234:
791:
140:
125:
106:
94:
46:
510:(CND) replaced the National Assembly. Due to the food policies of the new administration, support for the coup was high among the people of Niger. Although political parties were outlawed, opposition activists who were exiled during Diori's regime were allowed to return to Niger provided they would avoid political activity. In August 1975, Major
454:
effectively monopolized. However, immediately after the coup, Kountché ordered the expulsion of the commander in chief of the French garrison in Niger, followed by the rest of the troops several weeks later. Kountché claimed the French were being divisive and patronising toward the
Nigerien military.
518:
While a period of relative prosperity, the military government of the period allowed little free expression and engaged in arbitrary imprisonment and killing. The first presidential elections took place in 1993 (33 years after independence), and the first municipal elections only took place in 2007.
437:
that ended the fourteen-year rule of Diori. The military coup began at 1 AM on the morning of 15 April, with all but a handful of units quickly declaring for the coup leaders. The personal guard of
President Hamani Diori, the all-Tuareg Republican Guard was the only unit to resist, under the orders
453:
The stated reasons for the coup was widespread corruption, the lack of democracy, and too much focus on foreign affairs and not enough on domestic issues. It was commonly believed that France was involved in some way in the coup due to their ties to the uranium industry in Niger, which they
514:
attempted a coup against
Kountche which was quickly suppressed, with Sido being executed. On 21 February 1976, the regime appointed a majority of civilians to the cabinet. Two more coups were attempted on 15 March 1976 and 5 October 1983, but both failed.
502:
and moved important drought relief goods. Groundnuts were distributed to farmers for hunger relief rather than agriculture. The military council pledged to honor all international agreements, reducing the likely of a foreign overthrow of the coup.
486:(CMS) was established on 17 April 1974 with Kountché as president. Its stated mandate was to distribute food aid fairly and to restore morality to public life. As a result, the army established four grain distribution centers in
415:
assigned to the Grand
Chancellery. Besides the drought, the army resented being used for tax collection and other political activities. Shortly before the coup, the Nigerien government signed a mutual defense treaty with
420:
which enraged army members. According to
Kountché, over 3,000 tons of grain were held in a warehouse waiting for prices to rise, and when he brought the situation to Diori's attention, the president did nothing.
389:
400:, family members, and close friends. In addition, he acquired new powers by declaring himself the minister of foreign and defense affairs. Diori was the longest serving leader in the
1862:
866:
2434:
2364:
1978:
2308:
1943:
1799:
1613:
1922:
1438:
2301:
1834:
1736:
318:
1087:
704:
2287:
1908:
1459:
371:
1003:
772:
620:
1371:
859:
1585:
1189:
1038:
828:
442:. She and a small number of Guardsmen were killed at the presidential palace after dawn on 15 April. Diori, President of the National Assembly,
392:. Widespread civil disorder followed allegations that some government ministers were misappropriating stocks of food aid and accused President
2322:
891:
1848:
1806:
1722:
996:
2429:
2273:
2087:
1936:
1410:
2171:
1971:
1571:
1487:
1473:
1203:
1017:
852:
303:
475:
2020:
1992:
1501:
1417:
1396:
1357:
1350:
720:
694:
675:
2192:
1301:
1073:
989:
313:
308:
2414:
2094:
1820:
1578:
1343:
1273:
1224:
1168:
1094:
1045:
968:
940:
750:
2357:
2294:
2073:
1855:
129:
2336:
2329:
2280:
2206:
2185:
2122:
2059:
1985:
1869:
1827:
1757:
1729:
1641:
1599:
1592:
1536:
1529:
1494:
1445:
1403:
1336:
1266:
1252:
1231:
1161:
1101:
1059:
1024:
1010:
961:
954:
947:
833:
818:
813:
808:
507:
328:
323:
2350:
2343:
2178:
2034:
1950:
1620:
1480:
364:
2266:
2013:
1876:
1778:
1771:
1708:
1680:
1557:
1522:
1515:
1259:
1196:
1147:
1140:
2252:
2231:
2150:
2080:
1929:
1701:
1687:
1508:
1424:
1115:
1108:
1080:
401:
2052:
1452:
1364:
1308:
926:
765:
450:
were arrested in the operation. Diori's regime was the twenty-fifth in Africa to fall to a coup d'etat in eleven years.
1694:
2164:
1901:
1743:
1627:
1175:
975:
898:
483:
70:
2424:
2245:
2213:
2199:
2101:
2066:
2006:
1964:
1785:
1764:
1715:
1666:
1659:
1564:
1550:
1287:
1280:
1238:
1182:
1154:
1066:
1031:
823:
2315:
2157:
2143:
2115:
2108:
1999:
1957:
1915:
1894:
1841:
1813:
1673:
1634:
1543:
1431:
1322:
471:
357:
213:
233:
2129:
1750:
1466:
1329:
1245:
1122:
404:, which he helped maintain, and he was well-known as the main international negotiator for francophone Africa.
730:
Higgott, Richard; Fuglestad, Finn (September 1975). "The 1974 Coup d'État in Niger: Towards an
Explanation".
2259:
2238:
2136:
1606:
1294:
758:
347:
248:
2419:
1315:
919:
912:
411:
was unreliable as early as 1973, Diori nonetheless promoted him to chief of staff, in the replacement of
2027:
1052:
933:
511:
332:
263:
98:
707:. Tome I, Servitudes militaires. PREFACE De Tandja Mamadou. Editions Nathan Adamou (2005) No ISBN
479:
412:
283:
193:
110:
200:. The government that followed, while plagued by coup attempts of its own, survived until 1991.
875:
781:
716:
690:
671:
430:
408:
144:
844:
1792:
905:
739:
495:
288:
278:
272:
222:
1378:
388:
of 1968–72 had aggravated existing tensions in the single party government of the ruling
1210:
268:
2408:
491:
385:
982:
467:
463:
397:
393:
293:
243:
132:
499:
443:
439:
258:
179:
743:
253:
2384:
487:
447:
396:
of consolidating power. Diori limited cabinet appointments to fellow
790:
785:
417:
197:
196:
insurrection which overthrew the first postcolonial government of
139:
124:
105:
93:
50:
45:
434:
848:
754:
705:
15 avril 1974 : mémoires d'un compagon de Seyni
Kountché
466:. Kountché's first official acts were to suspend the
2223:
2044:
1886:
1651:
1388:
1132:
883:
462:Diori was imprisoned until 1984 and remained under
21:
685:Decalo, Samuel; Idrissa, Abdourahmane (2012).
860:
766:
365:
8:
689:. Boston & Folkestone: Scarecrow Press.
687:Historical Dictionary of the Niger (4th ed.)
578:
576:
867:
853:
845:
773:
759:
751:
372:
358:
207:
18:
557:
555:
553:
551:
549:
75:Seyni Kountché installed as head of state
2365:Democratic Republic of the Congo (2024)
1979:Democratic Republic of the Congo (2004)
983:Democratic Republic of the Congo (1965)
527:
341:
221:
210:
732:The Journal of Modern African Studies
446:and several other PPN politicians in
429:On 15 April 1974, Lieutenant-Colonel
7:
2435:1970s coups d'état and coup attempts
600:Higgott & Fuglestad 1975, p. 394
591:Higgott & Fuglestad 1975, p. 383
582:Higgott & Fuglestad 1975, p. 397
570:Higgott & Fuglestad 1975, p. 390
543:Higgott & Fuglestad 1975, p. 388
619:Thomas A. Johnson (18 April 1974).
990:Central African Republic (1965–66)
621:"NIGER ANNOUNCES MILITARY COUNCIL"
16:Military overthrow of Hamani Diori
14:
789:
644:Decalo & Idrissa 2012 p. 149
609:Decalo & Idrissa 2012 p. 183
561:Decalo & Idrissa 2012 p. 148
508:National Council for Development
407:Despite receiving warnings that
232:
138:
123:
104:
92:
44:
2239:Central African Republic (2021)
2137:Central African Republic (2013)
1923:Central African Republic (2003)
1909:Central African Republic (2001)
1460:Central African Republic (1982)
1439:Central African Republic (1981)
1379:Central African Republic (1979)
319:2009–2010 constitutional crisis
715:. Cambridge University Press.
1:
2302:Burkina Faso (September 2022)
713:A History of Niger: 1850-1960
703:Adamou Moummouni Djermakoye.
668:Coups and Army Rule in Africa
402:Organisation of African Unity
2309:São Tomé and Príncipe (2022)
1944:São Tomé and Príncipe (2003)
1863:Republic of the Congo (1998)
1800:São Tomé and Príncipe (1995)
1737:Sierra Leone (December 1992)
1614:São Tomé and Príncipe (1988)
1586:Republic of the Congo (1987)
1190:Republic of the Congo (1972)
1088:Republic of the Congo (1968)
1039:Republic of the Congo (1966)
892:Republic of the Congo (1960)
2430:April 1974 events in Africa
2288:Burkina Faso (January 2022)
1481:Upper Volta (February 1983)
2451:
1835:Sierra Leone (August 1996)
304:1993 presidential election
2374:
1488:Upper Volta (August 1983)
799:
744:10.1017/s0022278x00052332
670:. Yale University Press.
190:1974 Nigerien coup d'état
177:
172:
160:
155:
150:
116:
85:
26:
22:1974 Nigerien coup d'état
1972:Equatorial Guinea (2004)
1372:Equatorial Guinea (1979)
711:Fuglestad, Finn (1983).
653:Decalo 1990, pp.241-285.
484:Supreme Military Council
192:was a largely bloodless
2415:Military coups in Niger
1004:Burundi (November 1966)
666:Decalo, Samuel (1990).
314:Second Tuareg Rebellion
2274:Sudan (September 2021)
1109:Libya (September 1969)
1025:Nigeria (January 1966)
534:Fuglestad 1983, p. 200
309:First Tuareg Rebellion
117:Commanders and leaders
1765:Bophuthatswana (1994)
1123:Libya (December 1969)
913:French Algeria (1961)
173:Casualties and losses
69:Establishment of the
63:Government overthrown
2358:Guinea-Bissau (2023)
2295:Guinea-Bissau (2022)
2281:Sudan (October 2021)
2130:Libya (October 2013)
2088:Guinea-Bissau (2012)
2074:Guinea-Bissau (2011)
1937:Guinea-Bissau (2003)
1916:Côte d'Ivoire (2002)
1895:Côte d'Ivoire (2001)
1877:Côte d'Ivoire (1999)
1856:Guinea-Bissau (1998)
1411:Guinea-Bissau (1980)
878:in Africa since 1960
66:Hamani Diori deposed
2351:Sierra Leone (2023)
2344:Burkina Faso (2023)
2179:Burkina Faso (2016)
2172:Burkina Faso (2015)
1951:Burkina Faso (2003)
1849:Sierra Leone (1997)
1807:Sierra Leone (1996)
1723:Sierra Leone (1992)
1621:Burkina Faso (1989)
1572:Burkina Faso (1987)
1074:Sierra Leone (1968)
1032:Nigeria (July 1966)
997:Burundi (July 1966)
480:political prisoners
284:French Colonization
264:Sultanate of Agadez
178:Several (including
99:Government of Niger
1474:Upper Volta (1982)
1418:Upper Volta (1980)
1316:Uganda (June 1977)
1204:Upper Volta (1974)
1018:Upper Volta (1966)
625:The New York Times
249:Kanem–Bornu Empire
111:Niger Armed Forces
2425:Conflicts in 1974
2402:
2401:
2379:: successful coup
2158:The Gambia (2014)
2095:Mali (April 2012)
2081:Mali (March 2012)
2053:Madagascar (2010)
2035:Madagascar (2009)
2021:Mauritania (2008)
2007:Madagascar (2006)
1993:Mauritania (2005)
1930:Mauritania (2003)
1502:Mauritania (1984)
1453:Seychelles (1981)
1425:Mauritania (1981)
1397:Mauritania (1980)
1358:Mauritania (1979)
1351:Mauritania (1978)
1302:Seychelles (1977)
842:
841:
476:political parties
472:National Assembly
382:
381:
186:
185:
81:
80:
2442:
2395:
2387:
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2367:
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2353:
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2318:
2311:
2304:
2297:
2290:
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2276:
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2262:
2255:
2248:
2241:
2234:
2216:
2209:
2202:
2195:
2188:
2181:
2174:
2167:
2160:
2153:
2146:
2139:
2132:
2125:
2118:
2111:
2104:
2097:
2090:
2083:
2076:
2069:
2062:
2055:
2037:
2030:
2023:
2016:
2009:
2002:
1995:
1988:
1981:
1974:
1967:
1960:
1953:
1946:
1939:
1932:
1925:
1918:
1911:
1904:
1897:
1879:
1872:
1865:
1858:
1851:
1844:
1837:
1830:
1823:
1816:
1809:
1802:
1795:
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1774:
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1760:
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1746:
1739:
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1718:
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1662:
1644:
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1623:
1616:
1609:
1602:
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1406:
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1318:
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1304:
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1290:
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1255:
1248:
1241:
1234:
1227:
1220:
1213:
1206:
1199:
1192:
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1171:
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1157:
1150:
1143:
1125:
1118:
1111:
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1097:
1090:
1083:
1076:
1069:
1062:
1055:
1048:
1041:
1034:
1027:
1020:
1013:
1006:
999:
992:
985:
978:
971:
964:
957:
950:
943:
936:
929:
922:
915:
908:
901:
894:
869:
862:
855:
846:
794:
793:
775:
768:
761:
752:
747:
726:
700:
681:
654:
651:
645:
642:
636:
635:
633:
631:
616:
610:
607:
601:
598:
592:
589:
583:
580:
571:
568:
562:
559:
544:
541:
535:
532:
438:of Diori's wife
374:
367:
360:
329:2023 coup d'état
324:2010 coup d'état
299:1974 coup d'etat
279:Sokoto Caliphate
236:
226:
208:
156:Republican Guard
143:
142:
128:
127:
109:
108:
97:
96:
49:
48:
28:
27:
19:
2450:
2449:
2445:
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2441:
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2439:
2405:
2404:
2403:
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2383:
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2370:
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2349:
2342:
2335:
2328:
2321:
2314:
2307:
2300:
2293:
2286:
2279:
2272:
2265:
2258:
2251:
2244:
2237:
2230:
2219:
2214:Ethiopia (2019)
2212:
2205:
2198:
2193:Zimbabwe (2017)
2191:
2184:
2177:
2170:
2163:
2156:
2149:
2142:
2135:
2128:
2121:
2114:
2107:
2100:
2093:
2086:
2079:
2072:
2065:
2058:
2051:
2040:
2033:
2026:
2019:
2012:
2005:
1998:
1991:
1984:
1977:
1970:
1963:
1956:
1949:
1942:
1935:
1928:
1921:
1914:
1907:
1900:
1893:
1882:
1875:
1868:
1861:
1854:
1847:
1840:
1833:
1826:
1819:
1812:
1805:
1798:
1791:
1784:
1777:
1770:
1763:
1756:
1749:
1742:
1735:
1728:
1721:
1714:
1707:
1700:
1693:
1686:
1679:
1672:
1665:
1658:
1647:
1640:
1633:
1628:Ethiopia (1989)
1626:
1619:
1612:
1605:
1600:Transkei (1987)
1598:
1591:
1584:
1577:
1570:
1563:
1556:
1549:
1542:
1535:
1528:
1521:
1514:
1509:Cameroon (1984)
1507:
1500:
1493:
1486:
1479:
1472:
1465:
1458:
1451:
1444:
1437:
1430:
1423:
1416:
1409:
1402:
1395:
1384:
1377:
1370:
1363:
1356:
1349:
1342:
1335:
1328:
1321:
1314:
1307:
1300:
1293:
1286:
1279:
1272:
1265:
1258:
1251:
1244:
1237:
1230:
1225:Ethiopia (1974)
1223:
1216:
1209:
1202:
1195:
1188:
1181:
1174:
1167:
1160:
1153:
1146:
1139:
1128:
1121:
1114:
1107:
1100:
1093:
1086:
1079:
1072:
1065:
1058:
1051:
1044:
1037:
1030:
1023:
1016:
1009:
1002:
995:
988:
981:
974:
967:
960:
953:
946:
939:
932:
925:
918:
911:
904:
899:Ethiopia (1960)
897:
890:
879:
873:
843:
838:
795:
788:
779:
729:
723:
710:
697:
684:
678:
665:
662:
657:
652:
648:
643:
639:
629:
627:
618:
617:
613:
608:
604:
599:
595:
590:
586:
581:
574:
569:
565:
560:
547:
542:
538:
533:
529:
525:
512:Sani Souna Sido
506:A consultative
470:, dissolve the
460:
433:led a military
427:
378:
224:
217:
206:
137:
122:
103:
91:
53:
43:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2448:
2446:
2438:
2437:
2432:
2427:
2422:
2417:
2407:
2406:
2400:
2399:
2397:
2396:
2393:attempted coup
2388:
2381:
2375:
2372:
2371:
2369:
2368:
2361:
2354:
2347:
2340:
2333:
2326:
2319:
2312:
2305:
2298:
2291:
2284:
2277:
2270:
2263:
2260:Tunisia (2021)
2256:
2249:
2242:
2235:
2227:
2225:
2221:
2220:
2218:
2217:
2210:
2203:
2196:
2189:
2182:
2175:
2168:
2165:Burundi (2015)
2161:
2154:
2151:Lesotho (2014)
2147:
2140:
2133:
2126:
2119:
2112:
2109:Eritrea (2013)
2105:
2098:
2091:
2084:
2077:
2070:
2063:
2056:
2048:
2046:
2042:
2041:
2039:
2038:
2031:
2024:
2017:
2010:
2003:
1996:
1989:
1982:
1975:
1968:
1961:
1954:
1947:
1940:
1933:
1926:
1919:
1912:
1905:
1902:Burundi (2001)
1898:
1890:
1888:
1884:
1883:
1881:
1880:
1873:
1866:
1859:
1852:
1845:
1838:
1831:
1824:
1821:Burundi (1996)
1817:
1810:
1803:
1796:
1793:Comoros (1995)
1789:
1786:Liberia (1994)
1782:
1779:Lesotho (1994)
1775:
1768:
1761:
1758:Nigeria (1993)
1754:
1747:
1744:Burundi (1993)
1740:
1733:
1730:Algeria (1992)
1726:
1719:
1712:
1709:Lesotho (1991)
1705:
1698:
1691:
1684:
1677:
1670:
1667:Nigeria (1990)
1663:
1655:
1653:
1649:
1648:
1646:
1645:
1638:
1631:
1624:
1617:
1610:
1603:
1596:
1593:Tunisia (1987)
1589:
1582:
1579:Burundi (1987)
1575:
1568:
1561:
1558:Lesotho (1986)
1554:
1551:Liberia (1985)
1547:
1540:
1533:
1530:Nigeria (1985)
1526:
1519:
1512:
1505:
1498:
1495:Nigeria (1983)
1491:
1484:
1477:
1470:
1463:
1456:
1449:
1442:
1435:
1428:
1421:
1414:
1407:
1404:Liberia (1980)
1400:
1392:
1390:
1386:
1385:
1383:
1382:
1375:
1368:
1361:
1354:
1347:
1340:
1337:Comoros (1978)
1333:
1330:Somalia (1978)
1326:
1319:
1312:
1305:
1298:
1291:
1284:
1281:Nigeria (1976)
1277:
1274:Burundi (1976)
1270:
1267:Comoros (1976)
1263:
1256:
1253:Nigeria (1975)
1249:
1242:
1235:
1232:Comoros (1975)
1228:
1221:
1214:
1207:
1200:
1193:
1186:
1183:Morocco (1972)
1179:
1172:
1169:Dahomey (1972)
1165:
1158:
1155:Morocco (1971)
1151:
1144:
1141:Lesotho (1970)
1136:
1134:
1130:
1129:
1127:
1126:
1119:
1116:Somalia (1969)
1112:
1105:
1098:
1095:Dahomey (1969)
1091:
1084:
1077:
1070:
1067:Algeria (1967)
1063:
1056:
1049:
1046:Dahomey (1967)
1042:
1035:
1028:
1021:
1014:
1007:
1000:
993:
986:
979:
976:Burundi (1965)
972:
969:Dahomey (1965)
965:
962:Algeria (1965)
958:
951:
944:
941:Dahomey (1963)
937:
934:Algeria (1962)
930:
927:Senegal (1962)
923:
920:Somalia (1961)
916:
909:
902:
895:
887:
885:
881:
880:
874:
872:
871:
864:
857:
849:
840:
839:
837:
836:
831:
826:
821:
816:
811:
806:
800:
797:
796:
780:
778:
777:
770:
763:
755:
749:
748:
738:(3): 383–398.
727:
721:
708:
701:
695:
682:
676:
661:
658:
656:
655:
646:
637:
611:
602:
593:
584:
572:
563:
545:
536:
526:
524:
521:
478:, and release
459:
456:
431:Seyni Kountché
426:
423:
409:Seyni Kountché
380:
379:
377:
376:
369:
362:
354:
351:
350:
348:Years in Niger
344:
343:
339:
338:
337:
336:
326:
321:
316:
311:
306:
301:
296:
291:
286:
281:
276:
269:Songhai Empire
266:
261:
256:
251:
246:
238:
237:
229:
228:
219:
218:
211:
205:
202:
184:
183:
175:
174:
170:
169:
166:
163:
162:
158:
157:
153:
152:
151:Units involved
148:
147:
145:Seyni Kountché
135:
119:
118:
114:
113:
101:
88:
87:
83:
82:
79:
78:
77:
76:
73:
67:
64:
59:
55:
54:
42:
40:
36:
35:
32:
24:
23:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2447:
2436:
2433:
2431:
2428:
2426:
2423:
2421:
2420:1974 in Niger
2418:
2416:
2413:
2412:
2410:
2394:
2389:
2386:
2382:
2377:
2376:
2373:
2366:
2362:
2359:
2355:
2352:
2348:
2345:
2341:
2338:
2334:
2331:
2327:
2324:
2320:
2317:
2316:Gambia (2022)
2313:
2310:
2306:
2303:
2299:
2296:
2292:
2289:
2285:
2282:
2278:
2275:
2271:
2268:
2267:Guinea (2021)
2264:
2261:
2257:
2254:
2250:
2247:
2243:
2240:
2236:
2233:
2229:
2228:
2226:
2222:
2215:
2211:
2208:
2204:
2201:
2197:
2194:
2190:
2187:
2183:
2180:
2176:
2173:
2169:
2166:
2162:
2159:
2155:
2152:
2148:
2145:
2141:
2138:
2134:
2131:
2127:
2124:
2120:
2117:
2113:
2110:
2106:
2103:
2099:
2096:
2092:
2089:
2085:
2082:
2078:
2075:
2071:
2068:
2064:
2061:
2057:
2054:
2050:
2049:
2047:
2043:
2036:
2032:
2029:
2025:
2022:
2018:
2015:
2014:Guinea (2008)
2011:
2008:
2004:
2001:
1997:
1994:
1990:
1987:
1983:
1980:
1976:
1973:
1969:
1966:
1962:
1959:
1955:
1952:
1948:
1945:
1941:
1938:
1934:
1931:
1927:
1924:
1920:
1917:
1913:
1910:
1906:
1903:
1899:
1896:
1892:
1891:
1889:
1885:
1878:
1874:
1871:
1867:
1864:
1860:
1857:
1853:
1850:
1846:
1843:
1842:Zambia (1997)
1839:
1836:
1832:
1829:
1825:
1822:
1818:
1815:
1814:Guinea (1996)
1811:
1808:
1804:
1801:
1797:
1794:
1790:
1787:
1783:
1780:
1776:
1773:
1772:Gambia (1994)
1769:
1766:
1762:
1759:
1755:
1752:
1748:
1745:
1741:
1738:
1734:
1731:
1727:
1724:
1720:
1717:
1713:
1710:
1706:
1703:
1699:
1696:
1692:
1689:
1688:Ciskei (1990)
1685:
1682:
1678:
1675:
1674:Zambia (1990)
1671:
1668:
1664:
1661:
1657:
1656:
1654:
1650:
1643:
1639:
1636:
1632:
1629:
1625:
1622:
1618:
1615:
1611:
1608:
1604:
1601:
1597:
1594:
1590:
1587:
1583:
1580:
1576:
1573:
1569:
1566:
1562:
1559:
1555:
1552:
1548:
1545:
1544:Guinea (1985)
1541:
1538:
1534:
1531:
1527:
1524:
1523:Uganda (1985)
1520:
1517:
1516:Guinea (1984)
1513:
1510:
1506:
1503:
1499:
1496:
1492:
1489:
1485:
1482:
1478:
1475:
1471:
1468:
1464:
1461:
1457:
1454:
1450:
1447:
1443:
1440:
1436:
1433:
1432:Gambia (1981)
1429:
1426:
1422:
1419:
1415:
1412:
1408:
1405:
1401:
1398:
1394:
1393:
1391:
1387:
1380:
1376:
1373:
1369:
1366:
1362:
1359:
1355:
1352:
1348:
1345:
1341:
1338:
1334:
1331:
1327:
1324:
1323:Angola (1977)
1320:
1317:
1313:
1310:
1306:
1303:
1299:
1296:
1292:
1289:
1285:
1282:
1278:
1275:
1271:
1268:
1264:
1261:
1257:
1254:
1250:
1247:
1243:
1240:
1236:
1233:
1229:
1226:
1222:
1219:
1215:
1212:
1211:Uganda (1974)
1208:
1205:
1201:
1198:
1197:Rwanda (1973)
1194:
1191:
1187:
1184:
1180:
1177:
1173:
1170:
1166:
1163:
1159:
1156:
1152:
1149:
1148:Uganda (1971)
1145:
1142:
1138:
1137:
1135:
1131:
1124:
1120:
1117:
1113:
1110:
1106:
1103:
1099:
1096:
1092:
1089:
1085:
1082:
1078:
1075:
1071:
1068:
1064:
1061:
1057:
1054:
1050:
1047:
1043:
1040:
1036:
1033:
1029:
1026:
1022:
1019:
1015:
1012:
1008:
1005:
1001:
998:
994:
991:
987:
984:
980:
977:
973:
970:
966:
963:
959:
956:
952:
949:
945:
942:
938:
935:
931:
928:
924:
921:
917:
914:
910:
907:
906:Rwanda (1961)
903:
900:
896:
893:
889:
888:
886:
882:
877:
870:
865:
863:
858:
856:
851:
850:
847:
835:
832:
830:
827:
825:
822:
820:
817:
815:
812:
810:
807:
805:
802:
801:
798:
792:
787:
783:
776:
771:
769:
764:
762:
757:
756:
753:
745:
741:
737:
733:
728:
724:
722:0-521-25268-7
718:
714:
709:
706:
702:
698:
696:9780810860940
692:
688:
683:
679:
677:0-300-04045-8
673:
669:
664:
663:
659:
650:
647:
641:
638:
626:
622:
615:
612:
606:
603:
597:
594:
588:
585:
579:
577:
573:
567:
564:
558:
556:
554:
552:
550:
546:
540:
537:
531:
528:
522:
520:
516:
513:
509:
504:
501:
497:
496:Birni-N'Konni
493:
489:
485:
481:
477:
473:
469:
465:
457:
455:
451:
449:
445:
441:
436:
432:
424:
422:
419:
414:
410:
405:
403:
399:
395:
391:
387:
386:Sahel drought
375:
370:
368:
363:
361:
356:
355:
353:
352:
349:
346:
345:
340:
334:
330:
327:
325:
322:
320:
317:
315:
312:
310:
307:
305:
302:
300:
297:
295:
292:
290:
287:
285:
282:
280:
277:
274:
270:
267:
265:
262:
260:
257:
255:
252:
250:
247:
245:
242:
241:
240:
239:
235:
231:
230:
227:
220:
215:
209:
203:
201:
199:
195:
191:
181:
176:
171:
167:
165:
164:
159:
154:
149:
146:
141:
136:
134:
131:
126:
121:
120:
115:
112:
107:
102:
100:
95:
90:
89:
84:
74:
72:
68:
65:
62:
61:
60:
57:
56:
52:
47:
41:
38:
37:
34:15 April 1974
33:
30:
29:
25:
20:
2392:
2391:no sign for
2337:Gabon (2023)
2330:Niger (2023)
2323:Sudan (2023)
2246:Niger (2021)
2207:Sudan (2019)
2200:Gabon (2019)
2186:Libya (2016)
2144:Libya (2014)
2123:Egypt (2013)
2102:Sudan (2012)
2067:Niger (2011)
2060:Niger (2010)
2028:Sudan (2008)
1965:Sudan (2004)
1870:Niger (1999)
1828:Niger (1996)
1751:Libya (1993)
1716:Sudan (1992)
1695:Venda (1990)
1660:Sudan (1990)
1642:Sudan (1989)
1607:Benin (1988)
1537:Sudan (1985)
1467:Kenya (1982)
1446:Ghana (1981)
1365:Ghana (1979)
1344:Ghana (1978)
1309:Sudan (1977)
1295:Benin (1977)
1288:Sudan (1976)
1246:Libya (1975)
1239:Sudan (1975)
1218:Niger (1974)
1217:
1176:Ghana (1972)
1162:Sudan (1971)
1102:Sudan (1969)
1053:Ghana (1967)
1011:Ghana (1966)
955:Gabon (1964)
876:Coups d'état
829:2021 attempt
824:2011 attempt
803:
735:
731:
712:
686:
667:
649:
640:
628:. Retrieved
624:
614:
605:
596:
587:
566:
539:
530:
517:
505:
468:Constitution
464:house arrest
461:
452:
428:
406:
394:Hamani Diori
383:
298:
294:Hamani Diori
289:Independence
244:Bura culture
189:
187:
133:Hamani Diori
86:Belligerents
2253:Mali (2021)
2232:Mali (2020)
2116:Chad (2013)
2000:Chad (2006)
1986:Togo (2005)
1958:Chad (2004)
1702:Mali (1991)
1681:Chad (1990)
1635:Chad (1989)
1565:Togo (1986)
1260:Chad (1975)
1081:Mali (1968)
1060:Togo (1967)
948:Togo (1963)
444:Boubou Hama
440:Aissa Diori
413:Balla-Arabé
259:Mali Empire
223:History of
180:Aissa Diori
2409:Categories
660:References
474:, ban all
254:Gao Empire
204:Background
2385:self-coup
458:Aftermath
130:President
630:18 March
500:N'guigmi
342:See also
214:a series
212:Part of
194:military
161:Strength
39:Location
168:Unknown
719:
693:
674:
492:Maradi
488:Zinder
448:Niamey
398:Djerma
333:Crisis
216:on the
58:Result
2224:2020s
2045:2010s
1887:2000s
1652:1990s
1389:1980s
1133:1970s
884:1960s
786:Niger
782:Coups
523:Notes
418:Libya
273:Dendi
225:Niger
198:Niger
51:Niger
834:2023
819:2010
814:1999
809:1996
804:1974
717:ISBN
691:ISBN
672:ISBN
632:2021
498:and
482:. A
435:coup
425:Coup
384:The
188:The
31:Date
784:in
740:doi
390:PPN
71:CMS
2411::
736:13
734:.
623:.
575:^
548:^
494:,
490:,
868:e
861:t
854:v
774:e
767:t
760:v
746:.
742::
725:.
699:.
680:.
634:.
373:e
366:t
359:v
335:)
331:(
275:)
271:(
182:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
