Ike States Policy on Spies and Open Skies, 1960/05/12 (1960)

1762: 1366: 641: 480: 421: 361: 356:

to gain vital photo intelligence in an era before satellite observation.

341: 320: 288:

issued a formal apology to the Soviet Union for its role in the mission.

281: 41: 5330: 5215: 5205: 5154: 4695: 3440: 3107:

Summit Crisis. Mr. K. In Ugly Mood Over U-2 Incident, 1960/05/16 (1960)

2957:

Diplomacy at the Brink: Eisenhower, Churchill, and Eden in the Cold War

2021:

Summit Crisis. Mr. K. In Ugly Mood Over U-2 Incident, 1960/05/16 (1960)

1572:

A Journey Through the Cold War: A Memoir of Containment and Coexistence

1312:

The U-2 Spyplane: Toward the Unknown – A New History of the Early Years

1274:, the Pakistani ambassador to the US at the time, narrated in his book 1128:

produced photographs from the time and an interview with Powers's son.

931: 869: 616: 593: 592:

transponders were not yet switched to the new May codes because of the

537: 522: 467:

The combat crew, distinguished by the destruction of U-2 on May 1, 1960

440: 333: 1389: 505:

left the base in Peshawar on a mission with the operation's code word

5398: 5200: 5139: 4074: 2730:"Coen Brothers to Script Tom Hanks-Steven Spielberg's Cold War Drama" 1894: 1892: 1774:

Beschloss (1986), pp. 234, 242–252; quoted in Barrett (2005), p. 386.

1022: 841:

The U-2 incident severely compromised Pakistan's security and dented

632: 432: 77: 2760:

AirSpaceBlog: Behind The Scenes at the National Air and Space Museum

1515: 761:

The Summit was attended by Eisenhower, Khrushchev, French President

1929: 1927: 1925: 1541: 1289:

Eyes in the Sky: Eisenhower, the CIA, and Cold War Aerial Espionage

1250: 736:

Today a large part of the wreck as well as many items from Powers'

5883: 5345: 5128: 4504:

Struggle against political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union

3207: 968: 964: 918:. He served one year and nine months of the sentence before being 704:

The next day on 10 May, without consulting with any agency heads,

677: 615: 603: 526: 491: 462: 450: 269: 195: 178: 509:

to overfly the Soviet Union, photographing targets including the

455:

U-2 "GRAND SLAM" flight plan on 1 May 1960, from CIA publication

295:

and sentenced to three years of imprisonment plus seven years of

5423: 5305: 3197: 2589:"CIA documents show US never believed Gary Powers was shot down" 960: 956: 952: 628: 436: 246: 3145: 2278: page 17. 26 May 1960. Retrieved 29 August 2008. 260:

The incident occurred during the tenures of American president

5878: 5858: 5853: 2482: 2467: 2465: 2334:

M. Iqbal; Falak Sher; Rehmat Ullah Awan; Khalid Javed (2011).

1842:

Covert Action: An Effective Instrument of U.S. Foreign Policy?

1600:. Vectorsite.net. Archived from the original on 11 August 2007 1361:

On Sept. 24, 1959, Thomas L. Crull was flying a newly arrived

1076: 694: 5839:

American espionage in the Soviet Union and Russian Federation

1831:, pp. 403–409, 414–15; quoted in Barrett (2005), pp. 398–400. 1247:Военно-промышленный курьер (Military-Industrial Courier, VPK) 2041: 2039: 757:

Contemporary reactions and effect on the Four Powers Summit

272:, France. Khrushchev and Eisenhower had met face-to-face at 3141: 2107:

Japan at the Crossroads: Conflict and Compromise after Anpo

1001:, but development was cancelled after Powers was released. 396:

and flew over four Soviet top-secret military objects: the

280:

had raised hopes globally for a peaceful resolution to the

257:

equipment, including photographs of Soviet military bases.

299:; he was released two years later, in February 1962, in a 1732:

CIA and Congress: The Untold Story from Truman to Kennedy

872:

was formally closed down on 7 January 1970. Further, the

2566:

The Penkovsky Papers: The Russian Who Spied for the West

1900:"1960: East-West summit in tatters after spy plane row" 1873:. National Security Agency – Central Security Service. 1479: 1477: 1154:

United States aerial reconnaissance of the Soviet Union

276:

in Maryland in September 1959, and the seeming thaw in

2869:

In: Clifford, J. Garry, and Theodore A. Wilson (eds).

2527:. Canberra, Australia: Air Power Development Centre, 2301:

Union of Soviet Socialist Republics: draft resolution

2024:(newsreel). Universal-International News. 16 May 1960 1734:(Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2005), p. 384. 640:

destroyed, the Americans had decided to use the NASA

6009:

Aviation accidents and incidents in the Soviet Union

2787:"Gary Powers: The U-2 spy pilot the US did not love" 1969:(newsreel). Universal-International News. 5 May 1960 1291:(Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute, 2010), pp. 343–346. 666:

On 7 May, Khrushchev sprang his trap and announced:

242:. Powers parachuted to the ground and was captured. 5892: 5814: 5518: 5490: 5439: 5371: 5364: 5298: 5163: 5088: 5018: 5011: 4920: 4867: 4799: 4512: 4156: 3779: 3531: 3241: 1751: 1749: 253:produced the captured pilot and parts of the U-2's 161: 149: 139: 131: 123: 71: 63: 34: 3123:is available for free viewing and download at the 3110:is available for free viewing and download at the 3097:is available for free viewing and download at the 3084:is available for free viewing and download at the 3071:is available for free viewing and download at the 2833:Nikita Khrushchev and the Creation of a Superpower 2587: 2074:Eisenhower, Macmillan, and Allied Unity, 1957–1961 1991:Mayday: Eisenhower, Khrushchev, and the U-2 Affair 1681: 1679: 1677: 1486:Operation Overflight: A Memoir of the U-2 Incident 926:on 10 February 1962. The exchange occurred on the 560:near Kosulino, Ural Region, by the first of three 494:followed, carrying the ground crew, mission pilot 238:(present-day Yekaterinburg), after being hit by a 2305: 23 May 1960. Retrieved 29 August 2008. 2254: 26 May 1960. Retrieved 29 August 2008. 2230: 25 May 1960. Retrieved 29 August 2008. 2206: 24 May 1960. Retrieved 29 August 2008. 2182: 23 May 1960. Retrieved 29 August 2008. 1635:Deep Black: Space Espionage and National Security 1518:[How Powers was shot down] (in Russian). 5824:List of Eastern Bloc agents in the United States 1618:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( 1542:Юрий Кнутов, Олег Фаличев. Бой в небе над Уралом 1448:"The Cold War Atomic Intelligence Game, 1945–70" 4261:North Yemen-South Yemen Border conflict of 1972 3668:On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences 3040:Eisenhower's speech addressing the U-2 incident 2072:Geelhoed, Bruce E.; Anthony O. Edmonds (2003). 718: 668: 291:Following his capture, Powers was convicted of 2712:"Fletcher Prouty discusses U2 and Gary Powers" 2644: 2642: 2496:"Three days in 300 years: Spies on the bridge" 2397:Eating Grass: The Making of the Pakistani Bomb 2154: 2152: 2099: 2097: 2095: 2093: 1688:"The U-2 Program: A Russian Officer Remembers" 876:held a lengthy inquiry into the U-2 incident. 127:Intercept American U-2 reconnaissance aircraft 3157: 2076:. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 101. 1458:. Central Intelligence Agency. Archived from 963:bombers, and began developing the supersonic 8: 5900:Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War 3451:Incapacitation of the Allied Control Council 3061:Central Museum of the Armed Forces in Moscow 2893:Dragon Lady: The History of the U-2 Spyplane 2625:. Brookings Institution Press. p. 679. 1509: 1507: 1505: 577:which contained a lethal, shellfish-derived 544:, and later in the USSR European Region and 368:fly these missions in place of the American 4761:1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre 2340:Pakistaniaat: A Journal of Pakistan Studies 1484:Powers, Francis Gary; Gentry, Curt (1970). 1390:"NRO review and redaction guide (2006 ed.)" 1245:[Riddle of May Day 1960 – Part I]. 812:The Soviet Union convened a meeting of the 792:According to American broadcast journalist 475:C spy plane, Article 358, was ferried from 5864:United States involvement in regime change 5368: 5015: 3419:1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine 3164: 3150: 3142: 3094:News Highlights of 1960, 1960/12/31 (1960) 2996:U-2 Spy Plane Incident (online documents). 2390: 2388: 1305: 1303: 1301: 1299: 1297: 31: 6004:20th-century aircraft shootdown incidents 3000:Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library 2649:Schwartz, Stephen I. (22 December 1997). 1935:"Loss of Spy Plane Sabotaged 1960 Summit" 993:As a result of the capture, the Russians 6014:Aviation accidents and incidents in 1960 1743:Brugioni and Taylor (2010), pp. 346–347. 1287:Brugioni, Dino A., and Doris G. Taylor. 376:still reeling from the aftermath of the 3990:Transition to the New Order (Indonesia) 1233: 627:Four days after Powers' disappearance, 581:-tipped needle, but he did not use it. 5834:Russian espionage in the United States 4106:Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia 2602:from the original on 18 September 2011 1994:. New York: Harper & Row. p. 1611: 1402:from the original on 21 September 2019 1243:"Загадка первомая 1960 года – часть I" 408:strategic bombers were stationed, the 5829:Soviet espionage in the United States 3985:Indonesian mass killings of 1965–1966 3764:Consolidation of the Cuban Revolution 3429:1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight 3045:"The CIA and the U-2 Program" (1998). 2762:. The National Air and Space Museum. 2754:Karafantis, Layne (27 October 2015). 1829:Public Papers of the Presidents, 1960 1598:"A History of Biological Warfare (2)" 1339:Richelson, Jeffrey T. (1 July 2008). 1069:, writing his 1963 James Bond novel, 889:, then passed on to defense minister 7: 6069:Soviet Union–United States relations 5905:Soviet Union–United States relations 4256:1972 visit by Richard Nixon to China 3024:1962 Russia frees US spy plane pilot 2502:from the original on 30 October 2020 2128:from the original on 3 February 2023 1910:from the original on 23 October 2012 1657:Khrushchev, Sergei (September 2000) 1351:from the original on 7 November 2020 1025:piloted by Sr. Lt. Sergei Safronov. 5869:Soviet involvement in regime change 2797:from the original on 3 January 2016 1712:Brugioni and Taylor (2010), p. 346. 1241:Samoylov, Boris (1 February 2012). 997:the U-2 and ended up producing the 483:the previous day in a US Air Force 386:intercontinental ballistic missiles 226:territory. Flown by American pilot 153:American aircraft shot down, pilot 6074:Presidency of Dwight D. Eisenhower 5910:Soviet Union–United States summits 3384:1947 Polish parliamentary election 3269:Guerrilla war in the Baltic states 2692:from the original on 18 March 2020 1945:from the original on 24 March 2013 1488:. London: Hodder & Stoughton. 1395:. National Reconnaissance Office. 874:Senate Foreign Relations Committee 230:, the aircraft had taken off from 25: 4671:Lord's Resistance Army insurgency 4606:United States invasion of Grenada 3876:Guinea-Bissau War of Independence 3817:Expulsion of Soviets from Albania 2971:Seven Spies Who Changed the World 2766:from the original on 2 April 2016 2529:Department of Defence (Australia) 2053:from the original on 1 April 2013 1877:from the original on 22 June 2008 1522:from the original on 27 June 2020 1514:Банцер, Сергей (Sergey Bantser). 620:U-2 incident exhibit at the US's 6064:Pakistan–United States relations 6039:Espionage scandals and incidents 4746:United States invasion of Panama 4596:1982 Ethiopian–Somali Border War 4236:1971 Turkish military memorandum 4199:Communist insurgency in Thailand 4169:Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty 4101:Communist insurgency in Malaysia 3928:Assassination of John F. Kennedy 3856:Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation 3374:Restatement of Policy on Germany 2961:Louisiana State University Press 2785:Jason Caffrey (3 January 2016). 2545:from the original on 30 May 2012 1138: 843:relations with the United States 688:Director of Central Intelligence 303:for Soviet intelligence officer 48: 6059:Pakistan–Soviet Union relations 5979:1960 in international relations 5466:Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty 4847:Dissolution of the Soviet Union 4776:Fall of the inner German border 4676:1988 Black Sea bumping incident 4326:Strategic Arms Limitation Talks 4316:Spanish transition to democracy 4276:1972–1975 Bangladesh insurgency 3903:Communist insurgency in Sarawak 3409:Indo-Pakistani War of 1947–1948 3290:Occupation of the Baltic states 2682:"Claim U-2 spy plane sabotaged" 2433:. 14 March 2008. Archived from 2395:Khan, Feroz (7 November 2012). 2288:United Nations Security Council 2264:United Nations Security Council 2240:United Nations Security Council 2216:United Nations Security Council 2192:United Nations Security Council 2168:United Nations Security Council 1109:was released, which dramatized 1072:On Her Majesty's Secret Service 814:United Nations Security Council 207:On 1 May 1960, a United States 4246:Four Power Agreement on Berlin 3881:Mozambican War of Independence 3320:Indonesian National Revolution 2447:Bogle, Lori Lynn, ed. (2001), 832:Fallout in Pakistan and Norway 600:American cover-up and exposure 340:), 10 miles (16 km) from 319:requested permission from the 218:while conducting photographic 58:C similar to the one shot down 1: 6049:Espionage in the Soviet Union 6044:Violations of Soviet airspace 5844:CIA and the Cultural Cold War 4859:Dissolution of Czechoslovakia 4812:Min Ping Yu No. 5540 incident 4534:1984 Summer Olympics boycotts 4499:Seven Days to the River Rhine 4231:Corrective Revolution (Egypt) 3518:March 1949 Syrian coup d'état 3446:1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état 2728:McNary, Dave (20 May 2014 ). 2621:Schwartz, Stephen I. (1998). 2321:Pen & Sword Books Limited 1671:magazine. Volume 51, Issue 5. 1570:Garthoff, Raymond L. (2001). 1223:2023 Chinese balloon incident 1188:1960 RB-47 shootdown incident 895:regjeringens sikkerhetsutvalg 765:, and British Prime Minister 315:In July 1958, U.S. President 234:, Pakistan, and crashed near 4837:Fall of communism in Albania 4807:Mongolian Revolution of 1990 4756:Polish Round Table Agreement 4096:1968 Polish political crisis 3913:Eritrean War of Independence 3679:Hungarian Revolution of 1956 3574:East German uprising of 1953 3506:Chinese Communist Revolution 2878:University of Missouri Press 2824:University of Oklahoma Press 2598:. Times Newspapers Limited. 2110:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: 1633:Burrows, William E. (1986). 1596:Goebel, Greg (1 July 2010). 1574:. The Brooking Institution. 1249:(in Russian). Archived from 800:Consequences of the incident 612:, on 6 May 1960 (NASA photo) 4711:Korean Air Lines Flight 007 4439:Korean Air Lines Flight 902 4184:Corrective Movement (Syria) 4148:New People's Army rebellion 4143:Sino-Soviet border conflict 3871:Angolan War of Independence 3734:Second Taiwan Strait Crisis 3614:1954 Guatemalan coup d'état 3259:Jamaican political conflict 3055:Central Intelligence Agency 1988:Beschloss, Michael (1986). 1871:National Cryptologic Museum 1213:Korean Air Lines Flight 902 1208:Korean Air Lines Flight 007 868:The communications wing at 746:National Cryptologic Museum 742:Central Armed Forces Museum 622:National Cryptologic Museum 459:, declassified 25 June 2013 370:Central Intelligence Agency 192:about the 1960 U-2 incident 27:Cold War aircraft shootdown 6090: 6024:Cold War history of Norway 4907:Sino-Indian border dispute 4736:First Nagorno-Karabakh War 4666:1987–1989 JVP insurrection 4424:1976 Argentine coup d'état 4336:Turkish invasion of Cyprus 4286:1973 Uruguayan coup d'état 3970:1964 Brazilian coup d'état 3938:Cyprus crisis of 1963–1964 3627:First Taiwan Strait Crisis 3394:Asian Relations Conference 3132:wreckage from the incident 3029:The U-2 Spy Plane Incident 2880:, 2007, pp. 137–153. 2317:Lockheed F-104 Starfighter 1637:. New York: Random House. 946:New tactics and technology 826:U.S.-Japan Security Treaty 350:Pakistan Air Force section 5999:May 1960 events in Europe 5943: 5791:William Appleman Williams 5736:Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr. 4251:Bangladesh Liberation War 4241:1971 Sudanese coup d'état 4128:1969 Sudanese coup d'état 4116:1968 Peruvian coup d'état 3554:Arab Cold War (1952–1979) 3179: 3081:Russia, 1960/05/05 (1960) 3020:, Office of the Historian 3007:The U-2 airplane incident 2916:Schiffer Military History 2852:Lockheed U-2; Aerograph 3 2485:.no. Retrieved 2022-10-16 2401:Stanford University Press 1551:Retrieved 13 January 2012 1425:. John Wiley & Sons. 1316:Schiffer Military History 1203:Iran–U.S. RQ-170 incident 967:, which would include an 471:On 28 April 1960, a U.S. 414:Soviet Air Defence Forces 216:Soviet Air Defence Forces 144:Soviet Air Defense Forces 47: 39: 5994:1960 in the Soviet Union 5984:1960 in military history 4566:1980 Turkish coup d'état 4401:Cambodian–Vietnamese War 4371:1978 Somali coup attempt 4331:Second Iraqi–Kurdish War 4296:1973 Chilean coup d'état 4121:Revolutionary Government 4015:South African Border War 3807:1960 Turkish coup d'état 3724:Iraqi 14 July Revolution 3579:1953 Iranian coup d'état 3559:1952 Egyptian revolution 3136:International Spy Museum 3018:U.S. Department of State 2897:Motorbooks International 2564:Penkovsky, Oleg (1966). 2425:"Pentagon's new demands" 2315:Martin W Bowman (2017). 2112:Harvard University Press 714:House of Representatives 588:, was killed. The MiGs' 346:National Security Agency 4771:Fall of the Berlin Wall 4716:People Power Revolution 4701:Central American crisis 4641:1986 Black Sea incident 4291:1973 Afghan coup d'état 4189:Western Sahara conflict 4000:1966 Syrian coup d'état 3923:1963 Syrian coup d'état 3866:Portuguese Colonial War 3829:First Iraqi–Kurdish War 3594:1954 Syrian coup d'état 3471:Annexation of Hyderabad 3414:1947–1949 Palestine war 2854:. Aerofax, Inc., 1983. 2477:16 October 2022 at the 2158:Tucker (2008), p. 1320. 1819:Barrett (2005), p. 397. 1452:Studies in Intelligence 1421:Harford, James (1997). 412:(SAM) test site of the 398:Semipalatinsk Test Site 5065:Neoclassical economics 4576:Gulf of Sidra incident 4133:1969 Libyan revolution 3824:Iraqi–Kurdish conflict 3609:1954 Geneva Conference 3369:Turkish straits crisis 3364:Corfu Channel incident 2680:UPI (4 October 1981). 2430:The News International 1867:"U-2 Incident Exhibit" 1761:. (Santa Barbara, CA: 1547:6 January 2014 at the 1310:Pocock, Chris (2000). 1198:Hainan Island incident 845:. After the incident, 740:are on display at the 723: 683: 672: 624: 613: 610:Edwards Air Force Base 468: 460: 410:surface-to-air missile 240:surface-to-air missile 204: 193: 6054:Aerial reconnaissance 5915:Russia–NATO relations 5796:Jonathan Reed Winkler 5080:Democratic capitalism 5075:Supply-side economics 5043:American conservatism 4842:Breakup of Yugoslavia 4731:Bougainville conflict 4646:South Yemen civil war 4581:Martial law in Poland 4444:Nicaraguan Revolution 4419:Dirty War (Argentina) 4226:1971 JVP insurrection 4040:Years of Lead (Italy) 3918:North Yemen civil war 3836:Berlin Crisis of 1961 3812:Albanian–Soviet split 3744:1959 Tibetan uprising 3709:Syrian Crisis of 1957 3564:Iraqi Intifada (1952) 3424:1948 Arab–Israeli War 3134:is on display at the 3050:5 August 2009 at the 2948:Thompson, William J. 2835:. State College, PA: 2830:Khrushchev, Sergei N. 2451:, Routledge, p. 104. 1765:, 2008) pp. 1319–1320 1124:In January 2016, the 973:Strategic Air Command 893:, then passed on to " 681: 619: 607: 569:the previous summer. 466: 454: 278:U.S.-Soviet relations 220:aerial reconnaissance 214:was shot down by the 199: 188: 108:56.72639°N 60.98611°E 6034:Diplomatic incidents 5336:Non-Aligned Movement 4958:Peaceful coexistence 4912:North Borneo dispute 4827:German reunification 4822:Min Ping Yu No. 5202 4520:Salvadoran Civil War 4469:Grand Mosque seizure 4464:Yemenite War of 1979 4356:Mozambican Civil War 4311:Carnation Revolution 4266:Yemenite War of 1972 4204:1970 Polish protests 4035:1967 Hong Kong riots 4010:Argentine Revolution 3960:Guatemalan Civil War 3888:Cuban Missile Crisis 3802:Bay of Pigs Invasion 3674:1956 Poznań protests 3652:Geneva Summit (1955) 3254:Hukbalahap Rebellion 3233:Non-Aligned Movement 3012:25 July 2020 at the 2975:Secker & Warburg 2935:Simon & Schuster 2876:Columbia, Missouri: 2865:Pickett, William B. 2818:Geelhoed, E. Bruce. 2375:4 March 2012 at the 2104:Kapur, Nick (2018). 1341:"When Secrets Crash" 1193:Cuban Missile Crisis 1182:Analogous incidents: 1171:Cold War (1953–1962) 1017:agent who spied for 904: 706:House Appropriations 657:Senate Majority Whip 338:Peshawar Air Station 317:Dwight D. Eisenhower 286:Pakistani government 262:Dwight D. Eisenhower 203:, pilot of the plane 5781:Alex von Tunzelmann 5771:Vladimir Tismăneanu 5696:Thomas J. McCormick 5691:Jack F. Matlock Jr. 5591:Robert Hugh Ferrell 5454:Crusade for Freedom 5251:Illiberal democracy 5135:Ho Chi Minh Thought 4938:Eisenhower Doctrine 4791:Peaceful Revolution 4786:Romanian Revolution 4766:Revolutions of 1989 4751:1988 Polish strikes 4661:Operation INFEKTION 4656:1987 Lieyu massacre 4561:Eritrean Civil Wars 4544:Peruvian Revolution 4494:1979 Herat uprising 4484:Sino-Vietnamese War 4449:Uganda–Tanzania War 4429:Egyptian–Libyan War 4396:Third Indochina War 4391:Sino-Albanian split 4381:Ethiopian Civil War 4281:Eritrean Civil Wars 4221:Ping-pong diplomacy 4194:Cambodian Civil War 4020:Korean DMZ Conflict 4005:Cultural Revolution 3975:Dominican Civil War 3953:Tlatelolco massacre 3739:1959 Mosul uprising 3729:1958 Lebanon crisis 3456:Al-Wathbah uprising 3379:First Indochina War 3349:Iran crisis of 1946 3016:, according to the 2568:. London: Collins. 2437:on 16 October 2008. 2380:The Defence Journal 2346:(3). Archived from 1664:7 June 2012 at the 1516:"Как сбили Пауэрса" 1462:on 24 December 2011 1375:Francis Gary Powers 1176:Operation Sandblast 1146:Soviet Union portal 519:Plesetsk Cosmodrome 515:Baikonur Cosmodrome 426:Baikonur Cosmodrome 228:Francis Gary Powers 201:Francis Gary Powers 155:Francis Gary Powers 104: / 6019:Cold War conflicts 5935:Russian Revolution 5731:Mary Elise Sarotte 5716:William B. Pickett 5641:Patrick J. Hearden 5621:Gabriel Gorodetsky 5616:Timothy Garton Ash 5601:Anneli Ute Gabanyi 5196:Ethnic nationalism 4948:Hallstein Doctrine 4832:Yemeni unification 4621:1985 Geneva Summit 4586:Casamance conflict 4489:New Jewel Movement 4474:Iranian Revolution 4459:Chadian–Libyan War 4406:Cambodian conflict 4386:Lebanese Civil War 4376:Western Sahara War 4351:June 1976 protests 4346:Cambodian genocide 4111:17 July Revolution 4065:Nigerian Civil War 3980:Rhodesian Bush War 3965:Colombian conflict 3908:Ramadan Revolution 3647:Bandung Conference 3523:Operation Valuable 3404:Partition of India 3138:in Washington, DC. 2952:(1995) pp 220–230. 2735:7 May 2018 at the 2661:on 17 October 2009 2521:Lax, Mark (2010). 2114:. pp. 21–22. 1966:Russia, 1960/05/05 1756:Tucker, Spencer C. 1730:David M. Barrett, 1686:Orlov, Alexander. 1446:Oleg A. Bukharin. 1345:Air Force Magazine 995:reverse-engineered 909:Upon his capture, 859:Muhammad Ayub Khan 851:Khalid Mahmud Arif 684: 625: 614: 550:Yevgeniy Savitskiy 469: 461: 264:and Soviet leader 205: 194: 190:Universal Newsreel 113:56.72639; 60.98611 67:Aircraft shootdown 5966: 5965: 5953:List of conflicts 5801:Rudolph Winnacker 5746:Giles Scott-Smith 5721:Ronald E. Powaski 5676:Melvyn P. Leffler 5606:John Lewis Gaddis 5581:Robert D. English 5546:Warren H. Carroll 5536:Michael Beschloss 5505:Nuclear arms race 5486: 5485: 5392:Neues Deutschland 5294: 5293: 5276:White nationalism 5246:Liberal democracy 4983:Ulbricht Doctrine 4973:Brezhnev Doctrine 4781:Velvet Revolution 4525:Soviet–Afghan War 4341:Angolan Civil War 4138:Goulash Communism 3995:ASEAN Declaration 3948:Mexican Dirty War 3846:Annexation of Goa 3797:1960 U-2 incident 3771:Sino-Soviet split 3749:Laotian Civil War 3589:Bricker Amendment 3569:Mau Mau rebellion 3513:Malayan Emergency 3501:Chinese Civil War 3461:Tito–Stalin split 3315:Division of Korea 2538:978-1-920800-54-3 2410:978-0-8047-8480-1 2350:on 9 January 2013 2083:978-0-333-64227-6 2005:978-0-06-015565-0 1669:American Heritage 1495:978-0-340-14823-5 1363:U-2C, Article 360 1325:978-0-7643-1113-0 1159:Second-term curse 847:Nikita Khrushchev 763:Charles de Gaulle 646:Nikita Khrushchev 477:Incirlik Air Base 301:prisoner exchange 266:Nikita Khrushchev 251:Soviet government 186: 177: 176: 82:Sverdlovsk Oblast 35:1960 U-2 incident 18:1960 Paris Summit 16:(Redirected from 6081: 6029:Combat incidents 5989:1960 in politics 5711:David S. Painter 5636:John Earl Haynes 5566:Nicholas J. Cull 5551:Adrian Cioroianu 5531:Thomas A. Bailey 5478:Voice of America 5369: 5281:White separatism 5261:Social democracy 5256:Guided democracy 5236:Authoritarianism 5186:Ultranationalism 5176:Anti-imperialism 5103:Marxism–Leninism 5016: 5003:Kinmen Agreement 4968:Johnson Doctrine 4953:Kennedy Doctrine 4869:Frozen conflicts 4852:1991 August Coup 4741:Afghan Civil War 4636:Reykjavík Summit 4631:Somali Rebellion 4571:Ugandan Bush War 4549:Gdańsk Agreement 4070:Protests of 1968 4050:War of Attrition 3759:Cuban Revolution 3695:We will bury you 3662:Cyprus Emergency 3642:Kashmir Princess 3632:Jebel Akhdar War 3481:Western betrayal 3166: 3159: 3152: 3143: 3125:Internet Archive 3112:Internet Archive 3099:Internet Archive 3086:Internet Archive 3073:Internet Archive 2955:Watry, David M. 2837:Penn State Press 2807: 2806: 2804: 2802: 2782: 2776: 2775: 2773: 2771: 2751: 2745: 2726: 2720: 2719: 2708: 2702: 2701: 2699: 2697: 2677: 2671: 2670: 2668: 2666: 2657:. Archived from 2646: 2637: 2636: 2618: 2612: 2611: 2609: 2607: 2591: 2584: 2578: 2577: 2561: 2555: 2554: 2552: 2550: 2518: 2512: 2511: 2509: 2507: 2492: 2486: 2469: 2460: 2445: 2439: 2438: 2421: 2415: 2414: 2392: 2383: 2366: 2360: 2359: 2357: 2355: 2331: 2325: 2324: 2312: 2306: 2285: 2279: 2261: 2255: 2237: 2231: 2213: 2207: 2189: 2183: 2165: 2159: 2156: 2147: 2144: 2138: 2137: 2135: 2133: 2101: 2088: 2087: 2069: 2063: 2062: 2060: 2058: 2043: 2034: 2033: 2031: 2029: 2016: 2010: 2009: 1985: 1979: 1978: 1976: 1974: 1961: 1955: 1954: 1952: 1950: 1931: 1920: 1919: 1917: 1915: 1896: 1887: 1886: 1884: 1882: 1863: 1857: 1856: 1854: 1852: 1846: 1838: 1832: 1826: 1820: 1817: 1811: 1808: 1802: 1799: 1793: 1790: 1784: 1781: 1775: 1772: 1766: 1753: 1744: 1741: 1735: 1728: 1722: 1719: 1713: 1710: 1704: 1703: 1701: 1699: 1690:. Archived from 1683: 1672: 1655: 1649: 1648: 1630: 1624: 1623: 1617: 1609: 1607: 1605: 1593: 1587: 1585: 1567: 1561: 1558: 1552: 1538: 1532: 1531: 1529: 1527: 1511: 1500: 1499: 1481: 1472: 1471: 1469: 1467: 1443: 1437: 1436: 1418: 1412: 1411: 1409: 1407: 1401: 1394: 1386: 1380: 1379: 1358: 1356: 1336: 1330: 1329: 1307: 1292: 1285: 1279: 1269: 1263: 1262: 1260: 1258: 1238: 1148: 1143: 1142: 1141: 1111:James B. Donovan 1101:Steven Spielberg 971:variant for the 928:Glienicke Bridge 767:Harold Macmillan 372:(CIA). With the 354:Peshawar Airport 325:Feroze Khan Noon 187: 165:1; Soviet pilot 140:Executed by 119: 118: 116: 115: 114: 109: 105: 102: 101: 100: 97: 52: 32: 21: 6089: 6088: 6084: 6083: 6082: 6080: 6079: 6078: 5969: 5968: 5967: 5962: 5939: 5930:Second Cold War 5888: 5816: 5810: 5786:Odd Arne Westad 5776:Patrick Vaughan 5761:Athan Theoharis 5741:Ellen Schrecker 5726:Yakov M. Rabkin 5701:Timothy Naftali 5646:Tvrtko Jakovina 5631:Jussi Hanhimäki 5514: 5492: 5482: 5460:Paix et Liberté 5435: 5379:Active measures 5360: 5290: 5271:White supremacy 5231:Totalitarianism 5159: 5084: 5007: 4993:Reagan Doctrine 4988:Carter Doctrine 4928:Truman Doctrine 4916: 4863: 4795: 4690:Soviet reaction 4601:Ndogboyosoi War 4508: 4479:Saur Revolution 4306:1973 oil crisis 4271:Munich massacre 4179:Alcora Exercise 4174:Black September 4152: 3898:Sino-Indian War 3792:Simba rebellion 3775: 3619:Capture of the 3527: 3466:Berlin Blockade 3399:May 1947 crises 3389:Truman Doctrine 3354:Greek Civil War 3343:Blacklist Forty 3310:Gouzenko Affair 3297:Cursed soldiers 3249:Morgenthau Plan 3237: 3175: 3170: 3117:The short film 3104:The short film 3091:The short film 3078:The short film 3065:The short film 3052:Wayback Machine 3031:– slideshow by 3014:Wayback Machine 2992: 2959:. Baton Rouge: 2929:Taubman, Phil. 2910:Pocock, Chris. 2895:. Osceola, WI: 2891:Pocock, Chris. 2815: 2813:Further reading 2810: 2800: 2798: 2784: 2783: 2779: 2769: 2767: 2753: 2752: 2748: 2737:Wayback Machine 2727: 2723: 2710: 2709: 2705: 2695: 2693: 2679: 2678: 2674: 2664: 2662: 2648: 2647: 2640: 2633: 2620: 2619: 2615: 2605: 2603: 2586: 2585: 2581: 2563: 2562: 2558: 2548: 2546: 2539: 2520: 2519: 2515: 2505: 2503: 2494: 2493: 2489: 2479:Wayback Machine 2470: 2463: 2446: 2442: 2423: 2422: 2418: 2411: 2394: 2393: 2386: 2377:Wayback Machine 2368:Hamid Hussain. 2367: 2363: 2353: 2351: 2333: 2332: 2328: 2314: 2313: 2309: 2286: 2282: 2268:Verbatim Report 2262: 2258: 2244:Verbatim Report 2238: 2234: 2220:Verbatim Report 2214: 2210: 2196:Verbatim Report 2190: 2186: 2172:Verbatim Report 2166: 2162: 2157: 2150: 2145: 2141: 2131: 2129: 2122: 2103: 2102: 2091: 2084: 2071: 2070: 2066: 2056: 2054: 2045: 2044: 2037: 2027: 2025: 2018: 2017: 2013: 2006: 1987: 1986: 1982: 1972: 1970: 1963: 1962: 1958: 1948: 1946: 1933: 1932: 1923: 1913: 1911: 1906:. 17 May 1960. 1898: 1897: 1890: 1880: 1878: 1865: 1864: 1860: 1850: 1848: 1844: 1840: 1839: 1835: 1827: 1823: 1818: 1814: 1809: 1805: 1800: 1796: 1791: 1787: 1782: 1778: 1773: 1769: 1754: 1747: 1742: 1738: 1729: 1725: 1720: 1716: 1711: 1707: 1697: 1695: 1694:on 13 July 2006 1685: 1684: 1675: 1666:Wayback Machine 1656: 1652: 1645: 1632: 1631: 1627: 1610: 1603: 1601: 1595: 1594: 1590: 1582: 1569: 1568: 1564: 1559: 1555: 1549:Wayback Machine 1539: 1535: 1525: 1523: 1513: 1512: 1503: 1496: 1483: 1482: 1475: 1465: 1463: 1445: 1444: 1440: 1433: 1420: 1419: 1415: 1405: 1403: 1399: 1392: 1388: 1387: 1383: 1354: 1352: 1338: 1337: 1333: 1326: 1309: 1308: 1295: 1286: 1282: 1270: 1266: 1256: 1254: 1253:on 25 July 2020 1240: 1239: 1235: 1231: 1218:Rudolf Anderson 1144: 1139: 1137: 1134: 1106:Bridge of Spies 1097: 1088:Fletcher Prouty 1085: 1083:Fletcher Prouty 1059: 1037:of his unarmed 1031: 1007: 948: 907: 834: 802: 794:Walter Cronkite 759: 754: 710:Clarence Cannon 602: 586:Sergei Safronov 556:if necessary". 521:, then land at 449: 424:missile range ( 394:Pamir Mountains 366:Royal Air Force 323:prime minister 313: 179: 167:Sergei Safronov 112: 110: 106: 103: 98: 95: 93: 91: 90: 89: 88: 59: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6087: 6085: 6077: 6076: 6071: 6066: 6061: 6056: 6051: 6046: 6041: 6036: 6031: 6026: 6021: 6016: 6011: 6006: 6001: 5996: 5991: 5986: 5981: 5971: 5970: 5964: 5963: 5961: 5960: 5955: 5950: 5944: 5941: 5940: 5938: 5937: 5932: 5927: 5922: 5917: 5912: 5907: 5902: 5896: 5894: 5890: 5889: 5887: 5886: 5881: 5876: 5871: 5866: 5861: 5856: 5851: 5846: 5841: 5836: 5831: 5826: 5820: 5818: 5812: 5811: 5809: 5808: 5803: 5798: 5793: 5788: 5783: 5778: 5773: 5768: 5763: 5758: 5756:Timothy Snyder 5753: 5748: 5743: 5738: 5733: 5728: 5723: 5718: 5713: 5708: 5703: 5698: 5693: 5688: 5686:Vojtech Mastny 5683: 5681:Geir Lundestad 5678: 5673: 5671:Walter Laqueur 5668: 5666:Walter LaFeber 5663: 5658: 5653: 5648: 5643: 5638: 5633: 5628: 5623: 5618: 5613: 5608: 5603: 5598: 5596:André Fontaine 5593: 5588: 5583: 5578: 5573: 5568: 5563: 5558: 5553: 5548: 5543: 5538: 5533: 5528: 5526:Gar Alperovitz 5522: 5520: 5516: 5515: 5513: 5512: 5507: 5502: 5496: 5494: 5488: 5487: 5484: 5483: 5481: 5480: 5475: 5469: 5468: 5463: 5456: 5451: 5443: 5441: 5437: 5436: 5434: 5433: 5426: 5421: 5414: 5407: 5402: 5395: 5388: 5381: 5375: 5373: 5366: 5362: 5361: 5359: 5358: 5353: 5348: 5343: 5338: 5333: 5328: 5323: 5318: 5313: 5308: 5302: 5300: 5296: 5295: 5292: 5291: 5289: 5288: 5283: 5278: 5273: 5268: 5266:Third-Worldism 5263: 5258: 5253: 5248: 5243: 5238: 5233: 5228: 5223: 5218: 5213: 5208: 5203: 5198: 5193: 5188: 5183: 5178: 5173: 5167: 5165: 5161: 5160: 5158: 5157: 5152: 5147: 5142: 5137: 5132: 5125: 5120: 5115: 5110: 5105: 5100: 5094: 5092: 5086: 5085: 5083: 5082: 5077: 5072: 5067: 5062: 5057: 5055:Libertarianism 5052: 5047: 5046: 5045: 5035: 5033:Chicago school 5030: 5024: 5022: 5013: 5009: 5008: 5006: 5005: 5000: 4995: 4990: 4985: 4980: 4978:Nixon Doctrine 4975: 4970: 4965: 4960: 4955: 4950: 4945: 4940: 4935: 4930: 4924: 4922: 4921:Foreign policy 4918: 4917: 4915: 4914: 4909: 4904: 4899: 4894: 4889: 4884: 4879: 4873: 4871: 4865: 4864: 4862: 4861: 4856: 4855: 4854: 4844: 4839: 4834: 4829: 4824: 4819: 4814: 4809: 4803: 4801: 4797: 4796: 4794: 4793: 4788: 4783: 4778: 4773: 4768: 4763: 4758: 4753: 4748: 4743: 4738: 4733: 4728: 4723: 4718: 4713: 4708: 4706:Operation RYAN 4703: 4698: 4693: 4683: 4678: 4673: 4668: 4663: 4658: 4653: 4648: 4643: 4638: 4633: 4628: 4623: 4618: 4613: 4611:Able Archer 83 4608: 4603: 4598: 4593: 4588: 4583: 4578: 4573: 4568: 4563: 4558: 4557: 4556: 4546: 4541: 4536: 4527: 4522: 4516: 4514: 4510: 4509: 4507: 4506: 4501: 4496: 4491: 4486: 4481: 4476: 4471: 4466: 4461: 4456: 4451: 4446: 4441: 4436: 4431: 4426: 4421: 4416: 4408: 4403: 4398: 4393: 4388: 4383: 4378: 4373: 4368: 4363: 4361:Oromo conflict 4358: 4353: 4348: 4343: 4338: 4333: 4328: 4323: 4318: 4313: 4308: 4303: 4301:Yom Kippur War 4298: 4293: 4288: 4283: 4278: 4273: 4268: 4263: 4258: 4253: 4248: 4243: 4238: 4233: 4228: 4223: 4218: 4211: 4206: 4201: 4196: 4191: 4186: 4181: 4176: 4171: 4166: 4160: 4158: 4154: 4153: 4151: 4150: 4145: 4140: 4135: 4130: 4125: 4124: 4123: 4113: 4108: 4103: 4098: 4093: 4084: 4079: 4078: 4077: 4067: 4062: 4057: 4052: 4047: 4042: 4037: 4032: 4027: 4022: 4017: 4012: 4007: 4002: 3997: 3992: 3987: 3982: 3977: 3972: 3967: 3962: 3957: 3956: 3955: 3945: 3940: 3935: 3933:Aden Emergency 3930: 3925: 3920: 3915: 3910: 3905: 3900: 3895: 3890: 3885: 3884: 3883: 3878: 3873: 3863: 3858: 3853: 3851:Papua conflict 3848: 3843: 3838: 3833: 3832: 3831: 3821: 3820: 3819: 3809: 3804: 3799: 3794: 3789: 3783: 3781: 3777: 3776: 3774: 3773: 3768: 3767: 3766: 3756: 3754:Kitchen Debate 3751: 3746: 3741: 3736: 3731: 3726: 3721: 3716: 3714:Sputnik crisis 3711: 3706: 3698: 3691: 3686: 3684:Polish October 3681: 3676: 3671: 3664: 3659: 3654: 3649: 3644: 3639: 3634: 3629: 3624: 3616: 3611: 3606: 3601: 3596: 3591: 3586: 3584:Pact of Madrid 3581: 3576: 3571: 3566: 3561: 3556: 3551: 3546: 3541: 3539:Bamboo Curtain 3535: 3533: 3529: 3528: 3526: 3525: 3520: 3515: 3510: 3509: 3508: 3498: 3493: 3488: 3483: 3478: 3473: 3468: 3463: 3458: 3453: 3448: 3443: 3438: 3433: 3432: 3431: 3426: 3421: 3411: 3406: 3401: 3396: 3391: 3386: 3381: 3376: 3371: 3366: 3361: 3356: 3351: 3346: 3338: 3330: 3322: 3317: 3312: 3307: 3299: 3294: 3293: 3292: 3287: 3279: 3266: 3261: 3256: 3251: 3245: 3243: 3239: 3238: 3236: 3235: 3230: 3225: 3220: 3215: 3210: 3205: 3200: 3195: 3188: 3180: 3177: 3176: 3171: 3169: 3168: 3161: 3154: 3146: 3140: 3139: 3128: 3115: 3102: 3089: 3076: 3063: 3058: 3042: 3037: 3026: 3021: 3004: 2991: 2990:External links 2988: 2987: 2986: 2983:978-0436566035 2964: 2953: 2946: 2927: 2924:978-0764323461 2914:. Atglen, PA: 2908: 2905:978-0879383930 2889: 2886:978-0826217479 2863: 2848: 2845:978-0271019277 2827: 2814: 2811: 2809: 2808: 2777: 2746: 2721: 2703: 2672: 2638: 2631: 2613: 2579: 2556: 2537: 2531:. p. 15. 2513: 2487: 2461: 2457:978-0815337218 2440: 2416: 2409: 2403:. p. 43. 2384: 2361: 2326: 2323:. p. 243. 2307: 2280: 2256: 2232: 2208: 2184: 2160: 2148: 2139: 2120: 2089: 2082: 2064: 2035: 2011: 2004: 1980: 1956: 1921: 1888: 1858: 1833: 1821: 1812: 1803: 1794: 1785: 1776: 1767: 1745: 1736: 1723: 1714: 1705: 1673: 1650: 1643: 1625: 1588: 1580: 1562: 1553: 1533: 1501: 1494: 1473: 1438: 1431: 1413: 1381: 1331: 1324: 1314:. Atglen, PA: 1293: 1280: 1264: 1232: 1230: 1227: 1226: 1225: 1220: 1215: 1210: 1205: 1200: 1195: 1190: 1179: 1178: 1173: 1162: 1161: 1156: 1150: 1149: 1133: 1130: 1096: 1093: 1084: 1081: 1058: 1055: 1051:aerial ramming 1030: 1029:Igor Mentyukov 1027: 1011:Oleg Penkovsky 1006: 1005:Later versions 1003: 988:unmanned drone 947: 944: 906: 903: 882: 881: 863:Andrei Gromyko 839: 838: 833: 830: 801: 798: 758: 755: 753: 750: 653:Mike Mansfield 601: 598: 531:Chelyabinsk-65 496:Francis Powers 448: 445: 402:Dolon Air Base 374:United Kingdom 312: 309: 175: 174: 163: 159: 158: 151: 147: 146: 141: 137: 136: 133: 129: 128: 125: 121: 120: 75: 73: 69: 68: 65: 61: 60: 53: 45: 44: 37: 36: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6086: 6075: 6072: 6070: 6067: 6065: 6062: 6060: 6057: 6055: 6052: 6050: 6047: 6045: 6042: 6040: 6037: 6035: 6032: 6030: 6027: 6025: 6022: 6020: 6017: 6015: 6012: 6010: 6007: 6005: 6002: 6000: 5997: 5995: 5992: 5990: 5987: 5985: 5982: 5980: 5977: 5976: 5974: 5959: 5956: 5954: 5951: 5949: 5946: 5945: 5942: 5936: 5933: 5931: 5928: 5926: 5923: 5921: 5920:War on terror 5918: 5916: 5913: 5911: 5908: 5906: 5903: 5901: 5898: 5897: 5895: 5891: 5885: 5882: 5880: 5877: 5875: 5872: 5870: 5867: 5865: 5862: 5860: 5857: 5855: 5852: 5850: 5847: 5845: 5842: 5840: 5837: 5835: 5832: 5830: 5827: 5825: 5822: 5821: 5819: 5815:Espionage and 5813: 5807: 5804: 5802: 5799: 5797: 5794: 5792: 5789: 5787: 5784: 5782: 5779: 5777: 5774: 5772: 5769: 5767: 5766:Andrew Thorpe 5764: 5762: 5759: 5757: 5754: 5752: 5749: 5747: 5744: 5742: 5739: 5737: 5734: 5732: 5729: 5727: 5724: 5722: 5719: 5717: 5714: 5712: 5709: 5707: 5704: 5702: 5699: 5697: 5694: 5692: 5689: 5687: 5684: 5682: 5679: 5677: 5674: 5672: 5669: 5667: 5664: 5662: 5661:Gabriel Kolko 5659: 5657: 5654: 5652: 5649: 5647: 5644: 5642: 5639: 5637: 5634: 5632: 5629: 5627: 5626:Fred Halliday 5624: 5622: 5619: 5617: 5614: 5612: 5611:Lloyd Gardner 5609: 5607: 5604: 5602: 5599: 5597: 5594: 5592: 5589: 5587: 5584: 5582: 5579: 5577: 5574: 5572: 5571:Norman Davies 5569: 5567: 5564: 5562: 5559: 5557: 5556:John Costello 5554: 5552: 5549: 5547: 5544: 5542: 5539: 5537: 5534: 5532: 5529: 5527: 5524: 5523: 5521: 5517: 5511: 5508: 5506: 5503: 5501: 5498: 5497: 5495: 5491:Technological 5489: 5479: 5476: 5474: 5471: 5470: 5467: 5464: 5462: 5461: 5457: 5455: 5452: 5450: 5449: 5445: 5444: 5442: 5438: 5432: 5431: 5427: 5425: 5422: 5420: 5419: 5415: 5413: 5412: 5408: 5406: 5403: 5401: 5400: 5396: 5394: 5393: 5389: 5387: 5386: 5382: 5380: 5377: 5376: 5374: 5372:Pro-communist 5370: 5367: 5363: 5357: 5354: 5352: 5349: 5347: 5344: 5342: 5339: 5337: 5334: 5332: 5329: 5327: 5324: 5322: 5319: 5317: 5314: 5312: 5309: 5307: 5304: 5303: 5301: 5299:Organizations 5297: 5287: 5284: 5282: 5279: 5277: 5274: 5272: 5269: 5267: 5264: 5262: 5259: 5257: 5254: 5252: 5249: 5247: 5244: 5242: 5239: 5237: 5234: 5232: 5229: 5227: 5224: 5222: 5219: 5217: 5214: 5212: 5209: 5207: 5204: 5202: 5199: 5197: 5194: 5192: 5189: 5187: 5184: 5182: 5179: 5177: 5174: 5172: 5169: 5168: 5166: 5162: 5156: 5153: 5151: 5148: 5146: 5143: 5141: 5138: 5136: 5133: 5131: 5130: 5126: 5124: 5121: 5119: 5116: 5114: 5113:Eurocommunism 5111: 5109: 5106: 5104: 5101: 5099: 5096: 5095: 5093: 5091: 5087: 5081: 5078: 5076: 5073: 5071: 5068: 5066: 5063: 5061: 5058: 5056: 5053: 5051: 5048: 5044: 5041: 5040: 5039: 5036: 5034: 5031: 5029: 5026: 5025: 5023: 5021: 5017: 5014: 5010: 5004: 5001: 4999: 4996: 4994: 4991: 4989: 4986: 4984: 4981: 4979: 4976: 4974: 4971: 4969: 4966: 4964: 4961: 4959: 4956: 4954: 4951: 4949: 4946: 4944: 4943:Domino theory 4941: 4939: 4936: 4934: 4931: 4929: 4926: 4925: 4923: 4919: 4913: 4910: 4908: 4905: 4903: 4900: 4898: 4897:South Ossetia 4895: 4893: 4890: 4888: 4885: 4883: 4880: 4878: 4875: 4874: 4872: 4870: 4866: 4860: 4857: 4853: 4850: 4849: 4848: 4845: 4843: 4840: 4838: 4835: 4833: 4830: 4828: 4825: 4823: 4820: 4818: 4815: 4813: 4810: 4808: 4805: 4804: 4802: 4798: 4792: 4789: 4787: 4784: 4782: 4779: 4777: 4774: 4772: 4769: 4767: 4764: 4762: 4759: 4757: 4754: 4752: 4749: 4747: 4744: 4742: 4739: 4737: 4734: 4732: 4729: 4727: 4724: 4722: 4719: 4717: 4714: 4712: 4709: 4707: 4704: 4702: 4699: 4697: 4694: 4691: 4687: 4684: 4682: 4681:8888 Uprising 4679: 4677: 4674: 4672: 4669: 4667: 4664: 4662: 4659: 4657: 4654: 4652: 4649: 4647: 4644: 4642: 4639: 4637: 4634: 4632: 4629: 4627: 4626:Iran–Iraq War 4624: 4622: 4619: 4617: 4614: 4612: 4609: 4607: 4604: 4602: 4599: 4597: 4594: 4592: 4591:Falklands War 4589: 4587: 4584: 4582: 4579: 4577: 4574: 4572: 4569: 4567: 4564: 4562: 4559: 4555: 4552: 4551: 4550: 4547: 4545: 4542: 4540: 4537: 4535: 4531: 4528: 4526: 4523: 4521: 4518: 4517: 4515: 4511: 4505: 4502: 4500: 4497: 4495: 4492: 4490: 4487: 4485: 4482: 4480: 4477: 4475: 4472: 4470: 4467: 4465: 4462: 4460: 4457: 4455: 4454:NDF Rebellion 4452: 4450: 4447: 4445: 4442: 4440: 4437: 4435: 4434:German Autumn 4432: 4430: 4427: 4425: 4422: 4420: 4417: 4415: 4414: 4409: 4407: 4404: 4402: 4399: 4397: 4394: 4392: 4389: 4387: 4384: 4382: 4379: 4377: 4374: 4372: 4369: 4367: 4364: 4362: 4359: 4357: 4354: 4352: 4349: 4347: 4344: 4342: 4339: 4337: 4334: 4332: 4329: 4327: 4324: 4322: 4321:Metapolitefsi 4319: 4317: 4314: 4312: 4309: 4307: 4304: 4302: 4299: 4297: 4294: 4292: 4289: 4287: 4284: 4282: 4279: 4277: 4274: 4272: 4269: 4267: 4264: 4262: 4259: 4257: 4254: 4252: 4249: 4247: 4244: 4242: 4239: 4237: 4234: 4232: 4229: 4227: 4224: 4222: 4219: 4217: 4216: 4212: 4210: 4207: 4205: 4202: 4200: 4197: 4195: 4192: 4190: 4187: 4185: 4182: 4180: 4177: 4175: 4172: 4170: 4167: 4165: 4162: 4161: 4159: 4155: 4149: 4146: 4144: 4141: 4139: 4136: 4134: 4131: 4129: 4126: 4122: 4119: 4118: 4117: 4114: 4112: 4109: 4107: 4104: 4102: 4099: 4097: 4094: 4092: 4090: 4085: 4083: 4082:Prague Spring 4080: 4076: 4073: 4072: 4071: 4068: 4066: 4063: 4061: 4060:Al-Wadiah War 4058: 4056: 4053: 4051: 4048: 4046: 4043: 4041: 4038: 4036: 4033: 4031: 4028: 4026: 4025:12-3 incident 4023: 4021: 4018: 4016: 4013: 4011: 4008: 4006: 4003: 4001: 3998: 3996: 3993: 3991: 3988: 3986: 3983: 3981: 3978: 3976: 3973: 3971: 3968: 3966: 3963: 3961: 3958: 3954: 3951: 3950: 3949: 3946: 3944: 3941: 3939: 3936: 3934: 3931: 3929: 3926: 3924: 3921: 3919: 3916: 3914: 3911: 3909: 3906: 3904: 3901: 3899: 3896: 3894: 3891: 3889: 3886: 3882: 3879: 3877: 3874: 3872: 3869: 3868: 3867: 3864: 3862: 3859: 3857: 3854: 3852: 3849: 3847: 3844: 3842: 3839: 3837: 3834: 3830: 3827: 3826: 3825: 3822: 3818: 3815: 3814: 3813: 3810: 3808: 3805: 3803: 3800: 3798: 3795: 3793: 3790: 3788: 3785: 3784: 3782: 3778: 3772: 3769: 3765: 3762: 3761: 3760: 3757: 3755: 3752: 3750: 3747: 3745: 3742: 3740: 3737: 3735: 3732: 3730: 3727: 3725: 3722: 3720: 3717: 3715: 3712: 3710: 3707: 3705: 3704: 3699: 3696: 3692: 3690: 3687: 3685: 3682: 3680: 3677: 3675: 3672: 3669: 3665: 3663: 3660: 3658: 3655: 3653: 3650: 3648: 3645: 3643: 3640: 3638: 3635: 3633: 3630: 3628: 3625: 3623: 3622: 3617: 3615: 3612: 3610: 3607: 3605: 3604:Domino theory 3602: 3600: 3599:Petrov Affair 3597: 3595: 3592: 3590: 3587: 3585: 3582: 3580: 3577: 3575: 3572: 3570: 3567: 3565: 3562: 3560: 3557: 3555: 3552: 3550: 3547: 3545: 3542: 3540: 3537: 3536: 3534: 3530: 3524: 3521: 3519: 3516: 3514: 3511: 3507: 3504: 3503: 3502: 3499: 3497: 3494: 3492: 3489: 3487: 3484: 3482: 3479: 3477: 3476:Madiun Affair 3474: 3472: 3469: 3467: 3464: 3462: 3459: 3457: 3454: 3452: 3449: 3447: 3444: 3442: 3439: 3437: 3436:Marshall Plan 3434: 3430: 3427: 3425: 3422: 3420: 3417: 3416: 3415: 3412: 3410: 3407: 3405: 3402: 3400: 3397: 3395: 3392: 3390: 3387: 3385: 3382: 3380: 3377: 3375: 3372: 3370: 3367: 3365: 3362: 3360: 3357: 3355: 3352: 3350: 3347: 3345: 3344: 3339: 3337: 3336: 3331: 3329: 3328: 3323: 3321: 3318: 3316: 3313: 3311: 3308: 3306: 3305: 3300: 3298: 3295: 3291: 3288: 3286: 3285: 3280: 3278: 3277: 3272: 3271: 3270: 3267: 3265: 3262: 3260: 3257: 3255: 3252: 3250: 3247: 3246: 3244: 3240: 3234: 3231: 3229: 3226: 3224: 3221: 3219: 3216: 3214: 3211: 3209: 3206: 3204: 3201: 3199: 3196: 3194: 3193: 3189: 3187: 3186: 3185:United States 3182: 3181: 3178: 3174: 3167: 3162: 3160: 3155: 3153: 3148: 3147: 3144: 3137: 3133: 3129: 3126: 3122: 3121: 3116: 3113: 3109: 3108: 3103: 3100: 3096: 3095: 3090: 3087: 3083: 3082: 3077: 3074: 3070: 3069: 3064: 3062: 3059: 3056: 3053: 3049: 3046: 3043: 3041: 3038: 3036: 3035: 3034:Life magazine 3030: 3027: 3025: 3022: 3019: 3015: 3011: 3008: 3005: 3002: 3001: 2997: 2994: 2993: 2989: 2984: 2980: 2976: 2972: 2968: 2965: 2962: 2958: 2954: 2951: 2947: 2944: 2940: 2936: 2932: 2928: 2925: 2921: 2917: 2913: 2909: 2906: 2902: 2898: 2894: 2890: 2887: 2883: 2879: 2875: 2873: 2868: 2864: 2861: 2857: 2853: 2850:Miller, Jay. 2849: 2846: 2842: 2838: 2834: 2831: 2828: 2825: 2821: 2817: 2816: 2812: 2796: 2792: 2788: 2781: 2778: 2765: 2761: 2757: 2750: 2747: 2744: 2743: 2738: 2734: 2731: 2725: 2722: 2717: 2713: 2707: 2704: 2691: 2687: 2683: 2676: 2673: 2660: 2656: 2652: 2645: 2643: 2639: 2634: 2632:0-8157-7774-4 2628: 2624: 2617: 2614: 2601: 2597: 2596: 2590: 2583: 2580: 2575: 2571: 2567: 2560: 2557: 2544: 2540: 2534: 2530: 2526: 2525: 2517: 2514: 2501: 2497: 2491: 2488: 2484: 2480: 2476: 2473: 2468: 2466: 2462: 2458: 2454: 2450: 2444: 2441: 2436: 2432: 2431: 2426: 2420: 2417: 2412: 2406: 2402: 2398: 2391: 2389: 2385: 2381: 2378: 2374: 2371: 2365: 2362: 2349: 2345: 2341: 2337: 2330: 2327: 2322: 2318: 2311: 2308: 2304: 2302: 2297: 2293: 2289: 2284: 2281: 2277: 2273: 2269: 2265: 2260: 2257: 2253: 2249: 2245: 2241: 2236: 2233: 2229: 2225: 2221: 2217: 2212: 2209: 2205: 2201: 2197: 2193: 2188: 2185: 2181: 2177: 2173: 2169: 2164: 2161: 2155: 2153: 2149: 2143: 2140: 2127: 2123: 2121:9780674988484 2117: 2113: 2109: 2108: 2100: 2098: 2096: 2094: 2090: 2085: 2079: 2075: 2068: 2065: 2052: 2048: 2042: 2040: 2036: 2023: 2022: 2015: 2012: 2007: 2001: 1997: 1993: 1992: 1984: 1981: 1968: 1967: 1960: 1957: 1944: 1940: 1936: 1930: 1928: 1926: 1922: 1909: 1905: 1901: 1895: 1893: 1889: 1876: 1872: 1868: 1862: 1859: 1843: 1837: 1834: 1830: 1825: 1822: 1816: 1813: 1807: 1804: 1798: 1795: 1789: 1786: 1780: 1777: 1771: 1768: 1764: 1760: 1757: 1752: 1750: 1746: 1740: 1737: 1733: 1727: 1724: 1718: 1715: 1709: 1706: 1693: 1689: 1682: 1680: 1678: 1674: 1670: 1667: 1663: 1660: 1654: 1651: 1646: 1644:0-394-54124-3 1640: 1636: 1629: 1626: 1621: 1615: 1599: 1592: 1589: 1583: 1581:0-8157-0102-0 1577: 1573: 1566: 1563: 1557: 1554: 1550: 1546: 1543: 1537: 1534: 1521: 1517: 1510: 1508: 1506: 1502: 1497: 1491: 1487: 1480: 1478: 1474: 1461: 1457: 1453: 1449: 1442: 1439: 1434: 1432:0-471-14853-9 1428: 1424: 1417: 1414: 1398: 1391: 1385: 1382: 1378: 1376: 1372: 1368: 1364: 1350: 1346: 1342: 1335: 1332: 1327: 1321: 1317: 1313: 1306: 1304: 1302: 1300: 1298: 1294: 1290: 1284: 1281: 1277: 1273: 1268: 1265: 1252: 1248: 1244: 1237: 1234: 1228: 1224: 1221: 1219: 1216: 1214: 1211: 1209: 1206: 1204: 1201: 1199: 1196: 1194: 1191: 1189: 1186: 1185: 1184: 1183: 1177: 1174: 1172: 1169: 1168: 1167: 1166: 1160: 1157: 1155: 1152: 1151: 1147: 1136: 1131: 1129: 1127: 1122: 1120: 1116: 1112: 1108: 1107: 1103:feature film 1102: 1099:In 2015, the 1094: 1092: 1089: 1082: 1080: 1078: 1074: 1073: 1068: 1064: 1063:Selmer Nilsen 1057:Selmer Nilsen 1056: 1054: 1052: 1046: 1044: 1040: 1036: 1028: 1026: 1024: 1020: 1016: 1012: 1004: 1002: 1000: 996: 991: 989: 986: 985:Lockheed D-21 982: 981:Lockheed A-12 978: 974: 970: 966: 962: 958: 954: 945: 943: 941: 937: 933: 929: 925: 921: 917: 912: 902: 898: 896: 892: 888: 887:Vilhelm Evang 879: 878: 877: 875: 871: 866: 864: 860: 856: 855:Pakistan Army 852: 848: 844: 836: 835: 831: 829: 827: 823: 822:Anpo protests 818: 815: 810: 806: 799: 797: 795: 790: 786: 782: 778: 774: 770: 768: 764: 756: 751: 749: 747: 743: 739: 738:survival pack 734: 730: 726: 722: 717: 715: 711: 707: 702: 698: 696: 692: 689: 680: 676: 671: 667: 664: 660: 658: 654: 649: 647: 643: 638: 634: 630: 623: 618: 611: 606: 599: 597: 595: 594:1 May holiday 591: 587: 582: 580: 576: 575:silver dollar 570: 568: 563: 557: 555: 551: 547: 546:Extreme North 543: 539: 534: 532: 529:, then named 528: 524: 520: 516: 513:sites at the 512: 508: 504: 499: 497: 493: 490: 487:transport. A 486: 482: 478: 474: 465: 458: 453: 446: 444: 442: 438: 434: 429: 427: 423: 419: 415: 411: 407: 403: 399: 395: 390: 387: 382: 381:compromised. 379: 375: 371: 367: 363: 357: 355: 351: 347: 343: 339: 335: 330: 326: 322: 318: 310: 308: 306: 302: 298: 294: 289: 287: 283: 279: 275: 271: 267: 263: 258: 256: 252: 248: 243: 241: 237: 233: 229: 225: 221: 217: 213: 210: 202: 198: 191: 172: 171:friendly fire 168: 164: 160: 156: 152: 148: 145: 142: 138: 134: 130: 126: 122: 117: 87: 83: 79: 74: 70: 66: 62: 57: 51: 46: 43: 38: 33: 30: 19: 5925:Brinkmanship 5817:intelligence 5706:Marius Oprea 5656:Harvey Klehr 5586:Herbert Feis 5576:Willem Drees 5541:Archie Brown 5458: 5446: 5428: 5418:Trybuna Ludu 5416: 5409: 5405:Radio Moscow 5397: 5390: 5383: 5211:Anti-Zionism 5127: 5050:Keynesianism 5038:Conservatism 4902:Transnistria 4882:China-Taiwan 4539:Gera Demands 4412: 4213: 4088: 3893:El Porteñazo 3796: 3787:Congo Crisis 3702: 3637:Algerian War 3620: 3496:Western Bloc 3491:Eastern Bloc 3486:Iron Curtain 3342: 3334: 3326: 3303: 3283: 3275: 3192:Soviet Union 3190: 3183: 3119: 3106: 3093: 3080: 3067: 3032: 2998: 2970: 2956: 2949: 2933:. New York: 2930: 2911: 2892: 2871: 2851: 2832: 2819: 2799:. Retrieved 2791:BBC magazine 2790: 2780: 2768:. Retrieved 2759: 2749: 2740: 2724: 2715: 2706: 2694:. Retrieved 2685: 2675: 2663:. Retrieved 2659:the original 2654: 2622: 2616: 2604:. Retrieved 2593: 2582: 2565: 2559: 2547:. Retrieved 2523: 2516: 2504:. Retrieved 2490: 2449:The Cold War 2448: 2443: 2435:the original 2428: 2419: 2396: 2382:, June 2002. 2379: 2364: 2352:. Retrieved 2348:the original 2343: 2339: 2329: 2316: 2310: 2300: 2295: 2291: 2283: 2271: 2267: 2259: 2247: 2243: 2235: 2223: 2219: 2211: 2199: 2195: 2187: 2175: 2171: 2163: 2142: 2130:. Retrieved 2106: 2073: 2067: 2055:. Retrieved 2026:. Retrieved 2020: 2014: 1990: 1983: 1971:. Retrieved 1965: 1959: 1947:. Retrieved 1938: 1912:. Retrieved 1903: 1879:. Retrieved 1870: 1861: 1849:. Retrieved 1836: 1828: 1824: 1815: 1806: 1797: 1788: 1779: 1770: 1758: 1739: 1731: 1726: 1717: 1708: 1696:. Retrieved 1692:the original 1668: 1653: 1634: 1628: 1602:. Retrieved 1591: 1571: 1565: 1556: 1536: 1524:. Retrieved 1485: 1464:. Retrieved 1460:the original 1455: 1451: 1441: 1422: 1416: 1404:. Retrieved 1384: 1374: 1362: 1360: 1353:. Retrieved 1344: 1334: 1311: 1288: 1283: 1275: 1267: 1255:. Retrieved 1251:the original 1246: 1236: 1181: 1180: 1164: 1163: 1126:BBC magazine 1123: 1104: 1098: 1086: 1071: 1060: 1047: 1032: 1008: 992: 949: 936:East Germany 908: 905:Pilot's fate 899: 894: 883: 867: 840: 824:against the 819: 811: 807: 803: 791: 787: 783: 779: 775: 771: 760: 735: 731: 727: 724: 719: 703: 699: 691:Allen Dulles 685: 673: 669: 665: 661: 650: 626: 583: 571: 558: 535: 506: 502: 500: 489:US Air Force 473:Lockheed U-2 470: 456: 430: 391: 383: 358: 314: 290: 259: 255:surveillance 244: 222:deep inside 206: 86:Soviet Union 56:Lockheed U-2 40:Part of the 29: 5751:Shen Zhihua 5561:Michael Cox 5493:competition 5440:Pro-Western 5430:Soviet Life 5356:Safari Club 5326:Warsaw Pact 5181:Nationalism 5171:Imperialism 5070:Reaganomics 4933:Containment 4726:Perestroika 4215:Realpolitik 4045:Six-Day War 4030:Greek junta 3841:Berlin Wall 3689:Suez Crisis 3657:Vietnam War 3544:McCarthyism 3359:Baruch Plan 3304:Unthinkable 3264:Dekemvriana 3203:Warsaw Pact 3130:A piece of 2967:West, Nigel 2696:30 November 2303: S/4321 1881:10 February 1851:10 December 1604:31 December 1466:18 December 1355:18 February 1119:handicrafts 1067:Ian Fleming 1039:Sukhoi Su-9 999:Beriev S-13 940:West Berlin 930:connecting 924:Rudolf Abel 911:Gary Powers 891:Nils Handal 378:Suez Crisis 305:Rudolf Abel 297:hard labour 111: / 5973:Categories 5519:Historians 5510:Space Race 5411:Rudé právo 5365:Propaganda 5221:Neo-Nazism 5191:Chauvinism 5145:Trotskyism 5060:Monetarism 5028:Liberalism 5020:Capitalism 5012:Ideologies 4963:Ostpolitik 4686:Solidarity 4651:Toyota War 4554:Solidarity 4411:Operation 4366:Ogaden War 4055:Dhofar War 3943:Shifta War 3701:Operation 3549:Korean War 3341:Operation 3333:Operation 3325:Operation 3302:Operation 3282:Operation 3274:Operation 2973:. London: 2950:Khrushchev 2943:0684856999 2860:0942548043 2822:. Norman: 1229:References 1035:slipstream 916:hard labor 567:Sverdlovsk 562:S-75 Dvina 507:GRAND SLAM 420:, and the 418:Saryshagan 311:Background 274:Camp David 236:Sverdlovsk 162:Casualties 135:1 May 1960 99:60°59′10″E 96:56°43′35″N 5806:Ken Young 5651:Tony Judt 5500:Arms race 5473:Red Scare 5341:NN States 5286:Apartheid 5241:Autocracy 5150:Stalinism 5118:Guevarism 5108:Castroism 5098:Communism 5090:Socialism 4616:Star Wars 4209:Koza riot 3335:Beleaguer 3327:Masterdom 2801:4 January 2595:The Times 2354:21 August 1698:8 January 1272:Amjad Ali 1115:Tom Hanks 1061:In 1981, 920:exchanged 914:years of 752:Aftermath 637:autopilot 579:saxitoxin 321:Pakistani 293:espionage 212:spy plane 124:Objective 5958:Timeline 5948:Category 5893:See also 5385:Izvestia 5226:Islamism 5123:Hoxhaism 4998:Rollback 4877:Abkhazia 4817:Gulf War 4721:Glasnost 4091:incident 3861:Sand War 3719:Ifni War 3228:Rio Pact 3173:Cold War 3048:Archived 3010:Archived 2977:, 1991. 2937:, 2003. 2918:, 2005. 2899:, 1989. 2839:, 2000. 2795:Archived 2764:Archived 2733:Archived 2690:Archived 2600:Archived 2543:Archived 2500:Archived 2475:Archived 2373:Archived 2292:Document 2276:S/PV/860 2252:S/PV/860 2228:S/PV/859 2204:S/PV/858 2180:S/PV/857 2126:Archived 2051:Archived 1943:Archived 1908:Archived 1904:BBC News 1875:Archived 1763:ABC-CLIO 1662:Archived 1614:cite web 1545:Archived 1520:Archived 1397:Archived 1367:flameout 1349:Archived 1276:Glimpses 1165:General: 1132:See also 837:Pakistan 693:and the 642:cover-up 481:Peshawar 422:Tyuratam 362:Cold War 342:Peshawar 282:Cold War 232:Peshawar 157:captured 72:Location 42:Cold War 5448:Amerika 5331:Comecon 5216:Fascism 5206:Zionism 5155:Titoism 4696:Contras 4164:Détente 3441:Comecon 2963:, 2014. 2826:, 2020. 2770:4 April 2742:Variety 2716:YouTube 2665:20 June 2574:2714427 2549:22 June 2298:. 2274:. 2250:. 2226:. 2202:. 2178:. 1939:NPR.org 1526:4 April 1406:27 June 969:FB-111A 932:Potsdam 870:Badaber 853:of the 538:Siberia 503:56–6693 441:Zahedan 334:Badaber 150:Outcome 5399:Pravda 5201:Racism 5140:Maoism 4892:Kosovo 4413:Condor 4089:Pueblo 4075:May 68 3703:Gladio 3621:Tuapse 3284:Jungle 3276:Priboi 2981: 2941: 2922: 2903: 2884: 2858: 2843: 2629: 2572: 2535: 2506:2 June 2455: 2407: 2294: 2270: 2246: 2222: 2198: 2174: 2132:7 June 2118: 2080: 2057:22 May 2028:22 May 2002: 1973:22 May 1949:22 May 1914:22 May 1641: 1578: 1492: 1429: 1371:Atsugi 1322: 1257:21 May 1043:MiG-19 1023:MiG-19 977:Corona 975:. The 880:Norway 708:Chair 655:, the 644:plan. 633:Turkey 435:and a 433:MiG-19 404:where 400:, the 224:Soviet 78:Aramil 5884:Stasi 5351:SAARC 5346:ASEAN 5311:SEATO 5164:Other 5129:Juche 4887:Korea 4800:1990s 4513:1980s 4157:1970s 3780:1960s 3532:1950s 3242:1940s 3223:NEATO 3218:SEATO 3208:ANZUS 2606:1 May 2290: 2266: 2242: 2218: 2194: 2170: 1845:(txt) 1400:(PDF) 1393:(PDF) 965:F-111 938:, to 527:Mayak 492:C-130 485:C-124 447:Event 416:near 406:Tu-95 270:Paris 76:Near 5424:TASS 5316:METO 5306:NATO 4532:and 4530:1980 4087:USS 3213:METO 3198:NATO 2979:ISBN 2939:ISBN 2920:ISBN 2901:ISBN 2882:ISBN 2856:ISBN 2841:ISBN 2803:2016 2772:2016 2698:2019 2667:2012 2655:Time 2627:ISBN 2608:2010 2570:OCLC 2551:2012 2533:ISBN 2508:2010 2453:ISBN 2405:ISBN 2356:2012 2296:4321 2134:2021 2116:ISBN 2078:ISBN 2059:2013 2030:2013 2000:ISBN 1975:2013 1951:2013 1916:2013 1883:2007 1853:2018 1700:2007 1639:ISBN 1620:link 1606:2011 1586:p.86 1576:ISBN 1528:2016 1490:ISBN 1468:2011 1427:ISBN 1408:2015 1357:2020 1320:ISBN 1259:2013 1095:Film 1013:, a 961:B-58 959:and 957:B-52 953:B-47 922:for 629:NASA 542:Ural 523:Bodø 517:and 511:ICBM 437:Su-9 247:NASA 132:Date 64:Type 5879:KGB 5874:MVD 5859:MI6 5854:MI5 5849:CIA 5321:EEC 2686:UPI 2483:NRK 2272:860 2248:860 2224:859 2200:858 2176:857 1996:274 1077:KGB 1019:MI6 1015:GRU 695:CIA 590:IFF 554:ram 428:). 352:of 329:U-2 209:U-2 5975:: 2969:. 2793:. 2789:. 2758:. 2739:. 2714:. 2688:. 2684:. 2653:. 2641:^ 2592:. 2541:. 2498:. 2481:. 2464:^ 2427:. 2399:. 2387:^ 2342:. 2338:. 2319:. 2151:^ 2124:. 2092:^ 2049:. 2038:^ 1998:. 1941:. 1937:. 1924:^ 1902:. 1891:^ 1869:. 1748:^ 1676:^ 1616:}} 1612:{{ 1504:^ 1476:^ 1456:48 1454:. 1450:. 1359:. 1347:. 1343:. 1318:. 1296:^ 1121:. 990:. 955:, 942:. 934:, 748:. 596:. 540:, 307:. 84:, 80:, 54:A 4692:) 4688:( 3697:" 3693:" 3670:" 3666:" 3165:e 3158:t 3151:v 3127:. 3114:. 3101:. 3088:. 3075:. 3057:. 3003:. 2985:. 2945:. 2926:. 2907:. 2888:. 2874:. 2862:. 2847:. 2805:. 2774:. 2718:. 2700:. 2669:. 2635:. 2610:. 2576:. 2553:. 2510:. 2459:. 2413:. 2358:. 2344:3 2136:. 2086:. 2061:. 2032:. 2008:. 1977:. 1953:. 1918:. 1885:. 1855:. 1702:. 1647:. 1622:) 1608:. 1584:. 1530:. 1498:. 1470:. 1435:. 1410:. 1328:. 1261:. 1113:( 336:( 173:) 169:( 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index