825:, David Lewis was elected the party's new leader after four ballots. This was the first time in CCF/NDP history that the leadership wasn't won on the first ballot. Unlike the recent Progressive Conservatives and Liberal conventions, where there were problems with computerized voting machines, the NDP decided to stay with the more traditional paper ballot book and manual vote tabulation system. The party organizers divided the approximately 1,700 delegates into 20 polls, similar to a federal electoral district vote, with returning officers that carried the ballot boxes to the voters. The balloting took less than an hour for each round. The first ballots results were announced within an hour of the 2:00 p.m. starting time. The second round vote results were released by 3:30 p.m., the third round by 4:15 p.m., and the final fourth ballot by 4:40 p.m. The recent Ontario Progressive Conservative party leadership election took about ten hours, due to its use of an embryonic electronic balloting system that did not work as advertised.
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federal government. The Unity Group, and its allies, urged the convention not to take a stance which could be construed by
Canadian voters as assisting Quebec separation. In an effort to prevent the whole Quebec issue even reaching the floor, the Unity Group tried to reach a compromise with the Waffle and the NDP's Quebec wing the day before the convention started. In essence, compromise would have been a "commitment to Canadian union while saying that the constitutional arrangements between Ottawa and the provinces must be completely renegotiated." It went on to further state that "The unity of this country cannot be based on force. ... If one of our provinces were to choose to separate, freely and democratically, it would be madness to attempt to restrain it by force." A compromise could not be reached as the small Quebec contingent – and the Waffle members in attendance at the resolutions committee – refused to vote to accept the new resolution, forcing the Quebec issue on to the convention floor on Friday, April 23.
642:, tried to bridge the two polarized factions, by attempting to introduce a compromise amendment to Lewis' motion that said: "There should be no questioning of the fundamental right of Quebeckers to leave Confederation if the decision is democratically arrived by the people of Quebec." His amendment garnered little support, and was rejected outright by a wide majority. In the end, the vast majority of the 1,700 convention delegates supported the Lewis motion, with a show of hands. The motion backed a one-Canada stand, and really gave the party's establishment a free-hand on how to prepare a more detailed position for the up-coming federal election, since the motion also made the party's establishment-controlled Federal Council responsible for producing that policy. After the Quebec wing's defeat on the Quebec motion, Laliberté refused to state whether they would leave the party, only suggesting that it would be dealt with at their June provincial convention.
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enough enemies to make the leadership campaign interesting. As well, Lewis was involved in most of the internal conflicts within the CCF/NDP during the previous 36 years, so the many members that felt his wrath as the party disciplinarian during this period, plotted their revenge against him. At his first press conference after winning the leadership, Lewis stated that he was not beholden to the Waffle, as they were soundly defeated on the floor, and he made no promises to them. He also took on the party's Quebec wing, stating that they could continue to theorize about possible self-determination resolutions, but come election time, they must pledge themselves to the party's newly confirmed federalist policy. He did not purge the Waffle from the NDP, instead leaving it to his son
Stephen to do in June 1972, when the party's Ontario wing resolved to disband the Waffle, or kick its members out of the party if they did not comply with the disbanding order.
610:’s Minister of Mines and Resources in the NDP provincial government, spoke in favour of the moderate resolutions committee motion. He was countered on the convention floor by university professor Peter Usher, a Waffle member from Ottawa, who moved to refer the committee’s motion back for redrafting to push for nationalization of all resource industries. After much heated debate, his motion was defeated in a standing-count vote by a three to one margin. The standing vote was needed because Waffle members challenged two previous voting attempts. Once defeated, the Unity Group, and its labour supporters, pressed for the adoption of the original eight-point resolution, which then passed easily with a five to one plurality. With the Waffle’s amendment defeated, it seemed unlikely that they could pass other motions that called for the nationalization of other economic sectors like manufacturing, financial, and transportation.
634:(CEQ), was making noises that they might secede from the party if it adopted the federalist resolution. The official resolution that the Waffle and the Quebec wing refused to vote on the previous day was: "The unity of our country cannot be based on force. However, the business of the NDP is to work for a united Canada, on a basis that will do full justice to our people." To counter this, Richard Comber, the Waffle's Quebec leader, and Laliberté proposed a resolution from the floor to form a new alliance between the two Canadian founding nations. Their resolution demanded: "A recognition to Quebeckers of their absolute right to self-determination, meaning their right to collectively determine the degree of political sovereignty which they desire."
232:
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through unilateral separation from Canada. He further rejected the notion that non-Quebecers could not partake in that province's internal debates and stated that he would "do everything I can to better the conditions of those people in Quebec who have been betrayed by successive governments." He reiterated the intent of the compromise motion by stating that if "the overwhelming majority of the people of Quebec want out of
Confederation, it will be time enough to call in the lawyers." To further support Douglas' call for dialogue between English and French-speaking Canadians, towards an equal partnership based on common goals, Ontario NDP leader
741:. However, he had a major disadvantage compared to some of the other candidates: at the time of the leadership campaign, he did not hold elected office, and had been defeated in four previous attempts to get elected to the House of Commons. The Quebec issue, and much of the fall-out from weeks of debating it before the convention, pulled Harney away from the issues that he was trying to get debated, notably regulating financial institutions to use their wealth to promote programs that had social benefits for all, and following the Ontario NDP's plan for nationalizing resource industries.
1054:. Lewis, Howard, and Harney lost their seats and ended their federal careers as active politicians. Lewis resigned, finally informing the public that he had been fighting cancer for the past two years. Broadbent, became the leader in the House of Commons until a new leader was elected. In the end, the real winner of 1971 convention was Ed Broadbent. Although he was unsuccessful for his run at the leadership in 1971, it was a prelude to his winning the leadership at the next convention, and without the internecine divisiveness that the Waffle introduced at this convention.
543:, a candidate to replace Tommy Douglas as federal leader. The Unity Group – also known as "NDP NOW", from the title of a pamphlet released earlier in the year that espoused its philosophy – was a committee of party establishment officials and organizers set up to oppose the Waffle at the convention by presenting more moderate views at the convention floor microphones. It was formed in 1970, after the well-organized Waffle had effectively taken over much of the floor debate at the Winnipeg Convention in October 1969. The group was headed by
720:
the party. When Lewis and Frank Howard attacked the Waffle, Broadbent warned that they were setting up the convention to be divided along Waffle/Establishment lines, which is what happened. Before getting into politics, Broadbent was a professor at York
University, teaching political theory. He was educated at the University of Toronto and the London School of Economics. His performance on the Quebec issue the day before the leadership vote cost him much of his support as his amendments were rejected outright on the convention floor.
30:
588:
it, when Krista Maeots, leadership candidate James Laxer's wife, put forward the resolution that 12 of the 24 council members elected at the convention be women. She was met by surprising resistance from fellow women, but had the support of leadership candidate John Harney. It needed a two-thirds majority to pass, according to the party's constitution, but many delegates thought it was tokenism, and voted down the resolution two to one.
695:, for almost 36 years. He was the National Secretary from 1936 until 1950, when he moved from Ottawa to Toronto to set up a labour law practice. He served as the National President of the CCF during its final years, and was one of the main organizers behind bringing labour and democratic socialists together to form the NDP in 1961. He had been the Member of Parliament for the federal electoral district of
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576:
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platform items. His other platform plank included support for native-Canadian issues, or in the parlance of the time, Indian
Affairs. He did not spend much time campaigning before the convention, and even went on a two-week parliamentary trip to Australia and New Zealand in March. His strategy was to win delegate support at the convention in the days leading up to the Saturday vote.
75:
779:, and was a lecturer at Queen's University during the campaign. He was married to Krista Maeots, who ran unsuccessfully for the NDP's presidency at the 1969 policy convention. She was also a leading figure in the Waffle movement. He did not hold elected office, but because all the candidates were debating the Waffle's issues he was effectively Lewis' main challenger.
663:, who was stepping down as president because he recently was elected as the leader of the Saskatchewan NDP. MacDonald won 885 to 565, as expected, but Gudmundson received a surprisingly high level of support, due in part, to leadership candidate Ed Broadbent's supporters and the relative strength of the Waffle's supporters.
567:, and large scale nationalization of the natural resources/energy sector. The Waffle was at the forefront for advocating these ideas, while the Unity Group put up the defence against these proposals The Unity Group won these debates, and the Waffle's motions on these issues were defeated or heavily modified.
774:
was the youngest candidate, at 29 years old. He was the Waffle's candidate for leader, and he espoused their ultra-nationalistic left-wing views. He came from a family that had been keen supporters of the
Communist Party of Canada, until 1956, when Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev made public Josef
622:
The next day, while giving his final leader's report, T. C. "Tommy" Douglas launched the party establishment's opening salvo against the Waffle and their Quebec resolution. He told the almost 2000 convention attendees that he rejected the principle that Quebec has the right to self-determination
762:
electoral district. He was known for his caustic, no-nonsense approach to politics, and was frequently in trouble with the
Speaker of the House of Commons. He also had a criminal record for armed robbery, committed when he was 18. This naturally led him to espousing penal reform as one of his main
637:
On Friday, the debate and vote on the Quebec issue lasted about an hour and a half. The
Resolutions Committee's motion was tabled by leadership contender, David Lewis. He led the charge against the Waffle, speaking from the floor, and surrounded by approximately 600 supporters, stated: "You would be
753:
was the oldest at 45, still considerably younger than Lewis' 61 years, and the only one not from
Ontario. He entered the leadership campaign in January 1971, attacking the Waffle for what he perceived to be their political naiveté. At the time, he had served in the Commons for 14 years, one of the
719:
electoral district, and was the first candidate to declare candidacy for the leadership when he did so in June 1970. He had been one of the founders of the Waffle, but backed away from them before the 1969 convention. He ran partially to bridge the gulf between the Waffle and the
Establishment in
674:
The whole Federal Council, including the executive, had 124 members, on which the Waffle held 20 positions going into the elections. After April 23, they held only Gudmundson and Watkins' seats. On April 25, Laxer and Watkins tried to get on the executive, as there were still two vacant seats. They
596:
On Friday, April 23, the most complex and thorny issues were debated. The first contentious issue on the agenda dealt with natural resources industries, such as the oil, gas, and mines, as it became the centre of a major showdown between the Waffle and the labour movement forces. The Waffle faction
587:
The first test for the Waffle, on the convention floor, occurred on opening day, Wednesday, April 21. That afternoon, the constitution committee tabled a motion to ensure at least 12 of the approximately 100 members of the ruling Federal Council were women. The Waffle put their full support behind
1042:
The media attention that the Waffle, and its candidate, James Laxer, received, before and during the vote, partially explains the closest federal NDP leadership election up to that time. Lewis' perceived heavy-handed tactics in dealing with the Waffle at this and previous conventions had made him
650:
NDP Now and the Waffle fought for control of the party's bureaucracy, by trying to get as many people elected as party officers of the Federal Executive and Council. The major battles were for the party's executive positions, especially the President and Vice-President positions. NDP Now, and its
618:
No other issue at the convention caused more worry for the NDP than what its policy should be with regards to Quebec self-determination. The Waffle's position called for the recognition of Quebecers' right to secede from the rest of Canada, without intervention from the other provinces and the
666:
Gudmundson then ran for one of the seven Vice-President positions, as did fellow Waffler Mel Watkins. She managed to get elected, but Watkins failed to keep his seat on the executive, and had to run for a general council seat instead. David Lewis' campaign manager, McGill University professor
703:
leader. His years of service and control of most of the federal party's apparatus made him the "establishment" candidate, and the one to beat at the convention. During the leadership campaign, he did not travel around the country, as the other candidates had to, since he did most of his
601:
and public ownership of resource industries. The party establishment, and Labour, being more moderate, wanted only to expand public and co-operative ownership. The hour-long debate, quickly transcended into raucous name-calling and physical pushing and shoving at the microphone stands.
527:, the former Ontario NDP leader, was elected as the party's president. The major non-leadership issues were what stance would the party take in terms of Quebec sovereignty and whether policy initiatives calling for the nationalization of the oil, gas, and mining industries would pass.
731:
was born in Quebec and was fluently bilingual. Entering the race in November 1970, he turned forty years old during the campaign, and like the other candidates, was essentially a generation younger than David Lewis. Like Broadbent, he was a university professor,
736:
and later at York University, teaching English literature. He was the Provincial Secretary for the Ontario New Democratic Party from 1966 to 1970. In that time, he was also the campaign manager for that party's breakthrough campaign in the
699:, since 1962 (with the exception of a two-year period between 1963 and 1965). The two times that T. C. Douglas did not win a seat to parliament, Lewis took over as house leader. The second time, in 1968, essentially left Lewis as the
1050:, the NDP finally made a breakthrough, winning 31 seats in the House of Commons, including one for John Harney, and holding the balance of power. However, within two years, the party faced a setback when it won only 16 seats in the
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doing an immense disservice to the party and this great country if this convention binds itself to any resolution that questions the desire of the people to live in one united Canada." Another leadership hopeful,
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trade union backers, nominated the Ontario NDP's former leader, Donald C. MacDonald as its candidate for party President. The Waffle candidate was Susan Gudmundson, from
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The Waffle was a group of mostly young, university students and intellectuals. It was formed in 1969 and was led at the convention by University of Toronto economist
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Goldblatt, Murray (April 24, 1971). "Bloc of Union Delegates Aids Establishment to Fend Off Waffle Drive for Party Offices".
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electioneering in the fall of 1970, and declared his intentions formally in December 1970, as a direct result of this work.
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563:' (CLC) actions during the convention. The big issues over which the groups fought were those of Quebec's right to
544:
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776:
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List, Wilfred (April 24, 1971). "Complete Public Ownership of Oil, Mines Is Rejected 3 to 1 by New Democrats".
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560:
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2321:
1706:"To Waffle to the Left": The Waffle, the New Democratic Party, and Canada's New Left During the Long Sixties
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Spiers, Rosemary (April 22, 1971). "Quebec Wing Threatens to Bolt Federal Party if Autonomy Vote Fails".
500:
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Frayne, Trent (April 17, 1971). "David Lewis Has It All to Win NDP Leadership Except for His Age: 61".
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was seen as the front runner by the media. He had worked for either the NDP and its forerunner, the
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The Quebec wing, led by Raymond Laliberté, a former head of Quebec's activist teachers' union,
547:, a University of Toronto professor who was involved with organizing the party in Ontario, and
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Michael, Lavoie (April 26, 1971). "Voting the Old Way Makes It All Seem Model of Efficiency".
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Goldblatt, Murray (April 26, 1971). "Lewis Asserts His Command: No Pandering to the Waffle".
559:, was the main link between the Unity Group and organized labour. He helped co-ordinate the
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Sykes, Philip (June 26, 1972). "Officially Dead, the Waffle Girds for Its Biggest Battle".
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Westell, Anthony (April 24, 1971). "After the Shouts: NDP Still Lacks a Quebec Policy".
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Speirs, Rosemary (April 26, 1971). "Waffle Strength Dismays the NDP's Establishment".
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1208:(April 22, 1971). "NDP Rejects Resolution by Waffle to Guarantee Women Party Voice".
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Lavoie, Michael (April 24, 1971). "NDP Seeks Public Control of Oil, Gas Companies".
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were overwhelmingly rebuffed in their attempts by the pro-establishment council.
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627:(David Lewis's son) announced his section's support for national unity.
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Spiers, Rosemary (April 24, 1971). "NDP Rejects Force to Hold Quebec".
404:
1277:"National Disintegration Threatened by Quebec Issue, Douglas Warns".
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List, Wilfred (April 24, 1971). "Waffle Faction Is Irate in Defeat".
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Stalin's reign of terror. In the mid-1960s, he was the president of
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1709:(PhD thesis). London, Ontario: University of Western Ontario
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Goldblatt, Murray (April 26, 1971). "Long Road to the Top".
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Cahill, Jack (April 24, 1971). "NDP Backs Lewis on Quebec".
1408:
1406:
1404:
1402:
1324:"NDP Delegates Start Manoeuvring for Quebec Policy Fight".
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Howarth, Jean (September 6, 1969). "The Waffle Manifesto".
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faction was at the zenith of its popularity and power.
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1116:"NDP 'Unity' Group Is Out to Crush Party's Wafflers".
659:. Both MacDonald and Gudmundson were vying to succeed
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The New Democrats, 1961–1986: The Politics of Change
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1292:"Opponents Could Spur Separatism Lewis Declares".
715:was a newly elected Member of Parliament, for the
519:was elected as his successor. At this convention
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551:, the director of research for the Ontario NDP.
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1223:"Bid to Give Women a Stronger Voice Rejected".
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1862:Tommy: The Life and Politics of Tommy Douglas
1733:(2nd ed.). Toronto: A. M. Hakkert.
507:from April 21 to 24 to elect a leader of the
497:1971 New Democratic Party leadership election
384:1971 New Democratic Party leadership election
22:1971 New Democratic Party leadership election
8:
2581:Members of provincial/territorial assemblies
1766:(3rd ed.). Toronto: Copp Clark Pitman.
671:easily won re-election as a Vice-President.
383:
21:
1527:"Four Chase Lewis for the NDP Leadership".
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1328:. Torstar. April 21, 1971. pp. 1, 10.
20:
2659:1971 political party leadership elections
2654:New Democratic Party leadership elections
1834:M.J.: The Life and Times of M.J. Coldwell
456:New Democratic Party leadership elections
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592:Natural resources nationalization debate
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1075:"Greatest Spending Reported by Laxer".
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1120:. Torstar. April 21, 1971. p. 10.
382:
1789:. Toronto: McClelland & Stewart.
1531:. Toronto. April 17, 1971. p. 7.
1343:. Torstar. April 22, 1971. p. 4.
1296:. Torstar. April 22, 1971. p. 4.
1281:. Torstar. April 22, 1971. p. 4.
1227:. Torstar. April 22, 1971. p. 4.
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1079:. Toronto. April 26, 1971. p. 4.
7:
2484:Co-operative Commonwealth Federation
2009:Co-operative Commonwealth Federation
1808:Unfinished Journey: The Lewis Family
693:Co-operative Commonwealth Federation
1864:. Toronto: McArthur & Company.
1838:. Toronto: Stoddart Publishing Co.
531:The Waffle–Unity Group floor battle
1417:. Toronto: Torstar. pp. 1, 6.
1339:"Ontario's NDP Pledged to Unity".
734:first at the University of Guelph,
14:
1781:Shackleton, Doris French (1975).
2360:Newfoundland & Labrador 2023
2048:
632:Centrale des syndicats du Québec
230:
73:
28:
1729:NDP: Social Democracy in Canada
1544:, Profiles, accessed 2024-05-02
1542:Library of Parliament of Canada
515:retired as federal leader, and
2628:New Democratic Party of Quebec
1048:1972 federal election campaign
821:On Saturday, April 24, at the
749:Of all of Lewis' challengers,
509:New Democratic Party of Canada
1:
2591:Labour candidates and parties
1812:. Toronto: Summerhill Press.
802:mayor of Halifax, Nova Scotia
583:where the convention was held
539:, an NDP vice-president, and
18:Leadership election in Canada
2606:Canada's Young New Democrats
2664:April 1971 events in Canada
754:last CCF MPs left from the
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1703:Blocker, David G. (2019).
830:Delegate support by ballot
2375:Prince Edward Island 2022
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1968:Newfoundland and Labrador
847:
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777:Canadian University Press
454:
346:
221:
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38:
26:
2649:1971 elections in Canada
2519:Canadian Labour Congress
2469:Key documents and events
1941:Provincial / Territorial
561:Canadian Labour Congress
2529:List of CCF/NDP members
2502:Statement of Principles
2459:New Politics Initiative
2331:Upcoming or most recent
1804:Smith, Cameron (1989).
646:Party officer elections
2187:Parliamentary election
1625:. Torstar. p. 13.
1491:. Torstar. p. 11.
1461:. Torstar. p. 12.
1443:. Toronto. p. 10.
1257:. Toronto. p. 10.
1189:. Toronto. p. 10.
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353:Leader before election
2576:Members of Parliament
2345:British Columbia 2022
1688:. Torstar. p. 6.
1673:. Toronto. p. 1.
1640:. Toronto. p. 3.
1395:. Torstar. p. 6.
1377:. Torstar. p. 4.
1212:. Toronto. p. 1.
1174:. Torstar. p. 6.
1154:. Torstar. p. 6.
1094:. Toronto. p. 6.
1052:1974 federal election
756:1957 federal election
739:1967 general election
679:Leadership contenders
578:
501:leadership convention
2496:Winnipeg Declaration
2333:leadership elections
2135:Leadership elections
1983:Prince Edward Island
1932:New Democratic Party
1911:New Democratic Party
571:Gender equity motion
1656:, pp. 124–126.
1602:, pp. 236–237.
1575:, pp. 233–234.
832:
823:Ottawa Civic Centre
758:, representing the
581:Ottawa Civic Centre
557:United Steelworkers
525:Donald C. MacDonald
447:Spending limit
385:
23:
2355:New Brunswick 2023
1671:The Globe and Mail
1638:The Globe and Mail
1529:The Globe and Mail
1441:The Globe and Mail
1255:The Globe and Mail
1210:The Globe and Mail
1187:The Globe and Mail
1092:The Globe and Mail
1077:The Globe and Mail
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565:self-determination
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2380:Saskatchewan 2022
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1871:978-1-55278-382-5
1845:978-0-7737-3232-2
1819:978-0-929091-04-4
1796:978-0-7710-8116-3
1773:978-0-7730-4618-4
1740:978-0-88866-581-2
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811:McGill University
809:, philosopher at
767:James (Jim) Laxer
493:
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392:April 21–24, 1971
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50:April 21–24, 1971
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2490:Regina Manifesto
2453:Socialist Caucus
2365:Nova Scotia 2022
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2259:Provincial level
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2052:
1953:British Columbia
1922:
1904:
1897:
1890:
1881:
1875:
1857:
1849:
1837:
1823:
1811:
1800:
1788:
1777:
1759:
1751:
1749:
1747:
1732:
1718:
1716:
1714:
1690:
1689:
1681:
1675:
1674:
1666:
1657:
1651:
1642:
1641:
1633:
1627:
1626:
1618:
1603:
1597:
1588:
1582:
1576:
1570:
1564:
1558:
1545:
1539:
1533:
1532:
1524:
1493:
1492:
1484:
1475:
1469:
1463:
1462:
1454:
1445:
1444:
1436:
1419:
1418:
1410:
1397:
1396:
1388:
1379:
1378:
1370:
1357:
1351:
1345:
1344:
1336:
1330:
1329:
1321:
1298:
1297:
1289:
1283:
1282:
1274:
1259:
1258:
1250:
1229:
1228:
1220:
1214:
1213:
1202:
1191:
1190:
1182:
1176:
1175:
1167:
1156:
1155:
1147:
1134:
1128:
1122:
1121:
1113:
1096:
1095:
1087:
1081:
1080:
1072:
951:John Paul Harney
833:
791:, former MP for
735:
614:The Quebec issue
411:Resigning leader
386:
349:
328:
325:
308:
305:
288:
285:
268:
265:
258:
241:
234:
202:
199:
177:
174:
152:
149:
125:
122:
115:
113:John Paul Harney
108:
91:
84:
77:
67:
66:
40:
39:
33:
32:
31:
24:
2679:
2678:
2674:
2673:
2672:
2670:
2669:
2668:
2639:
2638:
2637:
2632:
2507:
2464:
2429:
2425:44th Parliament
2420:43rd Parliament
2415:42nd Parliament
2410:41st Parliament
2405:40th Parliament
2400:39th Parliament
2393:Shadow cabinets
2384:
2332:
2326:
2266:Current leaders
2250:
2188:
2182:
2129:
2053:
2040:
1997:
1936:
1913:
1908:
1878:
1872:
1855:
1852:
1846:
1828:Stewart, Walter
1826:
1820:
1803:
1797:
1780:
1774:
1757:
1754:
1745:
1743:
1741:
1723:Morton, Desmond
1721:
1712:
1710:
1702:
1698:
1693:
1683:
1682:
1678:
1668:
1667:
1660:
1652:
1645:
1635:
1634:
1630:
1620:
1619:
1606:
1598:
1591:
1583:
1579:
1571:
1567:
1559:
1548:
1540:
1536:
1526:
1525:
1496:
1486:
1485:
1478:
1470:
1466:
1456:
1455:
1448:
1438:
1437:
1422:
1412:
1411:
1400:
1390:
1389:
1382:
1372:
1371:
1360:
1352:
1348:
1338:
1337:
1333:
1323:
1322:
1301:
1291:
1290:
1286:
1276:
1275:
1262:
1252:
1251:
1232:
1222:
1221:
1217:
1204:
1203:
1194:
1184:
1183:
1179:
1169:
1168:
1159:
1149:
1148:
1137:
1129:
1125:
1115:
1114:
1099:
1089:
1088:
1084:
1074:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1060:
1040:
819:
817:Leadership vote
785:
769:
747:
733:
726:
710:
686:
681:
648:
616:
599:nationalization
594:
573:
533:
458:
372:
367:
360:
355:
347:
337:
332:
326:
323:
312:
306:
303:
286:
283:
266:
263:
254:
237:
222:
216:
211:
206:
200:
197:
191:
186:
181:
175:
172:
166:
161:
156:
150:
147:
136:
130:
123:
120:
111:
104:
87:
80:
34:
29:
27:
19:
12:
11:
5:
2677:
2675:
2667:
2666:
2661:
2656:
2651:
2641:
2640:
2634:
2633:
2631:
2630:
2625:
2623:Leap Manifesto
2620:
2619:
2618:
2613:
2603:
2598:
2593:
2588:
2586:United Farmers
2583:
2578:
2573:
2568:
2567:
2566:
2561:
2556:
2551:
2546:
2541:
2536:
2526:
2521:
2515:
2513:
2509:
2508:
2506:
2505:
2499:
2493:
2487:
2480:
2472:
2470:
2466:
2465:
2463:
2462:
2456:
2455:(1998–present)
2450:
2444:
2437:
2435:
2431:
2430:
2428:
2427:
2422:
2417:
2412:
2407:
2402:
2396:
2394:
2390:
2389:
2386:
2385:
2383:
2382:
2377:
2372:
2367:
2362:
2357:
2352:
2347:
2342:
2336:
2334:
2328:
2327:
2325:
2324:
2319:
2314:
2309:
2304:
2297:
2292:
2285:
2280:
2275:
2269:
2267:
2260:
2256:
2255:
2252:
2251:
2249:
2248:
2243:
2238:
2233:
2228:
2223:
2218:
2213:
2208:
2203:
2198:
2192:
2190:
2184:
2183:
2181:
2180:
2175:
2170:
2165:
2160:
2155:
2150:
2145:
2139:
2137:
2131:
2130:
2128:
2127:
2122:
2117:
2112:
2107:
2102:
2097:
2092:
2087:
2081:
2075:
2068:
2066:
2059:
2055:
2054:
2047:
2045:
2042:
2041:
2039:
2038:
2033:
2028:
2027:
2026:
2021:
2016:
2005:
2003:
1999:
1998:
1996:
1995:
1990:
1985:
1980:
1975:
1970:
1965:
1960:
1955:
1950:
1944:
1942:
1938:
1937:
1935:
1934:
1928:
1926:
1919:
1915:
1914:
1909:
1907:
1906:
1899:
1892:
1884:
1877:
1876:
1870:
1850:
1844:
1824:
1818:
1801:
1795:
1778:
1772:
1752:
1739:
1719:
1699:
1697:
1694:
1692:
1691:
1676:
1658:
1643:
1628:
1604:
1589:
1587:, p. 236.
1577:
1565:
1563:, p. 233.
1546:
1534:
1494:
1476:
1474:, p. 232.
1464:
1446:
1420:
1398:
1380:
1358:
1356:, p. 121.
1346:
1331:
1299:
1284:
1260:
1230:
1215:
1206:Zaritsky, John
1192:
1177:
1157:
1135:
1133:, p. 125.
1123:
1097:
1082:
1066:
1064:
1061:
1059:
1056:
1039:
1036:
1033:
1032:
1029:
1026:
1023:
1020:
1017:
1014:
1011:
1008:
1004:
1003:
1000:
997:
991:
990:
987:
984:
981:
978:
972:
971:
968:
965:
962:
959:
956:
953:
947:
946:
943:
940:
937:
934:
931:
928:
925:
922:
916:
915:
910:
905:
902:
899:
896:
893:
890:
887:
879:
878:
875:
872:
869:
866:
863:
860:
857:
854:
850:
849:
846:
843:
840:
837:
818:
815:
814:
813:
807:Charles Taylor
804:
795:
784:
781:
768:
765:
746:
743:
725:
722:
709:
706:
685:
682:
680:
677:
669:Charles Taylor
661:Allan Blakeney
647:
644:
615:
612:
593:
590:
572:
569:
545:Desmond Morton
532:
529:
491:
490:
452:
451:
448:
444:
443:
440:
436:
435:
432:
428:
427:
422:
418:
417:
412:
408:
407:
398:
394:
393:
390:
379:
378:
375:
374:
365:Elected Leader
362:
344:
343:
340:
339:
334:
329:
327:delegate count
320:
319:
314:
309:
307:delegate count
300:
299:
294:
289:
287:delegate count
280:
279:
274:
269:
267:delegate count
260:
259:
252:
247:
243:
242:
235:
228:
224:
223:
219:
218:
213:
208:
203:
201:delegate count
194:
193:
188:
183:
178:
176:delegate count
169:
168:
163:
158:
153:
151:delegate count
144:
143:
138:
133:
126:
124:delegate count
117:
116:
109:
102:
97:
93:
92:
85:
78:
71:
63:
62:
59:
58:
52:
47:
36:
35:
17:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2676:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2646:
2644:
2629:
2626:
2624:
2621:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2609:
2608:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2569:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2557:
2555:
2552:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2542:
2540:
2537:
2535:
2532:
2531:
2530:
2527:
2525:
2522:
2520:
2517:
2516:
2514:
2510:
2503:
2500:
2497:
2494:
2491:
2488:
2485:
2481:
2478:
2474:
2473:
2471:
2467:
2460:
2457:
2454:
2451:
2448:
2445:
2442:
2439:
2438:
2436:
2432:
2426:
2423:
2421:
2418:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2403:
2401:
2398:
2397:
2395:
2391:
2381:
2378:
2376:
2373:
2371:
2368:
2366:
2363:
2361:
2358:
2356:
2353:
2351:
2350:Manitoba 2017
2348:
2346:
2343:
2341:
2338:
2337:
2335:
2329:
2323:
2322:K. White – YT
2320:
2318:
2317:A. White – NB
2315:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2302:
2298:
2296:
2293:
2291:
2290:
2286:
2284:
2281:
2279:
2276:
2274:
2271:
2270:
2268:
2264:
2261:
2257:
2247:
2244:
2242:
2239:
2237:
2234:
2232:
2229:
2227:
2224:
2222:
2219:
2217:
2214:
2212:
2209:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2199:
2197:
2194:
2193:
2191:
2185:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2169:
2166:
2164:
2161:
2159:
2156:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2140:
2138:
2136:
2132:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2113:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2103:
2101:
2098:
2096:
2093:
2091:
2088:
2085:
2082:
2079:
2076:
2073:
2070:
2069:
2067:
2063:
2060:
2058:Federal level
2056:
2051:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2011:
2010:
2007:
2006:
2004:
2000:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1984:
1981:
1979:
1976:
1974:
1971:
1969:
1966:
1964:
1963:New Brunswick
1961:
1959:
1956:
1954:
1951:
1949:
1946:
1945:
1943:
1939:
1933:
1930:
1929:
1927:
1923:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1905:
1900:
1898:
1893:
1891:
1886:
1885:
1882:
1873:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1851:
1847:
1841:
1836:
1835:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1815:
1810:
1809:
1802:
1798:
1792:
1787:
1786:
1785:Tommy Douglas
1779:
1775:
1769:
1765:
1761:
1753:
1746:September 29,
1742:
1736:
1731:
1730:
1724:
1720:
1713:September 29,
1708:
1707:
1701:
1700:
1695:
1687:
1680:
1677:
1672:
1665:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1650:
1648:
1644:
1639:
1632:
1629:
1624:
1617:
1615:
1613:
1611:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1596:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1581:
1578:
1574:
1569:
1566:
1562:
1557:
1555:
1553:
1551:
1547:
1543:
1538:
1535:
1530:
1523:
1521:
1519:
1517:
1515:
1513:
1511:
1509:
1507:
1505:
1503:
1501:
1499:
1495:
1490:
1483:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1468:
1465:
1460:
1453:
1451:
1447:
1442:
1435:
1433:
1431:
1429:
1427:
1425:
1421:
1416:
1409:
1407:
1405:
1403:
1399:
1394:
1387:
1385:
1381:
1376:
1369:
1367:
1365:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1350:
1347:
1342:
1335:
1332:
1327:
1320:
1318:
1316:
1314:
1312:
1310:
1308:
1306:
1304:
1300:
1295:
1288:
1285:
1280:
1273:
1271:
1269:
1267:
1265:
1261:
1256:
1249:
1247:
1245:
1243:
1241:
1239:
1237:
1235:
1231:
1226:
1219:
1216:
1211:
1207:
1201:
1199:
1197:
1193:
1188:
1181:
1178:
1173:
1166:
1164:
1162:
1158:
1153:
1146:
1144:
1142:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1127:
1124:
1119:
1112:
1110:
1108:
1106:
1104:
1102:
1098:
1093:
1086:
1083:
1078:
1071:
1068:
1062:
1057:
1055:
1053:
1049:
1044:
1037:
1030:
1027:
1024:
1021:
1018:
1015:
1012:
1009:
1006:
1005:
1001:
998:
996:
993:
992:
988:
985:
982:
979:
977:
974:
973:
969:
966:
963:
960:
957:
954:
952:
949:
948:
944:
941:
938:
935:
932:
929:
926:
923:
921:
918:
917:
914:
911:
909:
906:
903:
900:
897:
894:
891:
888:
886:
885:
881:
880:
876:
873:
870:
867:
864:
861:
858:
855:
852:
851:
834:
831:
826:
824:
816:
812:
808:
805:
803:
799:
798:Allan O'Brien
796:
794:
790:
787:
786:
782:
780:
778:
773:
766:
764:
761:
757:
752:
744:
742:
740:
730:
723:
721:
718:
717:Oshawa–Whitby
714:
707:
705:
702:
698:
694:
690:
683:
678:
676:
672:
670:
664:
662:
658:
654:
645:
643:
641:
635:
633:
628:
626:
625:Stephen Lewis
620:
613:
611:
609:
605:
600:
597:wanted total
591:
589:
582:
577:
570:
568:
566:
562:
558:
554:
553:Lynn Williams
550:
549:Marion Bryden
546:
542:
538:
530:
528:
526:
522:
518:
514:
513:Tommy Douglas
510:
506:
502:
498:
489:
485:
481:
477:
473:
469:
465:
461:
457:
453:
449:
445:
441:
437:
433:
429:
426:
423:
419:
416:
415:Tommy Douglas
413:
409:
406:
402:
399:
395:
391:
387:
373:
371:
366:
363:
361:
359:
358:Tommy Douglas
354:
351:
350:
345:
335:
330:
322:
321:
318:
315:
310:
304:Second ballot
302:
301:
298:
295:
293:
290:
282:
281:
278:
275:
273:
270:
264:Fourth ballot
262:
261:
257:
253:
251:
248:
245:
244:
240:
236:
233:
229:
226:
225:
220:
214:
209:
204:
196:
195:
189:
184:
179:
173:Second ballot
171:
170:
164:
159:
154:
146:
145:
142:
139:
134:
132:
127:
121:Fourth ballot
119:
118:
114:
110:
107:
103:
101:
98:
95:
94:
90:
86:
83:
79:
76:
72:
69:
68:
64:
57: →
56:
53:
51:
48:
46:
43:←
42:
41:
37:
25:
16:
2596:Ginger Group
2544:Saskatchewan
2482:Founding of
2477:Ginger Group
2475:Creation of
2370:Ontario 2023
2340:Alberta 2024
2299:
2287:
2278:Chender – NS
2147:
1988:Saskatchewan
1861:
1833:
1807:
1784:
1763:
1744:. Retrieved
1728:
1711:. Retrieved
1705:
1696:Bibliography
1686:Toronto Star
1685:
1679:
1670:
1637:
1631:
1623:Toronto Star
1622:
1600:Blocker 2019
1585:Blocker 2019
1580:
1573:Blocker 2019
1568:
1561:Blocker 2019
1537:
1528:
1489:Toronto Star
1488:
1472:Blocker 2019
1467:
1459:Toronto Star
1458:
1440:
1415:Toronto Star
1414:
1393:Toronto Star
1392:
1375:Toronto Star
1374:
1349:
1341:Toronto Star
1340:
1334:
1326:Toronto Star
1325:
1294:Toronto Star
1293:
1287:
1279:Toronto Star
1278:
1254:
1225:Toronto Star
1224:
1218:
1209:
1186:
1180:
1172:Toronto Star
1171:
1152:Toronto Star
1151:
1126:
1118:Toronto Star
1117:
1091:
1085:
1076:
1070:
1045:
1041:
995:Frank Howard
976:Ed Broadbent
912:
907:
882:
829:
820:
770:
751:Frank Howard
748:
745:Frank Howard
727:
713:Ed Broadbent
711:
708:Ed Broadbent
700:
687:
673:
665:
657:Saskatchewan
649:
640:Ed Broadbent
636:
629:
621:
617:
604:Sidney Green
595:
586:
534:
496:
494:
463:
368:
364:
356:
352:
324:First ballot
316:
296:
291:
284:Third ballot
276:
271:
256:Frank Howard
250:Ed Broadbent
238:
198:First ballot
148:Third ballot
140:
128:
88:
81:
49:
15:
2559:Nova Scotia
2461:(2001–2004)
2449:(1979–1994)
2447:Left Caucus
2443:(1969–1972)
2312:Nenshi – AB
2307:Neill – PEI
2295:Stiles – ON
1973:Nova Scotia
1918:Party wings
1654:Morton 1977
1354:Morton 1977
1131:Morton 1977
920:James Laxer
884:David Lewis
874:Votes cast
868:Votes cast
862:Votes cast
856:Votes cast
848:4th ballot
845:3rd ballot
842:2nd ballot
839:1st ballot
793:Port Arthur
789:Doug Fisher
772:James Laxer
729:John Harney
724:John Harney
689:David Lewis
684:David Lewis
541:James Laxer
537:Mel Watkins
517:David Lewis
425:David Lewis
421:Won by
370:David Lewis
106:James Laxer
100:David Lewis
2643:Categories
2571:Presidents
2441:The Waffle
2301:Kinew – MB
2189:candidates
2105:McLaughlin
2072:Woodsworth
2002:Historical
1058:References
836:Candidate
697:York South
521:the Waffle
439:Candidates
397:Convention
317:Eliminated
297:Eliminated
292:Eliminated
277:Eliminated
272:Eliminated
246:Candidate
141:Eliminated
96:Candidate
2601:New Party
2283:Dinn – NL
2273:Beck – SK
2110:McDonough
2100:Broadbent
1063:Footnotes
1038:Aftermath
653:Saskatoon
555:, of the
2549:Manitoba
2512:See also
2434:Factions
2289:Eby – BC
2078:Coldwell
2014:Manitoba
1958:Manitoba
1860:(2003).
1830:(2000).
1762:(1986).
1725:(1977).
783:Declined
701:de facto
608:Manitoba
503:held in
450:$ 10,500
333:(13.9%)
313:(13.1%)
217:(17.6%)
212:(22.3%)
207:(38.9%)
192:(20.5%)
187:(24.1%)
182:(42.5%)
167:(25.6%)
162:(30.2%)
157:(44.1%)
137:(36.9%)
2616:Ontario
2611:Alberta
2554:Ontario
2534:Alberta
2524:History
2120:Mulcair
2090:Douglas
2065:Leaders
2036:Toronto
2019:Ontario
1978:Ontario
1948:Alberta
1925:Federal
1046:In the
1031:100.0%
1025:100.0%
1019:100.0%
1013:100.0%
431:Ballots
405:Ontario
338:(7.3%)
227:
131:(63.1%)
70:
2504:(1983)
2498:(1956)
2492:(1933)
2486:(1932)
2479:(1924)
2115:Layton
2031:Quebec
2024:Quebec
1868:
1858:
1854:
1842:
1816:
1793:
1770:
1760:
1756:
1737:
1028:1,658
1022:1,681
1016:1,692
1010:1,698
1007:Total
989:13.1%
983:13.9%
970:25.6%
964:20.5%
958:17.6%
945:36.9%
939:30.2%
933:24.1%
927:22.3%
904:44.1%
898:42.5%
892:38.9%
760:Skeena
505:Ottawa
499:was a
401:Ottawa
2564:Yukon
2125:Singh
2095:Lewis
2086:(CCF)
2084:Argue
2080:(CCF)
2074:(CCF)
1993:Yukon
1002:7.3%
913:63.1%
853:Name
129:1,046
2246:2021
2241:2019
2236:2015
2231:2011
2226:2008
2221:2006
2216:2004
2211:2000
2206:1997
2201:1993
2196:1988
2178:2017
2173:2012
2168:2003
2163:1995
2158:1989
2153:1975
2148:1971
2143:1961
1866:ISBN
1840:ISBN
1814:ISBN
1791:ISBN
1768:ISBN
1748:2020
1735:ISBN
1715:2020
999:124
986:223
980:236
967:431
961:347
955:299
942:612
936:508
930:407
924:378
908:1046
901:742
895:715
889:661
579:The
495:The
488:2017
484:2012
480:2003
476:1995
472:1989
468:1975
464:1971
460:1961
389:Date
55:1975
45:1961
1856:———
1758:———
511:.
336:124
331:236
311:223
215:299
210:378
205:661
190:347
185:407
180:715
165:431
160:508
155:742
135:612
89:JPH
2645::
1661:^
1646:^
1607:^
1592:^
1549:^
1497:^
1479:^
1449:^
1423:^
1401:^
1383:^
1361:^
1302:^
1263:^
1233:^
1195:^
1160:^
1138:^
1100:^
877:%
871:%
865:%
859:%
800:,
655:,
606:,
486:·
482:·
478:·
474:·
470:·
466:·
462:·
403:,
239:FH
82:JL
1903:e
1896:t
1889:v
1874:.
1848:.
1822:.
1799:.
1776:.
1750:.
1717:.
442:5
434:4
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